Part1:Researchindetailthestructureandfunctionofthenucleus

1.Thenucleiofmostcellsareroundorovalbutskeletalmusclecellsare
longovalshapeandneuronsissphericalshape.Alsosizeofnucleusare
differ.Themostcellhavethediameterofnucleusabout5m.

2.
Mostcellseachhaveonenucleus,butsomehavemany,thatis
becausenucleusismadeupofamultinucleate.Forexample,cellof
skeletalmuscle.Buttherearealsosomecellsthathavenonucleus.For
example,redbloodcell.

3.
A.Chromatin
Functions:
makeDNAsmallertofitinthecell,andtocontrol

gene
expressionandDNAreplication.

B:Nucleoplasm

Functions:
Maintaintheshapeandstructure.Andtransport
materialsthatareimportanttometabolismandcellfunction.

C.Nucleolus

Function:
rewriteribosomalRNA(rRNA)andcombineitwith
proteins.

Structure:
proteinsandribonucleicacids(RNA)

Produce:
producesribosomes,whichmoveoutofthenucleusto
positionsontheroughendoplasmicreticulumwheretheyarecritical
inproteinsynthesis.

D.NuclearEnvelope
Function:
Thenuclearenvelopeisadoublemembranelayerthat
surroundsthecell.Itisdottedwiththousandsofnuclearporeswhich
allowsmaterialtomoveintoandoutofthenucleus.Thenucleus
cansendastreamofRNAandotherinfocarryingmoleculestothe
restofthecellthroughnuclearpores.
Howitallowcommunicatedwithcytoplasm?:
Thenuclearenvelopeseparatespartsofthenucleusfromthe
cytoplasmandprovidesthestructureofthenucleus.Thenuclear
membranes,preventthetransportationofmoleculesbetweenthe
nucleusandthecytoplasm,andmaintainthenucleus.Thesole
channelsthroughthenuclearenvelopeareprovidedbythenuclear
porecomplexes,whichallowtheregulatedexchangeofmolecules
betweenthenucleusandcytoplasm.

E.NuclearPores
Size:
100nm
Function:
Theycontrolthemovementofmoleculesfromthenucleus
tothecytoplasm.Inmosteukaryoticcells,thenucleusissurrounded
bythisnuclearmembranetoseparateitfromthecytoplasm.
Importance:
Theoutermembraneandinnermembraneofthe
nuclearenvelopearejoinedtogether.

Part2:Researchindetailthestructureandfunctionofribosomes

1.Thelargerofthe2subunitiswheretheaminoacidsgetastogrowing
proteinchain.thesmallsubunitiswherethemessageRNAbinds
decodedit.

2.
Ribosomemeasuresabout200angstroms

3.Numberofribosomesdifferfromspecializecellbecauseitdependon
theactivityofthecell.Glandularcellshavemanyribosomesbecausethey
needtomakealotofprotein.

4.
The ribosomes can found in cytosol also can found on the
rough
endoplasmic reticulum
.

5.RibosomebindingtoEndoplasmicreticulumbyattachsignalpeptide
withsignalrecognitionparticle(SRP)thenSRPbringittothereceptor,
thenitbindtoeachother.

6.First,RNAleavesthenucleusthroughporecomplexandattachwith
ribosome,proteinsynthesisbegin.Secondsignalpepetideatthe...ofthe
proteinwillattachwithSRP,SRPbringittoERtoattachwiththe
receptor,thenSRPleavesandallowproteinsprocesscontinue,as
polypeptide.Thirdenzyme(inER)removesthesignalpeptide.Last,
ribosomalsubunitsandmRNAbreakaway,polypeptidefoldsinER.

Part3:Researchindetailthestructureandfunctionofthe
EndomembraneSystem,including

1.
theorganellesoftheendomembranesysteminclude:the
nuclear
envelope
,the
endoplasmicreticulum
,the
Golgiapparatus
,
lysosomes
,
vacuoles
,
vesicles
,andthe
cellmembrane
.

