Leaning'In'or'Hunkering'Down?

'
''
Contact,'Trust,'and'Civic'Engagement'
among'Immigrants'and'the'Native'Born '
''

MICHAEL JONES-CORREA
Political Science, Cornell University

'''

HELEN B. MARROW
Sociology, Tufts University
DINA G. OKAMOTO
Sociology, Indiana University
LINDA R. TROPP
Psychology, University of Massachusetts Amherst

Tisch College Faculty Fellows Meeting,

Tufts University
January 29, 2015

''Overview'
''

'Conceptual'Background'and'Working'Model'
'Integration'and'Expansion'of'Prior'Contact'Research''
'Key'Research'Questions'
'Group'and'Site'Selection'
!!
'Overview'of'Quantitative'and'Qualitative'Data'
'Measures'of'Key'Concepts'in'Survey'
'Preliminary'Survey'Findings'

''Contact''Theory:''Two'Approaches'
Contact'between'groupsparticularly'if'

friendly'and'equal'status'in'nature'results'in'
higher'levels'of'trust'and'improved'intergroup'
relations'(Allport'1954;'Dovidio,'Glick,'and'
Rudman'2005;'Hewstone'2009;'Pettigrew'
1998;'Pettigrew'and'Tropp'2006;'2011).''

Contact'between'groups'results'in'greater'

conict'as'groups'perceive'intergroup'
competition'(Blalock'1967;'Glaser'1994;'
Quillian'1996;'Sides'and'Citrin'2007)'and'may'
undermine'civic'participation'(Putnam'2007)''

''Integration'of'Prior'Contact'Research'
'How'is'contact'assessed'dierently'across'disciplines?'
'

Incorporation'of'multiple'contact'measures'
(from'neighborhood'composition'to'friendship'contact)'

'What'eect'does'contact'have'on'civic'participation?''
Inclusion'of'measures'of'civic,'ethnic,'and'political'
participation,'in'addition'to'measures'of'trust'and'
intergroup'attitudes'

Contact,'Trust'(and/or)'Threat,''
and'Civic'Engagement'

'
'
'
''

''Further'Extensions'of'Prior'Contact'Research'

'''

'Beyond'focus'on'relations'between'only'two'groups'
''
'Inclusion'of'two'nativebborn'groups'(blacks'and''
whites)'and'two'immigrant'groups'(Mexicans,'
South'Asian'Indians)'

'Beyond'traditional'focus'on'only'one'setting'
!!
'Inclusion'of'parallel'contact'measures'in'workplace,''''''''
''''neighborhood,'and'public'space'

Beyond'traditional'focus'on'status'markers'like'race/

ethnicity'and'sociobeconomic'status''
Inclusion'of'measures'to'assess'roles'of'language,'
citizenship,'legal'status,'religion,'and'skin'tone'

Key'Research'Questions'

'''

''What'do'patterns'of'intergroup'contact'look'like'
among'immigrants'and'natives?'''

'How'do'(and'what'kinds'of)'contact'experiences''
'''shape'intergroup'trust'among'these'groups?''
'

!!
'How'do'contact'and'trust,'in'turn,'contribute'to''
''shaping'civic'engagement'among'these'groups?'
'

How'might'patterns'of'eects'vary:'
by'group?''(immigrant,'nativebborn)'
by'social'space?'(work,'neighborhood,'public)'
by'other'status'markers?''(language,'citizenship,'
legal'status,'religion,'skin'tone)'

Summary'Thoughts'on'Group'Selection'

'''''
!!

''Immigrants'
Mexicans:''quintessential''

' low'status'immigrant'laborers '

South'Asian'Indians:''quintessential''
' highlybskilled'immigrant'professionals '

Nativebborn'
Whites:''Nativebborn'majority'group'
Blacks:''Nativebborn'minority'group'
'
'

Summary'Thoughts'on'Site'Selection'
''

Metropolitan'Philadelphia'and'Atlanta'have'historically'
been'seen'in'terms'of'blackbwhite'relations,'now'
rapidly'diversifying'with'new'immigrant'populations'
'
!!
Indians'and'Mexicans'are'the'two'largest'immigrant'
groups'in'the'Philadelphia'and'Atlanta'metro'areas'
'''''''Philly:'Indians'(10.3%)'/'Mexicans'(8.4%)'in'2006'
'''''''Atlanta:''Mexicans'(~30%'of'FB,'Odem'2008)'
'

Philadelphia:'
An''' Old/Rebemerging 'Immigrant'Destination'
'Economic,'residential,'&'political'context'

Deindustrialization,'suburbanization,'and'population'
redistribution'(central'city'!'outer'suburbs)'
Wardbbased,'strongbmayor'city'

!!

