Chapter 8 Integration Techniques

CHAPTER 8 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
8.1 BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS

u 8x# 1
du 16x dx
1.
' 16x dx
2.
' 3 cos x dx
3.
'
4.
' cot$ y csc# y dy;
5.
'01 8x16xdx2 ;
6.
'1143
7.
8x# 1
1 3 sin x
' duu 2u C 21 3 sin x C
u 1 3 sin x
du 3 cos x dx
u sin v
du cos v dv
'
3u du 3 23 u$# C 2(sin v)$# C
u cot y
du csc# y dy
'
u$ ( du) u4 C
3sin v cos v dv;
'
' duu 2u C 28x# 1 C
cot% y
4
C
u 8x# 2
10
"!
'2 du
du 16x dx
u cln kukd # ln 10 ln 2 ln 5
x 0 u 2, x 1 u 10
sec# z dz
tan z
dx
x x 1
1
4
u tan z

du sec# z dz
1
u 1, z 3 u 3
u x "
"
; du #x dx
dx
2 du x
8.
' x dxx '
9.
' cot (3 7x) dx; u 3 7x
"7
10.
' csc (1x 1) dx; u 1x 1
du 1 dx
"
u
du cln kukd 1 3 ln 3 ln 1 ln 3
' 2 udu 2 ln kuk C 2 ln x 1 C
u x 1
du " dx
dx

# x
x x 1 ;
dx
2 du x
du 7 dx
'1
' 2 udu 2 ln kuk C 2 ln x 1 C
' cot u du 7" ln ksin uk C 7" ln ksin (3 7x)k C
' csc u du1 "1 ln kcsc u cot uk C
1" ln kcsc (1x 1) cot (1x 1)k C

11.
' e) csc e) 1 d); u e
12.
' cot (3 x ln x) dx; u 3 dxln x
1
du e) d)
)
du
' csc u du ln kcsc u cot uk C ln csc e) 1 cot e) 1 C
' cot u du ln ksin uk C ln ksin (3 ln x)k C
494
Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

u 3t
du dt3
13.
' sec 3t dt;
' 3 sec u du 3 ln ksec u tan uk C 3 ln sec 3t tan 3t C
14.
' x sec ax# 5b dx; u x
' "# sec u du "# ln ksec u tan uk C
5
du 2x dx
"
#
ln ksec ax# 5b tan ax# 5bk C
15.
' csc (s 1) ds; u s 1
16.
' )"
du ds
csc
ln 2
"
)
d);
u ")
du )d# )
' csc u du ln kcsc u cot uk C ln csc ") cot ") C
u x#
ln 2
du 2x dx
'0 eu du ceu d ln0 2 eln 2 e! 2 1 1
2xe dx;
x 0 u 0, x ln 2 u ln 2
17.
'0
18.
'112 sin (y) ecos y dy;
19.
' etan v sec# v dv;
20.
' etdt ;
21.
' 3x1 dx; u x 1
22.
' 2x
23.
' 2#wdw ;
24.
' 102) d);
25.
' 1 9du9u
26.
4 dx
' 1 (2x
1)
27.
'016 dx
x#
u t

du 2dt
t
u ln x

du dx
x
dx;
1
#
u 2)
du 2 d)
1 9x#
' 3u du ln"3 3u C 3ln 3
x1
C
' 2u du ln2 # C 2ln # C
u w

du #dw
w
' eu du eu C etan v C
' 2eu du 2eu C 2et C
x 3u
dx 3 du
u cos y
1
0
du sin y dy
'0 eu du '1 eu du ceu d !" 1 e"
u 0, y 1 u 1
u tan v
du sec# v dv
du dx
ln x
' csc u du ln kcsc u cot uk C ln kcsc (s 1) cot (s 1)k C
ln x
' 2u du ln2 # C 2ln#

u
C
' "# 10u du # 10ln 10 C "# ln1010 C

2)
' 13dxx
u 2x 1
du 2 dx
3 tan" x C 3 tan" 3u C
' 12duu
2 tan" u C 2 tan" (2x 1) C
u 3x
du 3 dx
x 0 u 0, x " u
6
"
#
'0
12
"
du
3 1 u#
"#
3" sin" u !
"
3
16 0
1
18
e"
e
Section 8.1 Basic Integration Formulas

28.
'01 dt
29.
' 2s ds
30.
'
31.
'
32.
'
33.
' e dxe
34.
' dy
35.
'1e
"
sin" #t ! sin" "# 0
4 t#
1 s%
u s#
du 2s ds
2 dx
x1 4 ln# x
6 dx
x25x# 1
"
3
e2y 1
dx
x cos (ln x)
ln sec
ex dx
e2x 1
'
1 3
1
3
6 dx
5xx# #"5
6
5
sin" u C sin" s# C
' du
1 u#
sin" u C sin" (2 ln x) C
5 sec" k5xk C 6 sec" k5xk C
sec" 3r C
'
x
1 u#
u 2 ln x
du 2 xdx
'
dr
r r# 9
' du
1
6
u ex
'
du ex dx
ey dy
e y ae y b #
1
du
u# 1
u ey
du ey dy
'
tan" u C tan" ex C
du
u u# 1
u ln x
du dx
;
x
x 1 u 0, x e13 u
sec" kuk C sec" ey C
1
3
'0
13
du
cos u
'0
13
1$
sec u du cln ksec u tan ukd !
tan 13 ln ksec 0 tan 0k ln 2 3 ln (1) ln 2 3

u ln# x
du 2x ln x dx
36.
' x ln4xx dxln x ' x a1lnx4dxln xb ;
37.
'12
38.
'24 x 26xdx 10 2 '24 (x dx3) 1 ;
39.
'
40.
' d)
41.
'
' #"
du
1 4u
"
8
ln k1 4uk C
"
8
ln a1 4 ln# xb C
ux1
1
"
du dx
8'0 1 duu# 8 ctan" ud !
x 1 u 0, x 2 u "
8 atan" 1 tan" 0b 8 14 0 21
x#
8 dx
2x 2
8'1
dx
1 (x 1)#
ux3
1
du dx
2'c1
x 2 u 1, x 4 u 1
2 ctan" 1 tan" (1)d 2 14 14 1
#
dt
t# 4t 3
2) ) #
'
'
dx
(x 1)x# 2x
dt
1 (t 2)#
d)
1 () 1)#
'
kuk kx 1k 1
ut2
'
du dt
u)1
'
du d)
dx
(x 1)(x 1)# 1
du
1 u#
du
1 u#
du
u# 1
"
2 ctan" ud "
sin" u C sin" (t 2) C
sin" u C sin" () 1) C
ux1
'
du dx
du
u u# 1
sec" kuk C sec" kx 1k C,
495
496
42.
'
dx
(x 2)x# 4x 3
'
dx
(x 2)(x 2)# 1
ux2
du dx
'
du
u u# 1
sec" kuk C
sec" kx 2k C, kuk kx 2k 1
43.
' (sec x cot x)# dx ' asec# x 2 sec x cot x cot# xb dx ' sec# x dx ' 2 csc x dx ' acsc# x 1b dx
tan x 2 ln kcsc x cot xk cot x x C
44.
' (csc x tan x)# dx ' acsc# x 2 csc x tan x tan# xb dx ' csc# x dx ' 2 sec x dx ' asec# x 1b dx
cot x 2 ln ksec x tan xk tan x x C
45.
' csc x sin 3x dx ' (csc x)(sin 2x cos x sin x cos 2x) dx ' (csc x) a2 sin x cos# x sin x cos 2xb dx
' a2 cos# x cos 2xb dx ' [(1 cos 2x) cos 2x] dx ' (1 2 cos 2x) dx x sin 2x C
46.
' (sin 3x cos 2x cos 3x sin 2x) dx ' sin (3x 2x) dx ' sin x dx cos x C
47.
' x x 1 dx ' 1 x "1 dx x ln kx 1k C
48.
' x x 1 dx ' 1 x " 1 dx x tan" x C
49.
'32
50.
'c31 4x2x 37 dx 'c31 (2x 3) 2x 2 3 dx cx# 3x ln k2x 3kd $" (9 9 ln 9) (1 3 ln 1) ln 9 4
51.
' 4t t t4 16t dt ' (4t 1) t 4 4 dt 2t# t 2 tan" #t C
52.
' 2) 2)7) 5 7) d) ' a)# ) 1b 2) 5 5 d) )3
53.
' 1 x
54.
' x 2x 1 dx '
55.
'014
56.
'012 124x8x
dx '2 2x
3
2x$
x# 1
2x
x# 1
dx cx# ln kx# 1kd 2 (9 ln 8) (2 ln 1) 7 ln 8

3
1 x#
2x
dx '
dx
1 x#
x1
1 sin x
cos# x
'
dx
2 x 1
dx
x
5
#
dx '0 asec# x sec x tan xb dx ctan x sec xd !

14
dx '0 1 24x#
12
ln k2) 5k C
1%
8x
1 4x#
1 2 (! 1) 2
"#
dx ctan" (2x) ln k1 4x# kd !

1
4
ln 2
sin x)
' 1 dxsin x ' a(11 sinsin x)xb dx ' (1cos
' asec# x sec x tan xb dx tan x sec x C
x dx
#
58. 1 cos x 1 cos 2 #x 2 cos#
59.
)
(x 1)"# ln kxk C
atan" 1 ln 2b atan" 0 ln 1b
57.
)#
#
sin" x 1 x# C
x dx
1 x#
'
' sec ) " tan ) d) '
d);
x
#
' 1 dxcos x ' 2 cosdx #" ' sec# #x dx tan x# C
u 1 sin )
du cos ) d)
x
#
' duu ln kuk C ln k1 sin )k C

60.
61.
62.
' csc ) " cot ) d) ' 1 sincos) ) d);
1
' 1 "csc x dx ' sinsinx x 1 dx ' 1 sin x" 1 dx ' 1 (sin x sin1)x(sin
x 1) dx
1 sin x
cos# x
dx ' 1 sec# x
'021 1 #cos x dx '021 sin x# dx;

(2)(2) 4
64.
' udu ln kuk C ln k1 cos )k C
cos x
' 1 "sec x dx ' coscosx x 1 dx ' 1 cos x" 1 dx ' 1 1 sincosx x dx ' 1 csc# x sin
x dx
' a1 csc# x csc x cot xb dx x cot x csc x C
' 1
63.
u 1 cos )
du sin ) d)
sin x
cos# x
dx ' a1 sec# x sec x tan xb dx x tan x sec x C
21
sin #x 0
#1
'0 sin x# dx 2 cos x# ! 2(cos 1 cos 0)
x
for 0 # 21
'01 1 cos 2x dx '01 2 ksin xk dx;
1
1
sin x 0
2 '0 sin x dx 2 cos x
for 0 x 1
!
2 (cos 1 cos 0) 22
65.
'112 1 cos 2t dt '112 2 kcos tk dt;

2 sin 1 sin
66.
1
#
cos t 0
for 1# t 1
'112 2 cos t dt 2 sin t 1
1#
'c01 1 cos t dt 'c01 2 cos #t dt;
0
cos #t 0
'c1 2 cos
for 1 t 0
t
#
dt 22 sin #t
!
1
22 sin 0 sin 1# 22
67.
'c01 1 cos# ) d) 'c01 ksin )k d);
0
sin ) 0
'c1 sin ) d) ccos )d !1 cos 0 cos (1)
for 1 ) 0
1 (1) 2
cos ) 0
for 1# ) 1
68.
'112 1 sin# ) d) '112 kcos )k d);
69.
'c1144 tan# y 1 dy '1144 ksec yk dy;
sec y 0
for 14 y
'112 cos ) d) c sin )d 11# sin 1 sin 1# 1
'14 sec y dy cln ksec y tan ykd 1%

14
1
4
1%
ln 2 1 ln 2 1
70.
'c014 sec# y 1 dy '014 ktan yk dy;
tan y 0
for 14 y 0
'014 tan y dy cln kcos ykd !1% ln "
ln 2
71.
'13144 (csc x cot x)# dx '13144 acsc# x 2 csc x cot x cot# xb dx '13144 a2 csc# x 1 2 csc x cot xb dx
$1%
c2 cot x x 2 csc xd 1% 2 cot

2(1)
31
4
2 2 2(1)
31
4
31
4
1
4
2 2 4
2 csc
31
4
2 cot
1
#
1
4
1
4
2 csc 14
497
498
72.
1%
2x
'014 (sec x 4 cos x)# dx '014 sec# x 8 16 1 cos
dx ctan x 16x 4 sin 2xd !
#
tan
73.
1
4
41 4 sin 1# (tan 0 0 4 sin 0) 5 41
' cos ) csc (sin )) d); u sin ) ' csc u du ln kcsc u cot uk C
du cos ) d)
ln kcsc (sin )) cot (sin ))k C
74.
' 1 "x cot (x ln x) dx; u x ln" x ' cot u du ln ksin uk C ln ksin (x ln x)k C
du 1 dx
x
75.
' (csc x sec x)(sin x cos x) dx ' (1 cot x tan x 1) dx ' cot x dx ' tan x dx
ln ksin xk ln kcos xk C
76.
'
77.
' y6(1dy y) ;
78.
'
79.
'
3 sinh x2 ln 5dx
dx
x4x# 1
u x2 ln 5
' ' sinh u du 6 cosh u C 6 cosh x# ln 5 C
2 du dx
u y
"

du 2
y dy
'
2 dx
2x(2x)# 1
7 dx
(x 1)x# 2x 48
'
' 121duu 12 tan" u C 12 tan" y C

#
u 2x
'
du 2 dx
7 dx
(x 1)(x 1)# 49
du
u u# 1
sec" kuk C sec" k2xk C
ux1
du dx
'
7 du
uu# 49
"
7
sec" 7u C
sec" x 7 " C
80.
'
dx
(2x 1)4x# 4x
"
#
'
dx
(2x 1)(2x 1)# 1
u 2x 1
'
du 2 dx
du
2uu# 1
"
#
sec" kuk C
sec" k2x 1k C
81.
' sec# t tan (tan t) dt; u tan# t ' tan u du ln kcos uk C ln ksec uk C ln ksec (tan t)k C
du sec t dt
82.
'
dx
x $ x#
83. (a)
(b)
"$ csch" x$ C
' cos$ ) d) ' (cos )) a1 sin# )b d); u sin ) ' a1 u# b du u u3$ C sin ) "3 sin$ ) C
du cos ) d)
' cos& ) d) ' (cos )) a1 sin# )b# d) ' a1 u# b# du ' a1 2u# u% b du u 23 u$ u5& C
sin )
(c)
84. (a)
2
3
sin$ )
' sin$ ) d) ' a1 cos# )b (sin )) d);

"
3
cos$ ) C
2
3
cos$ )
u cos )
' a1 u# b ( du)
du sin ) d)
u$
3
uC
' sin& ) d) ' a1 cos# )b# (sin )) d) ' a1 u# b# ( du) ' a1 2u# u% b du
cos )
(c)
sin& ) C
' cos* ) d) ' acos) )b (cos )) d) ' a1 sin# )b% (cos )) d)
cos )
(b)
"
5
"
5
# $
cos& ) C
' sin( ) d) ' a1 u b ( du) ' a1 3u# 3u% u' b du cos ) cos$ ) 35 cos& ) cos7( ) C

(d)
85. (a)
' sin"$ ) d) ' asin"# )b (sin )) d) ' a1 cos# )b' (sin )) d)

' tan$ ) d) ' asec# ) 1b (tan )) d) ' sec# ) tan ) d) ' tan ) d) "# tan# ) ' tan ) d)
"
#
tan# ) ln kcos )k C
' tan& ) d) ' asec# ) 1b atan$ )b d) ' tan$ ) sec# ) d) ' tan$ ) d) "4 tan% ) ' tan$ ) d)
(c) ' tan( ) d) ' asec# ) 1b atan& )b d) ' tan& ) sec# ) d) ' tan& ) d) "6 tan' ) ' tan& ) d)
(d) ' tan2kb1 ) d) ' asec# ) 1b atan2kc1 )b d) ' tan2kc1 ) sec# ) d) ' tan2kc1 ) d);
(b)
u tan )
du sec# ) d)
86. (a)
' u2kc1 du ' tan2kc1 ) d)
"
2k
u2k ' tan2kc1 ) d)
tan2k ) ' tan2kc1 ) d)
"
#k
' cot$ ) d) ' acsc# ) 1b (cot )) d) ' cot ) csc# ) d) ' cot ) d) "# cot# ) ' cot ) d)
"# cot# ) ln ksin )k C
' cot& ) d) ' acsc# ) 1b acot$ )b d) ' cot$ ) csc# ) d) ' cot$ ) d) "4 cot% ) ' cot$ ) d)
(c) ' cot( ) d) ' acsc# ) 1b acot& )b d) ' cot& ) csc# ) d) ' cot& ) d) "6 cot' ) ' cot& ) d)
(d) ' cot2kb1 ) d) ' acsc# ) 1b acot2kc1 )b d) ' cot2kc1 ) csc# ) d) ' cot2kc1 ) d);
(b)
u cot )
2kc1
du ' cot2kc1 ) d) #"k u2k ' cot2kc1 ) d)
du csc# ) d) ' u
"
2k
cot2k ) ' cot2kc1 ) d)
87. A 'c14 (2 cos x sec x) dx c2 sin x ln ksec x tan xkd 1%

14
1%
2 ln 2 1 2 ln 2 1
#
22 ln 2 " 22 ln
2 1
21
21
22 ln 3 22
88. A '16 (csc x sin x) dx c ln kcsc x cot xk cos xd 1'
12
1#
ln k1 0k ln 2 3
3
#
ln 2 3
3
#
89. V 'c14 1(2 cos x)# dx '14 1 sec# x dx 41 '14 cos# x dx 1'14 sec# x dx
14
14
14
21 'c14 (1 cos 2x) dx 1 ctan xd 1% 21 x

14
1%
"
#
14
1%
sin 2x 1% 1[1 (1)]
21 14 "# 14 "# 21 21 1# 1 21 1#
90. V '16 1 csc# x dx '16 1 sin# x dx 1 '16 csc# x dx
12
12
1#
1 c cot xd 1'
13
1
#
261
1
#
x
3
4
"
#
12
1#
1
#
sin 2x 1' 1 0 3
1 7 8 3 16
'1162 (1 cos 2x) dx

1
#
1# 0 16
"
#
3
#
499
500
91. y ln (cos x)
dy
dy
sin x
#
#
'
cos
x dx tan x sec x 1; L a 1 dx dx
#
dy
dx
1$
'0 1 asec# x 1b dx '0 sec x dx cln ksec x tan xkd ! ln 2 3 ln k1 0k ln 2 3
13
13
92. y ln (sec x)
dy
dx
sec x tan x
sec x
dy
#
#
'
dy
dx tan x sec x 1; L a 1 dx dx
#
'0 sec x dx cln ksec x tan xkd !