2. EndoplasmicReticulum
a.anetworkofmembranescalledcisternae,Thephospholipid
membraneenclosesaspace,thecisternalspace.
b. Structure:lipidsjustlikethemembranethatsurroundstheentire
cellitself.Thesurfaceofroughendoplasmicreticulumisdottedwith
otherorganellesknownasribosomes.

Function:producesproteinsandhelpsthemfoldproperly.
c. itformedinRERbycontainenzymesthatcanaddcarbohydrate,
chainstoproteins,thenformingglycoproteins.
d. structure:consistsofalongnetworkofafolded,tubelikestructure.
function:performssomespecializedfunctions.ThefunctionsofSER
canvarytoanextentdependingonthetypeofcell.Morecommonly,itis
concernedwithcarryingoutcertainmetabolicprocesses.
Itcandifferamongspecializedcell,forexample,inthetestosterone,
itproducetestosterone.Intheliver,ithelpsdetoxifydrug.
e. structureofRERandSERisthatRERcontainsribosomesonits
surface,whichgiveitaroughappearance.SERdoesnotcontain
thiscellorganelle.SERlookslikeagroupofsmoothtubules,andis
moretubularinshapethanRER.
f. function:store,transportordigestcellularproductsandcellular
waste.
theversiclethatformedbytheRERdifferentthantheversicles
formedbytheSER

3. TheGolgiApparatus
a.
Madeupofstackofthreetotwentyslightcurve.
b.GolgiApparatuspacktheproteinandlipidfortransfertoparthof
cellsinnucleus
c.GolgiApparatuspacktheproteinandlipidfortransfertoanother
partinnucleusortransferouttothecellormovebacktorer.
d.Exocytosisisaprocesswhichmovemoleculetooutofcelland
synthesizebyendoplasmicthencompiletobecomevesicle.
4. Lysosomes
a.
The lysosome produce by
Golgiapparatus
b.
The function of the lysosome is to digest things by
emzyme such as use to digest food or break down the cell when
it dies.
c.Numberoflysosomedifferamonganothercellforexampleinthe
whitebloodcellhavemorelysosomemorethananothercellbecauseit
needlysosometobreakdownbacteria.
d.iflysosomeemzymeisabsentthatcauselysosomelostornot
workingproperly.

5.Peroxisomes
a.
containatleast50different
enzymes
,whichareinvolvedina
varietyofbiochemicalpathwaysindifferenttypesofcells.Peroxisomes
originallyweredefinedasorganellesthatcarryoutoxidationreactions
leadingtotheproductionofhydrogenperoxide.
b.Peroxisomesaredistinguishedbyacrystallinestructureinsidea
sacwhichalsocontainsamorphousgraymaterial.Peroxisomesfunction
toridthebodyoftoxicsubstanceslikehydrogenperoxide,orother
metabolites.Theyareamajorsiteofoxygenutilizationandarenumerous
intheliverwheretoxicbyproductsaregoingtoaccumulate.
c.Peroxisomebreakdownthehydrogenperoxidetowaterand
oxygen

6. Relationshipofendomembranesystems:productofbothRERand
SERtransportversiclestoGolgiapparatus,thenGolgiapparatus
packedittoversiclesandversiclestakeproteintoplasma
membrane.Thentheyexitthecellbyexocytosis.

7. Consumption:tobringintotheRER,SER
secretion:tomakeproteinexit.

Part4:ResearchindetailthestructureandfunctionoftheMitochondria:

1.
Cellularrespirationisthereforeaprocessinwhichtheenergyinglucose
istransferredtoATP.
C6

H
O
+6O
+6H
O12H
O+6CO
12
6
2
2
2
2

2.Functionofmitochondria
productionarecollectivelyknownasthe
citricacid
cycle
,ortheKrebsCycleandproducetheenergycurrencyofthecell
Powerhouses
Theygeneratemostofthecell'ssupplyof
adenosinetriphosphate
(ATP),usedasasourceof
chemicalenergy
.

3.Adenosinetriphosphate
a. Composedofthreecomponents.thereareadeninebase,riboseand
phosphategroup.
b. Becausethelasttwophosphatebondeasilybroken.
c. CellbreakdownATPtoobtainenergy.