'Demographic'change'

'Historically' binary 'blackbwhite,'now'rapidly'diversifying''

'Suburban'immigrant'settlement'(both'inner'&'outer'ring);'

'

two'largest'immigrant'groups'Mexican'and'Indian'
'Immigrants'more'dispersed'than'blacks'

'''''
''

!!

Site'Visit'to'Philadelphia:'
What'We'Saw'
King*of*
Prussia*

Norristown**&**
Bridgeport*

Millbourne*
Upper*Darby*

South''Philly*

'''
''

Italian
Italian Market,
Market, South
South Philadelphia
Philadelphia

'''
''

Italian Market,
Market, South
South Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Italian

'''
''

Ginos,
South Philadelphia
(Philadelphia city)

'''
''

South
SouthPhiladelphia
Philadelphia

'''
''

Millbourne (Delaware county)

'''
''

Upper Darby
(Delaware
Upper
Darby county)

Atlanta:'
An''' Emerging Immigrant'Destination'
'Economic,'residential,'&'political'context'

Like'Philly,'suburbanization'and'population'redistribution'
(central'city'!'outer'suburbs)'
Strong'council,'weak'mayor'city'

!!

Demographic'change'

Historically' binary 'blackbwhite,'now'rapidly'diversifying'

Extensive'suburban'immigrant'settlement';'two'largest'

'

immigrant'groups'Mexican'and'Indian'
Immigrants'as'dispersed'as'blacks'

'''
''

'''
''
Smyrna*(Cobb*
county)*

Chamblee*to*
Doraville*(along*the*
Buford*highway)in*
DeKalb*county*

Lilburn*
(Gwinnett*
county)*

Decatur*(DeKalb*
county)*

'''
''

Stone Mountain (DeKalb County)

'''
''

Buford Highway (DeKalb to Gwinnett counties)

'''
''

Buford Highway (DeKalb to Gwinnett counties)

'''
''

'''
''

Mexican Day Laborers outside an Indian-owned Gas Station

on the Buford Highway (DeKalb to Gwinnett counties)

'''
''

Lilburn (Gwinnett county)

Research'Approaches'
First'steps:'''
Randomized'telephone'surveys'of'nativebborn'and'
immigrant'groups'
Initial'eld'site'visits''
''''''(Philly'in'Dec'2011,'Atlanta'in'March'2014)'
Pilot'survey'in'Philadelphia,'spring'2012''
20'minutes,'5'counties'
(N'='421,'100+'from'each'of'4'groups)'
Full'survey'Philadelphia/Atlanta,'summer'2013'
40'minutes,'5'counties'each'
(N'='2000,'250'from'each'of'4'groups,'in'each'site)'

Research'Approaches'
Second'steps:'''
Qualitative'eldwork,'summer'2014'
Rebinterview'full'survey'respondents'for'semib
structured'inbdepth'interviews''
'''''''''''(N'='249'total,'~30'from'each'group'in'each''''''
'''''''''''metro'area;'1b3'hours,'by'trained'graduate'RAs;''
'''''''''''N=183'came'from'full'survey;'66'were''
'''''''''''snowballed'from'outside)'
Targeted'observations'of'public'spaces'
'''''''''''(many'mentioned'by'respondents'themselves)'
88'interviews'with'public'ocials'and'community'
leaders'
'''''''''''(1'hour,'by'PIs)'
'

How'many'full'survey'respondents'agreed'to'
be'rebinterviewed''and'provided'their'contact'
information'to'us?''we'think'is'integral'to'
'
understanding'intergroup'trust:'
'
All*
Philadelphia*
!! Atlanta*
'
Whites'
N=285*
143'
142'
'
Blacks'
N=289*
144'
145'
'
Mexicans'
N=246*
113'
133'
'*
Indians'
N=172*
82'
90'
'

