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General Studies Manual


for
UPSC and State Public Services
Examinations
2014
Indian History
Module-2: Vedic Culture
Member Name: Sudhir R Member's Email address: intend2014@gmail.com

117.208.203.40

www.gktoday.in

First Published in 2010


Last Updated: November 2013
2010-2013 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State

 

History--2: Vedic Culture

Contents
Origin of Vedic Culture .......................................................................................... 4
Aryans: A race or Linguistic Group? ............................................................................ 4
Aryans a Linguistic Group .................................................................................................... 4
Sanskrit was the language of Aryans .................................................................................. 4
The Original Home Controversy.................................................................................. 5
Consensus of the Opinion .................................................................................................... 5
Boghazkoi Inscriptions ......................................................................................................... 5
Sapta Sindhu ....................................................................................................................... 6
The names and identity of the 7 rivers ................................................................................ 6
Archaeological Evidences in context with Aryans ................................................................6
Chapter 2.
Vedic Literature..................................................................................................... 7
Shruti and Smriti ........................................................................................................ 7
The Shruti Literature: Rig-Veda.................................................................................. 7
Yajurveda ................................................................................................................... 8
Sam Veda ................................................................................................................... 8
Atharva Veda ............................................................................................................. 9
Brahmanas ................................................................................................................. 9
Aranyakas ................................................................................................................ 10
The Upanishads ........................................................................................................ 10
Aitareya Upanishad ........................................................................................................... 11
Bhadrayaka Upanishad ................................................................................................ 11
Taittirya Upanaishad ........................................................................................................ 11
Chndogya Upanishad....................................................................................................... 11
Kena Upanisahda .............................................................................................................. 11
vetvatara Upanishad ................................................................................................... 11
Kathopnishad .................................................................................................................... 12
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Muktika.............................................................................................................................. 12
Mandkya ........................................................................................................................ 12
Prana ............................................................................................................................... 12
The Smriti Literature................................................................................................. 12
Vedanga ............................................................................................................................ 12
Samkhya............................................................................................................................ 15
Dharma, Karma and Rta ................................................................................................... 16
Vedanta............................................................................................................................. 17
Advaita: ............................................................................................................................. 17
Vishishtadvaita .................................................................................................................. 17
Dvaita ................................................................................................................................ 17
Dvaitdvaita ...................................................................................................................... 17
Shuddhdvaita .................................................................................................................. 18
Achintya Bhedbheda........................................................................................................ 18
Purndvaita or Integral Advaita........................................................................................ 18
Modern Vednta ................................................................................................................ 18
Epics ......................................................................................................................... 18
Ramayan ........................................................................................................................... 18
Mahabharta....................................................................................................................... 18
Puranas .................................................................................................................... 18
Upaveda ................................................................................................................... 19
Chapter 3.
Vedic Political, Social and Economic Life ............................................................19
The Geography in Vedic Texts ............................................................................................ 19
The country of Aryans........................................................................................................ 20
The Rivers .......................................................................................................................... 20
The Mountains ................................................................................................................... 20
The Seas ............................................................................................................................ 20
The Deserts ........................................................................................................................ 20
Name of the Places, Cities and Towns ............................................................................... 20
The Rig-Vedic Polity .......................................................................................................... 20
Chapter 1.

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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State


History--2: Vedic Culture

Tribes and the Dasarajana Yudha ..................................................................................... 20


