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Sea T (1,2,0) 3,
T (1,2,2) 4, T (1,1,1) 2.
a) Hallar T .
b) Hallar T (0,1,0).
c) Hallar su matriz asociada respecto a las bases cannicas.
a) Solucin:
Hacemos:
Combinacin lineal:
v au1 bu 2 cu 3
v ( x, y , z )
u1 (1,2,0)
u 2 (1,2,2)
u 3 (1,1,1)
y 2a 2b c
z 0 2b c
yz
2x y z
)T (1,2,0) (
)T (1,2,2) (2 x y )T (1,1,1)
2
2
yz
2x y z
16 x 11 y z
T ( x, y , z ) (
)(3) (
)(4) (2 x y )(2)
2
2
2
T ( x, y , z ) (
T ( x, y , z )
b)
T (0,1,0)
16 x 11 y z
2
2
2
T (0,1,0)
T ( x, y ) ( y x, x )
11
2
1 1
1 1
1
1 0
1 0
0
1
0 ( 1) 1 0 2 1 0
1
5
1
5
, 2
2
2
2
2
Autovalores
1
5 1
5
2
2
2
2
1 5
1
2 2
T ( x, y) 1 ( x, y)
1 5
y x x
1 5
1 5
2 2
( y x, x) ( x, y)
x y
2 2
2 2
1 5
x 2 2 y
1 5
E (1 ) ( x, y) / x
2 2
1 5
1 5
y y ,1 / y R E (1 ) ,1
2 2
2 2
1 5
2
2 2
T ( x, y ) 2 ( x, y )
1 5
x
y
2 2
1 5
1 5
( y x, x) ( x, y)
x y
2 2
2 2
1 5
x
y
2 2
1 5
E (2 ) ( x, y) / x
2 2
1 5
1 5
y y ,1 / y R E (2 ) ,1
2 2
2 2
T ( x, y , z ) ( x, y ,0)
2)
A 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0 0
1
0 0 (1 ) (1 )( ) 0 ,
0
1
0
1 2 1, 3 0
Autovalores {1,0}
Calculando los autovectores
1 2 1
T ( x, y , z ) 1 ( x, y , z )
( x, y ,0) (1)( x, y , z )
x x, y y , z 0
E (1 ) E (2 ) {( x, y, z) / x x, y y, z 0} {( x, y,0) / x x, y y x, y R}
E (1 ) E (2 ) {x(1,0,0) y(0,1,0) / x, y R}
E (1 ) E (2 ) L{(1,0,0); (0,1,0)
3 0
T ( x, y, z ) 3 ( x, y, z ) ( x, y,0) 0( x, y, z )
x y z 0,
E (3 ) {( x, y, z ) / x y z 0}
E (3 ) L (0,0,0)
3)
T ( x, y, z ) (5 x 4 y 2 z ,4 x 5 y 2 z ,2 x 2 y 2 z )
A 4
2
4
5
2
2
5
2 4
2
2
4
5
2
2
1
2 0
0
2
0
1
0
0 0,
1
4 4(2 ) 4 2 8 2(5 ) 0
3 122 21 10 0 1 2 1, 3 10
Autovalores {1,10}
Calculando los autovectores
1 2 1
T ( x, y, z ) 1 ( x, y, z )
(5 x 4 y 2 z ,4 x 5 y 2 z,2 x 2 y 2 z ) (1)( x, y, z )
5x 4 y 2 z x
4 x 5 y 2 z y z 2 x 2 y
2x 2 y 2z z
E (1 ) E (2 ) {( x, y, z ) / 2 x 2 y z 0} {( x, y,2 x 2 y ) / x, y R}
E (1 ) E (2 ) {x(1,0,2) y (0,1,2) / x, y R}
E (1 ) E (2 ) (1,0,2); (0,1,2)
3 10
T ( x, y , z ) 3 ( x, y , z )