14
1%
93. Mx 'c14 "# sec x (sec x) dx

14
"
#
1%
ctan xd 1%
"
#
ln 2 1 ln k1 0k ln 2 1
'1144 sec# x dx
"
#
c1 (1)d 1;
M 'c14 sec x dx cln ksec x tan xkd 1%

14
1%
ln 2 1 ln 2 1 ln 2"
2 1
ln
2 "
#1
ln 3 2
2 ; x 0 by
symmetry of the region, and y
94. Mx '16 "# csc x (csc x) dx

516
"
#
&1'
c cot xd 1'
"
#
Mx
M
"
#
"
ln 3 22
'15166 csc# x dx
3 3 3;
M '16 csc x dx c ln kcsc x cot xkd 1'

516
&1'
3
ln 2 3 ln 2 3 ln 22
3
#
ln
2 3
43
2 ln 2
of the region, and y
95.
Mx
M
3 ; x
1
#
by symmetry
3
2 ln 2 3
x cot x
'
' csc x dx ' (csc x)(1) dx ' (csc x) csc
csc x cot x dx
u csc x cot x
du a csc x cot x csc# xb dx
96. cax# 1b (x 1)d
#$
1
(x 1)# xx
1
(a)
(b)
#$
(x 1)# 1
' cax# 1b (x 1)d#$ dx '
dx;
' udu ln kuk C ln kcsc x cot xk C
c(x 1)(x 1)# d
#$
csc# x csc x cot x

csc x cot x
(x 1)#$ (x 1)%$ (x 1)# (x 1)#$ (x 1)#$
2 #$
x1
(x 1)# 1
2 #$
x 1
dx;
u x " 1
du (x " 1)# dx
' (1 2u)#$ du #3 (1 2u)"$ C 3# 1 x2 1 "$ C #3 xx 11 "$ C
' cax# 1b (x 1)d#$ dx ' (x 1)# xx 11 #$ dx; u xx 11 k

du k xx 11
(x 1)#
2k
"
#k
kc1
c(x 1) (x 1)d
(x 1)#
k c1
(x 1)
dx 2k (x
1)kb1 dx; dx
1 1ck
1 #$
xx
du; then, ' xx
1
1
"
#k
1 1ck
xx
du
1
(x 1)#
#k
"
#k
1 kc1
xx
du
1
' xx 11 13k du
' xx 11 k13k1 du #"k ' u13k1 du #"k (3k) u13k C #3 u13k C 3# xx 11 "$ C
Section 8.2 Integration by Parts

(c)
' cax# 1b (x 1)d#$ dx ' (x 1)# xx 11 #$ dx;
"
u tan x
x tan u
dx du#
cos u
' (tan u" 1)
tan u 1 #$ du
'
tan
u1
cos# u
"
(sin u cos u)#
sin u cos u sin u sin 1# u 2 sin 14 cos u 14

sin u cos u sin u sin 1 u 2 cos 1 sin u 1
4
4
#
u cos u #$
sin
du;
sin u cos u
sin u 1 #$
' 2 cos "u 1 cos
du
u 1
4
"$
"
#
u tan 4
' tan#$ u 14 sec# u 14 du 3# tan"$ u 14 C 3# 1tan
C
tan u tan 14
3
#
1 "$
xx
C
1
(d) u tan" x tan u x tan# u x dx 2 tan u cos"# u du

sin# u cos# u
cos# u
x 1 tan# u 1
' (x 1)#$ (x 1)%$ dx '

' a1 2 cos# ub
3
#
a1 2 cos ub
#$
"$
(e) u tan" x # 1
1 2 cos# u
cos# u
; x 1 tan# u 1
#$
a12 cos# ub
acos# ub#$
"
acos# ub%$
C
x1
#
%$
3
#
1 2 cos
#
#u
cos u
"$
C
"
cos# u
u)
2d(cos
cos$ u ;
2d(cos u)
cos$ u
' a1 2 cos# ub#$ d a1 2 cos# ub
"
#
(2) cos u d(cos u)
2 sin u
cos$ u du
cos# u sin# u
cos"# u ;
cos# u
3
#
1 "$
xx
C
1
tan u x 1 2(tan u 1) dx
2d(tan u);
2 du
cos# u
' (x 1)#$ (x 1)
dx ' (tan u)#$ (tan u 1)%$ 2# 2 d(tan u)
"$
#$
"$
"# ' 1 tan u" 1
d 1 tan u" 1 #3 1 tan u" 1 C #3 1 x 2 1 C
3
#
1 "$
xx
C
1
"
u cos x
'
(f)
x cos u
dx sin u du
'
du
%$
(sin u)"$ 2#$ cos u#
'
(g)
3
#
C
3
#
sin u du
%$
asin%$ ub 2#$ cos #u
' cos
sin
u
#
u
#
"$
du
cos# #u
tan# u# "$ C
' cax 1b (x 1)d
'
#$
sinh u du
$
asinh% ub (cosh u1)#
"
u cosh x
dx;
x cosh u
dx sinh u
'
du
$
(sinh u) 4 cosh% #u
"$
' tanh u#
d tanh u#
3
#
'
1. u x, du dx; dv sin
'
x sin
dx 2x cos
x
#
x
#
"
#
tanh u# #$ C
dx, v 2 cos
' 2 cos
2. u ), du d); dv cos 1) d), v
'
u 1 "$
cos
C
cos u 1
3
#
1 "$
xx
C
1
sinh u du
$
acosh# u1b# (cosh u1)#
'
3
#
du
$
sinh #u cosh& #u
u 1 "$
cosh
C
cosh u 1
8.2 INTEGRATION BY PARTS
x
#
3
#
" "$
xx
C
1
#
u
#
'
"#
du
"$
&$
2 sin #u cos #u
' tan"$ #u d tan u# 3# tan#$
sin u du
$
acos# u 1b# (cos u 1)#
) cos 1) d)
)
1
sin 1) '
"
1
"
1
x
#
x
#
dx 2x cos x# 4 sin x# C
sin 1);
sin 1) d)
)
1
sin 1)
"
1#
cos 1) C
501
502
3.
cos t

t#

2t

2
sin t
cos t
sin t
0
4.
'
t# cos t dt t# sin t 2t cos t 2 sin t C
'
x# sin x dx x# cos x 2x sin x 2 cos x C
sin x

x#

2x

2
cos x
sin x
cos x
0
5. u ln x, du
dv x dx, v
dx
x ;
'1 x ln x dx x#
2
6. u ln x, du
ln x '1
#
dx
x ;
ln x '1
e
e %
x
dy
1 y #
2 ln 2 x4 2 ln 2
"
x%
4
dx
x
3
4
ln 4
3
4
e%
4
x
16

1
3e% 1
16
; dv dy, v y;
' tan" y dy y tan" y '

8. u sin" y, du
dx
x
dv x$ dx, v
7. u tan" y, du
"
'1 x$ ln x dx x4
e
2 #
x
x#
#
dy
1 y#
y dy
a1 y # b
y tan" y
"
#
ln a1 y# b C y tan" y ln 1 y# C
; dv dy, v y;
' sin" y dy y sin" y '
y dy
1 y#
y sin" y 1 y# C
9. u x, du dx; dv sec# x dx, v tan x;
' x sec# x dx x tan x ' tan x dx x tan x ln kcos xk C
10.
' 4x sec# 2x dx; [y 2x] ' y sec# y dy y tan y ' tan y dy y tan y ln ksec yk C
2x tan 2x ln ksec 2xk C
ex
11.

x$

3x#

6x

6
0
ex
ex
ex
ex
'
x$ ex dx x$ ex 3x# ex 6xex 6ex C ax$ 3x# 6x 6b ex C

ecp
12.

4p$

12p#

24p

24
p%
ecp
ecp
ecp
ecp
ecp
'
p% ecp dp p% ecp 4p$ ecp 12p# ecp 24pecp 24ecp C

ap% 4p$ 12p# 24p 24b ecp C
ex
13.

x# 5x ex

2x 5 ex

2
ex
' ax# 5xb ex dx ax# 5xb ex (2x 5)ex 2ex C x# ex 7xex 7ex C
ax# 7x 7b ex C
er
14.

r# r 1 er

2r 1
er

2
er
0
' ar# r 1b er dr ar# r 1b er (2r 1) er 2er C

car# r 1b (2r 1) 2d er C ar# r 2b er C
ex
15.
x&
5x%
20x$
60x#
120x
120
0

ex

ex

ex

ex

ex

ex
' x& ex dx x& ex 5x% ex 20x$ ex 60x# ex 120xex 120ex C

ax& 5x% 20x$ 60x# 120x 120b ex C
503
504

e4t
16.

t#

2t

2
"
4
e4t
"
16
e4t
"
64
e4t
' t# e4t dt t4 e4t 162t e4t 642 e4t C t4 e4t 8t e4t 3"# e4t C
#
t4
17.
"
4t
3# e
C
sin 2)

)# "2 cos 2)

2) "4 sin 2)

2 "8 cos 2)
'012 )# sin 2) d) )#

18.
t
8
1#
8
(1)
1
4
cos 2)
0
"
4
)
#
sin 2)
"
4
cos 2)
(1) 0 0
"
4
1#
!
1#
8
"
#
1# 4
8
cos 2x

x$ "2 sin 2x

3x# "4 cos 2x

6x "8 sin 2x

"
6 16
cos 2x
'012 x$ cos 2x dx x#
19. u sec" t, du
dt
tt# 1
'223 t sec" t dt t#
51
9
"# t# 1
20. u sin" ax# b , du
'01
1$
16
0
; dv t dt, v
sec" t
#
#$
2x dx
1 x %
1 x%
dt
tt# 1
0
1
1#
3
8
"# 3 43 1
; dv 2x dx, v x# ;
"#
31
8
3x#
4
cos 2x
3x
4
sin 2x
3
8
cos 2x
(1) 0 0 0
3
8
1#
!
#
1
1 316
3
4
3 a4 1 # b
16
"#
1
1#
(1)
'23 t#
2x sin" ax# b dx cx# sin" ax# bd !
t#
#
2
#$
51
9
31 #
16
sin 2x
'0
34 1
x#
51
9
1
3
2
3
16 '23
"# 3
2x dx
1 x%
3
3
"# 16 '0
t dt
2t# 1
51
9
3
3
51 3 3
9
2 d 1 x %
2 1 x%
16312
1#
21. I ' e) sin ) d); cu sin ), du cos ) d); dv e) d), v e) d I e) sin ) ' e) cos ) d);
cu cos ), du sin ) d); dv e) d), v e) d I e) sin ) e) cos ) ' e) sin ) d)
e) sin ) e) cos ) I Cw 2I ae) sin ) e) cos )b Cw I
another arbitrary constant
"
#
ae) sin ) e) cos )b C, where C
C
#
is

22. I ' ecy cos y dy; cu cos y, du sin y dy; dv ecy dy, v ecy d
I ecy cos y ' aecy b (sin y) dy ecy cos y ' ecy sin y dy; cu sin y, du cos y dy;
dv ecy dy, v ecy d I ecy cos y ecy sin y ' aey b cos y dy ecy cos y ecy sin y I Cw
2I ecy (sin y cos y) Cw I
"
#
aecy sin y ecy cos yb C, where C
23. I ' e2x cos 3x dx; u cos 3x; du 3 sin 3x dx, dv e2x dx; v
is another arbitrary constant
e2x
' e2x sin 3x dx; u sin 3x, du 3 cos 3x, dv e2x dx; v "# e2x
I "# e2x cos 3x 3# "# e2x sin 3x 3# ' e2x cos 3x dx "# e2x cos 3x 34 e2x sin 3x 94 I Cw
13
4
24.
"
#
C
#
"
#
e2x cos 3x
"
#
3
#
e2x cos 3x 34 e2x sin 3x Cw
e2x
13
(3 sin 3x 2 cos 3x) C, where C
4
13
Cw
' ec2x sin 2x dx; [y 2x] "# ' ecy sin y dy I; cu sin y, du cos y dy; dv ecy dy, v ecyd
I "# ecy sin y ' ecy cos y dy cu cos y, du sin y; dv ecy dy, v ecy d
I "# ecy sin y "# ecy cos y ' aecy b ( sin y) dy "# ecy (sin y cos y) I Cw
c2x
2I "# ecy (sin y cos y) Cw I "4 ecy (sin y cos y) C e 4 (sin 2x cos 2x) C, where
C
C
#
25.
' e3sb9 ds; 3s 92 x

ds
2
3
' xex dx
2
3
x dx
' ex 23 x dx 23 ' xex dx; cu x, du dx; dv ex dx, v ex d ;
xex ' ex dx
2
3
axex ex b C
2
3
3s 9 e3sb9 e3sb9 C
26. u x, du dx; dv 1 x dx, v 23 (1 x)$ ;
'01 x1 x dx 23 (1 x)$ x "! 23 '01 (1 x)$ dx 23 25 (1 x)&# "! 154
27. u x, du dx; dv tan# x dx, v ' tan# x dx '

tan x x;'0
13
1
3
1$
x tan# x dx cx(tan x x)d !
3 13 ln
28. u ln ax x# b, du
x ln ax x# b '
29.
"
#
1#
18
(2x 1) dx
x x #
(2x 1) dx
x 1
u ln x
13
3
ln 2
sin# x
cos# x
dx '
" cos# x
cos# x
'0 (tan x x) dx
13
1
3
dx '
dx
cos# x
' dx
3 13 ln kcos xk
1$
x#
# !
1#
18
; dv dx, v x; ' ln ax x# b dx x ln ax x# b '
x ln ax x# b '
2(x 1) "
x 1
2x "
x(x 1)
x dx
dx x ln ax x# b 2x ln kx 1k C
' (sin u) eu du. From Exercise 21, ' (sin u) eu du eu sin u # cos u C
dx eu du
"# cx cos (ln x) x sin (ln x)d C
' sin (ln x) dx; du "x dx
505
506

u ln z
30.
' z(ln z)# dz; du "z dz

dz eu du
e2u

u#

2u

2
"
2
e2u
"
4
e2u
"
8
e2u
'
' eu u# eu du ' e2u u# du;
u# e2u du
z#
4
u#
#
#
e2u #u e2u "4 e2u C
e2u
4
c2u# 2u 1d C
c2(ln z) 2 ln z 1d C
31. (a) u x, du dx; dv sin x dx, v cos x;
S" '0 x sin x dx [x cos x]!1 '0 cos x dx 1 [sin x]1! 1
1
(b) S# '1 x sin x dx [x cos x]#11 '1 cos x dx c31 [sin x]1#1 d 31
21
21
(c) S$ '21 x sin x dx [x cos x]$#11 '21 cos x dx 51 [sin x]$#11 51
31
31
n11
(d) S8" (1)nb1 'n1
x sin x dx (1)nb1 c[x cos x]nn111 [sin x]nn111 d
(1)nb1 c(n 1)1(1)n n1(1)nb1 d 0 (2n 1)1
32. (a) u x, du dx; dv cos x dx, v sin x;

312
1
S" '12 x cos x dx [x sin x]31122 '12 sin x dx 31
# # [cos x]12 21
312
312
(b) S# '312 x cos x dx [x sin x]&$1122 '312 sin x dx 5#1 3#1 [cos x]&$1122 41
512
512
(c) S$ '512 x cos x dx [x sin x](&1122 '512 sin x dx 7#1

712
712
51
#
[cos x](&1122 61
n112
n'
(d) Sn (1)n '2n112 x cos x dx (1)n [x sin x]#
sin x dx
2n112
2n112
2n112
(1)n (2n# 1)1 (1)n

33. V '0
ln 2
2n112
(2n1)1
#
n112
(1)nc1 [cos x]#
2n112
"
#
21(ln 2 x) ex dx 21 ln 2 '0 ex dx 21'0 xex dx

ln 2
ln 2
(21 ln 2) cex d ln0 2 21 cxex d ln0 2 '0 ex dx

ln 2
21 ln 2 21 2 ln 2 cex d ln0 2 21 ln 2 21 21(1 ln 2)
34. (a) V '0 21xecx dx 21 cxecx d "! '0 ecx dx

1
21 "e cecx d "! 21 "e

21
41
e
"
e
1
(2n1 1 2n1 1) 2n1

(b) V '0 21(1 x)ecx dx; u 1 x, du dx; dv ecx dx,
1
v ecx ; V 21 c(1 x) aecx bd "! '0 ecx dx

1
21 [0 1(1)] cecx d "! 21 1
"
e
35. (a) V '0 21x cos x dx 21 [x sin x] !

12
1#
1
21
e
'0 sin x dx

12
1#
21 1# [cos x] ! 21 1# 0 1 1(1 2)
(b) V '0 21 1# x cos x dx; u

12
V 21 1# x sin
1#
x !
1
#
x, du dx; dv cos x dx, v sin x;
21'0 sin x dx 0 21[ cos x] !

12
1#
21(0 1) 21
36. (a) V '0 21x(x sin x) dx;

1
sin x

x# cos x

2x sin x

2 cos x
0
V 21'0 x# sin x dx 21 cx# cos x 2x sin x 2 cos xd ! 21 a1# 4b

1
(b) V '0 21(1 x)x sin x dx 21# '0 x sin x dx 21 '0 x# sin x dx 21# [x cos x sin x]1! a21$ 81b
1
81
37. (a) av(y)
"
1
"
#1
'021 2ect cos t dt
ect sin t # cos t #1

!
(see Exercise 22) av(y)
(b)
"
#1
a1 ec21 b
'021 4ect (sin t cos t) dt

21
21
12 '0 ect sin t dt 12 '0 ect cos t dt
38. (a) av(y)
2
1
2
1
"
#1
(b)
ect sin t# cos t ect sin t # cos t #1

!
cect sin td #!1 0
39. I ' xn cos x dx; cu xn , du nxn" dx; dv cos x dx, v sin xd

I xn sin x ' nxn" sin x dx
507
508
40. I ' xn sin x dx; cu xn , du nxn" dx; dv sin x dx, v cos xd

I xn cos x ' nxn" cos x dx
41. I ' xn eax dx; u xn , du nxn" dx; dv eax dx, v "a eax
I
xn eax ax
a e
' xn" eax dx, a !
n
a
42. I ' aln xbn dx; u aln xbn , du
naln xbn"
x
dx; dv " dx, v x
I xaln xbn ' naln xbn" dx

43.
' sin" x dx x sin" x ' sin y dy x sin" x cos y C x sin" x cos asin" xb C
44.
' tan" x dx x tan" x ' tan y dy x tan" x ln kcos yk C x tan" x ln kcos atan" xbk C
45.
' sec" x dx x sec" x ' sec y dy x sec" x ln ksec y tan yk C

x sec" x ln ksec asec" xb tan asec" xbk C x sec" x ln x x# 1 C
46.
' log2 x dx x log2 x ' 2y dy x log2 x ln2 # C x log2 x lnx# C

y
47. Yes, cos" x is the angle whose cosine is x which implies sin acos" xb 1 x# .
48. Yes, tan" x is the angle whose tangent is x which implies sec atan" xb 1 x# .
49. (a)
' sinh" x dx x sinh" x ' sinh y dy x sinh" x cosh y C x sinh" x cosh asinh" xb C;
check: d cx sinh" x cosh asinh" xb Cd sinh" x
x
1 x#
sinh" x dx
(b)
' sinh" x dx x sinh" x '

x sinh" x a1 x# b
"
check: d x sinh
50. (a)
"#
"
1 x#
dx x sinh" x
"
#
sinh asinh" xb
"
1 x#
dx
' a1 x# b"# 2x dx
C
x a1 x# b
"#
C sinh" x
x
1 x#
x
1 x#
dx sinh" x dx
' tanh" x dx x tanh" x ' tanh y dy x tanh" x ln kcosh yk C

x tanh" x ln kcosh atanh" xbk C;
check: d cx tanh" x ln kcosh atanh" xbk Cd tanh" x
"
tanh
(b)
x
x
1 x#
x
1 x#
dx tanh
' tanh" x dx x tanh" x ' 1 x x

check: d x tanh" x
"
#
"
x
1 x#
sinh atanh" xb
"
cosh atanh" xb 1 x#
dx
x dx
dx x tanh" x #" ' 12xx# dx x tanh" x #" ln k1 x# k C

ln k1 x# k C tanh" x 1 x x# 1 x x# dx tanh" x dx
#
8.3 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

1.
5x 13
(x 3)(x 2)
A
x3
B
x2
5x 13 A(x 2) B(x 3) (A B)x (2A 3B)
AB5
B (10 13) B 3 A 2; thus,
2A 3B 13
5x 13
(x 3)(x 2)
2
x3
3
x#
Section 8.3 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

2.
5x 7
x# 3x 2
3.
A
x2
x4
(x 1)#
A
x1
B
x1
5x 7 A(x 1) B(x 2) (A B)x (A 2B)
x4
(x 1)#
2x 2
x# 2x 1
1
x1
2x 2
(x 1)#
z1
z# (z 1)
5x 7
x# 3x 2
3
x2
A
x1
B
(x 1)#
2x 2 A(x 1) B Ax (A B)
2x 2
x# 2x 1
2
x1
A2
A B 2
4
(x 1)#
A
z
B
z#
"
z# z 6
z
z$ z# 6z
"
(z 3)(z 2)
A
z3
B
z#
z"
z# (z 1)
AB0
5B 1 B "5 A 5" ; thus,
2A 3B 1
t# 8
t# 5t 6
1
5t 2
t# 5t 6
(after long division);
B 12 A 17; thus,

t% 9
t% 9t#
9t# 9
t% 9t#
1
1
t# 8
t# 5t 6
5t 2
t# 5t 6
9t# 9
t# at# 9b
#
1
2
z
"
z#
2
z1
1 A(z 2) B(z 3) (A B)z (2A 3B)
17
t3
z
z$ z# 6z
5t 2
(t 3)(t 2)
5t 2 A(t 2) B(t 3) (A B)t (2A 3B)
8.
A1
A 1 and B 3;
A B 4
z C 1 z 1 Az(z 1) B(z 1) Cz# z 1 (A C)z# (A B)z B

AC0
7.
2
x1
3
(x 1)#
A B 1
B 1 A 2 C 2; thus,
B 1
6.
x 4 A(x 1) B Ax (A B)
B
(x 1)#
A 2 and B 4; thus,
5.
AB5
B 2 A 3; thus,
A 2B 7
thus,
4.
5x 7
(x 2)(x 1)
A
t3
"
5
z3
"5
z2
B
t2
AB5
B (10 2) 12
2A 3B 2
12
t2
9t# 9
t# at# 9b
A
t
B
t#
CtD
t# 9
#
9t# 9 At at# 9b B at 9b (Ct D)t# (A C)t$ (B D)t 9At 9B

