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The

number
system
and
operatio
ns.

The natural numbers are the counting numbers.

Examples: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Natural Numbers

Whole Numbers

The whole numbers are the counting numbers


including 0.

Examples: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Integers

Integers include counting numbers, zero and


negative numbers.

Rational Number

Examples: -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3.

A rational number is a number that can be


expressed as a fraction or ratio.

The numerator and the denominator of the fraction


are both integers.

Example: 2/3.

Note that 6 can also be written as fraction.

6 = 6/1.

Irrational Numbers

Numbers that cannot be written as fractions.

Example: 2 = 1.414213562..

Prime Numbers

A prime number is a natural number that has


exactly two (distinct) natural number divisors, which
are 1 and the number itself.

Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13.

Complex number is a number that can be expressed


in the form of a + bi where a and b are real numbers
and i is the square root of -1).

Complex Numbers

Example: We can write

= 3i

Composite
Number

A Composite Number can be divided evenly by


numbers other than 1 or itself.

Examples: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, etc.

Multiples

If a number is divisible exactly by a second number,


then the first number is said to be a multiple of the
second number.

Example: 15 is a multiple of 5.

Factors

Even Numbers

If one number divides a second number exactly,


then the first number is said to be a factor of the second
number.

Example: 5 is a factor of 15.

Numbers divisible by 2 are called even numbers.

Examples: 2, 4, 6, 8.

Odd

Numbers which are NOT divisible by 2 are called


odd numbers.

Numbers

Roman

Numerals

Examples: 1, 3, 5, 7.

Roman numerals are numeral system of ancient


Rome based on the letters of the alphabet, which are
combined to signify the sum of their values.

10

50

100

500

1000

Place Value

Place value determines the value of a digit in a number, based on the location
of the digit.

below image is showing the place value for 25612.5.

Addition

Addition is finding the total, or sum, by combining two or more numbers.

Example: 6 + 3 = 9

Subtraction

the process of taking one number or amount away from another.

Example: 5 4 = 1

Multiplication

It signifies repeated addition.

Example: 3 4 = 12.

It can also be written as:


3 4 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 12

Here 3 is the multiplicand, 4 is the multiplier and 12 is the product.

Division

Division is a way to find out how many times a number is contained in other
number.

Example: Division of 19 by 4.

Here, 4 is Divisor, 19 is Dividend, 4 is quotient, and 3 is remainder.

Sign Rules

Rules for Adding Integers with the Same Signs:

Add the numbers together.

Give the answer with the same sign.

Example: Add (-5) and (-10).

Both the numbers are negative. First add the numbers.


5 + 10 = 15.

As the numbers are negative so the answer would be 15.

Rules for Adding Integers with Different Signs:

Ignore the signs and find the difference.

Give the answer with the sign of the larger number.

Example: Add (-5) and (10).

Ignore the signs and find the difference.


10 5 = 5

Here the larger number 10 is positive, So the answer is 5.

Rules for Subtracting Integers:

Change the subtraction sign to addition.

Change the sign of the second number to the opposite sign.

Follow the rules for adding integers.

Example: Subtract: -8 (-5).

Change the subtraction sign to addition and change -5 to 5.


-8 + 5

= -3

Rules of Signs for Multiplication:

When two numbers with like signs are multiplied, the result is always
positive.

When two numbers with different signs are multiplied, the result is always
negative.

Examples:

o 6 8 = 48
o (-6) 8 = -48

Rules of Signs for Division:

When two numbers with like signs are divided, the result is always positive.

When two numbers with different signs are divided, the result is always
negative.

Examples:

o 36 6 = 6
o (-36) 6 = -6

Order of Operations

To ensure that anyone evaluating a mathematical expression calculates the


same value, one has to follow the established order of operations:

Find whether a bar sign is present in the


expression, evaluate it first.

First perform any calculations inside parentheses (


), then braces { } and then brackets [ ].

Next perform any exponent operations.


Next perform all multiplication and division,
working from left to right.

If the expression contains both operations


(multiplication and division), do whichever occurs
first, going from left to right.

Lastly, perform all addition and subtraction,


working from left to right.

Trick for remembering the Order of


Operations

Please

Excuse

Next perform any exponent operations.

Me

Next perform all multiplication working from left to right.

Dear

Next perform all division, working from left to right.

Aunt

Next perform all addition working from left to right.

Susan

Lastly, perform all subtraction, working from left to right.

First perform any calculations inside parentheses ( ), then


braces { } and then brackets [ ].

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