(5 x 4 y 2 z,4 x 5 y 2 z,2 x 2 y 2 z ) 10( x, y, z )
5 x 4 y 2 z 10 x
4 x 5 y 2 z 10 y x y 2 z
2 x 2 y 2 z 10 z
E (3 ) {( x, y, z ) / x y 2 z} {( 2 z,2 z, z ) / z R} {z (2,2,1) / z R}
E (3 ) L (2,2,1)
T ( x, y ) ( x cos ysen , xsen y cos )
4)
cos
sen
sen
cos
cos
sen
sen
1
cos
0
sen
0 (cos ) 2 sen 2 0 ,
cos
2 2 cos 1 0 ,
2 cos
(2 cos ) 2 4
cos
2
0 cos 2 1 cos 1
Simplificando (1)
1 1, 2 1
Autovalores 1,1
cos 2 1
...(1)
k , k Z
T ( x, y ) ( x ay , bx y ) ;
5)
a0
b0
a
1
1
b
a
1
1
0
0
0
1
a
0 (1 ) 2 ab 0
1
1 1 ab
2 1 ab
Autovalores
{1 ab, 2 1 ab}/ ab 0
1 1 ab
T ( x, y ) 1 ( x, y )
( x ay, bx y ) (1 ab )( x, y )
x ay (1 ab ) x
bx y (1 ab ) y
ab
x
a
ab
ab
ab
x} {( x,
x) /, x R} {x(1,
) / x R}
a
a
a
E (1 ) {( x, y ) / y
ab
E (1 ) L (1,
)
a
2 1 ab
T ( x, y ) 2 ( x, y )
( x ay , bx y ) (1 ab )( x, y )
x ay (1 ab ) x
bx y (1 ab ) y
E (2 ) {( x, y ) / y
ab
E (2 ) L (1,
)
a
ab
x
a
ab
ab
ab
x} {( x,
x) /, x R} {x(1,
) / x R}
a
a
a
6)
T ( x, y , z , w) (2 z , x z , y 2 z , w)
1
A
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
2
1
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
( 2) 1 (1 ) 2(1 ) 0
3 2 2 2 0
1 1, 2 2, 3 1
Autovalores {1,2,1}
Calculando los autovectores
1 1
T ( x, y, z , w) 1 ( x, y, z , w)
(2 z , x z , y 2 z , w) (1)( x, y, z , w)
2z x
x z y
y 2z z
w w
2 y 2 z x, w 0
E (1 ) {( x, y, z , w) / 2 y 2 z x, w 0}
x x
E (1 ) {( x, , ,0) /, x R}
2 2
1 1
E (1 ) {x(1, , ,0) / x R}
2 2
1 1
E (1 ) L (1, , ,0)
2 2
0
0
0
2 2
T ( x, y, z, w) 2 ( x, y, z , w)
(2 z , x z, y 2 z, w) (2)( x, y, z, w)
2 z 2 x
x z 2 y
z x, y 0, w 0
y
2
z
2
z
w 2w
E (2 ) {( x, y, z, w) / z x, y 0, w 0} {( x,0, x,0) / x R} {x(1,0,1,0) / x R}
E (2 ) L (1,0,1,0
3 1
T ( x, y , z , w) 3 ( x, y , z , w)
(2 z , x z , y 2 z , w) (1)( x, y , z , w)
2z x
xz y
3x 2 y 6 z, w w
2
z
w w
E (3 ) {( x, y, z , w) / 3x 2 y 6 z , w w} {( x,
3x x
, , w) / x, w R}
2 3
3 1
E (3 ) {x(1, , ,0) w(0,0,0,1) / x, w R}
2 3
3 1
T ( x , y , z ) (5 x z , x y , y 7 x )
7)
5
1
7
1
7
0
1
1
1
5
0 1
7
0
0
1
1
( 2) 3 0,
0
1
1
1
1
0 0
0
0
0
1
0
0 0
1