AC0
%
B D 9
A 0 C 0; B 1 D 10; thus, t%t 9t9# 1 t"# t#109
9A 0
9B 9
9.
"
1 x#
'
10.
dx
1 x#
"
x# 2x
A
1x
A
x
1 A(1 x) B(1 x); x 1 A
B
1x
'
dx
1x
B
x2
1 A(x 2) Bx; x 0 A
"
#
"
#
'
dx
1x
"
#
"
#
; x 1 B
"
#
cln k1 xk ln k1 xkd C
' x dx 2x #" ' dxx #" ' x dx 2 #" cln kxk ln kx 2kd C
"
#
; x 2 B #" ;
11.
x4
x# 5x 6
'x
12.
x4
5x 6
2x 1
x# 7x 12
'x
A
x6
dx
2
7
2x 1
7x 12
A
x4
B
x1
x 4 A(x 1) B(x 6); x 1 B
; x 6 A
5
7
2
7
2
7
7 ; x 4 A
9
1
' x dx 6 75 ' x dx 1 72 ln kx 6k 75 ln kx 1k C 7" ln k(x 6)# (x 1)& k C
B
x3
dx 9 '
2x 1 A(x 3) B(x 4); x 3 B
dx
x4
7'
dx
x3
9 ln kx 4k 7 ln kx 3k C ln
7
1
4)*
(x
(x 3)(
C
9;
509
510
13.

y
y# 2y 3
'4
14.
y4
y# y
'12
A
y
'
"
8
"
t$ t# 2t
"
16
ln
B
t2
1
6
3 '12
dy
y
ln 27
8
27
8
"# ln ktk
"
6
x3
2x$ 8x
43 ln ky 3k
"
4
B
x2
"
3
ln kt 2k
A
x
"
16
;x2 C
"
16
;'
"
3
"
8
16 ln
3x 2
(x 1)#
dx
x1
3x 2
(x 1)#
#" '
dt
t
"
6
;'
5
16
dx 83 '
x3
2x$ 8x
ln kx 2k C
"
16
dx
x
"
16
'0
dx
(x 1)#
A
x1
3x 2
(x 1)#
A
x1
B
(x 1)#
x 1 C
3x 2
(x 1)#
A
x1
D
(x 1)#
"
4
;x1 D
B
(x 1)#
2 3 ln 2
1 A(x 1)(x 1)# B(x 1)(x 1)# C(x 1)# D(x 1)# ;
; coefficient of x$ A B A B 0; constant A B C D
; thus, A
"
4
B 4" ; '
' x dx 1 4" ' x dx 1 4" ' (x dx1)
"
4
' (x dx1)
"
4
1
ln xx
1
"
4
x#
(x 1) ax# 2x 1b
A
x1
"
4
B
x1
"
4
ln k(x 1)(x 1) k
4
1
(x 1) ax# 1b
A
x1
"
2(x 1)
dx
ax # 1 b #
x
2 ax# 1b
C
x# A(x 1)# B(x 1)(x 1) C(x 1); x 1
C
(x 1)#
; coefficient of x# A B A B 1 B
' x dx 1 43 ' x dx 1 2" ' (x dx1)

$
3x 2 A(x 1) B
x$ dx
x# 2x 1
!
x " 1
"
"
#
C 2" ; x 1 A
21.
C
(x 1)#
"
(#)
3x 2 A(x 1) B
"
"
x 1!
ABCD1 AB
20.
"
4
"
4
ln kx 1k
3
4
ln kx 1k
"
#(x 1)
3
4
;'
x# dx
(x 1) ax# 2x 1b
C
C
Bx C
x# 1
; x 2
x$ dx
x# 2x 1
#" 2 3 ln 2
3
8
&
"
(1)
B
x1
3 ln 3#
ln (x 2)x'(x 2) C
x# 2x 3 ln kx 1k
"
#
' x dx 2 165 ' x dx 2
x
' dx
'c1 (x 2) dx 3 'c1 x dx
1 c1 (x 1)# # 2x 3 ln kx 1k
"
ax # 1 b #
3 ;
(x 3) A(x 2)(x 2) Bx(x 2) Cx(x 2); x 0 A
Ax (A B) A 3, A B 2 A 3, B 1; 'c1
0 0 3 ln 1
ln 5
' tdt2 3" ' tdt1
3
1
"
4
27
4
"# 2 3 ln 2 "# (1) 3 ln 2 2

(x 2)
ln 9 43 ln 1
c4 ln kyk 3 ln ky 1kd ""# (4 ln 1 3 ln 2) 4 ln
dt
t$ t# 2t
"
#
5
16
ln kx 2k
'0 (x 2) dx 3 '0
19.
"
4
3
4
ln kt 1k C
C
x#
(x 2)
dy
y1
Ax (A B) A 3, A B 2 A 3, B 1; '0
x$
x# 2x 1
;y3 A
ln ky 1k % 43 ln 5
18.
"
4
1 A(t 2)(t 1) Bt(t 1) Ct(t 2); t 0 A "# ; t 2
C
t1
x$
x# 2x 1
dy
y1
;t1 C
38 ln kxk
'4
y 4 A(y 1) By; y 0 A 4; y 1 B
B
y1
ln
A
t
1
4
y A(y 1) B(y 3); y 1 B
B
y1
dy 4 '12
17.
y4
y# y
ln
16.
A
y3
y dy
dy
"
3
y# 2y 3 4 4 y 3 4
"
"
ln 15
# ln 5 # ln 3 #
15.
1 A ax# 1b (Bx C)(x 1); x 1 A
A B A B 0 B 12 ; constant A C A C 1 C
"
#
"
#
; coefficient of x#
; '0
dx
(x 1) ax# 1b
22.
'01 x dx 1 #" '01 (x x 11) dx #" ln kx 1k 4" ln ax# 1b #" tan" x "!
"
2
"#
"
4
ln 2
3t# t 4
t$ t
A
t
"
#
ln 2
Bt C
t# 1
tan" 1 #" ln 1
"
4
ln 1
"
#
tan" 0
"
4
ln 2 #" 14
4 '1
'1
dt
t
4 ln 3
"
#
2 ln 3
y# 2y 1
ay # 1 b #
$
"
#
dt 4 ln ktk
"
2
1
1#
ln 92
Cy D
a y # 1 b#
3t# t 4
t$ 1
dt
1
3
ln at# 1b tan" t "
ln 4 tan" 3 4 ln 1
Ay B
y# 1
(t 1)
t# 1
ln 2
(1 2 ln 2)
8
3t# t 4 A at# 1b (Bt C)t; t 0 A 4; coefficient of t#
A B A B 3 B 1; coefficient of t C C 1; '1
23.
511
"
#
ln 2 tan" 1 2 ln 3 ln 2
"
#
ln 2
1
4
1
1#
y# 2y 1 (Ay B) ay# 1b Cy D
Ay By# (A C)y (B D) A 0, B 1; A C 2 C 2; B D 1 D 0;
'y
24.
dy '
2y 1
ay # 1 b #
8x# 8x 2
a4x# 1b#
$
Ax B
4x# 1
"
y# 1
dy 2 '
Cx D
a4x# 1b#
y
a y # 1 b#
"
y# 1
dy tan" y
C
8x# 8x 2 (Ax B) a4x# 1b Cx D
4Ax 4Bx# (A C)x (B D); A 0, B 2; A C 8 C 8; B D 2 D 0;
' 8x
dx 2 '
2s 2
as# 1b (s 1)$
#
8x 2
a4x# 1b#
25.
As B
s# 1
$
dx
4x# 1
C
s1
#
8'
x dx
a4x# 1b#
D
(s 1)#
tan" 2x
E
(s 1)$
#
"
4x# 1
C
2s 2
#
(As B)(s 1) C as 1b (s 1) D as 1b (s 1) E as# 1b

cAs% (3A B)s$ (3A 3B)s# (A 3B)s Bd C as% 2s$ 2s# 2s 1b D as$ s# s 1b
E as# 1b
(A C)s% (3A B 2C D)s$ (3A 3B 2C D E)s# (A 3B 2C D)s (B C D E)
C
0
A
3A B 2C D
0
3A 3B 2C D E 0
summing all equations 2E 4 E 2;
A 3B 2C D
2
B CDE2
summing eqs (2) and (3) 2B 2 0 B 1; summing eqs (3) and (4) 2A 2 2 A 0; C 0
from eq (1); then 1 0 D 2 2 from eq (5) D 1;
' as
26.
2s 2
1b (s 1)$
s% 81
As
s as # 9 b #
%
ds '
Bs C
s# 9
ds
s# 1
'
Ds E
a s # 9 b#
%
ds
(s 1)#
2'
ds
(s 1)$
(s 1)# (s 1)" tan" s C

#
s% 81 A as# 9b (Bs C)s as# 9b (Ds E)s
A as 18s# 81b aBs Cs$ 9Bs# 9Csb Ds# Es

(A B)s% Cs$ (18A 9B D)s# (9C E)s 81A 81A 81 or A 1; A B 1 B 0;
C 0; 9C E 0 E 0; 18A 9B D 0 D 18; '

ln ksk
27.
9
as # 9 b
2) $ 5) # 8) 4
a) # 2 ) 2 b#
$
s% 81
s as # 9 b #
ds '
ds
s
18 '
s ds
a s # 9 b#
C
A) B
) # #) 2
C) D
a ) # 2 ) 2 b#
2)$ 5)# 8) 4 (A) B) a)# 2) 2b C) D
A) (2A B))# (2A 2B C)) (2B D) A 2; 2A B 5 B 1; 2A 2B C 8 C 2;
2B D 4 D 2; '
'
2) 2
) # 2) 2
d) '
2) $ 5) # 8) 4
a) # 2 ) 2 b#
d)
) # 2) #
'
d) '
d a) # 2 ) 2 b
a) # 2 ) 2 b #
2) 1
a) # 2 ) 2 b
'
d) '
d a) # 2 ) 2 b
) # 2) #
2) 2
a ) # 2 ) 2 b#
'
d)
() 1)# 1
d)
"
) # 2) #
512

"
) # 2) #
28.
ln a)# 2) 2b tan" () 1) C
) % 4) $ 2) # 3) 1
a) # 1 b $
A) B
)# 1
C) D
a ) # 1 b#
E) F
a ) # 1 b$
) % 4) $ 2 ) # 3 ) 1
(A) B) a)# 1b (C) D) a)# 1b E) F (A) B) a)% 2)# 1b aC)$ D)# C) Db E) F

aA)& B)% 2A)$ 2B)# A) Bb aC)$ D)# C) Db E) F
A)& B)% (2A C))$ (2B D))# (A C E)) (B D F) A 0; B 1; 2A C 4
C 4; 2B D 2 D 0; A C E 3 E 1; B D F 1 F 0;
')
29.
4) $ 2) # 3) 1
a) # 1 b $
2x$ 2x# 1
x# x
2x
"
x# x
x 1 B 1; '
30.
x%
x# 1
ax# 1b
d) '
2x
2x 2x 1
x# x
"
x# 1
4'
d)
)# 1
"
x(x 1)
"
3
31.
x$ x
9x$ 3x 1
x$ x#
#
"
#
9
9x# 3x "
x# (x 1)
"
#
"
x(x 1)
'
dx
x
"
#
;'
ln kx 1k
A
x
1 A(x 1) Bx; x 0 A 1;
B
x1
dx
x1
x
ax#
x# 1 dx
$
C x3 x #" ln
9x# 3x 1
x# (x 1)
#
C
x# ln kxk ln kx 1k C x# ln x x 1 C
'
"4 a)# 1b
#
tan" ) 2 a)# 1b
"
(x 1)(x 1)
"
) d)
a ) # 1 b$
'
"
(x 1)(x 1)
ax# 1b
ln kx 1k
' 2x dx '
x 1 A "# ; x 1 B
) d)
a ) # 1 b#
A
x1
B
x1
' x dx 1 #" ' x dx 1
"
#
1b dx
1 A(x 1) B(x 1);
1
xx
1 C
A
x
B
x#
C
x1
9x 3x 1 Ax(x 1) B(x 1) Cx ; x 1 C 7; x 0 B 1; A C 9 A 2;
' 9x x3xx 1 dx ' 9 dx 2 ' dxx ' dxx 7 ' xdx1 9x 2 ln kxk x" 7 ln kx 1k C
$
32.
16x$
4x# 4x 1
(4x 4)
12x 4
4x# 4x 1
12x 4
(2x 1)#
A
2x 1
A 6; A B 4 B 2; '
2(x 1)# 3 ln k2x 1k
33.
y% y# 1
y$ y
y
"
y ay # 1 b
"
2x 1
"
y ay # 1 b
16x$
4x# 4x 1
C" 2x#
A
y
By C
y# 1
A 1; A B 0 B 1; C 0; '
y#
#
34.
ln kyk
2y%
y$ y# y 1
"
#
B
(2x 1)#
12x 4 A(2x 1) B
dx 4 ' (x 1) dx 6 '
dx
2x 1
"
4x 3 ln k2x 1k (2x 1)
2'
dx
(2x 1)#
C, where C 2 C"
1 A ay# 1b (By C)y (A B)y# Cy A

y% y# 1
y$ y
dy ' y dy '
dy
y
'
y dy
y# 1
ln a1 y# b C
2y 2
2
y$ y# y 1
2
y$ y# y 1
#
2
ay# 1b (y 1)
#
A
y1
By C
y# 1
2 A ay# 1b (By C)(y 1) aAy Ab aBy Cy By Cb (A B)y# (B C)y (A C)

A B 0, B C 0 or C B, A C A B 2 A 1, B 1, C 1;
'y
2y%
y# y 1
#
dy 2 ' (y 1) dy '
(y 1) ln ky 1k
where C C" 1
35.
'e
36.
'e
2t
4t
et dt
3et 2
2e2t et
e2t 1
y2
2
"
#
cet yd'
dt '
"
#
dy
y1
'
y
y# 1
dy '
dy
y# 1
ln ay# 1b tan" y C" y# 2y ln ky 1k
dy
y# 3y 2
e3t 2et 1 t
e2t 1 e dt;
'
dy
y1
'
dy
y2
y et
dy et dt
ln ay# 1b tan" y C
"
2
e2t
"
#
"
#
ln ay# 1b tan" y C,
1
e 1
ln yy
2 C ln et # C
'y
2y 1
y# 1
dy ' y
ln ae2t 1b tan" aet b C
y1
y# 1
dy
y2
2
'
y
y# 1
dy '
dy
y# 1

37.
' sin ycos ysindyy 6 ; [sin y t, cos y dy dt]

#
38.
39.
't
"
3
dy
t6
"
5
' t " 2 t " 3 dt "5 ln tt 23 C
y2
ln sin
sin y 3 C
"
5
' cos )sin )cosd)) 2 ; ccos ) yd
'
"
3
dy
y# y 2
' y dy 2 3" '
dy
y1
"
3
2
ln yy
1 C
"
3
cos ) 2
ln cos
)1 C
cos )
"
cos ) 1
ln 21
cos ) C 3 ln cos ) 2 C
12x 3x
(2x)
' (x 2)a4xtan 1(2x)
' (x x 2) dx
dx ' tan
b (x 2)
4x 1 dx 3
' (x dx2) atan 4 2xb
"# ' tan" (2x) d atan" (2x)b 3' x dx
2 6
#
"
"
"
40.
9x x
(3x)
' (x 1)a9xtan 1b(3x)
' (x x 1) dx
dx ' tan
(x 1)
9x 1 dx
' (x dx1) atan 6 3xb
"3 ' tan" (3x) d atan" (3x)b ' x dx
1
#
"
"
"
#
dx
dt
42. a3t% 4t# 1b
1; x '
t2
t1
dx
dt
C
6
x2
"
41. at# 3t 2b
3 ln kx 2k
ln kx 1k
1
x1
C
t2
2
x
' t dt 2 ' t dt 1 ln tt
1 C; t 1 Ce ; t 3 and x 0
2
"# ex x ln 2 tt
ln kt 2k ln kt 1k ln 2
1
dt
t# 3t 2
23; x 23'
dt
3t% 4t# 1
3'
3 tan" 3t 3 tan" t C; t 1 and x
1 3
4
dt
t#
"
3
3'
31
4
dt
t# 1
1
3
4
1 C C 1
x 3 tan" 3t 3 tan" t 1
43. at# 2tb
dx
dt
2x 2;
"
#
' x dx 1 ' t

"
3
t 1 and x 1 ln 2 ln
x
44. (t 1)
6t
t#
tan" 14
dt
2t
' x dx 1 ' t dt 1

#
"
1 tan
45. V 1 '0 5 y# dx 1 '0 5

25
25
9
3x x#
"
A
dt
t2
'1
"# ln ax# 1b 0
'0
#" '
25
2x
"
(x 1)(2 x) dx 41 0 3
"
ln k2 xkb ! 431 (ln 2)
dt
t
x tan" x dx
13
3
ln 2;
"
#
'0
"
A
3
" #
"
# x tan x 0
"
A
1# "# ax tan" xb 0
"
A
1#
x
1 x#
x#
1 x#
dx
3
#
1.10
3
#
16
"
A
1
4
tan"
#&
dx 31 '0 5 x " 3 x" dx 31 ln x x 3 !& 31 ln 25
47. A '0 tan" x dx cx tan" xd 0 '0
'
x ln kt 1k 1 x tan (ln (t 1) 1), t 1
431 aln kx 1k 2
"
#
tan" x ln kt 1k C; t 0 and x
46. V 21 '0 xy dx 21'0
13
3
ln kx 1k
1, t 0
x# 1
dx
dt
"
#
ln kx 1k ln t t # C;
C C ln 2 ln 3 ln 6 ln kx 1k ln 6 t t 2 x 1 t 6t #
#
231
dx
x " 1 23 2 " x dx
1
4
ln k1k C
513
514
48. A '3
49. (a)
4x# 13x 9
x$ 2x# 3x
dx 3'3
"
A
'3
dx
dt
kx(N x) '
x a4x 13x 9b
x$ 2x# 3x
"
250 ,
dx
x
"
A
dx
'3
dx
x3
50.
dx
dt
"
#
c4xd $ 3 '3
&
N 1000, t 0 and x 2
k(a x)(b x)
' (a dxx)
"
ax
(b) a b:
' k dt
akt "
a
dx
' (a x)(b
' k dt
x)
t 0 and x 0
x
51. (a)
(b)
1
1
b
a
dx
x 1
"
A
3.90
(8 11 ln 2 3 ln 6)
' dxx N" ' Ndx x ' k dt

2
ln 998
C
"
1000
"
N
x
ln N
x kt C;
ln 1000x x
t
250
"
1000
"
ln 499
499x e4t (1000 x) a499 e4t b x 1000e4t x

499 500e4t 1000e4t e4t 499 t
"
4
1000e4t
499 e4t
ln 499 1.55 days
kt C; t 0 and x 0
a
akt 1
"
b a
xa
a
akt 1
"
a
"
ax
kt
"
a
a# kt
akt 1
' a dx x b " a ' b dx x ' k dt
x
b
C ln ba
x (b a)kt ln a
"
bx
ba ln a x kt
bx
b bakt
ax a e
C;
ab 1 e
a bebakt
%
22
7
ln
2 '3
125
9
bakt
'01 x x(x 11)

%
"
ba
c3 ln kxk ln kx 3k 2 ln kx 1kd &$ ln
k dt
"
a x
ax
"
N
"
1000
499x
4t
1000 x e
4t
1000e
499
e4t 500
dx
(a x)(bx)
dx
x1
dx
x3
' k dt
dx
x(N x)
N 500 500
(a) a b:
499x
ln 1000
x 4t
(b) x
2'3
dx '0 x' 4x& 5x% 4x# 4

1
4
x# 1
dx
22
7
1
100%
0.04%
(c) The area is less than 0.003
52. P(x) ax# bx c, P(0) c 1 and Pw (0) 0 b 0 P(x) ax# 1. Next,

ax# 1
x$ (x 1)#
A
x
B
x#
#
C
x$
D
x1
E
(x 1)#
#
; for the integral to be a rational function, we must have A 0 and
D 0. Thus, ax 1 Bx(x 1) C(x 1)# Ex$ (B E)x$ (C 2B)x# (B 2C)x C

B E 0
C 2B a
E B; x 1 a 1 E; therefore, 1 2B a 1 2E a 1 2(a 1) a
C "
a 3
Section 8.4 Trigonometric Integrals
515
8.4 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

1.
'01/2 sin5 x dx '01/2 asin# xb# sin x dx '01/2 a" cos# xb# sin x dx '01/2 a" 2cos# x cos4 xbsin x dx
'0 sin x dx '0 2cos# x sin x dx '0 cos4 x sin x dx cos x # cos3 x
1/2
1/2
#
$
a!b "
2.
1/2
"&
)
"&
'01 sin5 x2 dx (using Exercise 1) '01 sin x2 dx '01 2cos# x2 sin x2 dx '01 cos4 x2 sin x2 dx
1
#cos x2 %3 cos3 2x 5# cos5 2x 0 a!b #

3.
%
$
&#
"'
"&
'11/2/2 cos3 x dx '11/2/2 acos# xbcos x dx '11/2/2 a" sin# xbcos x dx '11/2/2 cos x dx '11/2/2 sin# x cos x dx
sin x
4.
1/2
cos5 x
5 0
1#
sin3 x
3 1#
" "$ " "$
%
$
'01/6 3cos5 3x dx '01/6 acos# 3xb# cos 3x 3dx '01/6 a" sin# 3xb# cos 3x 3dx '01/6 a" #sin# 3x sin% 3xbcos 3x 3dx
'0 cos 3x 3dx #'0 sin# 3x cos 3x 3dx '0 sin% 3x cos 3x 3dx sin 3x # sin33x
1/6
"
5.
1/6
2
$
"& a!b
1/6
)
"&
'01/2 sin7 y dy '01/2 sin6 y sin y dy '01/2 a" cos2 yb$ sin y dy '01/2 sin y dy $'01/2 cos2 y sin y dy
$'0 cos4 y sin y dy '0 cos6 y sin y dy cos y $ cos3 y $ cos5 y
1/2
6.
1/2
&
8.
9.
1#
sin( t
( 0
7" "
$
&
"( 7a!b
1#
cos( y
( 0
a!b " "
$
&
"(
"'
$&
"'
&
1
1
1
1
4x
#x #
'01 )sin4 x dx )'01 " cos
dx #'0 a" #cos #x cos# #xbdx #'0 dx #'0 cos #x #dx #'0 " cos
dx
#
#
1
1
1
c#x #sin #xd 10 '0 dx '0 cos 4x dx #1 x "# sin 4x 0 #1 1 $1
'01 )cos4 21x dx )'01 " cos# 41x # dx #'01 a" #cos 41x cos# 41xbdx #'01 dx %'01 cos 41x dx #'01 " cos# )1x dx
1
1
"
"
#x 1" sin 41x 0 '0 dx '0 cos )1x dx # x )"1 sin )1x 0 # " $
1/4
1/4
1/4
#x " cos #x
4x
'11/4/4 16 sin# x cos# x dx 16'11/4/4 " cos
dx %'1/4 a" cos# #xbdx %'1/4 dx %'1/4 " cos
dx
#
#
#
1/4
'
'

c4xd
1/4 # 1/4 dx # 1/4 cos 4x dx 1 1 2x
1/4
10.
&
'01/2 7cos7 t dt (using Exercise 5) 7'01/2 cos t dt $'01/2 sin2 t cos t dt $'01/2 sin4 t cos t dt '01/2 sin6 t cos t dt
7sin t $ sin3 t $ sin5 t
7.
16
sin5 3x
5 0
1/4
sin 4x 1/4
=21
2
1/4
1# 1# 1
1
1
1
1
#y # " cos #y
'01 8 sin4 y cos# y dy 8'01 " cos
dy '0 dy '0 cos #y dy '0 cos# #y dy '0 cos$ #y dy
#
#
1
1
1
1
1
1
4y
y 2" sin 2y 0 '0 " cos
dy '0 a" sin# #ybcos #y dy 1 "# '0 dy "# '0 cos 4y dy '0 cos #y dy
#
1
1
'0 sin# #y cos #y dy 1 "# y ") sin 4y "# sin 2y "# sin32y 1 1# 1#
3
516
11.
'01/2 35 sin4 x cos3 x dx '01/2 35 sin4 x a" sin# xbcos x dx 35'01/2 sin4 x cos x dx 35'01/2 sin6 x cos x dx
5
35 sin5 x 35 sin7 x
12.
1/2
0
a7 5b a!b #
'01 cos2 2x sin 2x dx "# cos3 2x 1 "' "' !