Jana , Rajana and Aspects of Land Territory .....................................................................21
The Grama and the Vajrapati ............................................................................................ 21
Taxation : The Bali............................................................................................................. 21
Military & Spy functionalities............................................................................................. 22
The Earliest Tribal Assembly - Vidhata ............................................................................. 22
Sabha & its Sabhavati ....................................................................................................... 22
Samiti ................................................................................................................................ 22
The differentiations between Sabha and Samiti ................................................................22
The Gana or the Republic .................................................................................................. 22
The Parishad...................................................................................................................... 23
Rig Vedic Society................................................................................................................ 23
Patriarchy .......................................................................................................................... 23
The Evolution of Varna System.......................................................................................... 23
Marriage and women ........................................................................................................ 23
Education .......................................................................................................................... 24
Institution of Gotra ............................................................................................................ 24
Amusements and entertainments...................................................................................... 24
House holding ................................................................................................................... 24
Eating Habits ..................................................................................................................... 24
Dress code ......................................................................................................................... 25
Health and hygiene ........................................................................................................... 25
Rig Vedic Economy.................................................................................................... 25
The importance of Cow...................................................................................................... 25
Crafts and Metallurgy ....................................................................................................... 25
The Vedic Religion .................................................................................................... 26
The Worship of Nature....................................................................................................... 26
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Rig Vedic Gods
.......................................................................................................... 26
Dyu, Mithra, Varuna .......................................................................................................... 26
Indra and Marut ................................................................................................................ 27
Aditi, Sun, Savithri ............................................................................................................. 27
Agni: .................................................................................................................................. 27
Vayu and Rudra................................................................................................................. 28
Soma & Brihaspati............................................................................................................. 28
Visvedevas......................................................................................................................... 28
Ashwins or Ashwinikumars ................................................................................................ 28
Yama & Yami..................................................................................................................... 29
Usha .................................................................................................................................. 29
Other Rig Vedic Gods: ........................................................................................................ 29
Apsaras ............................................................................................................................. 29
Comparison of the Greek Dieties and Ancient Hindu Dieties ..............................................30
Changes in life in Later Vedic Age............................................................................. 30
General Changes ............................................................................................................... 30
Changes in Economy .......................................................................................................... 30
The Four Varnas ................................................................................................................ 30
Types of Marriages in later Vedic Ages: ............................................................................. 30
Anuloma and Pratiloma Vivah: ......................................................................................... 31
Four Purushartha .............................................................................................................. 31
Ashrama System:............................................................................................................... 31
Sacrifices & Rituals ............................................................................................................ 32
Domestic Ceremonies......................................................................................................... 32
Some Notable points ......................................................................................................... 33
Comparison of the Harappa and Vedic Civilizations.................................................33
Vedic India, Some more Observations ......................................................................34
A comparision of the Upanishada and Brahamanas .........................................................34
Concept of Rita and Dharma ............................................................................................. 35
The Concept of Sapta Rishi ................................................................................................ 36
The story of Agastya and Lopamudra ............................................................................... 36

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History--2: Vedic Culture




The Abhi-seka or coronation ............................................................................................. 36


The Metals ......................................................................................................................... 36
Aryamnah Pantha or the Milky Way .................................................................................. 37
Seasons in Rig-Veda.......................................................................................................... 37
Sita: ................................................................................................................................... 37
The story of Manu & Shraddha......................................................................................... 37
The Manusmriti.................................................................................................................. 38
Dhratavatra....................................................................................................................... 38

Chapter 1.

Origin of Vedic Culture

              
  
             - 
 -Veda
              
 -


Aryans: A race or Linguistic Group?


Aryans a Linguistic Group
   
Name:
Sudhir



M  
Aryans b   
Member
R Member's Email
address: intend2014@gmail.com
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Sanskrit was the language of Aryans
  

 
 
   
        
  -           
 - -
 
home 
    
archaeologically
.
 -   
        
    
       


Page


What is a Classical Language?


High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500-2000
years; A body of ancient literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage
by generations of speakers; The literary tradition be original and not borrowed
from another speech community; The classical language and literature being
distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the classical
language and its later forms or its offshoots.

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History--2: Vedic Culture

 
 th  
 
            
 th


 -


The Original Home Controversy

 -
 



Pamirs
 
Bactria


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neither
 
       I          


             

Consensus of the Opinion
T
Asia.              
borderi 
 
              -   


Boghazkoi Inscriptions
 
importan. 
             

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History--2: Vedic Culture

       -       

Sapta Sindhu
-
   -     
   
               
- Sapta-
 - - 
.

The names and identity of the 7 rivers


                 
T                 
  
         

              
              

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Rig-Vedic Name
Sindhu
Vitase
Askini
Purushni
Vipas
Sutudri
Gumal
Krumu
Drishdvati

Modern Name
Indus
Jhelum
Chenab
Ravi
Beas
Satluj
Gomati
Kurram
Ghagghar

Archaeological Evidences in context with Aryans


              
            
                
               

 
.

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History--2: Vedic Culture

Chapter 2.

Vedic Literature

                
transmission              





nishads.

       
     



Shruti and Smriti





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as





The Shruti Literature: Rig-Veda

Rig-  


 -
                   
th
      -     th  th   

Rig-

  -          



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History--2: Vedic Culture

Origin of the Varnas and the Rig-Veda


-
            

Some facts about Rig-Veda

The Famous Gayatri mantra is in Rig Veda Mandala 3.