4.Thenumberofmitochondriawithincelldifferamongspecializedcell
becauseitdependingonthemetabolicactivities,suchaslivercells,it
mayhaveasmanyas1,000mitochondria.

5.Size=Mitochondriarangefrom0.5to1.0micrometer(m)indiameter
structure
outermembrane

innermembrane
IntermembraneSpace
Cristae
MitochondrialMatrix
Enzymes
Ribosomes
MitochondrialDNA

6.Theoutermembraneofmitochondria(OMM)isabsorbinoxygen,
pyruvate,ATPandothermolecules.
Theinnermembraneofamitochondrionformcristaecoveredwithmany
tiny"stalkedparticles"calledinnermembranespheres
a.isafoldintheinnermembraneofamitochondrion.Providinga
largeamountofsurfaceareaforchemicalreactionstooccuron.Increase
surfacebymakeitbeonethirdofallsurface.
b.
the
matrix
containssoluble
enzymes
that
catalyze
the
oxidation
of
pyruvate
andothersmallorganicmolecules.

7.Itmakespatientsmitochondriaareunabletocompletelymetabolize
organicmoleculestoproduceATP(adenosinetriphosphate).

Part5:TheCytoskeleton

1.cytoskeletoncomposedofthreekindsofproteinfilaments:
Actinfilaments(alsocalledmicrofilaments)
Intermediatefilamentsand
Microtubules

2.a).ActinFilaments:
Themajorcytoskeletalproteinofmostcellsis
actin
,
whichpolymerizestoform
actin
filaments

IntermediateFilaments:
Thestructureofproteinsthatformifwasfirst
predictedbycomputerizedanalysisoftheaminoacidsequenceofa
humanepidermal
keratin
derivedfromclonedcDNAs.

Microtubules:
Microtubulesarelong,hollowcylindersmadeupof
polymerisedand
tubulin

dimers
.

b).ActinFilaments:Actinfilamentsarethesmallestcytoskeletalfilaments,
withadiameterof7nm.Theyarethin,relativelyflexiblethreadsthatcan
becrosslinkedtogetherindifferentwaystoformverydifferentstructures.
IntermediateFilaments:
Thetightassociationbetweenprotofilaments
provideintermediatefilamentswithahightensilestrength.Thismakes
themthemoststablecomponentofthecytoskeleton.Intermediate
filamentsarethereforefoundinparticularlydurablestructuressuchas
hair,scalesandfingernails.

Microtubules:Beyondtheroletheyplayininternalcellmovement,
microtubulesalsoworktogethertoformlargerstructuresthatworkonthe
outsideofthecells.Theycancombineinveryspecificarrangementsto
formciliaandflagella.

3.Centrioles
a. shortcylinderswithaninepatternofmicrotubuletripleswhich
arrangeinaring.
b. Centrioleshelpthecelldivision(mitosis)inanimalscellswhich
separatechromosomesduringmitosis.

4. CiliaandFlagellamovewhenthemicrotubuledoubletsslidepast
oneanotherusingmotormolecules.

MUSCLECELL

1.Musclecell

2.Striatedmuscles,smoothmuscles,andcardiacmuscles.Thestriated
musclesaremainlyfoundinthearmsandlegsandcanmovevoluntarily.
Manysmoothmusclesareinthewallsofthedigestivetractsuchasthe
esophagus,stomach,andintestines.Theyare"involuntary"andmoveon
theirown.Cardiacmusclesformtheheartmuscleandaremainly
involuntary,striatedmusclesmovingontheirown.

3.
Musclefiberstendtohavemultiplenuclei(otheranimalcellshaveone)
andalsohavemultiplemitochondria.Animalcellshaveacytoplasm,a
smoothendoplasmicreticulum,amitochondrion,andacellmembrane.

4.
Theorganizationofmusclecells(knownasmusclefibers)isavery
differentfromtypicalanimalcells,sothefibershavestructurethatare
nameddifferentlythannormalcells.First,musclefiberstendtohave
multiplenuclei(otheranimalcellshaveone).Animalcellshavea
cytoplasm,asmoothendoplasmicreticulum,amitochondrion,andacell
membrane,musclefibershavespecializedversionsoftheseorganelles
knownasthesarcoplasm,thesarcoplasmicreticulum,thesarcomere,
andthesarcolemma.