3
13.
'01/4 8cos3 2) sin 2) d) 8 "# cos4 2) 1/4 ccos4 2)d 10 /4 a!b a"b "
4
14.
'01/2 sin2 2) cos3 2) d) '01/2 sin2 2)a" sin2 2)bcos 2) d) '01/2 sin2 2) cos 2) d) '01/2 sin4 2) cos 2) d)
"#
sin3 2)
3
"
#
1/2
sin5 2)
5 0
15.
'021 " #cos x dx '021 sin x# dx '021 sin x# dx #cos x# 20 1 # # %
16.
'01 " cos 2x dx '01 # lsin 2x ldx '01 # sin 2x dx #cos 2x 1 # # ##

0
17.
'01 " sin# t dt '01 l cos t ldt '01/2 cos t dt '11/2 cos t dt csin td 10 /2 csin td 11/2 " ! ! " #
18.
'01 " cos# ) d) '01 l sin ) ld) '01 sin ) d) ccos )d 10 " " #
19.
'11/4/4 " tan# x dx '11/4/4 l sec x ldx '11/4/4 sec x dx clnl sec x tan x ld 1/41/4 ln# " ln# "
"
ln ##
# ln" #
"
20.
'11/4/4 sec# x " dx '11/4/4 l tan x ldx '!1/4 tan x dx '!1/4 tan x dx clnl sec x ld !1
/4
clnl sec x ld 1! /4
lna"b ln# ln# lna"b # ln# ln #

21.
'01/2 )" cos 2) d) '01/2 )# l sin ) l d) #'01/2 ) sin ) d) # c)cos ) sin )d 10 /2 #a"b #
22.
'11 a" cos# tb$# dt '11 asin# tb$# dt '11 sin$ t dt '!1 sin$ t dt '!1 sin$ t dt '!1 a" cos# tbsin t dt
'! a" cos# tbsin t dt '1 sin t dt '1 cos# t sin t dt '! sin t dt '! cos# t sin t dt cos t
1
cos t
23.
1
cos3 t
3 !
"
"
$
" "$ "
"
$
" "$
!
cos3 t
3 1
)
$
'!1/3 2 sec$ x dx; u sec x, du sec x tan x dx, dv sec# x dx, v tan x;
'!1/3 2 sec$ x dx c2 sec x tan xd !1$ #'!1/3 sec x tan2 x dx # " ! # # $ #'!1/3 sec x asec2 x "bdx
%$ #'1/3 sec$ x dx #'1/3 sec x dx; 2'1/3 2 sec$ x dx %$ c#ln l sec x + tan xld !1$
!
2'1/3 2 sec$ x dx %$ #ln l " + !l #ln l # $ l %$ # ln # $

!
'!1/3 2 sec$ x dx #$ ln #
$
Section 8.4 Trigonometric Integrals

24.
25.
' ex sec$ aex bdx; u secaex b, du secaex btanaex bex dx, dv sec# aex bex dx, v tanaex b.
' ex sec$ aex b dx secaex btanaex b ' secaex btan# aex bex dx
secaex btanaex b ' secaex basec# aex b "bex dx
secaex btanaex b ' sec$ aex bex dx ' secaex bex dx
#' ex sec$ aex b dx secaex btanaex b lnsecaex b tanaex b C
' ex sec$ aex b dx "# secaex btanaex b lnsecaex b tanaex b C
'!1/4 sec4 ) d) '!1/4
" "$ a!b
26.
1/4
sec2 ) d) '!
1/4
tan2 ) sec2 ) d) tan )
%
$
112
tan3 a3xb
3
!
" "$ a!b
sec2 a3xb3dx '!
1/12
1 4
tan3 )
3 !
tan2 a3xb sec2 a3xb3dx
%
$
'11/4/2 csc4 ) d) '11/4/2 a" cot# )bcsc# ) d) '11/4/2 csc# ) d) '11/4/2 cot# ) csc# ) d) cot ) cot3 ) 12
$
a!b " "$

28.
a" tan2 )bsec2 ) d) '!
'!1/12 3sec4 a3xb dx '!1/12 a" tan2 a3xbbsec2 a3xb3dx '!1/

tan a3xb
27.
517
1/4
%
$
'11/2 $csc4 #) d) $'11/2 " cot# #) csc# #) d) $'11/2 csc# #) d) $'11/2 cot# #) csc# #) d) 'cot #) ' cot3
$)
#
1
1 2
a' ! # !b a' " # "b )

29.
'01/4 4 tan3 x dx 4'01/4 asec# x "btan x dx 4'01/4 sec# x tan x dx 4'01/4 tan x dx % tan# x % ln lsec xl 14
#
2a"b %ln# # ! %ln " # #ln #

30.
'11/4/4 6 tan4 x dx 6'11/4/4
asec# x "btan2 x dx 6'1/4 sec# x tan2 x dx 6'1/4 tan2 x dx

1/4
1/4
6'1/4 sec2 x tan2 x dx 6'1/4 asec2 x 1bdx ' tan$ x

1/4
1/4
1 4
1 4
14
#a" a"bb c'tan xd 14 c'xd 14 % 'a" a"bb

31.
$1
#
$1
#
1/4
$1 )
'11/6/3 cot3 x dx '11/6/3 acsc2 x " bcot x dx '11/6/3 csc2 x cot x dx '11/6/3 cot x dx cot# x ln l csc xl 13
#
16
32.
6'1/4 sec# x dx 6'1/4 dx

1/4
1 4
"# "$
$
ln #$
ln #
%
$
ln$
'11/4/2 8 cot4 t dt 8'11/4/2 acsc2 t " bcot2 t dt 8'11/4/2 csc2 t cot2 t dt 8'11/4/2 cot2 t dt
3
8 cot3 t
1 2
1 4
8'1/4 acsc2 t " bdt 3) a! "b c)cot td 14 c)td 14

1/2
1 2
12
)
$
)a! "b %1 #1 #1
33.
'!1 sin 3x cos 2x dx "# '!1 asin x sin 5xb dx "# cos x "& cos 5x !1 "# " "& " "& '&
34.
'!12 sin 2x cos 3x dx "# '!12 asinaxb sin 5xb dx "# cosaxb "& cos 5x 1! 2 "# a!b "# " "& #&
"'
$
518
35.
'11 sin 3x sin 3x dx "# '11 acos ! cos 6xb dx "# '11 dx "# '11 cos 6x dx "# x "#" sin 6x 11 1# 1# ! 1
36.
'!12 sin x cos x dx "# '!12 asin ! sin 2xb dx "# '!12 sin 2x dx "% ccos 2xd 1! # "% a" "b "#
37.
'!1 cos 3x cos 4x dx "# '!1 acosaxb cos 7xb dx "2 sinaxb (" sin 7x 1! 2" a0b 0
38.
'1122 cos 7x cos x dx "# '1122 acos 6x cos 8xb dx 2" 6" sin 6x 8" sin 8x 1122 0
t#
#
39. x t#$ t# x$ ; y
A '!
#$
#1
#( "
x$
# ;!
#1 x# " *% x% dx;
#$ $#
* 2
40. y lnacos xb; y w
t # ! x 2#$ ;
u 9% x%
du 9x$ dx
1
9
'!*2
#$
*2#$
" u du 1 # a" ub$#

9 $
"
sin x
cos x
tan x; ay w b# tan# x; '!
13
" tan# x dx '
13
" tan# x dx '
14
lsec xl dx clnlsec x tan xld !1/3
ln2 $ lna" !b ln2 $

41. y lnasec xb; y w
sec x tan x
sec x
tan x;ay w b# tan# x; '!
14
lsec xl dx clnlsec x tan xld !1/4
ln# " lna! "b ln# "

"
42. M '14 sec x dx clnlsec x tan xld 1/414 ln# " ln l# "l ln ##
"
1 4
'
ln # " 14
#"
14
"
sec# x
#
ax, yb ! ln
dx
#" "
#"
43. V 1'! sin# x dx 1'!

1
"
#ln # "
#"
14
ctan xd 14
"
#ln # "
#"
#
#
" cos 2x
2
dx
1
#
1%
1%
$1%
#
#
csin 2xd 1%
#
#
csin 2xd 1$1%
45. (a) m# n# m n ! and m n ! 'k
k#1
#"
'!1 dx 1# '!1 cos 2x dx 1# cxd 1! 14 csin 2xd 1! 1# a1 !b 14 a! !b 1#
csin 2xd !
ln # "
44. A '! " cos 4x dx '! # lcos 2xldx # '!

1
"
a" a"bb
cos 2x dx # '1% cos 2x dx # '$1% cos 2x dx
#
#
$1%
a" !b
#
#
sin mx sin nx dx
"
#
a" "b
#
#
a ! "b # # # #
'kk#1 ccosam nbx cosam nbxddx
" "
"
k#1
# m n sinam nbx m n sinam nbx k
" "
"
"
" "
# m n sinaam nba k #1bb m n sinaam nba k #1bb # m n sinaam nbkb m n sinaam
"
"
"
"
#amnb sinaam nbkb #am nb sinaam nbkb #am nb sinaam nbkb #am nb sinaam nbkb !
nbkb
sin mx and sin nx are orthogonal.

(b) Same as part since
'k
k#1
"
#
"
#am nb sinaam
"
#am nb sinaam
"
#
'kk#1 cos ! dx 1.
m# n# m n ! and m n ! 'k
"
#
m " n sinam nbx
cos mx cos nx dx
k#1
"
m n sinam nbx k
"
"
nba k #1bb #am nb sinaam nba k #1bb #am nb sinaam nbkb #am" nb sinaam
nbkb #am" nb sinaam nbkb #am" nb sinaam nbkb #am" nb sinaam nbkb !
ccosam nbx cosam nbxddx

k#1
nbkb
Section 8.5 Trigonometric Substitutions
519
cos mx and cos nx are orthogonal.

(c) Let m n sin mx cos nx "# asin ! sinaam nbxbb and
"
#
'kk#1 sin ! dx ! and "# 'kk#1 sinaam nbxb dx 0
sin mx and cos nx are orthogonal if m n.

Let m n.
'kk#1 sin mx cos nx dx "# 'kk#1 csinam nbx sinam nbxddx "# m " n cosam nbx m " n cosam nbx k#1
k
#am" nb cosaam nba k #1bb

#am" nb cosaam nbkb
"
#am nb cosaam
"
#amnb cosaam
nbkb
"
"
#am nb cosaam nbkb #am nb cosaam
"
"
#am nb cosaam nbkb #am nb cosaam nbkb !
nba k #1bb
nbkb
sin mx and cos nx are orthogonal.

46.
"
1
'11 faxbsin mx dx ! a1 '11 sin nx sin mx dx. Since 1" '11 sin nx sin mx dx !
N
n"
am
1
the sum on the right has only one nonzero term, namely
'11 sin mx sin mx dx am .
for m n
,
for m n
8.5 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS

1. y 3 tan ), 1# ) 1# , dy
3 d)
cos# )
, 9 y# 9 a1 tan# )b
9
cos# )
"
9 y#
kcos )k
3
cos )
3
because cos ) 0 when 1# ) 1# ;
' 9dy y
3'
'
d)
cos )
ln ksec ) tan )k Cw ln
9 y#
3
y3 Cw ln 9 y# y C
; c3y xd
'
' dx
'
ln ksec t tan tk C ln x# 1 x C ln 1 9y# 3y C
3.
'22
#
#" tan" #x #
4.
'02 8 dx2x
5.
'032 dx
6.
'012
2.
' 13dy9y
cos ) d)
3 cos# )
1 x#
dx
4 x#
9 x#
"
#
dt
"
cos# t cos
t
'02 4dxx
"
#
dx
1 x#
"
#
; x tan t, 1# t
tan" 1
#" tan" #x #
!
$#
sin" 3x ! sin"
2 dx
1 4x#
; ct 2xd
'012
"
#
"
#
"
#
, dx
#" tan" 1
1
6
"
#
0
csin" td 0
25
#
8. t
"
3
a) sin ) cos )b C
25
#
sin ), 1# ) 1# , dt
"
3
sin" 5t
"
cos t
, 1 x#
1
4
tan" 0 #" #" 14 0
1
16
1
6
sin"
7. t 5 sin ), 1# ) 1# , dt 5 cos ) d), 25 t# 5 cos );

' 25 t# dt ' (5 cos ))(5 cos )) d) 25 ' cos# ) d) 25 '
dt
cos# t
tan" (1) #" 14 #" 14
sin" 0
dt
1 t#
1
#
5t 255 t#
"
2
sin" 0
1 cos 2)
#
C
25
#
1
4
0
d) 25 #)
sin" 5t
1
4
sin 2)
4
t25 t#
#
C
C
cos ) d), 1 9t# cos );
' 1 9t# dt "3 ' (cos ))(cos )) d) 3" ' cos# ) d) 6" a) sin ) cos )b C 6" sin" (3t) 3t1 9t# C
9. x
'
7
#
sec ), 0 ) 1# , dx
dx
4x# 49
'
7# sec ) tan ) d)
7 tan )
7
#
sec ) tan ) d), 4x# 49 49 sec# ) 49 7 tan );

"
#
' sec ) d) "# ln ksec ) tan )k C "# ln 2x7 4x7# 49 C
520
10. x
3
5
sec ), 0 ) 1# , dx
' 5 dx
25x# 9
'
sec ) tan ) d), 25x# 9 9 sec# ) 9 3 tan );
3
5
' sec ) d) ln ksec ) tan )k C ln 5x

3
5 35 sec ) tan ) d)
3 tan )
25x# 9
C
11. y 7 sec ), 0 ) 1# , dy 7 sec ) tan ) d), y# 49 7 tan );
) tan )) d)
' y y 49 dy ' (7 tan ))(77 sec
7 ' tan# ) d) 7 ' asec# ) 1b d) 7(tan ) )) C
sec )
#
y# 49
7
sec" y7 C
12. y 5 sec ), 0 ) 1# , dy 5 sec ) tan ) d), y# 25 5 tan );

sec ) tan )) d)
' yy 25 dy ' (5 tan ))(5
"5 '
125 sec )
#
"
10
a) sin ) cos )b C
"
10
tan# ) cos# ) d)
sec" y5
"
5
y# 25
5y
y
'
sin# ) d)
C
"
10
sec" 5y
10
' (1 cos 2)) d)
y# 25
#y #
C
13. x sec ), 0 ) 1# , dx sec ) tan ) d), x# 1 tan );
'
dx
x# x# 1
'
sec ) tan ) d)
sec# ) tan )
'
d)
sec )
sin ) C
x# 1
x
C
14. x sec ), 0 ) 1# , dx sec ) tan ) d), x# 1 tan );
'
2 dx
x$ x# 1
'
2 tan ) sec ) d)
sec$ ) tan )
2)
2 ' cos# ) d) 2 ' 1 cos
d) ) sin ) cos ) C
#
#
) tan ) cos# ) C sec" x x# 1 "x C sec" x

15. x 2 tan ), 1# ) 1# , dx
' x
$
dx
x# 4
'
ct cos )d 8 '
8
8'
a8 tan$ )b (cos )) d)
cos# )
x# 4
#
t 1
t%
2 d)
cos# )
$#
C
C
, x# 4
sin$ ) d)
cos% )
8'
2
cos ) ;
acos# ) 1b ( sin )) d)
cos% )
dt 8' t"# t"% dt 8 "t
ax # 4 b
8 3
x# 1
x#
"
3
ax# 4b
$#
"
3t$
C 8 sec )
sec$ )
3
4x# 4 C
16. x tan ), 1# ) 1# , dx sec# ) d), x# 1 sec );
'
dx
x# x# 1
'
sec# ) d)
tan# ) sec )
'
cos ) d)
sin# )
sin" ) C
x # 1
x
C
17. w 2 sin ), 1# ) 1# , dw 2 cos ) d), 4 w# 2 cos );
'
8 dw
w # 4 w#
'
82 cos ) d)
4 sin# )2 cos )
2'
d)
sin# )
2 cot ) C
2 4 w #
w
C
18. w 3 sin ), 1# ) 1# , dw 3 cos ) d), 9 w# 3 cos );
' 9w w
#
dw '
3 cos )3 cos ) d)
9 sin# )
cot ) ) C
9 w#
w
)
' acsc# ) 1b d)
' cot# ) d) ' 1 sinsin
# ) d)
#
sin" w3 C
19. x sin ), 0 ) 13 , dx cos ) d), a1 x# b
32
'0
4x# dx
a1 x# b$#
'0
13
1$
4 ctan ) )d !
4 sin# ) cos ) d)
cos$ )
43
41
3
$#
cos$ );
)
'0 asec# ) 1b d)
4 '0 1 coscos
# ) d) 4
13
13
C

20. x 2 sin ), 0 ) 16 , dx 2 cos ) d), a4 x# b
'0
'0
16
dx
a4 x# b$#
2 cos ) d)
8 cos$ )
'0
16
"
4
d)
cos# )
"
4
$#
1'
ctan )d !
21. x sec ), 0 ) 12 , dx sec ) tan ) d), ax# 1b
'
'
dx
ax# 1b$#
sec ) tan ) d)
tan$ )
'
cos ) d)
sin# )
'
x# dx
ax# 1b&#
sec# )sec ) tan ) d)

tan& )
23. x sin ), 1# )
' a1 xxb
# $#
'
dx
'
' a1 xxb
dx
"
#
25. x
'
'
"
3
'
'
'
v# dv
a1 v# b&#
# &#
)
'
dr
"#
"
#
cos$ );
e2t 9
'tanc" 13
ln 53 43 ln
10
3
31.
et dt
a1 e2t b$#
'11124
2 dt
t 4tt
'113
2 du
1 u#
"
3
C
4x
a4x# 1b
C
sec# ) d), 9t# 1 sec# );
&#
3t
a9t# 1b
C
cos& );
tan$ )
3
C
"
3
1 v#
' cot' ) csc# ) d) cot7 ) C "7

(
3 tan )sec# ) d)
tan )3 sec )
tan" 43
sec# )
tan )
C
1 r# (
C
d), e2t 9 9 tan# ) 9 3 sec );
43
'tan" 13 sec ) d) cln ksec ) tan )kd tan
tanc" 13
"
"3 ln 9 ln 1 10
tan" 43
(tan
#)
)) sec
tan )
sec$ )
; u 2t, du
14
1 x# $
' tan# ) sec# ) d)
'tanc" 34
'16
C
sec# ) d), a4x# 1b sec% );
30. Let et tan ), t ln (tan )), tan" 34 ) tan" 43 , dt
'lnln3443
1 x# &
cos );
29. Let et 3 tan ), t ln (3 tan )), tan" "$ ) tan" %$ , dt
'0ln 4 e dt
C
2 ' cos# ) d) ) sin ) cos ) C tan" 3t
cos& )cos ) d)
sin) )
tan" 43
x$
3 ax# 1b$#
28. r sin ), 1# ) 1# ;
' a1 r rb
tan& );
4 ' cos# ) d) 2() sin ) cos )) C 2 tan" 2x
8 "# sec# ) d)
sec% )
sin# ) cos ) d)
cos& )
C
x
x# 1
' cot# ) csc# ) d) cot3 ) C "3
cos )cos ) d)
sin% )
27. v sin ), 1# ) 1# , dv cos ) d), a1 v# b
'
$#
"
4 3
tan$ );
d) 3 sin" $ ) C
, dx cos ) d), a1 x# b
6 "3 sec# ) d)
sec% )
&
tan ), 1# ) 1# , dt
6 dt
a9t# 1b#
&#
3
12
' cot% ) csc# ) d) cot5 ) C 5"
tan ), 1# ) 1# , dx
8 dx
a4x# 1b#
26. t
'
1
#
cos )
sin% )
, dx cos ) d), a1 x# b
cos$ )cos ) d)
sin' )
24. x sin ), 1# )
# "#
1
#
'
$#
sin" ) C
22. x sec ), 0 ) 12 , dx sec ) tan ) d), ax# 1b
'
8 cos$ );
2 sec# ) d)
sec# )
"
t
d)
sec# )
tan )
d), 1 e2t 1 tan# ) sec# );
tan" 43
43
'tan" 34 cos ) d) csin )d tan
tanc" $%
dt '13
1
2 du
1 u#
"
; u tan ),
1%
c2)d 1' 2 14 16
1
6
1
6
4
5
3
5
"
5
) 14 , du sec# ) d), 1 u# sec# );
521
522
32. y etan ) , 0 ) 14 , dy etan ) sec# ) d), 1 (ln y)# 1 tan# ) sec );
'1e y1 dy(ln y)
'0
14
d) '0 sec ) d) cln ksec ) tan )kd !