249*Interviews*

Type*

Sex*

ATL*Whites*
(N=30)**

26'followbup'
4'snowball'(13%)'

14'male'
16'female'

4'18b25'
6'26b35'

10'36b45'
10'46b65'

4'DK'
1'low'

ATL*Blacks*
(N=33)*

33'followbup'
0'snowball'(0%)'
'

17'male'
16'female'

10'36b45'
12'46b65'

3'DK' 19'med'
6'low' 5'high'
'
'

ATL*Mexicans*
(N=29)*
(male'GSR)'

5'followbup'
24'snowball'
(83%)'

'

1'DK'
4'18b25'
6'26b35'

9'male'
20'female'
(69%)'

11'18b25'
2'26b35'

7'36b45'
8'46b65'

24'DK'
2'low'

ATL*Indians*
(N=31)*

21'followbup'
5'snowball'(16%)'

14'male'
17'female'

2'18b25'
10'26b35'

9'36b45'
10'46b65'

5'DK' 10'med'
0'low' 16'high'

PHL*Whites*
(N=33)*

27'followbup'
6'snowball'(18%)'

16'male'
17'female'

7'18b25'
11'26b35'

7'36b45'
8'46b65'

8'DK'
5'low'

11'med'
9'high'

PHL*Blacks**
(N=*30)*

17'followbup'
15'male'
13'snowball'(43%)' 15'female'

4'18b25'
13'26b35'

6'36b45'
7'46b65'

14'DK'
2'low'

8'med'
6'high'

PHL*Mexicans*
(N=32)*
(female'GSR)'

19'followbup'
18'male'
13'snowball'(41%)' 14'female'
(44%)'

7'18b25'
17'26b35'

4'36b45'
3'46b65'
(1#over#65)#

15'DK'
5'low'

8'med'
4'high'

1'DK'
3'18b25'
2'26b35'

9'36b45'
12'45b65'
(4#over#65)#

7'DK'
1'low'

14'high'
9'med'
'

PHL*Indians*
(N=31)*

30'followbup'
1'snowball'(3%)'

Age*

!!

15'male'
16'female'

Composite*
Trust*
11'med'
14'high'

2'med'
1'high'

Interview'Questions'''
Asked'More'Openbended'Questions'about:'
' Personal'background'and'history/migration'to'the'area'
' Neighborhood'context/perceptions'of'the'neighborhood'
'
How'long'have'lived'in'the'neighborhood'
' What'kinds'of'things'do'with'or'for'neighbors'(trust)'
' Feeling'welcome'and'respected'in'the'neighborhood'
!!
Civic'engagement'(what,'how'much,'where,'how'you'got'
'* into'it,'who'else'is'there)'
' Some'questions'on'place'of'worship'&'kids'schools'

Workplace'(trust,'welcome,'belonging/closeness,'respect)'
Public'spaces'(where'do'you'go,'any'parts'of'the'area'you'
avoid'and'why,'sense'of'welcome'or'not)'
Contact'as'friends'(who,'how'know,'what'do,'how'trust)'
Discrimination'(past'experiences','how'make'feel)'

Qualitative'data'are'currently'being'cleaned'
and'coded'(through'summer'2015)'
'In'meantime,'beginning'to'develop'4'papers'based'
'on'the'survey'data'for'a'July'2015'ISPP'conference:'
'
The'Eects'of'Ethnic'Diversity'and'Contact'on'Trust'and'
' Threat'(led'by'Okamoto)'
!!
'* Positive'and'Negative'Contact'as'Predictors'of'Intergroup'
Trust'(led'by'Tropp)'
' How'BlackbWhite'Relations'Shape'ImmigrantbNative'

'

Relations'(led'by'Marrow)''
Immigrant'Legal'Status'and'Local'Contexts'of'Reception'
as'Mediators'to'Intergroup'Contact'and'Trust'(led'by'
JonesbCorrea)''

Plans'for'others'and'a'book'to'come'

'''
!!
Survey''Response'Rates'
!