0 0 (5 ) (1 ) (1)1 ( 7)(1 ) 0
1 2 3 2
Autovalores {2}
Calculando los autovectores
1 2 3 2
T ( x, y, z ) 1 ( x, y, z )
(5 x z , x y, y 7 x) (2)( x, y, z )
5x z 2 x
x y 2 y 3x 3 y z
y 7x 2z
E (1 ) E (2 ) E (3 ) {( x, y, z , w) / 3x 3 y z} {( x, x,3 x) / x R}
E (1 ) E (2 ) E (3 ) {x(1,1,3) / x R}
E (1 ) E (2 ) E (3 ) L (1,1,3)
dx
dt y 7 x ...(1)
dy 2 x 5 y 0...(2)
dt
De (1)
y
dx
7 x , reemplazando en (2)
dt
d dx
dx
7 x 2 x 5
7 0
dt dt
dt
2
d x
dx
12
37 x 0 , x x(t )
dt
dt
m 2 12m 37 0
m1 6 i, m2 6 i
x h e 6t ( K1 cos t K 2 sent )
x g e 6t ( K1 cos t K 2 sent )
Reemplazando en (1)
d 6t
e ( K 1 cos t K 2 sent ) 7e 6t ( K 1 cos t K 2 sent )
dt
y g e 6t ( K 1 sent K 2 cos t ) 6e 6t ( K 1 cos t K 2 sent ) 7e 6t ( K 1 cos t K 2 sent )
yg
y g e 6t ( K 2 K 1 ) sent ( K 2 K 1 ) cos t
x g (t ) e 6t ( K1 cos t K 2 sent )
C.S.
6t
y g (t ) e ( K 2 K1 )sent (K 2 K1 ) cos t
dx
...(1)
dt 2 x y
dy 3x 4 y ...(2)
dt
De (1)
y
dx
2x
dt
Reemplazando en (2)
dx dx
dx
2 x 3 x 4
2x
dt dt
dt
d 2x
dx
6 5 0
2
dt
dt
2
m 6m 5 0
m1 1, m2 5
x h K 1 e t K 2 e 5t
x g K 1e t K 2 e 5t
Remplazando en (1)
d
( K 1 e t K 2 e 5 t ) 2( K 1 e t K 2 e 5 t )
dt
y g K 1 e t 3 K 2 e 5t
yg
x g (t ) K1e t K 2 e 5t
C.S.
t
5t
y g (t ) K1e 3K 2 e
dx
...(1)
dt y
dy x e t e t ...(2)
dt
Remplazando (1) en (2)
d dx
d 2x
t
t
t
t
xe e 2 x e e
dt dt
dt
m 2 1 0 m1 1, m 2 1
x h K 1 e t K 2 e t
d 2x
x et
dt 2
e t e t (cos 0t 0 sen0t )
0, 0, s 1
x p1 :
x p1 Ate t ,
x' p1 Ate t Ae t ,
d 2 x p1
x p1 e t
dt 2
Ate t 2 Ae t Ate t e t
1
1
, x p1 te t
2
2
2
d x
x p 2 : 2 x e t
dt
t
e e t (cos 0t 0 sen0t )
A
0, 0, s 1
x p 2 Bte t ,
d 2 x p2
2
x' p 2 Bte t Be t ,
x p 2 e t
dt
Bte t 2 Be t Bte t e t
1
1
, x p1 te t
2
2
x g x h x p1 x p 2
A
1 t 1 t
te te
2
2
1
1
x g (t ) K 1 t e t K 2 t e t
2
2
x g (t ) K 1e t K 2 e t
Remplazando en (1)
d
1 t 1 t
t
t
K 1e K 2 e te te y
dx
2
2
1
1
1
1
y g (t ) K 1 e t K 2 e t te t e t te t e t
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
y g (t ) t K 1 e t t K 2 e t
2
2
2
2
1 t
1 t
x g (t ) K 1 2 t e K 2 2 t e
C.S.