14
etan ) sec# )
etan ) sec )
1%
ln 1 2
33. x sec ), 0 ) 1# , dx sec ) tan ) d), x# 1 sec# ) 1 tan );
'
dx
x x# 1
'
sec ) tan ) d)
sec ) tan )
) C sec" x C
34. x tan ), dx sec# ) d), 1 x# sec# );
' x dx1 ' secsec) )d) ) C tan" x C

#
35. x sec ), dx sec ) tan ) d), x# 1 sec# ) 1 tan );

' x dx ' sec )sec ) tan ) d) ' sec# ) d) tan ) C x# 1 C
tan )
x# 1
36. x sin ), dx cos ) d), 1# )
' dx
'
1 x#
37. x
dy
dx
cos ) d)
cos )
38. x# 9
;y'
x# 4
x
;y'
dx
x# 9
y ln x3
dy
dx
x 3 sec ), 0 ) #
; dx 3 sec ) tan ) d) y '
x# 9 3 tan )
y'
3 dx
x # 4 ; y 3
3# tan" x#
x# 1, dy
sec# ) d)
sec$ )
A '0
9 x#
3
12
3 sec ) tan ) d)
3 tan )
C; x 5 and y ln 3 ln 3 ln 3 C C 0
x
x# 1
dx
ax# 1b$#
; x tan ), dx sec# ) d), ax# 1b
3'0
tan )
sec )
C
$#
3
#
tan" 1 C
sec$ );
x
x# 1
C; x 0 and y 1
1
dx; x 3 sin ), 0 )
3 cos )3 cos ) d)
3
31
8
' cos ) d) sin ) C tan ) cos ) C
10C y
41. A '0
x# 9
' x dx 4 #3 tan" #x C; x 2 and y 0
3, dy
# dy
dx
sec" x#
x# 9
C 381 y
40. ax# 1b
x# 4
#
dx
x# 9
' sec ) d) ln ksec ) tan )k C ln x3
39. ax# 4b
x 2 sec ), 0 ) #
dx; dx 2 sec ) tan ) d)
x# 4 2 tan )
sec" x# C; x 2 and y 0 0 0 C C 0 y 2
1, dy
dy
dx
dx
x
2' tan# ) d) 2 ' asec# ) 1b d) 2(tan) )) C
(2 tan ))(2 sec ) tan )) d)

2 sec )
x# 4
#
) C sin" x C
x# 4; dy x# 4
y'
1
#
12
1
#
, dx 3 cos ) d), 9 x# 9 9 sin# ) 3 cos );
cos# ) d)
3
#
1#
c) sin ) cos )d !
31
4

42. V '0 1 1 2 x# dx 41 '0
1
dx
ax # 1 b #
x tan ), dx sec# ) d), x# 1 sec# );

V 41 '0
14
21 '0
14
sec# ) d)
sec% )
41 '0
14
cos# ) d)
sin 2) 1%
#
!
(1 cos 2)) d) 21 )
43.
' 1 dxsin x '
44.
' 1 sin dxx cos x '
'
2 dz
1 z#
1 2z #
1z
2 dz
(1 z)#
2
1z
'
2 dz
1 z#
#
1 2z # 1 z#
1z
1z
1 1# 1
C
C
2
1 tan #x
2 dz
1 z# 2z 1 z#
'
ln k1 zk C
dz
1z
ln tan x# 1 C
45.
'012 1 dxsin x '01
46.
'1132
47.
)
'012 2 dcos
'1
) 0
48.
dx
1 cos x
1
3 3
'12123
50.
"
2
51.
$
z#
4 "
2 dz
(1 z)#
'13
1
'0
dz
z#
"
1z "$ 3 1
'0
2 dz
2 2z# 1 z#
'1
1 z#
1z
2z 1 z#
2 dz
z# 3
2 dz
1 z#
2z
# 1 z#
1 z#
'1
2
3
tan"
2 a1 z# b dz
2z 2z$ 2z 2z$
"# ln 3 34 0 4"
2 dz#
1z
#
2z
1 z#
#
1z
1z
'
2 dz
2z 1 z#
z
3
"
!
2
3
tan"
"
3
'
ln 3
4
1 z#
2z
"
4
"
2
1 2
ln zz
C
1 2
(ln 3 2)
"
#
dz
"
#
2 dz
(z 1)# 2
'1
ln 3 1
tan t 1 2
#
a1 z# b dz
a1 z # b z #
1 z#
2 dz#
1 z#
1 z
#
1 1 z#
1z
'
dz
z # a1 z # b
'
'
' sec ) d) ' cosd) ) '
2 dz
1 z#
1 z#
1 z#
2 a1 z# b dz
a1 z # b # a 1 z # b a 1 z # b
dz
1 z#
'
dz
z#
'
2 dz
1 z#
'
ln k1 zk ln k1 zk C ln
52.
"
1 2 z ! (1 2) 1
ln tan #t 1 2 C
t dt
' 1cos cos
'
t
'
2 dz
1 z#
#
1 1 z#
1z
2 dz
1 z#
1 z#
2
1 z#
cos ) d)
sin ) cos ) sin )
' sin t dt cos t '
'113
31
9
"# ln z
49.
'0
2 dz
1 z#
1 2z #
1z
' csc ) d) ' sind)) '
2 dz
1 z#
2z #
1z
1 tan )#
2'
1 tan )#
'
dz
z
'
dz
z# 1
2 dz
(1 z)(1 z)
2 a1 z# b dz
a1 z # b a 1 z # 1 z # b
"z 2 tan" z C cot #t t C

'
dz
1z
'
C
ln kzk C ln tan #) C
dz
1z
523
524
8.6 INTEGRAL TABLES AND COMPUTER ALGEBRA SYSTEMS

1.
'
dx
x x 3
tan" x 3 3 C
2
3
(We used FORMULA 13(a) with a 1, b 3)

2.
' xdxx4 "
4 4
ln xx
C
4 4
"
#
42
ln xx
C
42
(We used FORMULA 13(b) with a 1, b 4)

3.
' x dx
'
x2
2'
(x 2) dx
x 2
$
21
x 2
' x 2 dx 2 ' x 2
"
"
dx
"
2 12
dx
x 2
x 2
1
x 2 2(x 3 2) 4 C
(We used FORMULA 11 with a 1, b 2, n 1 and a 1, b 2, n 1)

4.
' (2xxdx3)
"
#
$#
3) dx
' (2x
3# ' (2x dx3)
(2x 3)
$#
$#
"
#
' 2xdx 3 3# '
dx
$
2x 3
' 2x 3" dx 3# ' 2x 3$ dx "# 2# 2x1 3
"
#
"
#2x 3
(x3)
2x 3
(2x 3 3) C
"
3# 2#
2x 3
(1)
"
C
C

5.
' x2x 3 dx "# ' (2x 3)2x 3 dx 3# ' 2x 3 dx "# ' 2x 3$ dx 3# ' 2x 3" dx
&
"# 2#
2x 3
5
3# 2#
2x 3
C
(2x 3)$#
#
2x 5 3 1 C
(2x 3)$# (x 1)
5
C
6.
' x(7x 5)$# dx "7 ' (7x 5)(7x 5)$# dx 57 ' (7x 5)$# dx 7" ' 7x 5& dx 75 ' 7x 5$ dx
7" 72
7x 5
7
75 72
7x 5
5
&
&#
C (7x 495) 2(7x7 5) 2 C
&#
(7x 495) 14x7 4 C

7.
' 9x 4x dx 9x 4x (#4) '

#
dx
x9 4x
C
(We used FORMULA 14 with a 4, b 9)

9 4x
x
4x 9
2 "9 ln 99
C
4x 9
8.
'
9 4x
x
dx
x# 4x 9
2
3
4x 3
ln 99
C
4x 3
4x 9
(9)x
4
18
'
dx
x4x 9
C
4x 9
9x
92 29 tan" 4x 9 9 C
4x 9
9x
4
27
tan" 4x 9 9 C
Section 8.6 Integral Tables and Computer Algebra Systems

9.
'
x4x x# dx ' x2 2x x# dx
(x 2)(2x 6)4x x#
6
4 sin" x # 2 C
(We used FORMULA 51 with a 2)

10.
' xx x
dx '
2 "# x x#
x
$
(x 2)(2x 32)22x x#
2# sin" x # 2
6
#
(x 2)(x 33) 4x x 4 sin" x # 2 C
dx 2 "# x x#
"
#
sin"
x "#
We used FORMULA 52 with a "#
11.
'
dx
x 7 x#
'
dx
#
x7 x#
"
#
C x x#
"
#
sin" (2x 1) C
7 7# x#
7 7 x#
ln
C
C "7 ln
x
x
"
7
We used FORMULA 26 with a 7
12.
'
dx
x 7 x#
'
dx
#
x7 x#
"
7
7 7# x#
7 7 x#
ln
C
C "7 ln
x
x

13.
' 4x x
dx '
2# x#
x
dx 2# x# 2 ln 2
2# x#
C 4 x# 2 ln 2
4 x#
C
(We used FORMULA 31 with a #)

14.
' xx 4 dx ' x x 2
#
dx x# 2# 2 sec" #x C x# 4 2 sec" x# C
(We used FORMULA 42 with a #)

15.
'
25 p# dp ' 5# p# dp
p
#
5# p#
5#
#
sin"
p
5
C
p
#
25 p#
25
#
sin"
p
5
C

16.
' q# 25 q# dq ' q# 5# q# dq 58
625
8
sin" q5 "8 q5# q# a5# 2q# b C
sin" q5 "8 q25 q# a25 2q# b C

17.
' r
4 r#
dr '
r#
2# r#
dr
2#
#
sin" #r "# r2# r# C 2 sin" #r "# r4 r# C
18.
' ds
s#
2
'
ds
#
s# 2
cosh"
s
2
C ln s s# 2 C ln s s# 2 C

19.
)
' 5 4dsin
2)
2
225 16
4
1
tan" 55
4 tan 4
2)
#
C "3 tan" "3 tan 14 ) C
(We used FORMULA 70 with b 5, c 4, a 2)

20.
)
' 4 5dsin
2)
1
225 16
3 cos 2)
ln 5 4 sin 24)5 sin252) 16 cos 2) C 6" ln 5 4 4sin 25)sin
C
2)
(We used FORMULA 71 with a 2, b 4, c 5)
525
526
21.
' e2t cos 3t dt 2 e 3

2t
e2t
13
(2 cos 3t 3 sin 3t) C
(2 cos 3t 3 sin 3t) C

22.
' ec3t sin 4t dt (3)e 4

3t
(3 sin 4t 4 cos 4t) C
e3t
25
($ sin 4t 4 cos 4t) C

23.
' x cos" x dx '
x1b1
11
x" cos" x dx
cos" x
"
1 1
' x b
1 1
(We used FORMULA 100 with a 1, n 1)

#
x cos" x " " sin" x " " x1 x# C
#
dx
1 x#
x#
#
x#
#
cos" x
cos" x
"
4
"
#
' x
#
dx
1 x#
sin" x 4" x1 x# C

24.
' x tan" x dx '
x1b1
11
x" tan" a"xb dx
tan" a"xb
"
11
' 1 xba"bdxx
1 1
# #
x#
#
tan" x
25.
x#
#
x#
#
'
'
"
#
ds
a9 s # b #
d)
a2 ) # b #
'
ds
a 3 $ s # b#
s
23# a3# s# b
"
433 ln
3
ss
3 C
'
d)
#
2 )#
2 2 2 )#
"
4 2
ln ) 2 C
)
27.
'
)
4 a2 ) # b
4x 9
x#
"
8 2
dx
2
ln ))
C
2
4x 9
x
4
2
' x4xdx 9

4x 9
x
4x 9 9
2 "9 ln 4x
C
9 9
4x 9
x
2
3
4x 9 3
ln 4x
C
93

28.
' 9xx 4 dx 9xx 4 92 '

#
dx
x9x 4
C

9x 4
x
#9 2 tan" 9x 4 4 C
4
9x 4
x
9
#
tan"
9x 4
#
C
3t 4
#
C

29.
' 1xdxx
#
' " 1 " x dx (after long division)

tan" x "# ' dx "# ' 1 " x dx x# tan" x #" x #" tan" x C #" aax# "btan" x xb C
tan" x

"
3
18 a9s s# b 108
ln ss
3 C
26.
"
#
' 3tt 4 dt 23t 4 (4)'
dt
t3t 4

23t 4 4 24 tan" 3t 4 4 C 23t 4 4 tan"

30.
' 3tt 9 dt 23t 9 9 ' t3tdt 9

9 9
3t 9 3
23t 9 9 19 ln 3t
C 23t 9 3 ln 3t 9 3 C
3t 9 9

31.
' x# tan" x dx 2x 1 tan" x 2 " 1 ' 1x x

21
21
x$
3
dx
(We used FORMULA 101 with a 1, n 2);
' 1 x x
$
x$
3
32.
'
'
dx ' x dx '
tan" x
tan" x
x#
x#
6
"
6
x dx
1 x#
x#
#
"
#
' 1 x x
$
dx
' x# tan" x dx
ln a1 x# b C
ln a1 x# b C
dx ' x# tan" x dx
x21
(2 1)
tan" x
"
(2 1)
' 1xx dx (x1) tan" x ' a1 x x b dx

"
2 1
"
(We used FORMULA 101 with a 1, n 2);

x" dx
1 x #
'
33.
"
3
tan" x
'
tan" x
x#
dx
x a1 x# b
'
'
dx
x
x dx
1 x #
ln kxk
dx x" tan" x ln kxk
"
#
"
#
ln a1 x# b C
ln a1 x# b C
' sin 3x cos 2x dx cos105x cos# x C

34.
' sin 2x cos 3x dx cos105x cos# x C

35.
'
8 sin 4t sin
t
#
dx
8
7
sin 7t#
8
9
sin 9t# C 8
sin 7t
#
7
sin 9t
#
9
C
(We used FORMULA 62(b) with a 4, b "# )

36.
' sin 3t sin 6t dt 3 sin 6t sin #t C
(We used FORMULA 62(b) with a "3 , b 6" )
37.
' cos 3) cos 4) d) 6 sin 12) 67 sin 17#) C
(We used FORMULA 62(c) with a "3 , b 4" )
38.
13)
#
' cos 2) cos 7) d) 13" sin 132) 151 sin 15#) C sin 13
"
2,
(We used FORMULA 62(c) with a

39.
'x
$
x1
ax # 1 b #
"# lnax#
dx '
1b
x dx
x# 1
'
x
2 a1 x # b
dx
a x # 1 b#
"
"
# tan
"
#
sin 15#)
15
C
b 7)
' d axx 11b '

#
dx
a x # 1 b#
xC
(For the second integral we used FORMULA 17 with a 1)

40.
'
x# 6x
ax # 3 b #
dx '
dx
x# 3
'
6x dx
a x # 3 b#
'
3 dx
a x # 3 b#
'
x#
dx
#
3
3'
d ax # 3 b
ax# 3b#
3'
dx
x#
# #
3
527
528
"
3
tan" x3
3
3
ax # 3 b
x
#
2 3 3 x#
#
"
$
2 3
tan" x3
C
For the first integral we used FORMULA 16 with a 3; for the third integral we used FORMULA 17
with a 3
41.
'
"
2 3
tan" x3
sin" x dx;
3
x # 3
x
2 ax # 3 b
C
u x
1b1
2 ' u" sin" u du 2 1u1 sin" u
x u#
dx 2u du
u# sin" u '
"
1 1
' u b
1 1
1 u#
du
u# du
1 u#

u# sin" u "# sin" u "# u1 u# C u# "# sin" u "# u1 u# C
x "# sin" x "# x x# C
u x
"
42.
' cosu u 2u du 2' cos" u du 2 u cos" u 1" 1 u# C
x u#
dx 2u du
2 x cos" x 1 x C
' cos xx dx;

"
43.
u x
x u#
1x
dx 2u du
sin" u u1 u# C
' x
dx;
' u2u
1 u#
du 2 '
u#
1 u#
du 2 "# sin" u "# u1 u# C

sin" x x 1 x C sin" x x x# C
44.
u x
x u#
dx 2u du
' 2 x x dx;
2 u#
' 2 u u
2u du 2 ' 2 u# du
#
2 u#
2
#
sin" u2 C u2 u# 2 sin" u2 C

2x x# 2 sin" x# C
45.
' (cot t) 1 sin# t dt ' 1 sinsintt(cos t) dt ;

#
1 u# ln 1
1 u#
C
#
1 sin# t ln 1 1 sin t C
sin t
u sin t
du cos t dt
' 1 u u
du

46.
'
'
dt
(tan t) 4 sin# t
cos t dt
(sin t) 4 sin# t
u sin t
'
du cos t dt
du
u4 u#
"# ln 2
4 u#
C

"# ln 2
47.
4 sin# t
sin t
C
u ln y
y eu
#
dy eu du
ln ln y 3 (ln y)# C
' y3 dy(ln y)
'
eu du
eu 3 u#
'
du
3 u#
ln u 3 u# C
48.
' cos ) d)
5 sin# )
u sin )
du cos ) d)
' du
5 u#
ln u 5 u# C ln sin ) 5 sin# ) C
49.
' 3 dr
9r# 1
' du
u 3r
du 3 dr
u# 1
ln u u# 1 C ln 3r 9r# 1 C

50.
' 13dy9y
u 3y
du 3 dy
' du
1 u#
ln u 1 u# C ln 3y 1 9y# C

t x
#
51.
cos
2 ' t cos" t dt 2 t# cos" t
x t#
dx 2t dt
t# cos" t " sin" t " t1 t# C
'
"
53.
t y
#
2 ' t tan" t dt 2 t# tan" t
y t#
dy 2t dt
(We used FORMULA 101 with n 1, a 1)
' tan" y dy;

t# tan" t '
' t
1 t#
t# 1
t# 1
dt '
dt
1 t#
"
#
t#
1 t#
dt
"
#
sin" x "# x x# C
' 1 t t
#
dt t# tan" t '
t#
1 t#
dt
t# tan" t t tan" t C y tan" y tan" y y C
' sin& 2x dx sin 2x5#cos 2x 5 5 1 ' sin$ 2x dx sin 2x10cos 2x 45 sin 2x3#cos 2x 3 3 1 ' sin 2x dx
%
(We used FORMULA 60 with a 2, n 5 and a 2, n 3)