Each mandala consists of Suktas which are basically eulogies.
Rig-Veda has two recensions or Branches.
The major surviving branch is kalya. Another branch is Bskala or Vatkal.
The first word of Rig-Veda is Agni. Hymn 1.1 is addressed to Agni.
Mandala 9 is completely devoted to Soma.
Nasadiya Sukta which talks about the origin of the Universe is in 10th Mandala. It begins by paradoxically stating "not the nonexistent existed, nor did the existent exist then" and has attracted large body of literature of commentaries both in Indian theology
and in Western philology.

Yajurveda

Yajus 
 
              Adhvaryus
              

 
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-

              
          -     
-
            


 -

Sam Veda

  


 
 


 
Rvyan
             
  

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History--2: Vedic Culture

 


Atharva Veda

Atharva-nologtically 
                   
 
 -
Atharvan
               
         tharv    
aunak

 
d  

Brahmanas

               



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Rig-veda

Aitreya

kaushitaki

Sam veda

Yajur-Veda

Samkhyana

Kasthaka

kapilsthakatha

Maitrayani

Taitriya

Panchvisha

Shadvisha

Atharvaveda

Jaiminiya

Gopath


ahmans
Rig-
  

 -
Kaushita -
nkh 

Panchavisha
Shadvisha
Jaiminiya


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History--2: Vedic Culture


Kapisthalakatha






Aranyakas

 
               
 





advocated.
-Ve
-
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-
          -    
           
            



The Upanishads




 



          

MukhyaUpnishad

Veda

Aitareya
Bhadrayaka
Taittirya
Chndogya
Kena
a
vetvatara
Kaha
Muaka
Mkya
Prana

Rig-Veda
Shukla Yajurveda
Krishna Yajurveda
Sam Veda
Sam Veda
Shukla Yajurveda
Krishna Yajurveda
Krishna Yajurveda
Atharva Veda
Atharva Veda
Atharva Veda


Veda.

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History--2: Vedic Culture

 
              
 
 




Aitareya Upanishad
            "P a 

The Four Mahavakyas of Vedas
Prajnanam Brahma - "Consciousness is Brahman" (Aitareya Upanishad of the Rig Veda)
Ayam Atma Brahma - "This Self (Atman) is Brahman" (Mandukya Upanishad of the Atharva Veda)
Tat Tvam Asi - "Thou art That" (Chandogya Upanishad of the Sama Veda)
Aham Brahmasmi - "I am Brahman" (Brhadaranyaka Upanishad of the Yajur Veda)

Bhadrayaka Upanishad
  
\
[
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Q \

N

` 1.3.28.
  
  
Taittirya Upanaishad


Chndogya Upanishad
Th            


Kena Upanisahda
               

saUpanishad

vetvatara Upanishad
           
-

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History--2: Vedic Culture

Kathopnishad
 


.
Muktika

              

Mandkya
 


Prana
Pippalada


The Smriti Literature


Vedanga
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Name: Sudhir R Member's
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Shiksha (Phonetics)


     ti    



Kalpa (Ritual Canon)

               

rautastras             

Smartastras,

Grh

             
 
                

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History--2: Vedic Culture



Baudhha.
dharma

           



Vyakaran (Grammar)

   dhyy           


ivas
Aadhyy
Dhtup
Gaap

Nirukta (explanation)

             


Chhanda (Vedic meter)

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co
Anustup

Jyotisha (Astrology)

                 
Jyotish.

Shatdarshana:

 
School
Nyaya
Vaisheshika
Sankya
Yoga
Poorva Mimansa
Uttar Mimansa or Vedanta

Author
Gautama
Kanaad
Kapil
Maharishi Patanjali
Jaimini
Badrayan or Maharishi Vyas

Beginning
6th Century BC
6th century BC
6th century BC
2nd century BC
4th Century BC
4th century BC

Main Book
Nyayasutra
Vaisheshik Sutra
Sankya Sutra
Yog Sutra
Poorva Mimansa Sutra
Uttar Mimansa Sutra

Nyaya

 

             



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History--2: Vedic Culture

           
(anum
          


              


Vaisheshika

               

            
 
             
.


padartha
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thv

vkak
   tas (Panchabhutas)       

Gu    
     
   

   
         
sakhyim
     
         
      astap  
  

k
of
k

Sm
smnya
Viee
eas

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History--2: Vedic Culture

Samav           
  astap          

abh- 

 budhyapek
categories
Samkhya
            
Kapil.
PurushaPrakriti
              

Jivapuru
moksha.
               