AAPOR'Contact'Rate'1 '
'
'
(I+P)+R+O/'(I+P)'+'R'+')'+'NC'+'(UH'+'UO)
'
AAPOR'''Response'Rate'4''''''''''
(I+P)/((I+P)'+'(R+NC+O)'+'e(UH+UO)')'''
'
AAPOR'Cooperation'Rate'4''''''''''
(I+P)/((I+P)+R))'' '
'
'
''
'
'
''

'Pilot ''''Full'
'0.09 '''.019'

'0.35 '''0.20''

'0.75 '''0.90'

Measures:'Contact'

'''

Neighborhood'composition'(via'cross'streets)'
Multiple'indicators'of'contact'with'each'group'in'

workplaces,'neighborhoods,'and'public'spaces'
Group'composition'
Frequency'of'contact'
Friendliness'of'contact'
Relative'status'of'contact'
'
Reported'friendships'with'members'of'each'group'
'

Measures:''Trust'
Overall,'when'you'think'about'[whites],'how'often'
do'you'feel'that'you'can'trust'them?'
'
Never,'rarely,'sometimes,'or'often'
What'do'respondents'mean'by' trust ?'
''We'are'exploring'further'respondents'
notions'of'trust'in'the'qualitative'interviews'
Also'included'survey'measures'of'intergroup'
attitudes,'and'feeling'welcomed'by'and'
willingness'to'welcome'other'groups'

Measures:''Civic'Engagement'
In'the'last'12'months,'have'you...'
''
Played'in'a'sports'league'
'Attended'a'school'or'PTA'meeting'
'Attended'a'community'group'meeting'
'Organized'a'neighborhood'event'
'Donated'money'to'a'local'cause'or'organization'
'Volunteered'time'for'a'local'charity'or'nonprot'
'Volunteered'time'for'place'of'worship'
'Contacted'a'local'public'ocial'
'Worked'with'others'in'community'to'solve'a'problem'
'Participated'in'or'helped'to'organize'a'march'or'rally'
'Participated'in'or'helped'to'organize'a'festival'or''
'cultural'celebration'in'a'public'space'

Measures:''Civic'Engagement'
'Depth'of'Engagement'(across'all'activities)'
''
Have'you'been'only'a'little'involved,''
somewhat'involved,'or'deeply'involved?'
'Social'Movement'Participation'
In'the'last'12'months,'have'you'actively'participated'in'
any'meetings,'rallies,'or'demonstrations'related'to'any'of'
the'following? '
'
Racial'equality'and'civil'rights'
''''Tea'party'
Right'to'Life'
'''Environment'
Immigrants'rights'
'''Womens'rights'

Measures:''Ethnic'and'Political'Engagement'
'Ethnic'Engagement'[for'the'3'minority'groups]'
''
In'the'last'12'months,'have'you...'
'Attended'a'meeting'for'an'ethnic'organization'
'Donated'to'ethnic'cause'or'organization'
'Volunteered'for'ethnic'organization'
'
'Political'Engagement'
'Party'identication'
'Registered'to'vote'
'Voted'in'2012'Presidential'election'
'Political'ideology''
'Views'of'government'(better'to'avoid,'have'no'say)'

Expected'Findings'
''
'Expect'levels'of'contact'to'vary'across'social'
spaces'
'Expect'immigrants'to'report'higher'levels'of'
contact'with'the'native'born'than'vice'versa'
'Expect'lower'levels'of'contact'and'trust'with'and'
among'immigrant'groups'
'
'
'

'''

CrossbGroup'Interactions'
''
Frequency'Friendship'
Percent Indicating No Friends

White
Black
Mexican
Indian

Source: full survey

WH

BL

MX

IND

2
15
32
8

18
3
43
16

62
55
4
49

59
64
72
3

'''

CrossbGroup'Interactions'
''
Frequency'Work'Interactions'
Percent Indicating Never

White
Black
Mexican
Indian
Source: full survey

WH

BL

MX

IND

0
2
16
3

6
3
28
7

37
34
4
33

37
40
64
10

'''

CrossbGroup'Interactions'
''
Frequency'Neighborh0od'Interactions'
Percent Indicating Never

'

White
Black
Mexican
Indian
Source: full survey

WH

BL

MX

IND

3
20
25
8

11
5
34
20

34
40
4
38

40
53
69
12

'''

CrossbGroup'Interactions'
''
Frequency'Public'Space'Interactions'
Percent Indicating Never