%
%
2
8
sin 2x10cos 2x 15
sin# 2x cos 2x 15
"# cos 2x C sin 2x10cos 2x
54.
dt t# cos" t '

x cos" x " sin" x " x1 x C x cos" x
52.
"
#
x dx;
' sin& #) d) sin 5 cos

% )
#
"
#
51
5
2 sin# 2x cos 2x
15
' sin$ #) d) 25 sin% #) cos #) 45 sin 3 cos
We used FORMULA 60 with a "# , n 5 and a "# , n 3

8
8
25 sin% #) cos #) 15
sin# #) cos #) 15
2 cos #) C 25 sin%
# )
#
)
#
cos
"
#
)
#
4 cos 2x
15
C
31
3
' sin #) d)
8
15
sin#
)
#
cos
)
#
16
15
cos
)
#
C
529
530
55.
'
8 cos% 21t dt 8 cos
21t sin 21t

4 2 1
41
4
' cos# 21t dt
cos$ 21t sin 21t

1
6 #t
sin (221t)
421
C
56.
57.
'
cos$ 21t sin 21t

1
3t
3 sin 41t
41
C
cos$ 21t sin 21t

1
3 cos 21t sin 21t

21
3y sin 3y
5 3
51
5
' cos$ 3y dy
3y sin 3y
33
31
3
' cos 3y dy
3 cos& 3y dy 3 cos
3t C
cos% 3y sin 3y
5

"
4
8
%
#
5 cos 3y sin 3y 15 cos 3y sin 3y 15 sin 3y C
12
5
cos
' sin# 2) cos$ 2) d) sin #2(2) cos3) 2) 33 #1 ' sin# 2) cos 2) d)

$
(We used FORMULA 69 with a 2, m 3, n 2)
58.
'
sin$ 2) cos# 2)
10
2
5
' sin# 2) cos 2) d) sin 2)10cos 2) 25 "# ' sin# 2) d(sin 2)) sin 2)10cos 2) sin152) C
$
&#
9 sin$ ) cos$# ) d) 9 sin3 )cos

3
#
31
3 #3
' sin ) cos$# ) d)
2 sin# ) cos&# ) 4 ' cos$# ) sin ) d)

We used FORMULA 68 with a 1, n 3, m 3#
2 sin# ) cos&# ) 4 ' cos$# ) d(cos )) 2 sin# ) cos&# ) 4 25 cos&# ) C

2 cos&# ) sin# ) 45 C
59.
'
2 sin# t sec% t dt ' 2 sin# t cos% t dt 2 sin2t cos

4
$ t
21
24
' cos% t dt
(We used FORMULA 68 with a 1, n 2, m 4)
t
sin t cos$ t ' cos% t dt sin t cos$ t ' sec% t dt sin t cos$ t sec4 t tan
1
#
42
41
'
sec# t dt

sin t cos$ t sec
2
3
t tan t
2
3
tan t C
2
3
sec# t tan t
2
3
tan t C
2
3
tan t asec# t 1b C
tan$ t C
An easy way to find the integral using substitution:
' 2 sin# t cos% t dt '
60.
'
2 tan# t sec# t dt ' 2 tan# t d(tan t)
csc# y cos& y dy ' sin# y cos& y dy

sin" y cos% y
3
43
sin" y cos# y
32
31
3#
sin" y cos% y
5 2
51
5#
2
3
tan$ t C
' sin# y cos$ y dy
' sin# y cos y dy
(We used FORMULA 69 with n 2, m 5, a 1 and n 2, m 3, a 1)
61.
sin" y cos% y
3
43 sin" y cos# y
8
3
y
8
' sin# y d(sin y) 3cossin yy 43cos
sin y 3 sin y C
%
' 4 tan$ 2x dx 4 tan2#2x ' tan 2x dx tan# 2x 4' tan 2x dx

#

tan# 2x 4# ln ksec 2xk C tan# 2x 2 ln ksec 2xk C

62.
' tan% x# dx
tan$ x#
(4 1)
"
#
' tan# x# dx
2
3
tan$ x# ' tan# x# dx
(We used FORMULA 86 with n 4, a "# )
2
3
tan$
x
#
2 tan
x
#
xC
(We used FORMULA 84 with a "# )

63.
' 8 cot% t dt 8 cot3 t ' cot# t dt

$

8 "3 cot$ t cot t t C
64.
cot 2t
' 4 cot$ 2t dt 4 2(3
' cot 2t dt cot# 2t 4 ' cot 2t dt
1)
#

cot# 2t 4# ln ksin 2tk C cot# 2t 2 ln ksin 2tk C
65.
' 2 sec$ 1x dx 2 sec11(3xtan1) 1x 33 12 ' sec 1x dx

1" sec 1x tan 1x 1" ln ksec 1x tan 1xk C
66.
' "# csc$ #x dx #" csc(3 cot1)

"
#
x
#
x
#
32
31
' csc #x dx
We used FORMULA 93 with a "# , n 3

"# csc x# cot x# ln csc x# cot x# C "# csc
67.
x
#
cot
x
#
"
#
ln csc
x
#
cot x# C
' 3 sec% 3x dx 3 sec3(43xtan1) 3x 44 12 ' sec# 3x dx

#
sec# 3x tan 3x
3
2
3
tan 3x C

68.
' csc% 3) d) csc (4 cot1)

"
3
# )
3
42
41
'
csc#
)
3
d)
We used FORMULA 93 with n 4, a "3

csc# 3) cot 3) 23 3 cot 3) C csc#
We used FORMULA 91 with a "3
69.
)
3
cot
)
3
2 cot
)
3
C
' csc& x dx csc5 xcot1 x 55 12 ' csc$ x dx csc x4 cot x 34 csc3xcot1 x 33 21 ' csc x dx
$
(We used FORMULA 93 with n 5, a 1 and n 3, a 1)

"4 csc$ x cot x 38 csc x cot x 38 ln kcsc x cot xk C
70.
' sec& x dx sec5 xtan1 x 55 12 ' sec$ x dx sec x4 tan x 43 sec3xtan1 x 33 12 ' sec x dx
$

"
3
3
$
4 sec x tan x 8 sec x tan x 8 ln ksec x tan xk C
531
532

71.
' 16x$ (ln x)# dx 16 x (ln4 x)

%
'
2
4
x)
x$ ln x dx 16 x (ln4 x) "# x (ln

4
"
4
'
x$ dx
(We used FORMULA 110 with a 1, n 3, m 2 and a 1, n 3, m 1)

%
16 x (ln4 x)
72.
'
(ln x)$ dx
x% (ln x)
8
x(ln x)$
1
3
1
x%
3#
C 4x% (ln x)# 2x% ln x
' (ln x)# dx x(ln x)$ 3 x(ln1 x)
x%
#
C
2
1
'
ln x dx x(ln x)$ 3x(ln x)# ' x ln1 x
x(ln x)$ 3x(ln x)# 6x ln x 6x C

(We used FORMULA 110 with n 0, a 1 and m 3, 2, 1)
73.
' xe3x dx e3
3x
(3x 1) C
e3x
9
(3x 1) C

74.
'
xec2x dx
e2x
(2)#
2x
(2x 1) C e 4 (2x 1) C

75.
' x$ ex2 dx 2x$ ex2 3 2 '
x# ex2 dx 2x$ ex2 6 2x# ex2 2 2 ' xex2 dx
2x$ ex2 12x# ex2 24 4ex2 #x 1 C 2x$ ex2 12x# ex2 96ex2 x# 1 C
We used FORMULA 105 with a "# twice and FORMULA 104 with a "#
76.
' x# e1x dx 1" x# e1x 12 ' xe1x dx

1x
1" x# e1x 121# e1x (1x 1) C 1" x# e1x 2e1$ (1x 1) C
77.
' x# 2x dx xln22
# x
2
ln 2
'
x2x dx
x# 2x
ln #
2
ln 2
x2
ln
2
"
ln 2
' 2x dx xln2#
# x
2
ln #
x2
ln
#
2x
(ln 2)#
C
(We used FORMULA 106 with a 1, b 2, n 2, n 1)

78.
'
x# 2cx dx
#
cx
xln2#
x# 2x
ln 2
2
ln #
2
ln 2
cx
x2ln #
'
x2cx dx
2cx
(ln 2)#
x # 2 x
ln #
2
ln 2
x
x2
ln 2
"
ln 2
'
2x dx
C
(We used FORMULA 106 with a 1, b 2, n 2, n 1)

79.
'
x1x dx
x1 x
ln 1
"
ln 1
'
x1 x
ln 1
1x dx
"
ln 1
ln1 1 C
x
x1 x
ln 1
1x
(ln 1)#
C
(We used FORMULA 106 with n 1, b 1, a 1)

80.
'
x2
2x
dx
x2 2x
2 ln 2
"
2 ln 2
'
2x
dx
x2x 2
2 ln 2
2x 2
#(ln 2)#
C
(We used FORMULA 106 with a 2, b 2, n 1)
' et sec$ aet "b dt; x e
"
x
2 '
' sec$ x dx sec3xtan
33
sec x dx
1
1
dx et dt
sec x#tan x "# ln ksec x tan xk C "# csec aet 1b tan aet 1b ln ksec aet 1b tan aet 1bkd C
t
81.
"
"
' dx

82.
t )
t cot t
32 '
csc t dt
2 ' csc$ t dt 2 csc3
) t#
1 31
)
d) 2t dt
2 csc t cot t " ln kcsc t cot tk C csc ) cot ) ln csc ) cot ) C
' csc) d);

$
83.
'01 2x# 1 dx; cx tan td
2 '0
14
sec t sec# t dt 2'0
14
1%
t
sec$ t dt 2 sec3 ttan
1
!
32
31
'014 sec t dt

1%
csec t tan t ln ksec t tan tkd
2 ln 2 1
!
84.
32
'0
dy
a1 y# b&#
'013
; cy sin xd
cos x dx
cos& x
x
'0 sec% x dx sec4 xtan
1
13

sec
85.
'12 ar r1b
#
x tan x
3
$
tan3 )
$#
2
3
tan x
1$
dr; cr sec )d
tan ) )
42
41
'013 sec# x dx
34 3 32 3 23
1$
1$
1$
13
)
)
'013 tan
' 13 tan% ) d) tan
'0 tan# ) d)
sec ) (sec ) tan )) d) 0
41
$
3 3
3
1
3
3
1
3
(We used FORMULA 86 with a 1, n 4 and FORMULA 84 with a 1)

86.
'01
dt
at# 1b(#
cos
cos
; ct tan )d '0
16
1'
) sin )
5
!
) sin )
5
45 cos
1'
) sin )
3
!
cos# ) sin )
4
15
sec# ) d)
sec( )
8
15
'0
16
3 3 1 '0
cos& ) d) cos
16
sin )
1'
) sin )
5
!
16
cos$ ) d)
cos ) d)
1'
!

%
#
#3 #"
4 3
8 "
9
"
4
39 48 324
15
# "# 15
5
# 160 10 15
480
87.
5 5 1 '0
203
480
' "8 sinh& 3x dx "8 sinh 3x53cosh 3x 5 5 1 ' sinh$ 3x dx

%
sinh% 3x cosh 3x
120
"
10
3x

sinh 3x3cosh
3
31
3
' sinh 3x dx

%
3x
2 "
sinh 3x1#cosh
sinh 3x90cosh 3x 30
0
3 cosh 3x C
88.
sinh% 3x cosh 3x
' coshxx dx;

%
89.
"
1#0
cosh$ u sinh u
#
"
90
sinh 3x cosh 3x
1
45
cosh 3x C
u x
cosh$ u sinh u
' %

2 cosh u du 2
4
du 2dx
x
41
4
' cosh# u du
3# sinh4 2u u# C
(We used FORMULA 118 with a 1, n 4 and FORMULA 116 with a 1)

"
$
x sinh x 38 sinh 2x 34 x C
# cosh
'
x# cosh 3x dx
x#
3
sinh 3x
2
3
' x sinh 3x dx x3
sinh 3x 32 3x cosh 3x
"
3
' cosh 3x dx
(We used FORMULA 122 with a 3, n 2 and FORMULA 121 with a 3, n 1)
533
534
90.
'
x#
3
sinh 3x
2x
9
x sinh 5x dx
cosh 3x
2
27
sinh 3x C
cosh 5x
"
25
sinh 5x C
x
5

91.
' sech( x tanh x dx sech7 x C

(

92.
' csch$ 2x coth 2x dx csch3#2x C csch6 2x C

$

ub
a
93. u ax b x
' (axxdxb)
'
(u b) du
au#
a
dx
"
a#
du
a
' "u ub du a" ln kuk bu C a" ln kax bk ax b b C

#
94. x a tan ) a# x# a# sec# ) 2x dx 2a# sec# ) tan ) dx a sec# ) d);
'
'
' secd) ) 2a" ' (1 cos 2)) d) 2a"
#
dx
)
aaa# sec
d) a"$
aa # x # b #
sec# )b#
#"a$ a) sin ) cos )b C 2a"$
"
2a$
" x
a
tan
x
#
a 1 xa#
sin )
#
) cos
) cos ) C
C
x
2a# aa# x# b
"
2a$
tan"
x
a
"
2a$
)
)
"
#
sin 2) C
tan )
1 tan# )
C
C
95. x a sin ) a# x# a# cos# ) 2x dx 2a# cos ) sin ) d) dx a cos ) d);

' a# x# dx ' a cos )(a cos )) d) a# ' cos# ) d) a# ' (1 cos 2)) d) a# ) sin 2) C
#
a#
#
a
#
a) cos ) sin )b C
sin"
x
a
a#
#
) 1 sin# ) sin ) C
a#
#
sin" xa
#
a# x#
a
x
a
C
x# a# x# C
96. x a sec ) x# a# a# tan# ) 2x dx 2a# tan ) sec# ) d) dx a sec ) tan ) d);

' dx ' a#tan )# sec ) d) ' # d) "# ' cos ) d) "# sin ) C "# 1 cos# ) C
aa sec )b a tan )
x # x # a#
a"#
97.
'
cos"# ) 1
cos" )
C a"#
a sec )
sec# ) 1
sec )
C a"#
x# "
a
xa
C
xn sin ax dx ' xn "a d(cos ax) (cos ax) xn "a

n
xa cos ax
n
a
'
"
a
x # a#
a# x
C
' cos ax nxn1 dx
xn1 cos ax dx
We used integration by parts ' u dv uv ' v du with u xn , v "a cos ax

98.
' xn (ln ax)m dx '
xnb1 (ln ax)m

n1
m
n1
nb1
(ln ax)m d nx 1
'
xnb1 (ln ax)m

n1
' xn1 m(ln ax)m1 x" dx

nb1
xn (ln ax)m1 dx, n "
We used integration by parts ' u dv uv ' v du with u (ln ax)m , v

99.
' xn sin" ax dx '
xn1
n1
sin" ax
nb1
sin" ax d nx 1
a
n 1
' x
n1
dx
1 a# x#
xnb1
n1
, n 1
xnb1
n1
sin" ax ' nx 1 1 a (ax)# dx

nb1

We used integration by parts ' u dv uv ' v du with u sin" ax, v
100.
' xn tan" ax dx '
xn1
n1
tan" ax
nb1
tan" ax d nx 1
a
n1
xnb1
n1
tan" ax ' nx 1 1 a(ax)# dx
xnb1
n1
nb1
' 1x a dxx , n 1

n1
# #
We used integration by parts ' u dv uv ' v du with u tan" ax, v
'0
101. S
xnb1
n 1
21y1 (yw )# dx
21 '0
x# 2 1
221 '0
221 x
x#
x# 2
dx
x# 1 dx
x# 1
#
"
#
ln x x# 1
2
0

21 6 ln 2 3 213 12 ln 2 3
32
102. L '0
32
1 (2x)# dx 2 '
0
"4 x# dx 2 x# 4" x# 4" #" ln x 4" x#

x# 1 4x#
3
4
(2)
103. A '0
"
4
dx
x 1
ln
"
4
ln x #" 1 4x#
3
#
"
4
1
ln 2
2x 1 2; x
!
"
A
'0 x 1 dx '0
"
#
$
23 (x 1)$# ! 1
"
A
3
#
"
A
32
0
"
4
3
4
1 4 43
"
4
ln
3
#
ln 3 2
'03 xxdx 1
(We used FORMULA 11 with a 1, b 1, n 1 and

a 1, b 1, n 1)
y
"
#A
'03 x dx 1 4" cln (x 1)d $! 4" ln 4 #" ln 2 ln 2
104. My '0 x 2x36 3 dx 18 '0

3
2x 3
2x 3
dx 54'0
dx
2x 3
c18x 27 ln k2x 3kd $!
18 3 27 ln 9 (27 ln 3) 54 27 2 ln 3 27 ln 3 54 27 ln 3
105. S 21 'c1 x# 1 4x# dx;
1
u 2x
du 2 dx
1
4
1
4
'c22 u# 1 u# du
u8 a1 2u# b1 u#
"
8
ln u 1 u#

1 2 (1 2 4)1 4 " ln 2 1 4
4
(1 2 4)1 4
2
8
1
4
9# 5
"
8
"
8
ln 2 1 4
ln 2255 7.62
#
#
"# 1 4 34
dx
x 1
4
3
32
"
4
ln
"
#
535
536
106. (a) The volume of the filled part equals the length of the
tank times the area of the shaded region shown in the
accompanying figure. Consider a layer of gasoline
of thickness dy located at height y where
r y r d. The width of this layer is
crbd
2r# y# . Therefore, A 2 'cr

crbd
and V L A 2L 'cr
crbd
r# y# dy
r# y# dy
crbd
#
y r y
(b) 2L 'cr r# y# dy 2L #
r# sin" yr
cr
(We used FORMULA 29 with a r)
#
#
#
r)
2rd d# r# sin" d r r 1#
2L (d
2rd d# r# sin" d r r r# 1# 2L d-r
#
#
#
107. The integrand f(x) x x# is nonnegative, so the integral is maximized by integrating over the function's
entire domain, which runs from x 0 to x 1
'01 x x# dx '01 2 "# x x# dx x #
"
#
2 "# x x#
x "#
#
x x#
"
8
"
"
8
sin" (2x 1)
!
1
#
8" 1#
"# #
#
sin"
x "#
"
#
"
1
8
108. The integrand is maximized by integrating g(x) x2x x# over the largest domain on which g is
nonnegative, namely [! 2]
'02 x2x x# dx (x 1)(2x 63)2x x
"
#
sin" (x 1)
(We used FORMULA 51 with a ")

"# 1# "# 1# 1#
CAS EXPLORATIONS
109.
Example CAS commands:

Maple:
q1 := Int( x*ln(x), x );
q1 = value( q1 );
q2 := Int( x^2*ln(x), x );
q2 = value( q2 );
q3 := Int( x^3*ln(x), x );
q3 = value( q3 );
q4 := Int( x^4*ln(x), x );
q4 = value( q4 );
q5 := Int( x^n*ln(x), x );
q6 := value( q5 );
q7 := simplify(q6) assuming n::integer;
q5 = collect( factor(q7), ln(x) );
# (a)
# (b)
# (c)
# (d)
# (e)
#
!

110.
111.

