Lab Report: Blood Type Testing

Members: G11-1
Pawee Bank Pennyworth-Koch Nontamongkoltorn
Karnsinee Yotsakulsate (Jenny)

Introduction
Blood, a reddish fluid, helps our body to be operated consistently by circulating. Inside the
fluid, it is consisted of plasma; in addition, red blood cells, proteins, white blood cells, and platelets
are suspended inside of it. Even more, blood contains of rich and various nutrients in order to
provide a maximum efficiency to a body. More importantly, blood has two directions in functioning
the body. There are arterial and venous. The former shows oxygen and nutrients are sent to
tissues, whereas the latter displays carbon dioxide and metabolic products are transported to
kidneys and lungs. Additionally to venous, after the process, any waste products will be removed
from the body. Speaking of human, we have four blood types: A, B, AB, and O. A blood type and B
blood type, process both dominant and recessive alleles: IAIA, or IAi is genotype of A blood type,
on the other hand, IBIB, or IBi, a genetype of B blood type. IA and IB are displayed as dominant
traits, hence it dominates recessive traits, ii. Each one of them has different antigens and
antibodies: A has antigen-A and antibody-B only, whereas B has antigen-B and antibody-A. Blood
type AB is a combination of A and B. IAIB, is its genotype, and hence this is a purely dominant trait,
also it is called co-dominance. Additionally, AB has only antigen-A and antigen-B, but not for
antibody-A and antibody-B. Last but not least, O blood type is recessive, ii. Comparing to AB, O
has antibody-A and antibody-B, but does not have both antigen-A and antigen-B.
Trait is a characteristic featuring for an organism. Every organism can have a single trait or
multiple traits. Multiple in Latin, means many kinds. In fact, trait can be consisted multiplely in a
single gene. Also, phenotype is depended on both dominant and recessive alleles in the
dominance pattern and the trait. Furthermore, when they are combined together, the one alleles
follow. If an organism has more than two alleles, it is considered as multiple alleles; in fact, this is a
kind of a non-Mendelian inheritance pattern. A good example for this statement, human ABO blood
type.
Antigen is a substance that the body consider as a foreign substance and neutralize it. It
stimulates the body's immune system to produce antibodies in order to defend the body from the
invasion of those dangerous substances. The term of antigen comes from the purport that the
foreign substances stimulate the immune response to generate antibodies. Antigens have many
sources of things, from the breathing or eating bacteria and viruses. For example, when the body
immune system stimulates the foreign substance, which is a toxin, the immune system generates
antibodies.
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins which are produced by body immune system due to the
stimuli of antigen in blood. It can also called immunoglobulins. The antibodies destroy the antigen
by phagocytosis (eating the antigen). Lymphocyte, a type of white blood cell, recognizes the
antigen as a foreign substance. It produces antibodies which are made for particular antigen. The
function of antibody is to bind the particular antigen and sends signals to the other cells of body
immune system, so they can get rid of the invasion of the dangerous substances. Antibodies have
unique shape of binding site which fits on a particular shape of antigen. An autoimmune disorder is
when the antibodies are produced from the misconsider of immune system that the healthy tissue
is dangerous. The exact cause of autoimmune disorders is unknown. One theory is that some

bacteria, viruses, or drugs may trigger changes that make the body immune system confuses. This
may happen more often in people who have genes that make them more prone to autoimmune
disorders. Resulting in the destruction of body tissue, abnormal growth of an organ, and changes
in organ function. The organs including are blood vessels, connective tissues, some endocrine
glands, joints, muscles, red blood cells, and skin.
The interaction of antigens and antibodies is a bi-molecular association and it is a
reversible chemical alteration. It includesthe various non-covalent interactions between the
antigenic determinant (epitope) of the antigen and the variable-region domain of the antibody
molecule.The specific association of antigens and antibodies is dependent on hydrogen bonds,
hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic forces, and van der Walls interactions, which are all weak
and non-covalent. The interaction can happen only when the antigen and antibody molecules are
close to each other in order for atoms to fit into complementary recesses.
Antibody Affinity measures the strength of the interaction between the epitope and the
antibody binding site.The affinity of monoclonal antibodies can be measured accurately because
they are homogeneous and selective for a single epitope. Unlike the polyclonal antibodies, they are
heterogeneous and they contain a mixture of antibodies of different affinities which recognize
several epitopes. So, only an average affinity can be determined.
Antibody Avidity measures the total strength of an antibody-antigen complex. It is
dependent on these three main parameters, the affinity of the antibody for the epitope, the valency
of both the antibody and antigen, and the structural arrangement of the parts that interact. The
number of antigen binding sites is proportion directly to the amount of antigen binding.
In this experiment, we want to find out the individuals blood type by judging whether is it
coagulated or not. Coagulation is an action that blood forms clotting by itself or our action, like
mixing. There are four subjects: control, anti-A, anti-B, and anti-AB. If all of them are coagulated,
that means the ones blood type is AB, yet none of them are coagulated, then the individual has O
blood type. Altenatively, If this testing subject has coagulation on only anti-A and anti-AB or not,
this subjects blood type is A. On the other hand, the subjects blood type is B, if anti-B and anti-AB
are exclusively coagulated.

Materials
-

2 Microscope slides
Anti-A, anti-B, anti-AB
Markers
Lancet
Lancet Device
Ethanol
Cotton Ball
3 toothpicks

Methods
1) Draw 2 circles by 1 cm. Diametre side-by-side on each slide. (4 circles)
2) Label: control, anti-A, anti-B, anti-AB on each slide.
3) Puncture the test subjects tip of finger.
4) Drop a single drop of blood on each slide.
5) Do not put antibodies in control
6) Drop a single drop of sample ( anti-A:anti-A, anti-B:anti-B, anti-AB:anti-AB ) on the
matched circles.
7) Utilize the toothpick to mix the antibody and blood. (Change toothpick every time)
8) Wait for the result by 10 seconds
9) Put the results in the data table.

Results

Pre-Blood Testing Experiment

Post-Blood Testing Experiment

Title: Banks Blood Type Testing

Subject

State: Coagulation/No coagulation

Control

No coagulation

Anti-A

coagulation

Anti-B

coagulation

Anti-AB

coagulation

Discussion
Banks scenario

Grandpa & Grandma