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   a.         



 


Yoga




            
              
reality.
             

 

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History--2: Vedic Culture

 
-


Ashtanga Yoga

            - 


               -  -  on-possessiveness).
          


 -

              
meditation.
     y     
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 tion.


Hathayoga

              
 
               
thought- 
              
Body.

Mimansa

             dharma
               

Dharma, Karma and Rta



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History--2: Vedic Culture



Dharma.
ms
    hit   hma    
              

          -    wh  
             
 
             
orders.
Pu 
            
    
       -   
interpretators 
Vedanta.
Vedanta
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Sub-schools of Vedanta:
Advaita:
      

       
"."
Vishishtadvaita
mv
             


Dvaita
      ch       d - 
    
          
 v

Dvaitdvaita
 
     v            

Page


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History--2: Vedic Culture



ishna.
Shuddhdvaita
 

  Sat-Chid-Aananda             
 
Achintya Bhedbheda

             
   -         
 
   - 
          
 
 
Purndvaita or Integral Advaita
              
            


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Modern Vednta
             
 



Epics
Ramayan

              -  
   
             

Mahabharta


 

Puranas


           

 

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History--2: Vedic Culture




 
           






           




which





          


Purana



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Upaveda

            


yur



G



Chapter 3.

Vedic Political, Social and Economic Life

The Geography in Vedic Texts





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History--2: Vedic Culture

The country of Aryans


SaptaSaindhavas
 
latter-India
 



The Rivers

Saraswati

thirty-twenty-
- -
 
The Mountains
                 
            The  
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Himalayas.
The Seas
 -
              
             

The Deserts
 

Name of the Places, Cities and Towns
              
 -
  -               

The Rig-Vedic Polity
Tribes and the Dasarajana Yudha
               
 

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History--2: Vedic Culture

      Yudha         
-
Sudas
  - -          
Vishanin                  -

I
 Purus           -   
               

Panchjanah)-Veda.
-
Jana , Rajana and Aspects of Land Territory
JanaRajanRajan
          Jana         


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            -   
appears               
-

 
 
               


The Grama and the Vajrapati

-
            Vrajapati    

Gramani

Taxation : The Bali
               
bali,i.e
               

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Military & Spy functionalities





Spasa
                


The Earliest Tribal Assembly - Vidhata
-

Rig-             
           
-


Sabha & its Sabhavati
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 -


-
                
             

Samiti
           -    
       -         
 
               
-
The differentiations between Sabha and Samiti
               
                



The Gana or the Republic




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History--2: Vedic Culture

The Parishad

- -


Rig Vedic Society
Jana
clan

gramasSangrama.
Patriarchy
                 

             

                

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naptri.

The Evolution of Varna System
               
Aryans
Dasa.
               
 Dahyu
               
      Shudras        


Marriage and women


             





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History--2: Vedic Culture


-
Education
-
 -

             
  
         


  -V          



Institution of Gotra


 

Amusements and entertainments
               
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-Veda.
House holding

                
-
-in-
self-restraint             
                
                
- 

Eating Habits


-

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History--2: Vedic Culture

        -       
bean-
   



Dress code
-
antariya.
Health and hygiene


-
               


Rig Vedic Economy


The importance of Cow
            
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Gomat.
              
   





    
 
     
                  


 

-


 
.
             


.
Crafts and Metallurgy



Cop

 

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History--2: Vedic Culture



The Vedic Religion


The Worship of Nature



               


       -            



                  
-
             
                

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va               
   s             


Rig Vedic Gods


Dyu, Mithra, Varuna


     Dyu  Dyaus   
 Zeus      
Jupiter


Ouranos.
-



 

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History--2: Vedic Culture


 
 
              
Ju-piter.n
-
                    
 
Rig-
Indra and Marut
 -
                
 -
 
            Vritra   
Panis,
 - 
 

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Car-
 
S
                  Vritrahan 
 
  y).
Aditi, Sun, Savithri
 


HeliosSol,


 
n 
 

Agni:


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Th
 



Vayu and Rudra
 Agni Soma Cult
    -  
       
       
       -

Aprt from lightning the Holy Fire, the Soma-drinking was another
mark of the Arya cult, which may therefore be called 'the AgniSoma cult-' Soma is a product of the Himalayan regions, so that
when the cult moved down to the plains, Kirata (huntress) girls
from the Himalayan hills supplied it to Brahmanas. The use of
Soma, like the worship of Agni indicates the Himalayan region as
the place where the Agni-Soma cult first originated.