Maple:
q1 := Int( ln(x)/x, x );
q1 = value( q1 );
q2 := Int( ln(x)/x^2, x );
q2 = value( q2 );
q3 := Int( ln(x)/x^3, x );
q3 = value( q3 );
q4 := Int( ln(x)/x^4, x );
q4 = value( q4 );
q5 := Int( ln(x)/x^n, x );
q6 := value( q5 );
q7 := simplify(q6) assuming n::integer;
q5 = collect( factor(q7), ln(x) );
Maple:
q := Int( sin(x)^n/(sin(x)^n+cos(x)^n), x=0..Pi/2 );
q = value( q );
q1 := eval( q, n=1 ):
q1 = value( q1 );
for N in [1,2,3,5,7] do
q1 := eval( q, n=N );
print( q1 = evalf(q1) );
end do:
qq1 := PDEtools[dchange]( x=Pi/2-u, q, [u] );
qq2 := subs( u=x, qq1 );
qq3 := q + q = q + qq2;
qq4 := combine( qq3 );
qq5 := value( qq4 );
simplify( qq5/2 );
537
# (a)
# (b)
# (c)
# (d)
# (e)
# (a)
# (b)
# (c)
109-111.Example CAS commands:

Mathematica: (functions may vary)
In Mathematica, the natural log is denoted by Log rather than Ln, Log base 10 is Log[x,10]
Mathematica does not include an arbitrary constant when computing an indefinite integral,
Clear[x, f, n]
f[x_]:=Log[x] / xn
Integrate[f[x], x]
For exercise 111, Mathematica cannot evaluate the integral with arbitrary n. It does evaluate the integral (value is 1/4 in
each case) for small values of n, but for large values of n, it identifies this integral as Indeterminate
109. (e)
' xn ln x dx x nbln1 x n " 1 ' xn dx, n 1

n 1
110. (e)
(We used FORMULA 110 with a 1, m 1)

xnb1 ln x
xnb1
xnb1
"
n 1 (n 1)# C n 1 ln x n 1 C
' xn ln x dx xn ln1 x (n)" 1 ' xn dx, n 1

n 1
(We used FORMULA 110 with a 1, m 1, n n)
538
x1n ln x
1n
"
1 n
1n
1x n C
x1n
1n
ln x
"
1n
C
111. (a) Neither MAPLE nor MATHEMATICA can find this integral for arbitrary n.
(b) MAPLE and MATHEMATICA get stuck at about n 5.
(c) Let x 1# u dx du; x 0 u 1# , x 1# u 0;
I '0
12
sinn x dx
sinn xcosn x
'12 sinn 1 u # cosn 1 u '0

#
x cos x
'
I I '0 sin
sinn x cosn x dx 0
12
12
sinn 1 u du
12
1
#
dx
cosn u du
cosn u sinn u
'0
12
cosn x dx
cosn x sinn x
1
4
8.7 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION

1.
'12 x dx
I.
(a) For n 4, ?x b n a 2 4 1 "4

! mf(xi ) 12 T " (12) 3 ;
8
#
?x
#
"
8
f(x) x f w (x) 1 f ww 0 M 0
kE T k 0
(b)
'12 x dx x2 # 2 "# 3#
(c)
kET k
True Value
"
(b)
'12 x dx 3#
(c)
kES k
True Value
21
"
?x
4 4 3
"
3
12 (18) # ;
kES k '1 x dx S
2
"
12
3
#
3
#
"
2
?x
#
"
4
f(x) 2x 1 f w (x) 2 f ww 0 M 0
kE T k 0
(b)
'13 (2x 1) dx cx# xd $" (9 3) (1 1) 6
(c)
kET k
True Value
"
2
?x
3
"
6
'1 (2x 1) dx 6
'11 ax# 1b dx
I.
m
1
4
2
4
1
mf(xi )
1
5
3
7
2
x!
x"
x#
x$
x%
xi
1
3/2
2
5/2
3
f(xi )
1
2
3
4
5
m
1
2
2
2
1
mf(xi )
1
4
6
8
5
x!
x"
x#
x$
x%
xi
1
3/2
2
5/2
3
f(xi )
1
2
3
4
5
m
1
4
2
4
1
mf(xi )
1
8
6
16
5
x!
x"
x#
x$
x%
xi
1
1/2
0
1/2
1
f(xi )
2
5/4
1
5/4
2
m
1
2
2
2
1
mf(xi )
2
5/2
2
5/2
2
kES k '1 (2x 1) dx S

3
660
3.
f(xi )
1
5/4
3/2
7/4
2
(x) 0 M 0 kES k 0
kES k
True Value
xi
1
5/4
3/2
7/4
2
kET k '1 (2x 1) dx T 6 6 0
(c)
x!
x"
x#
x$
x%
100 0%
II. (a) For n 4, ?x b n a 3 4 1 24

! mf(xi ) 36 S " (36) 6 ;
(b)
mf(xi )
1
5/2
3
7/2
2
100 0%
(a) For n 4, ?x b n a 3 4 1 24
! mf(xi ) 24 T " (24) 6 ;
4
m
1
2
2
2
1
'13 (2x 1) dx
f(xi )
1
5/4
3/2
7/4
2
kET k '1 x dx T 0
f % (x) 0 M 0 kES k 0
I.
xi
1
5/4
3/2
7/4
2
100 0%
II. (a) For n 4, ?x b n a

! mf(xi ) 18 S
2.
x!
x"
x#
x$
x%
100 0%
(a) For n 4, ?x b n a 1 4(1) 24

! mf(xi ) 11 T " (11) 2.75
4
"
#
?x
#
"
4
f(x) x# 1 f w (x) 2x f ww (x) 2 M 2

1) " #
"
kET k 11(
#
# (2) 1# or 0.08333
Section 8.7 Numerical Integration

(b)
'11 ax# 1b dx x3
x
"
"
13 1 13 1
8
3
ET '1 ax# 1b dx T
1
8
3
11
4
539
1"#
kET k 1"# 0.08333

(c)
kET k
True Value
"
100 18# 100 3%

3
II. (a) For n 4, ?x b n a 1 4(1) 24 "# ?3x "6

! mf(xi ) 16 S " (16) 8 2.66667 ;
6
f $ (x) 0 f % (x) 0 M 0 kES k 0

(b)
'11 ax# 1b dx x3
x
"
"
8
3
kES k '1 ax# 1b dx S

1
(c)
4.
kES k
True Value
8
3
(a) For n 4, ?x b n a 0 4(2)

! mf(xi ) 3 T " (3) 3 ;
4
"
#
2
4
?x
#
"
4
f(x) x# 1 f w (x) 2x f ww (x) 2

2) " #
"
M 2 kET k 01(
#
# (2) 1# 0.08333
(b)
'02 ax# 1b dx x3 - x !
$
kET k
True Value
#
"
12
kE T k
(c)
0 83 2
5.
(x) 0 f
(x) 0 M 0 kES k 0
'2 ax# 1b dx 23
2
2
3 3 0
kES k
True Value 100
2
3
kES k '2 ax# 1b dx S

0
(a) For n 4, ?x b n a 2 4 0 24 "2

" !
?x
mf(ti ) 25 T 4" (25)
# 4 ;
25
4
f(t) t$ t f w (t) 3t# 1 f ww (t) 6t

0 " #
M 12 f ww (2) kET k 212
# (12)
(b)
'02 at$ tb dt t4 t# # 24
(c)
kET k
True Value
100
"4
6
2#
#
;
"
#
(t) 6 f
'0 at$ tb dt 6
2
(b)
kES k
True Value
m
1
2
2
2
1
mf(xi )
3
5/2
0
3/2
1
2
3
ET '2 ax# 1b dx T
0
x!
x"
x#
x$
x%
xi
2
3/2
1
1/2
0
t!
t"
t#
t$
t%
ti
0
1/2
1
3/2
2
f(xi )
3
5/4
0
3/4
1
2
3
m
1
4
2
4
1
"
2
?x
3
kES k '0 at$ tb dt S
100 0%
f(ti )
0
5/8
2
39/8
10
m
1
2
2
2
1
"
6
(t) 0 M 0 kES k 0
660
(c)
f(xi )
3
5/4
0
3/4
1
0 6 kET k '0 at$ tb dt T 6
xi
2
3/2
1
1/2
0
3
4
"
12
mf(xi )
3
5
0
3
1
mf(ti )
0
5/4
4
39/4
10
25
4
4" kET k
100 4%
II. (a) For n 4, ?x b n a 2 4 0 24

! mf(ti ) 36 S " (36) 6 ;
$
x!
x"
x#
x$
x%
0%
'02 at$ tb dt
I.
mf(xi )
2
5
2
5
2
(c)
m
1
4
2
4
1
"
(b)
f(xi )
2
5/4
1
5/4
2
100 122 100 13%
II. (a) For n 4, ?x b n a 0 4(2) 24 "#

?x " ; ! mf(xi ) 4 S " (4)
$
xi
1
1/2
0
1/2
1
100 0%
'02 ax# 1b dx
I.
8
3
x!
x"
x#
x$
x%
t!
t"
t#
t$
t%
ti
0
1/2
1
3/2
2
f(ti )
0
5/8
2
39/8
10
m
1
4
2
4
1
mf(ti )
0
5/2
4
39/2
10
"
4
540
6.
'11 at$ 1b dt
I.
t!
t"
t#
t$
t%
(a) For n 4, ?x b n a 1 4(1) 24 "#

"
! mf(ti ) 8 T " (8) 2 ;
?x
# 4 ;
4
f(t) t$ 1 f w (t) 3t# f ww (t) 6t

1) " #
M 6 f ww (1) kET k 11(
#
# (6)
(b)
'11 at$ 1b dt t4 t "
(c)
kET k
True Value
'11 at$ 1b dt 2
220
kES k
True Value
7.
'12 s"
I.
kES k '1 at$ 1b dt S

1
t!
t"
t#
t$
t%
ti
1
1/2
0
1/2
1
f(ti )
0
7/8
1
9/8
2
s!
s"
s#
s$
s%
si
1
5/4
3/2
7/4
2
f(si )
1
16/25
4/9
16/49
1/4
m
1
4
2
4
1
mf(ti )
0
7/2
2
9/2
2
100 0%
ds
ba
n
(a) For n 4, ?x
! mf(si )
179,573
44,100
21
4
"
8
"
4
?x
#
179,573
44,100
"
8
179,573
352,800
"
2
w
s# f (s) s$
6
f ww (s) s% M 6 f ww (1)
#
kET k 2 1# " "4 (6) 3"# 0.03125
2
2
#
"
ds
s# ds 1s " #" 1"

#
1 s
1
0.50899; f(s)
'
(b)
mf(ti )
0
7/4
2
9/4
2
100 0%
f $ (t) 6 f % (t) 0 M 0 kES k 0
(c)
m
1
2
2
2
1
1
II. (a) For n 4, ?x b n a 1 4(1) 24 "#

?x " ; ! mf(ti ) 12 S " (12) 2 ;
(b)
f(ti )
0
7/8
1
9/8
2
14 1 (41) (1) 2 kET k '1 at$ 1b dt T 2 2 0

%
"
"
4
ti
1
1/2
0
1/2
1
'
1
#
ET '1
"
s#
ds T
m
1
2
2
2
1
"
#
mf(si )
1
32/25
8/9
32/49
1/4
0.50899 0.00899
kET k 0.00899
kET k
True Value
(c)
100
II. (a) For n 4, ?x

! mf(si )
0.00899
0.5 100
ba
21
"
n 4 4
264,821
44,100
"
12
2%
?x
3
264,821
44,100
%
0.50042; f $ (s) 24
(s)
s& f
"
12
264,821
529,200
120
s'
" "
M 120 kES k 2180
4 (120)
'1
"
384
0.00260
'2
"
1
"
"
s# ds # ES 1 s# ds S #
kES k
0.0004
True Value 100 0.5 100 0.08%
(b)
(c)
8.
'24 (s "1)
I.
ba
n
42
4
"
2
?x
#
"
4
450
"
4
1269
450
f(s) (s 1)
f ww (s)
kE T k
'2
(b)
"
(s 1)#
#
0.70500;
f (s) (s 2 1)$
6
(s 1)%
42
1#
1269
1800
w
f(si )
1
16/25
4/9
16/49
1/4
m
1
4
2
4
1
mf(si )
1
64/25
8/9
64/49
1/4
s!
s"
s#
s$
s%
si
2
5/2
3
7/2
4
f(si )
1
4/9
1/4
4/25
1/9
m
1
2
2
2
1
mf(si )
1
8/9
1/2
8/25
1/9
M6
"# # (6)
%
"
4
0.25
" "
ds (s"
1) 4 1 #1
kET k 0.03833
si
1
5/4
3/2
7/4
2
0.50042 0.00042 kES k 0.00042
ds
(a) For n 4, ?x
! mf(si ) 1269
s!
s"
s#
s$
s%
2
3
ET '2
"
(s 1)#
ds T
2
3
0.705 0.03833

(c)
kET k
True Value
100
II. (a) For n 4, ?x

! mf(si ) 1813
0.03833
23 100
ba
42
"
n 4 2
6%
?x
3
"
6
450
1813
S 1813
450 2700 0.67148;
%
f $ (s) (s24
(s) (s120
1)& f
1)' M
%
2 "
"
kES k 4180
# (120) 12 0.08333
;
s!
s"
s#
s$
s%
"
6
9.
(b)
'24 (s "1)
(c)
kES k
True Value
ds
2
3
100
ES '2
0.00481
23
"
(s 1)#
120
ds S
2
3
I.
1
8
10
4
1
4
?x
#
1
8
t!
t"
t#
t$
t%
2 22 1.89612;
f(t) sin t f w (t) cos t f ww (t) sin t

#
1$
M 1 kET k 11# 0 14 (1) 19
#
0.16149
(b)
'01 sin t dt [cos t] 1! (cos 1) (cos 0) 2
(c)
kET k
True Value
100
0.10388
100
2
ba
10
1
n 4 4
II. (a) For n 4, ?x

! mf(ti ) 2 42 7.6569
S
1
12
10.
'01 sin t dt
(c)
kES k
True Value
?x
3
1
12
2 42 2.00456;
100
1
8
0.00456
2
1
4
?x
#
1
8
2 22 0.60355; f(t) sin 1t
mf(ti )
0
2
2
2
0
kET k '0 sin t dt T 2 1.89612 0.10388

1
;
t!
t"
t#
t$
t%
ti
0
1/4
1/2
31/4
1
f(ti )
0
2/2
1
2/2
0
t!
t"
t#
t$
t%
ti
0
1/4
1/2
3/4
1
f(ti )
0
2/2
1
2/2
0
'01 sin 1t dt [ 1" cos 1t] "! 1" cos 1 1" cos 0 12 0.63662
(c)
m
1
2
2
2
1
m
1
4
2
4
1
mf(ti )
0
2 2
2
2 2
0
100 0%
f w (t) 1 cos 1t
f ww (t) 1# sin 1t M 1#
#
kET k 1 1# 0 14 a1# b 0.05140
(b)
f(ti )
0
2/2
1
2/2
0
(a) For n 4, ?x b n a 1 4 0
! mf(ti ) 2 22 4.828
T
ti
0
1/4
1/2
31/4
1
ES '0 sin t dt S 2 2.00456 0.00456 kES k 0.00456
'01 sin 1t dt
I.
mf(si )
1
16/9
1/2
16/25
1/9
5%
f $ (t) cos t f % (t) sin t

0 1 %
M 1 kES k 1180
4 (1) 0.00664
(b)
m
1
4
2
4
1
100 1%
(a) For n 4, ?x
! mf(ti ) 2 22 4.8284
T
f(si )
1
4/9
1/4
4/25
1/9
0.67148 0.00481 kES k 0.00481
'01 sin t dt
ba
n
si
2
5/2
3
7/2
4
2
1 0.60355 0.03307
kET k
0.03307
True Value 100 12 100
5%
m
1
2
2
2
1
mf(ti )
0
2
2
2
0
kET k '0 sin 1t dt T

1
541
542
II. (a) For n 4, ?x b n a 1 4 0 14

! mf(ti ) 2 42 7.65685
S
1
12
?x
3
1
12
t!
t"
t#
t$
t%
2 42 0.63807;
f $ (t) 1$ cos 1t f % (t) 1% sin 1t

0 1 %
M 1% kES k 1180
a1% b 0.00211
4
(b)
'01 sin 1t dt 12 0.63662
(c)
kES k
True Value
100
0.00145
12
ti
0
1/4
1/2
3/4
1
ES '0 sin 1t dt S
1
2
1
f(ti )
0
2/2
1
2/2
0
m
1
4
2
4
1
mf(ti )
0
2 2
2
2 2
0
0.63807 0.00145 kES k 0.00145
100 0%
"
11. (a) n 8 ?x "8 ?#x 16
;
! mf(xi ) 1(0.0) 2(0.12402) 2(0.24206) 2(0.34763) 2(0.43301) 2(0.48789) 2(0.49608)
2(0.42361) 1(0) 5.1086 T

"
8
?x
3
"
16
(5.1086) 0.31929
"
24
(b) n 8 ?x
;
! mf(xi ) 1(0.0) 4(0.12402) 2(0.24206) 4(0.34763) 2(0.43301) 4(0.48789) 2(0.49608)
4(0.42361) 1(0) 7.8749 S
"
24
(7.8749) 0.32812
(c) Let u 1 x# du 2x dx "# du x dx; x 0 u 1, x 1 u 0
'01 x1 x# dx '10 u "# du "# '01 u"# du 2" u

ET '0 x1 x# dx T
1
"
3
$#
3
#
"
"
3" u$# !
!
"
3
0.31929 0.01404; ES '0 x1 x# dx S

1
1 3" 0
"
3
"
3
0.32812 0.00521
3
12. (a) n 8 ?x 38 ?#x 16
;
! mf()i ) 1(0) 2(0.09334) 2(0.18429) 2(0.27075) 2(0.35112) 2(0.42443) 2(0.49026)
2(0.58466) 1(0.6) 5.3977 T

?x
3
3
16
(5.3977) 1.01207
"
8
(b) n 8 ?x
;
! mf()i ) 1(0) 4(0.09334) 2(0.18429) 4(0.27075) 2(0.35112) 4(0.42443) 2(0.49026)
3
8
4(0.58466) 1(0.6) 8.14406 S

"
#
(c) Let u 16 ) du 2) d)
'03
)
16 )#
ET '0
d) '16
25
)
16 )#
"
u
#" du
"
#
"
8
(8.14406) 1.01801
du ) d); ) 0 u 16, ) 3 u 16 3# 25
'1625 u"# du 2" u
"#
1
#
d) T 1 1.01207 0.01207; ES '0
#&
"'
25 16 1;
)
16 )#
d) S 1 1.01801 0.01801
1
13. (a) n 8 ?x 18 ?#x 16
;
! mf(ti ) 1(0.0) 2(0.99138) 2(1.26906) 2(1.05961) 2(0.75) 2(0.48821) 2(0.28946) 2(0.13429)
1(0) 9.96402 T
1
8
?x
3
1
16
(9.96402) 1.95643
1
24
(b) n 8 ?x
;
! mf(ti ) 1(0.0) 4(0.99138) 2(1.26906) 4(1.05961) 2(0.75) 4(0.48821) 2(0.28946) 4(0.13429)
1(0) 15.311 S
1
24
(15.311) 2.00421
(c) Let u 2 sin t du cos t dt; t 1# u 2 sin 1# 1, t
'c12
12
3 cos t
(2 sin t)#
ET '
12
dt '1
3 cos t
c12 (2 sin t)#
3
u#
1
#
u 2 sin
du 3 '1 u# du 3 u1 3 "3 3 11 2;

3
"
$
"
dt T 2 1.95643 0.04357; ES '12
2 2.00421 0.00421
12
3 cos t
(2 sin t)#
dt S
1
#
543
1
1
14. (a) n 8 ?x 32
?#x 64
;
! mf(yi ) 1(2.0) 2(1.51606) 2(1.18237) 2(0.93998) 2(0.75402) 2(0.60145) 2(0.46364)
2(0.31688) 1(0) 13.5488 T

1
32
?x
3
1
64
(13.5488) 0.66508
1
96
(b) n 8 ?x
;
! mf(yi ) 1(2.0) 4(1.51606) 2(1.18237) 4(0.93988) 2(0.75402) 4(0.60145) 2(0.46364)
4(0.31688) 1(0) 20.29734 S
(c) Let u cot y du csc# y dy; y
'14
12
(20.29734) 0.66423
u 1, y
1
ET '14 acsc yb cot y dy T

2
3
1
96
1
#
u0
acsc# yb cot y dy '1 u ( du) '0 u"# du u 3

0
12
1
4
2
3
$#
"
1 23 0 32 ;
2
3
0.66508 0.00159; ES '14 acsc# yb cot y dy S

12
0.66423 0.00244
15. (a) M 0 (see Exercise 1): Then n 1 ?x 1 kET k
"
1#
(1)# (0) 0 10%

"
#
(b) M 0 (see Exercise 1): Then n 2 (n must be even) ?x

16. (a) M 0 (see Exercise 2): Then n 1 ?x 2 kET k
2
1#
kE S k
kET k
2
n
2
12
2n # (2)
4
3n#
kET k
2
n
2
12
2n # (2)
4
3n#
kET k
2
n
2
12
2n # (12)
8
n#
2
n
kET k
2
12
2n # (6)
4
n#
1
n
kET k
1
12
1n # (6)
1
2n#
2
180
a10% b n 43 a10% b
(1)% (0) 0 10%

4
3
a10% b n 43 a10% b
(1)% (0) 0 10%
2
180
(1)% (0) 0 10%
10% n# 4 a10% b n 4 a10% b
200, so let n 201

(b) M 0 (see Exercise 6): Then n 2 (n must be even) ?x " kES k
21. (a) M 6 (see Exercise 7): Then ?x
2
180
4
3
10% n# 8 a10% b n 8 a10% b
n 282.8, so let n 283

(1)% (0) 0 10%
10% n#
n 115.4, so let n 116

2
180
10% n#
n 115.4, so let n 116

#" % (0) 0 10%
(2)# (0) 0 10%

"
180
2
180
(1)% (0) 0 10%
10% n#
"
#
a10% b n "# a10% b
n 70.7, so let n 71
(b) M 120 (see Exercise 7): Then ?x
"
n
kES k
1
180
"n % (120)
2
3n%
10% n%
2
3
a10% b
n % 23 a10% b n 9.04, so let n 10 (n must be even)

2
n
kET k
2
12
2n # (6)
4
n#
10% n# 4 a10% b n 4 a10% b
n 200, so let n 201

(b) M 120 (see Exercise 8): Then ?x
2
n
kES k
2
180
2n % (120)
%
n % 64
3 a10 b n 21.5, so let n 22 (n must be even)
64
3n%
10% n%
64
3
a10% b
544
23. (a) f(x) x 1 f w (x)