y (t ) 1 t K 1 e t 1 t K 1 e t
g 2 1 2 2 2 2
d 2x
2 y ...(1)
dt
2
d y x ...(2)
dt 2
Remplazando (1) en (2)
d2
dt 2
d2x
d4x
x 4 x0
2
dt
dt
Reemplazando en (1)
x ' g K 1e t K 2 e t K 3 sent K 4 cos t
x ' ' g K 1e t K 2 e t K 3 cos t K 4 sent y
y g (t ) K 1e t K 2 e t K 3 cos t K 4 sent
C.S
2x
dy
dt
t
2x
dx
1
t
dt
1
1
x(1) 3 , y (1) 3
...(1)
...(2)
De (2)
dx
2x t 2x
1
dt
t
t
tdx (t 2 x) dt
tdx ( 2 x t ) dt 0
x ut dx udt tdu
t (udt tdu ) ( 2ut t ) dt 0
dt
du
dt
du
0
0
t
3u 1
t
3u 1
1
1
x
ln t (3u 1) 3 C t (3u 1) 3 K ,
u
t
t3 K 3
1
x g (t )
,
x(1) K 0
3
3t 2
t
x g (t )
3
(3u 1) dt tdu 0
Remplazando en (1)
2( t ) t
dy t
3 y1
y 1
dt 3
t
3
3
dy
t 1
y
dt
3
t 1 dt
3 e dt C e t t
y g (t )
(te C1 )
dt
3
e
et
(te t C1 ),
3
t
y g (t )
3
y g (t )
y (1)
1
C1 0
3
C.S.
x g (t )
t
3
y (t ) t
g
3
Solucin
s2 s 1
s s 1
1
s
1
2
2
2
s 1 s s 1 s 1 s s 1 s 1 s s 1 s s 1 s 1 s 2 s 1
*)
1 1
s
s
s 1/ 2
3
3/2
2 2
2
2
2
3 s 1 / 2 2 3 / 2
s s 1 s 1 / 2 3 / 4 s 1 / 2 2 3 / 2
e 1 / 2t L1
s2
e 1 / 2t cos
s
3/2
3 1 / 2t 1
3/2
e
L
s2 3 / 2
3
3
3 1 / 2t
t
e
sen
2
3
3
t
2
**)
1
1
1
1
1
2
L1
*L 2
s 1 s s 1
s 1
s s 1
3 2t
e sen
6
e t *
3 t 12 t
e e
cos
3
2 3 2x
t e t x *
e sen
0
2
3
3
3 12 t
t
e sen
2
3
3
t
2
3
2
Por lo tanto:
3
3 1 / 2t
3 t 12 t
t
e
sen
t
e e
cos
2
3
4
2
e 1 / 2t cos
3
2 3 12 t
t
e sen
2
3
3
t
2
2 s e 2 s
s2 1
Solucin
2s
e 2 s
2s
e 2 s
1
1
2
s 2 1
s2 1 s2 1
s 1
s 1
2 cos t U t 2 L1
(t 2)
2 cos t U (t 2) sen(t 2)
s 2s
s2 s 1
Solucin
1 1
s (ln 2 )
2 2 e
s2 s 1 s2 s 1
1 1
s 1/ 2
3
3/2
2 2
*)
2
2
2
2
3 s 1 / 2 3 / 2
s 1 / 2 3 / 4 s 1 / 2 3 / 2
s
e 1 / 2t L1
s2
e 1 / 2t cos
s
3/2
3 1 / 2t 1
3/2
e
L
2
3
s 3/2
3
3 1 / 2t
t
e
sen
2
3
3
t
2
e s (ln 2 )
1
1
**) s 2 s 1 U (t ln 2) L (
2
s 1 / 2
3/2
) (t ln 2)
U (t ln 2)e
U (t ln 2)e
1
t ln 2
2
1
t ln 2
2
2 3 1