               

Soma & Brihaspati
               
              
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prayer

             





Soma & Haoma


i                
   
-
Visvedevas
 
-
Ashwins or Ashwinikumars
               





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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State

 

History--2: Vedic Culture

               



               
-

Yama & Yami
                 
 
 

Usha
--Dawn,


               
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Other Rig Vedic Gods:


Pus 






-

Apsaras


                
              
- 





 







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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State

 

History--2: Vedic Culture

Comparison of the Greek Dieties and Ancient Hindu Dieties


 

 

              
 

 

  
  


Changes in life in Later Vedic Age


General Changes


            


               
sangrihitri.
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Changes in Economy


 







The Four Varnas

              
              
vaniks. 
Types of Marriages in later Vedic Ages:
Marriage Type
Brahma Vivah
Daiva Vivah
Arsa Vivah
Prajapati Vivah

Page


Description
Marriage of a girl with the boy of same Varna with Vedic rites and rituals
When father donated his daughter to a priest as a part of Dakshina.
A token bride-price of a Cow and a Bull was given
Marriage without dowry

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History--2: Vedic Culture


Gandharva Vivah
Asura Vivah
Paisach Vivah
Rakshasha Vivah

It was a kind of love marriage or swyamavara type


Marriage by Purchase
Seduction of a girl while sleeping or mentally unstable due to a drink.
Marriage by abduction

Anuloma and Pratiloma Vivah:


 


 













            




Four Purushartha
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Dharma:             


Artha:



Moksha:

 
Ashrama System:








-


      -        


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History--2: Vedic Culture

   th             
 

Sacrifices & Rituals






                









infant

rd


Domestic Ceremonies
1.

2. 

Vedic
Terms
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address:
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3. 


4.    

5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9.       

10.     
studentship
11. marriage
12.      
    

Aghanya
Agnyadheya
Akshavapa
Amaju
Bhagadugh
Bhishaka
Charmana
Datra
Duhitri
Gaura
Gavishti
Gocarman
Gotra
Hiranyakara
Jansaya Gopa
Kinsmen of the King
Kulala
Purapati
Rathakara
Samgavan
Sarabha
Satdaya
Sira
Sita
Spas
Takshan
Takshan
Varatra
Vrihi

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Not to be killed
ceremony which preceded the public rituals in Vedic Era.
accounts officer
Lifelong unmarried girl
carpenter
Doctor or Vaidya
Blacksmith
Sickle
Milker of cow and also a daughter
Buffalo
a fight for cows.
a measure of distance
A kinship unit
Goldsmith
Tribal Chief
Sajata
Potter
responsible for defense.
Chariot maker
A measure of time
Elephant
Compensation for manslaughter
Plough
Furrows
Spies
carpenter
carpenter
leather strap of the Plough
Rice





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History--2: Vedic Culture

Some Notable points



  

th-



 
T
 

Swastika       -   re-     
  
-Veda
-

 
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Varaprada.

              
BrhadaranyakaUpanishad
 

Comparison of the Harappa and Vedic Civilizations


 

              
 
Th 

 
              
            

               
later-

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History--2: Vedic Culture

 -


 -

          -

-
 

              
- 
 



The           - 

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too.
        -         

  


Vedic India, Some more Observations


A comparision of the Upanishada and Brahamanas
               


             
           
-subsidi


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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State


History--2: Vedic Culture

              
muc             

Concept of Rita and Dharma




              
 
-
  
              



             
             
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i
            

                

                
              

                
 

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History--2: Vedic Culture

The Concept of Sapta Rishi


              
Saptar
texts


               


            
 
Bharadvv 

         v 

Bharadv
yapa.
               
              
   
 

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The story of Agastya and Lopamudra
               





The Abhi-seka or coronation
               
 


The Metals

 


  

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History--2: Vedic Culture

(also
color.
Aryamnah Pantha or the Milky Way
                
"
Seasons in Rig-Veda


-v-
-

          -sisira.    
                
  

Sita:



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-
 
Nishka
               
               

-
 -  -        

                

The story of Manu & Shraddha







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History--2: Vedic Culture

 

               


 
                   


The Manusmriti
 
 
   
    -        
datithi.
Dhratavatra

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Dhratavatra.


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