5.Fusiformshape.Thisshapehaswideinthemiddleandtapersatboth
ends.

6.Musclesareafibrousgroupoftissuesthatprovidecontraction,allowing
thebodytomove.

7.Theelongatedshapeallowsthecontractionproteinstolineupinan
overlappingpatternthatmakesmuscleflexingpossible.Nucleiandother

organellesthatarenormallywithinacelllayattheperimeterofmuscle
cells,makingspacefortheorderedpatternsoftheproteins.

8.Whenmusclecellworkwithotherinanorganitsallowthatpartto
move.

9.Itmakesanorganismalivebyturnenergyintomotion.

10.1.Fibromyalgiasymptoms(musclefiberpain)

2.MuscularDystrophy
symptom:themuscleisprogressweaknessandslowlystuntuntilcant
control.
CerebralPalsythisdiseasecausebybraindamage.
symptom:haveproblemaboutmuscletoneandmovement.

3.Myastheniagravis
symptom:muscleeasyweakness.

Reference
Literature cited:
Brette, F., and C. Orchard. 2007.
Resurgence of cardiac T-tubule research
.
Physiology 22: 167-173.
Davies, K. E., and K. J. Nowak. 2006.
Molecular mechanisms of muscular
dystrophies: old and new players
. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
7: 762-773.
Hirsch, N. P. 2007.
Neuromuscular junction in health and disease
. British
Journal of Anaesthesia 99: 132-138.
Hopkins, P. M. 2005.
Foundations of anethesia, second ed
. Mosby,
London.
Jurkat-Rott, K., and F. Lehmann-Horn. 2005.
Muscle channelopathies
and critical points in functional and genomic studies.
Journal of Clinical
Investigation 115: 2000-2009.
Tskhovrebova, L., and J. Trinick. 2003.
Titin: properties and family
relationships
. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 4: 679-689.
Gale T. 2014, Muscle cell, retrived from
http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-muscle-cell.htm
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes3.htm
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20140205142115AAeCE5
Y
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120917112412AArF5hx
http://klss.cksd.wednet.edu/teachers/chrish/Adv2/Muscle%20Shape%20a
nd%20Fiber%20Arrangemen
t.pdf


Name

Job/Role

Date

Jobcompleted?
Yes/No

Punpun

functionofdifferent 27/11/14
partinnucleus3
Chromatin
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus

Yes

Mew

sizeandshapeof
nucleus

27/11/14

Yes

Mudmee

Numberofcell
NuclearEnvelope
NuclearPores

27/11/14

Yes

Punpun

completepart1

28/11/14

Yes

Mew

completepart1

28/11/14

Yes

Mudmee

completepart1

28/11/14

Yes

Punpun

processofa
ribosome
thesequenceof
event

2/12/14

yes

Mew

numberof
ribosomes
locatedwithinthe
cell

2/12/14

yes

Mudmee

differentcomponent 2/12/14
ofaribosome
size

yes

Punpun

theendoplasmic
reticulum
componentsofthe
endomembrane
endomembrane
systemfunction

9/12/14

yes

Mew

Golgiapparatus
Lysosomes

9/12/14

yes

Mudmee

peroxisomes

9/12/14

yes

Punpun

completepart3,4

11/12/14

yes

Mew

completepart3,4

11/12/14

yes

Mudmee

completepart3,4

11/12/14

yes

Punpun

cytoskeleton
composed
motormoleculesin
ciliaandflagella

12/12/14

yes

Mew

centrioles

12/12/14

yes

Mudmee

Actinfilaments,
intermediate
filaments,and
microtubules

12/12/14

yes

Punpun

completepart5

16/12/14

yes

Mew

completepart5

16/12/14

yes

Mudmee

completepart5

16/12/14

yes

Punpun

musclecells1,2

18/12/14

yes

Mew

musclecells3,4,5,6

18/12/14

yes

Mudmee

musclecells7,8,9,10 18/12/14

yes

Punpun

complete

19/12/14

yes

Mew

complete

19/12/14

yes

Mudmee

complete

19/12/14

yes