'

White
Black
Mexican
Indian
Source: full survey

WH

BL

MX

IND

3
5
19
6

4
3
27
8

13
21
5
16

17
25
55
7

Reported!Levels!of!Trust!in!Na4ve5Born!Whites!
Reported*Levels*of*Trust*in*NativeXBorn*Whites**
60'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
0'
Black'

Indian'
Never'

Rarely'

Mexican''
Sometimes'

Often'

White'

Reported!Levels!of!Trust!in!Na4ve5Born!Blacks!
Reported*Levels*of*Trust*in*NativeXBorn*Blacks*
70'
60'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
0'
Black'

Indian'
Never'

Rarely'

Mexican''
Sometimes'

White'
Often'

Reported!Levels!of!Trust!in!Mexican!Immigrants!!
Reported*Levels*of*Trust*in*Mexican*Immigrants*
70'
60'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
0'
Black'

Indian'
Never'

Rarely'

Mexican''
Sometimes'

Often'

White'

Reported!Levels!of!Trust!in!Indian!Immigrants!!
Reported*Levels*of*Trust*in*Indian*Immigrants*
60'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
0'
Black'

Indian'
Never'

Rarely'

Mexican''
Sometimes'

White'
Often'

Reported'Levels'of'Never/Rarely'Trust
'''
''

Reported*"Never"*or*"Rarely"*Trust*

80'

70'

60'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
0'
Blacks'

Mexicans'
Blacks'

Indians'

Indians'
Mexicans'

Whites'

Whites'

Reported!Levels!of! OAen !Trust!!

Reported*"Often"*Trust*
50'
45'
40'
35'
30'
25'
20'
15'
10'
5'
0'
Blacks''

Mexicans'
Blacks'

Indians'

Indians''
Mexicans''

Whites'
Whites'

Summary'of'Findings'(Full'Survey)'
''

People'are'more'isolated'in'neighborhoods'than'
workplaces''or'public'spaces'
There'isnt'a'lot'of'contact'across'the'two'
immigrant'groups,'particularly'in'
neighborhoods'
Mexicans'are'the'most'socially'isolated''
Mexicans'are'the'least'trusting,'Indians'are'the'
most'trusting''

Additional'Findings:''Discrimination'
''

Legal status and religion dont appear to

matter much
Language/accent and racial discrimination in
workplaces and public spaces
Neighborhoods perceived as safe spaces

Perceptions'of'Unfair'Treatment'
''
by'Social'Arena'
Legal Status: Percent Indicating No
Neighborhood
Indian
Mexican

98
95

Public

Work

97
97

96
91

Perceptions'of'Unfair'Treatment'
''
by'Social'Arena'
Religion: Percent Indicating No
Neighborhood
Black
Indian
Mexican
White

98
93
97
95

Public

Work

94
95
99
99

96
95
98
98

Perceptions'of'Unfair'Treatment'
''
by'Social'Arena'
Language: Percent Indicating No
Neighborhood
Black
Indian
Mexican

97
93
95

Public

Work

96
82
86

98
84
79

Perceptions'of'Unfair'Treatment'
''
by'Social'Arena'
Race: Percent Indicating No
Neighborhood
Black
Indian
Mexican
White

89
81
84
95

Public

Work

54
69
86
91

63
67
76
93

Percent'Reporting'Racial'Discrimination'
50!
45!
40!
35!
30!

Neighborhood!

25!

Workplace!

20!

Public!Space!

15!
10!
5!
0!
Black!

Indian!

Mexican!!

White!

Summary'of'Findings:''Discrimination'
''

Race'continues'to'be'a'key'status'marker'for'
immigrants'and'natives''
Perceptions'of'discrimination'vary'across'social'
spaces,'with'reports'highest'in'public'spaces'
and'work,'least'in'neighborhoods.'
'
Perceptions'of'discrimination'are'highest'for'
blacks,'but'followed'closely'by'Indians'

''Modeling'Contact,'Trust'and'Civic'Engagement'
''

Concerns'about'diversity'and'declining'social'

'

cohesion'(Alesina'and'La'Ferrara'2000,'2002;'
Costa'and'Kahn'2003;'Putnam'2007;'Stolle'et'
al.'2008;'Hooghe'et#al.#2009;'Laurence'2009;'
Morales'2013).''