3/2
L
2
3
s 3/2
2 3
sen
3
3
(t ln 2)
2
Por lo tanto:
e 1 / 2 t cos
e 5 s
3
3 1 / 2 t
t
e
sen
2
3
t ln 2
3
2 3
t U (t ln 2)e 2
sen
2
3
3
(t ln 2)
2
Solucin
e 5 s
e 5 s
1
1
* L1 2
2
2
2
s 1
s 1 s 1
s 1
L1
U (t 5)
sent
2
sent
U (t 5)
0 ( sen2 x sen10)dx
t
cos t
cos t
2
(cos 2 x cos10)
t
cos t cos 2t t
sent cos 2t t
U (t 5)
sent sen10
cos t cos 10
4
2
4
2
arctg (s )
Solucin
1 d
1
1
sent
( 1) L1
arctg ( s ) L1 2
=
t
t
t
ds
s 1
dx
s.arctg
Solucin
1 L1 arctg 1
(1) 1 d
s
1
L
s.arctg
2
t
t
s ( s 1)
s
s
ds
1 L1
1
arctg s
1
1
1 ( 1) 1 d
1
L1
L
arctg
2
t
t
t
ds
s
( s 1)
1 1 1
s 1
L 2
sent
2
t
s s 1 t
1
sent
t
1 1
1
2 cos t sent
2
t
t
t
s 1
s 1
s. ln
Solucin
(1) 1 d
s 1
L
s. ln
t
s 1
ds
1 L1
t
s 1
s 1
2
ln s 1 s. s 1 s 1 2
(1) 1
2s
1 L1 ln(s 1) 1 L1 ln(s 1) 2 cosh t
L ln( s 1) ln(s 1) 2
t
t
t
t
s 1
1 e t 1 L1
t
d
2
1 1 1 d
ln( s ) e t
L
ln(s ) cosh t
t
t
t
ds
ds
1 e t 1 L1
t
1 e t
t
1 1 t 1 1 1
2
L cosh t
e
s
t
t
s
t
1 t 2
e cosh t
t
t2
e 2 s arctg ( s 1)
Solucin
U (t 2) L1 arctg ( s 1) (t 2) U (t 2)e t L1 arctg ( s ) (t 2)
U (t 2)e ( t 2 )
sen(t 2)
t2
s.2 4 s arctg ( 2 s 3)
Solucin
e ( 4 ln 2 ) s s.arctg (2 s 3) U (t 4 ln 2) L1 s.arctg (2 s 3)
U (t 4 ln 2)
(1) 1 d
(1) 1
2s
L
s.arctg (2 s 3) U (t 4 ln 2)
L .arctg (2 s 3) 2
t
t
4 s 12 s 1
ds
U (t 4 ln 2)
(1) 1
1
2s
L .arctg (2 s 3) U (t 4 ln 2) L1
2
t
t
4 s 12 s 1
U (t 4 ln 2)
(1) 1 1
L
t 4 2t
2 2
s 3 / 2
U (t 4 ln 2)
1 1 s 3 / 2 3 / 2
L
2
2t
s 3 / 2 8
3
t
2 2
1
1
s 3/ 2
3 2 1
2 2
U (t 4 ln 2)
U (t 4 ln 2) L1
U (t 4 ln 2)
e 2 L1 2
L
2
2
2
2t
16t
4 2t
s 8
s 3 / 2 8
s 3 / 2
t
1
1 t
s
3 2 2 t 1 2 2
e 2 sen 2 2t U (t 4 ln 2) e 2 L1 2
e L 2
U (t 4 ln 2)
2
2t
16t
4 2t
s 8
s 8
3
U (t 4 ln 2)
U (t 4 ln 2)
t
1
1 t
3 2 2t
e 2 sen 2 2t U (t 4 ln 2) e 2 cos 2 2t U (t 4 ln 2)
e sen 2 2t
2
2t
16t
4 2t