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is the stuff that all objects and substances in the universe are made of
takes up space (has Volume) and contains a certain amount of material (has mass)
all matter can be detected and measured
Electric forces are associated with unmoving charges, for example like chargers repel
each other
Magnetic forces are created by moving electric charges. They exist between a magnet
and the piece of iron its attracted too.
A magnet is a material that attracts iron, a metallic element.
Electric and Magnetic forces decrease, whether attraction or repulsion, as 2 objects
move farther apart.
Centripetal Forces
Friction
A force that opposes motion between 2 surfaces that is in contact with each other.
The net force of an object on an object is the combination of all forces acting on it.
To find the net force of forces acting in the same direction you add them together. (For
example: 30 N to the left + 20 N to the left = 50 N to the left)
To find the net force of forces acting in the opposite direction you subtract the smaller
force from the larger force them.
A balance force produces no change in the motion of an object.
An unbalance force produces a change in the motion of an object.
An object at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by an unbalance force. An object in
motion will stay in motion at the same speed and in the same direction unless acted on by
an unbalance force.
Second Law of Motion
The acceleration of an object by a force is inversely proportional to the mass of the object
and directly proportional to the force.
Third Law of Motion
Work
Simple Machines
A device that makes work easier by using less force to move an object.
1. Inclined plane: a ramp, flat surface that slopes. Only simple machine that does not
move.
2. Wedge: inclined plane that moves, used to split of lift objects. Force is applied to
the wide end of the wedge and gets transferred to the sides.
3. Screw: An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder. The spiral ridges around the
shaft of the screw are called threads. As screw is turned, the threads pull the object
up the shaft.
4. Lever: a long rigid bar that rests on and pivots around a support called a fulcrum.
5. Wheel and Axle: consists of a shaft, called the axle that is inserted through the
middle of a wheel.
6. Pulley: a wheel with a rope wrapped around it. The wheel rotates around a fixed
axle. The rope rides in a groove in the wheel. When the rope is pulled, the wheel
turns. Two kinds of pulleys, fixed and movable.
Forces in Fluids
Examples of energy - Mechanical energy which also contains potential and kinetic
energy, thermal energy which relates to the temperature of a substance, light
energy is the energy carried by light and other kinds of electromagnetic waves,
sound energy is the energy carried by sound waves, electrical energy is the energy
Core Idea PS4: Waves and Their Application in Technologies for Information Transfer
Wave Properties
Waves are a repeating pattern of motion that transfers energy from place to place without
overall displacement of matter
The wavelength and frequency of a wave are related to one another by the speed of travel
of the wave
Sound is a pressure wave in air or any other material medium
Resonance is a phenomenon in waves add up in phase in a structure, growing in amplitude
due to energy input near the natural vibration frequency. Ex. used in making musical
instruments and human voice
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The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency of the wave.
The higher the frequency, the great the energy of the wave.
Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared waves
Visible light
Ultraviolet light
X rays
Gamma rays
Instruments that transmit and detect waves light waves, radio waves,
microwaves, infrared waves, cell phones, wireless computer networks, Xrays and
ultrasound machines.