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Machine
Design I
Chapter 7
Fatigue Failure
Resulting from
Variable Loading
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune
ME 307
Machine
Design I
LECTURE
26
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Slide 2
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Modified Goodman
Diagram
finite-life
strength
whichever
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Slide 3
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Figure 7-25
Plot of fatigue failures
for midrange stresses
in both tensile and
compressive regions.
Normalizing the data
by using the ratio of
steady strength
components to tensile
strength Sm/Sut,
steady strength
component to
compressive strength
Sm/Suc, and strength
amplitude component
to endurance limit
Sa/Se enables a plot
of experimental
results for a variety of
steels.
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune
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Slide 4
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Figure 7-26
Master fatigue
diagram for AISI
4340 steel with
Sut = 158
Sy = 147 kpsi.
The stress
component at A
are
min = 20,
max = 120,
m = 70,
o = 50
all in kpsi
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune
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Slide 5
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Machine
Design I
Fluctuating Stresses
2. Representing mean
stress effect using
modified Goodman
Diagram
S is for strength
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Slide 6
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In Fig. 7-27, the tensile side of Fig. 7-25 has been redrawn in terms of
strengths, instead of strength ratios, with the same modified Goodman criterion
together with four additional criteria of failure.
Such diagrams are often constructed for analysis and design purposes; they are
easy to use and the results can be scaled off directly.
The early viewpoint expressed on a diagram was that there existed a locus
(sa, sm) diagram was that there existed a locus which divided safe from
unsafe combinations of (sa, sm) .
Ensuing proposals included:
1. The parabola of Gerber (1874),
2. The Goodman (1890) (straight) line,
3. The Soderberg (1930) (straight) line.
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune
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Slide 7
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Design I
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Slide 8
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Slide 9
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is plotted
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Slide 10
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The Soderberg,
2.
The modified
3.
Goodman
4.
The Gerber
5.
The ASME-elliptic
6.
Yielding
. The diagram shows that only the Soderberg criterion guards against any yielding,
but is biased low.
. Considering the modified Goodman line as a criterion, point A represents a
limiting point with an alternating strength Sa and midrange strength Sm . The slope
of the load line shown is defined as
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Slide 11
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Slide 12
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a m 1
Se Su n
Sa S m
1
Se Su
n = OA/OB
Sa
r
Sm
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune
CH-07
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Slide 13
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Machine
Design I
a m 1
Se S y n
Sa S m
1
Se S y
n = OC/OB
F
D
strength Sf = a
replaces Se
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune
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Slide 14
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Machine
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Sa
Se
Sm
1
Su
Factor of Safety
n = OF/OB
D E
C
Factor of Safety
2
n a n m
1
Se Su
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Slide 15
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Machine
Design I
Sm
Sa
1
Se
S y
n a
n m
1
Sy
Se
D E
n = OE/OB
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Slide 16
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Machine
Design I
Sm
Sa
1
Se
S y
Factor of Safety
2
D E
replaces Se
n m
n a
1
Se
Sy
n = OE/OB
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Slide 17
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Design I
FAILURE CRITERIA
Sa S m
1
S yt S yt
Factor of
Safety
a m 1
S yt S yt n
F
D
B
n = OD/OB
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Slide 18
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Machine
Design I
Criteria Equations
(7-43)
(7-44)
(7-45)
(7-46)
(7-47)
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Slide 19
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Slide 20
307
ME
The stresses
Machine
Design I
(7-48)
(7-49)
(7-50)
(7-51)
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Slide 21
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(7 *)
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Slide 22
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The first column gives the intersecting equations and the second
column the intersection coordinates.
There are two ways to proceed with a typical analysis:
1. One method is to assume that fatigue occurs first and use one
of Eqs. (7-48) to (7-51) to determine n or size, depending on
the task. Most often fatigue is the governing failure mode.
Then follow with a static check. If static failure governs then
the analysis is repeated using Langer Static yield equation.
2. Alternatively, one could use the tables. Determine the load
line and establish which criterion the load line intersects first
and use the corresponding equations in the tables.
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Slide 23
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Machine
Design I
Fatigue
Criterion
Static
Langer
Criterion
Intersection
of the Static
and Fatigue
Criteria
TABLE (7-9)
Amplitude and Steady
Coordinates of Strength and
Important Intersections in
First Quadrant for Modified
Goodman and Langer Failure
Criteria.
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Slide 24
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Gerber
Langer
Intersection
of Gerber
and Langer
TABLE (7-10)
Amplitude and Steady
Coordinates of Strength and
Important Intersections in
First Quadrant for Gerber
and Langer Failure Criteria.
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Slide 25
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ASME
Elliptic
Langer
Intersection
of ASME
Elliptic and
Langer
TABLE (7-11)
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Slide 26
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Case 1: m fixed
Sa
n
a
Case 2: a fixed
Sm
n
m
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune
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Slide 27
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Machine
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Case 3: a / m fixed
Sa Sm
n
a m
Case 4: both vary arbitrarily
1 a m
n Se Sut
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune
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Slide 28
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Solution
(7-18)
(7-4), p. 329
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Slide 29
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(7-10)
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Slide 30
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(7-*)
(7-28)
(7-10)
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Slide 31
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Figure 7-28
Principal points
A, B, C, and Don
the designers
diagram drawn
for Gerber,
Langer and load
line.
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Slide 32
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(7-28)
7-10
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Slide 33
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Design I
7-11
7-29
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Slide 34
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Figure 7-29
Principal points
A, B, C, and Don
the designers
diagram drawn
for ASME Elliptic,
Langer and load
lines.
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Slide 35
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7-11
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Slide 36