Arguments'that'increasing'diversity,'driven'by'

immigration,'leads'to'declining'trust'and'
social'cohesion'(Putnam'2007,'Schaeer'
2013),'and'that'levels'of'trust'in'turn'are'linked'
to'civic'engagement'(Putnam'2007).'!

'''
Modeling'Contact,'Trust'and'Civic'Engagement'
!!
'

Does'contact'shape'trust?'
Does'trust'shape'civic'engagement?'
''
Does'trust'mediate'contact'and'civic'engagement?'
'
'
'

'''Frequency'of'Contact'!Trust'
'

'OLS'Models'

'
Signicant'ndings:'
Blacks'and'Mexicans'less'trusting'(than'whites)'
Older'and'better'educated'more'trusting'
!!
Trust'increases'with'frequency'of'contact'and'
friendliness'of'contact'in'workplaces,'
neighborhoods'and'public'spaces'
Relative'status'of'contact'is'not'signicant
except''in'models'for'black'respondents.''

Trust'!'Civic'Engagement:'Part'1'
''' 'Logit'Models'
'

Signicant'ndings:'
Blacks'often'more'civically'engaged'(than'
'
whites)'
Blacks,'Indians,'and'Mexicans'less'likely'to'
!!
donate'money'(than'whites)'
Civic'engagement'increases'with'age'and'
education'
Trust'is'signicant'across'the'models'(except'
union'membership)'
In'all'models'but'union'membership,'Rs'in'
Philly'less'civically'engaged'than'Atlanta'

'''Trust'!'Civic'Engagement:'Part'2'
'

'Logit'Models'

Signicant'ndings:'
'
Blacks'often'more'civically'engaged'(than'
whites)'
Indians'and'Mexicans'less'likely'to'donate'to'
!!
charity'or'come'together'to'solve'a'problem'
Civic'engagement'increases'with'age''
Trust'is'signicant'across'the'models'(except'
participating'in'a'march)'
In'three'of've'models'Rs'in'Philly'less'civically'
engaged'than'Atlanta'

Trust'!'Participation'in'Ethnic'Organizations'
'''
'Logit'Models'
'
Signicant'ndings:'
'
Indians'and'Mexicans'less'likely'to'attend'
meetings'or'volunteer'(than'Blacks)'
Some'engagement'increases'with'age''and'
!!
education'
Trust'is'signicant'across'all'the'models'
In''all'three'models'respondents'in'Philly'are'less'
engaged'in'ethnic'organizations'than'in'Atlanta'

Trust'!'Attitudes'toward'Government'
'''
'Ordered'Logit'Models'
'

Signicant'ndings:'
'
Blacks'feel'more'ecacious'(than'whites)'
Feeling'ecacious'increases'with'age''and'
education'
!!
Trust'is'positively'and'signicantly'correlated'with'
feeling'politically'ecacious''
Metro'area'makes'no'dierence'

Trust'Mediating'Contact'&'Civic'Engagement'
'''
'SobelbGoodman'Test'
'Bootstrapping'(nonbparametric'test)'

'

'
Findings:'
Trust'has'a'signicant,'positive'mediating'eect'
on'civic'engagement'in'all'three'institutional'
!!
arenas'(work,'neighborhood,'public'space).'
To'approximately'the'same'extent'(the'
proportions'are'only'marginally'dierent).'

Summing'Up'
''

'Contrary'to'Putnams'constrict'theory,'which'
predicts'contact'should'lead'to'lower'levels'of'trust'
and'civic'engagement,'the'Philly/Atlanta'data'show'
the'opposite,'with'greater'facebtobface'contact'
reinforcing'trust,'and'with'trust'positively'
correlated'with'civic'engagement'of'all'kinds'
Contrary'to'some'predictions'of'contact'theory'
relative'social'status'in'contact'has'no'signicant'
eectexcept'for'blacks.''Frequency'and'quality'of'
contact'(friendliness)'matters'more.''

Summing'Up'
''

'Respondents'in'Philadelphia'are'less'civically'
engaged'than'respondents'in'Atlanta,'across'almost'
all'dimensionsbut'why?'

'

'''

'Thank'you!'
!*!*!*!