Then ?x
kET k
3
n
"
#
3
12
(x 1)"# f ww (x) 4" (x 1)$#
3n # 4"
9
16n#
10% n#
so let n 76
(#
(b) f $ (x) 38 (x 1)&# f % (x) 15

16 (x 1)
kE S k
3
180
15
n3 % 16
3& (15)
16(180)n%
"
4 1
"
4
9
a10% b n 16
a10% b n 75,
15
(
16 x 1
3& (15) 10%

16(180)
10% n%
9
16
"
$
4 x 1
15
(
16 1
&
. Then ?x
15
16
3
n
(15) a10 b
n 3 16(180)
n 10.6, so let
n 12 (n must be even)
24. (a) f(x)
f w (x) #" (x 1)$# f w w (x)
"
x 1
Then ?x
kET k
3
n
3
12
3n # 34
n 130
(#
(b) f $ (x) 15
f % (x)
8 (x 1)
kE S k
3
180
n3 % 105
16
3& (105)
16(180)n%
3%
48n#
105
16
3
4
(x 1)&#
10% n#
(x 1)*#
3% 10%
48
105
*
16 x1
3& (105) 10%

16(180)
10% n%
3
&
4 x 1
n 3
M
%
a10% b
48
105
&
&
3
4
n 129.9, so let
16 1
4 1
105
16
. Then ?x
3
n
a10 b
n 3 (105)
n 17.25, so
16(180)
let n 18 (n must be even)

25. (a) f(x) sin (x 1) f w (x) cos (x 1) f ww (x) sin (x 1) M 1. Then ?x
8
12n#
10% n#
8 10%
12
32 10%
180
2
12
n2 # (1)
27.
5
2 a6.0
32 10%
180
2n # (1)
kES k
2
n
2
180
2n % (1)
32
180n%
10%
a10 b
n 32180
n 6.49, so let n 8 (n must be even)
8
12n#
10% n#
8 10%
12
2
n
n 8 a110# b n 81.6, so let n 82
(b) f $ (x) sin (x 1) f % (x) cos (x 1) M 1. Then ?x

n%
2
12
26. (a) f(x) cos (x 1) f w (x) sin (x 1) f ww (x) cos (x 1) M 1. Then ?x

kE T k
k ET k
n 8 a110# b n 81.6, so let n 82
(b) f $ (x) cos (x 1) f % (x) sin (x 1) M 1. Then ?x

n%
2
n
2
n
kE S k
2
180
2n % (1)
32
180n%
10%
a10 b
n 32180
n 6.49, so let n 8 (n must be even)
2a8.2b 2a9.1b 2a12.7b 13.0ba30b 15,990 ft3 .
200
28. (a) Using Trapezoid Rule, ?x 200 ?x
2 2 100;
! mf(xi ) 13,180 Area 100 (13,180)
1,318,000 ft# . Since the average depth 20 ft

we obtain Volume 20 (Area) 26,360,000 ft$ .
(b) Now, Number of fish Volume
1000 26,360 (to the nearest
fish) Maximum to be caught 75% of 26,360
19,770 Number of licenses 19,770
#0 988
x!
x"
x#
x$
x%
x5
x'
x(
x)
xi
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
f(xi )
0
520
800
1000
1140
1160
1110
860
0
m
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
mf(xi )
0
1040
1600
2000
2280
2320
2220
1720
0
545
29. Use the conversion 30 mph 44 fps (ft per

sec) since time is measured in seconds. The
distance traveled as the car accelerates from,
say, 40 mph 58.67 fps to 50 mph 73.33 fps
in (4.5 3.2) 1.3 sec is the area of the
trapezoid (see figure) associated with that time
interval: "# (58.67 73.33)(1.3) 85.8 ft. The
total distance traveled by the Ford Mustang
Cobra is the sum of all these eleven trapezoids
(using ?t
# and the table below):
s (44)(1.1) (102.67)(0.5) (132)(0.65) (161.33)(0.7) (190.67)(0.95) (220)(1.2) (249.33)(1.25)

(278.67)(1.65) (308)(2.3) (337.33)(2.8) (366.67)(5.45) 5166.346 ft 0.9785 mi
v (mph)
0
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
v (fps)
0
44
58.67 73.33
88
102.67
117.33
132
146.67 161.33 176
t (sec)
0
2.2
3.2
4.5
5.9
7.8
10.2
12.7
16
20.6
26.2
?t/2
0
1.1
0.5
0.65
0.7
0.95
1.2
1.25
1.65
2.3
2.8
30. Using Simpson's Rule, ?x b n a 24 6 0 24
6 4;
4
1400
! myi 350 S (350)
466.7 in.#
3
"
31. Using Simpson's Rule, ?x 1 ?x
3 3 ;
! myi 33.6 Cross Section Area " (33.6)
3
11.2 ft# . Let x be the length of the tank. Then the

Volume V (Cross Sectional Area) x 11.2x.
Now 5000 lb of gasoline at 42 lb/ft$
$
V 5000
42 119.05 ft
119.05 11.2x x 10.63 ft
32.
24
0.019
2 c
x!
x"
x#
x$
x%
x5
x'
xi
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
yi
0
18.75
24
26
24
18.75
0
m
1
4
2
4
2
4
1
myi
0
75
48
104
48
75
0
x!
x"
x#
x$
x%
x5
x'
xi
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
yi
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.1
m
1
4
2
4
2
4
1
myi
1.5
6.4
3.6
7.6
4.0
8.4
2.1
130
190.67
37.1
5.45
2a0.020b 2a0.021b 2a0.031b 0.035 d 4.2 L
33. (a) kES k
ba
%
180 a?x b M; n
1
?x
1
8 3 #4 ;
4 ?x
1
#
0
4
1
8
; f % 1 M 1 kES k
(b) ?x
! mf(xi ) 10.47208705
S
1
#4
x!
x"
x#
x$
x%
(10.47208705) 1.37079
xi
0
1/8
1/4
31/8
1/2
1# 0
180
f(xi )
1
0.974495358
0.900316316
0.784213303
0.636619772
(c) 0.00021
1.37079 100 0.015%
34. (a) ?x
ba
n
2
ae0
301
(b) kES k
10
10
0.01
4e
10
180
0.1 erfa1b
0.04
2e
0.09
4e
a0.1b4 a12b 6.7 106
2 0.1
3 3 ay0
4y1 2y2 4y3 4y9 y10 b
0.81
4e
e1 b 0.843
18 % (1) 0.00021
m
1
4
2
4
1
mf(x1i )
1
3.897981432
1.800632632
3.136853212
0.636619772
546
0
1
35. (a) n 10 ?x 110
10
?#x #10 ;
! mf(xi ) 1(0) 2(0.09708) 2(0.36932) 2(0.76248) 2(1.19513) 2(1.57080) 2(1.79270)
2(1.77912) 2(1.47727) 2(0.87372) 1(0) 19.83524 T

(b) 1 3.11571 0.02588
(c) With M 3.11, we get kET k
1
1#
1 #
10
(3.11)
1$
1200
1
#0
(19.83524) 3.11571
(3.11) 0.08036
36. (a) f ww (x) 2 cos x x sin x f $ (x) 3 sin x x cos x f % (x) 4 cos x x sin x. From the graphs
shown below, k4 cos x x sin xk 4.8 for 0 x 1.
1
1 1 %
(b) n 10 ?x 10
kES k 180
10 (4.8) 0.00082
(c) ! mf(xi ) 1(0) 4(0.09708) 2(0.36932) 4(0.76248) 2(1.19513) 4(1.57080) 2(1.79270)
4(1.77912) 2(1.47727) 4(0.87372) 1(0) 30.0016 S
1
30
(30.0016) 3.14176
(c) k1 3.14176k 0.00017

37. T
T
?x
ba
2 ay0 2y1 2y2 2y3 2yn1 yn b where ?x n and f
b a ay0 y1 y1 y2 y2 yn1 yn1 yn b
b n a fax0 b 2 fax1 b fax1 b 2 fax2 b
n
2
Since f is continuous on each interval [xk1 , xk ], and

[xk1 , xk ] with fack b
faxk1 b faxk b
;
#
faxk1 b faxk b
#
is continuous on [a, b]. So

faxn1 b faxn b
.
2
is always between faxk1 b and faxk b, there is a point ck in
this is a consequence of the Intermediate Value Theorem. Thus our sum is
k 1
k 1
! b a fack b which has the form ! ?xk fack b with ?xk

n
ba
n
for all k. This is a Riemann Sum for f on [a, b].
?x
b a
3 ay0 4y1 2y2 4y3 2yn2 4yn1 yn b where n is even, ?x n and
S b n a y0 4y3 1 y2 y2 4y33 y4 y4 4y3 5 y6 yn2 4y3 n1 yn
b n a fax0 b 4fa6x1 b fax2 b fax2 b 4fa6x3 b fax4 b fax4 b 4fa6x5 b fax6 b faxn2 b 4fa6xn1 b faxn b
2
38. S
fax2k b 4fax2k1 b fax2k2 b

6
f is continuous on [a, b]. So
is the average of the six values of the continuous function on the interval [x2k , x2k2 ], so it is between
the minimum and maximum of f on this interval. By the Extreme Value Theorem for continuous functions, f takes on its
maximum and minimum in this interval, so there are xa and xb with x2k xa , xb x2k2 and
faxa b
fax2k b 4fax2kb1 b fax2kb2 b

6
faxb b. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, there is ck in [x2k , x2k2 ] with
fack b
fax2k b 4fax2kb1 b fax2kb2 b

.
6
So our sum has the form ! ?xk fack b with ?xk
n/2
k 1
Exercises 39-42 were done using a graphing calculator with n 50

39. 1.08943
40. 1.37076
41. 0.82812
ba
an/2b
a Riemann sum for f on [a, b].
42. 51.05400

43. (a) T10 1.983523538
T100 1.999835504
T1000 1.999998355
(b)
n
k ET k 2 Tn
10
0.016476462 1.6476462 102
100
1.64496 104
1000
1.646 106
44. (a) S10 2.000109517

S100 2.000000011
S1000 2.000000000
(b)
n
k ES k 2 Sn
10
1.09517 104
100
1.1 108
1000
0
(c) k ET10n k 102 k ETn k

(d) b a 1, a?xb2
k ETn k
1 1
12 n2
2
k ET10n k
13
12a10nb2
(c) k ES10n k 104 k ESn k

12
n2 ,
(d) b a 1, a?xb4
M1
1
12n2
3
k ESn k
102 k ETn k
1
1
180 n4
k ES10n k
15
180a10nb4
14
n4 ,
M1
1
180n4
5
104 k ESn k
45. (a) f w axb 2x cosax2 b, f ww axb 2x a2xbsinax2 b 2cosax2 b 4x2 sinax2 b 2cosax2 b
(b)
(c) The graph shows that 3 f ww axb 2 so k f ww axbk 3 for 1 x 1.

(d) k ET k
1a1b
2
12 a?xb a3b
(e) For 0 ?x 0.1, k ET k

(f) n
1a1b
?x
2
0.1
a ?x b 2
#
a? x b 2
#
0.12
2
0.005 0.01
20
46. (a) f ''' axb 4x2 2x cosax2 b 8x sinax2 b 4x sinax2 b 8x3 cosax2 b 12x sinax2 b
f a4b axb 8x3 2x sinax2 b 24x2 cosax2 b 12x 2x cosax2 b 12 sinax2 b a16x4 12bsinax2 b 48 x2 cosax2 b
(b)
(c) The graph shows that 30 f a4b axb 0 so f a4b axb 30 for 1 x 1.
(d) k ES k
1 a1b
4
180 a?xb a30b
(e) For 0 ?x 0.4, k ES k

(f) n
1a1b
?x
2
0.4
a ?x b 4
3
2
a? x b 4
0.43
3
0.00853 0.01
5
2
47. (a) Using d C1 , and A 1 d2
C2
41
yields the following areas (in square inches, rounded to the nearest tenth):
2.3, 1.6, 1.5, 2.1, 3.2, 4.8, 7.0, 9.3, 10.7, 10.7, 9.3, 6.4, 3.2
(b) If Cayb is the circumference as a function of y, then the area of a cross section is
2
Aayb 1 Cay2b1
C2 ayb
41 ,
and the volume is
1
41
'06 C2 ayb dy.
547
548
(c)
'06 Aayb dy 411 '06 C2 ayb dy
1 60
2
41
24 c5.4
3
2a4.52 4.42 5.12 6.32 7.82 9.42 10.82 11.62 11.62 10.82 9.02 b 6.32 d
34.7 in
(d) V
1
41
'06 C2 ayb dy 411 6 36 0 5.42 4a4.52 b 2a4.42 b 4a5.12 b 2a6.32 b 4a7.82 b 2a9.42 b %a10.82 b
2a11.62 b %a11.62 b 2a10.82 b %a9.02 b 6.32 34.792 in3
by Simpson's Rule. The Simpson's Rule estimate should be more accurate than the trapezoid estimate. The error in the
Simpson's estimate is proportional to a?yb4 0.0625 whereas the error in the trapezoid estimate is proportional to
a?yb2 0.25, a larger number when ?y 0.5 in.
48. (a) Displacement Volume V
?x
3 ay0
4y1 2y2 4y3 2yn2 4yn1 yn b, x0 0, xn 10 ?x,
?x 2.54, n 10 'x Aaxb dx

xn
0
2.54
3 0
4a14.00b 2a9.21b 4a3.24b 0
4a1.07b 2a3.84b 4a7.82b 2a12.20b 4a15.18b 2a16.14b
2.54
3 a248.02b
209.99 210 ft3 .
(b) The weigth of water displaced is approximately 64 120 13,440 lb.

(c) The volume of a prism a2.54ba16.14b 409.96 410 ft3 . Thus, the prismatic coefficient is
49. (a) a 1, e
"
#
Length 4 '0 1
12
2 '0 4 cos# t dt '0

12
12
1
#0 .
cos# t dt
f(t) dt; use the
Trapezoid Rule with n 10 ?t
"
4
ba
n
1# 0
10
'012 4 cos# t dt ! mf(xn ) 37.3686183
10
n0
?t
#
(37.3686183)
1
40
(37.3686183)
2.934924419 Length 2(2.934924419)

5.870
(b) kf ww (t)k 1 M 1
kE T k
50. ?x
S
ba
1#
a?t# Mb
1# 0
1#
#10 # 1 0.0032
10
1
?x
1 !
mf(xi )
8 8 3 24 ;
1
24 a29.18480779b 3.82028
xi
0
1/20
1/10
31/20
1/5
1/4
31/10
71/20
21/5
91/20
1/2
f(xi )
1.732050808
1.739100843
1.759400893
1.790560631
1.82906848
1.870828693
1.911676881
1.947791731
1.975982919
1.993872679
2
m
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
mf(xi )
1.732050808
3.478201686
3.518801786
3.581121262
3.658136959
3.741657387
3.823353762
3.895583461
3.951965839
3.987745357
2
x!
x"
x#
x$
x%
x5
x'
x(
x)
xi
0
1/8
1/4
31/8
1/2
51/8
31/4
71/8
1
f(xi )
1.414213562
1.361452677
1.224744871
1.070722471
1
1.070722471
1.224744871
1.361452677
1.414213562
m
1
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
1
mf(xi )
1.414213562
5.445810706
2.449489743
4.282889883
2
4.282889883
2.449489743
5.445810706
1.414213562
29.184807792
20
91 #
400
cos# 3#10 x L '0 1

20
91 #
400
25
1#
4
sin# 150x L
dy
dx
31
#0
cos 3#10 x dy
dx
cos# 3#10 x dx. Using numerical integration we find L 21.07 in
52. First, we'll find the length of the cosine curve: L 'c25 1 dy
dx dx;
dy
dx
0.51.
x!
x"
x#
x$
x%
x5
x'
x(
x)
x*
x"!
51. The length of the curve y sin 3#10 x from 0 to 20 is: L '0 1 dy
dx dx;
210 ft3
410 ft3
'c2525 1 14
dy
dx
25501 sin 150x
sin# 150x dx. Using a numerical integrator we find
Section 8.7 Improper Integrals

L 73.1848 ft. Surface area is: A length width (73.1848)(300) 21,955.44 ft.
Cost 1.75A (1.75)(21,955.44) $38,422.02. Answers may vary slightly, depending on the numerical
integration used.
53. y sin x
dy
dx
#
1 cos# x dx; a numerical integration gives
'
cos x dy
dx cos x S 0 21(sin x)
x
#
S 14.4
54. y
x#
4
dy
dx
55. y x sin 2x
S 2'0
213
56. y
x#
4
dx; a numerical integration gives S 5.28
21(x sin 2x) 1 (1 2 cos 2x)# dx; a numerical integration gives S 54.9
" a362x# b
1# 36x#
6
S '0 21 x4 1
x#
4
#
1 2 cos 2x dy
dx (1 2 cos 2x) ; by symmetry of the graph we have that
dy
dx
36 x#
x
1#
'0
dy
dx
dy
dx
x
12
a18 x# b
636 x#
36 x#
12
" (2x)
# 36 x#
#
a18 x# b
36 a36 x# b
dy
dx

36 x#
12
S '0
21x
12
x#
1236 x#
" a36 x# x# b
36 x#
1#
36 x# 1
a18 x# b#
36 a36 x# b
a36 x# b 18 x# # dx; using numerical integration we get S 41.8

6
1x
6
57. A calculator or computer numerical integrator yields sin" 0.6 0.643501109.

58. A calculator or computer numerical integrator yields 1 3.1415929.
8.8 IMPROPER INTEGRALS
1.
'0_ x dx 1
2.
'1_ xdx
3.
'01 dxx
b!
4.
'04 dx
lim c
5.
'c11
6.
'c18 xdx
7.
'01 dx
lim
b_
lim
1001
b_
4x
lim b
'1b xdx
1001
lim ctan" xd 0 lim atan" b tan" 0b

b
b_
b_
b_
lim
b 0b
b_
0
1
#
"
c2x12 d b lim b 2 2b 2 0 2
b0
'0b a4 xb"# dx
'0
1
#
1000
lim c1000x0001 d "b lim b1000
0 001 1000
'b1 x"# dx
b4
'c1
'0b x dx 1
lim
b 4c
24 b 24 0 4 4
"
b
lim c 3x"$ c1 lim b 3x"$ c
b!
c!
lim c 3b"$ 3(1)"$ lim b 3(1)"$ 3c"$ (0 3) (3 0) 6
b!
c!
dx
x#$
dx
x#$
'0
'c8 xdx
"$
dx
x#$
"
b
lim c #3 x#$ c) lim 3# x#$ c
b!
c!
lim c 3# b#$ 3# (8)#$ lim b 3# (1)#$ 3# c#$ 0 3# (4) 3# 0 9#
b!
c!
"$
1 x#
dx
x"$
lim c csin" xd 0 lim c asin" b sin" 0b

b1
b1
b
1
#
0
1
#
dx
549
550
8.
'01 r dr
9.
2
2 dx
'c_
' 2 dx ' 2 dx
x 1 _ x 1 _ x 1
0999
cln kx 1kd b 2
lim
10.
lim b c1000r0001 d 1b lim b a1000 1000b0001 b 1000 0 1000

b!
b!
b _
3
ln
b 1 ln 3 ln lim
1 ln b 1
lim
b _
b"
2
2 dx
'c_
x 4
tan" #x 2
b
lim
b _
11.
'2_ v2 dvv
b_
12.
'2_ t 2dt1
b_
13.
_
'c_
lim
b _
lim
b _
1 #
ln xx
1 b
ln 3 ln 1 ln 3
b _ b 1
lim
b _
cln kx 1kd b 2
tan" 1 tan" b2
1
4
1#
31
4
b
lim 2 ln v v " # lim 2 ln b b " 2 ln 2 # " 2 ln (1) 2 ln "# 0 2 ln 2 ln 4
b_
" b
"
ln bb
2 " ln (1) ln "3 0 ln 3 ln 3
lim ln tt
1 # lim
1 ln # 1
b_
dx
'_ ax2x
'0
# 1 b#
0
2x dx
ax # 1 b #
2x dx
a x # 1 b#
'_1 duu '1_ duu
u x# 1
du 2x dx
1
u" c
lim u" b c lim
1
_
b_
"c (1) (1 0) (0 1) 0

lim 1 "b c lim
_
b_
14.
_
'c_
x dx
ax# 4b$#
'_
0
x dx
ax# 4b$#
'0
x dx
ax# 4b$#
u x# 4
du 2x dx
lim "u c lim

"u lim #"
_
b_
b_
%
b
u ) # 2)
2)
du 2() ") d)
3 0 3
15.
'01 ) "
16.
'02 s "
4 s#
"
#
'02 2s ds
'0
du
2 u
lim c
c2
'0c ds
ds
lim b 'b
b!
4 s#
ds
4 s#
4 s#
'0_ (1 dxx)x ;
c
#
'4
du
2u$#
c lim
"c #" #" 0 0 #" 0
_
'b3 2duu
lim
b !b
u 3 lim 3 b
b
b !b
0
c
u 4 s#
du
"# '4
lim c '0 ds #
u
4s
c2
du 2s ds
sin" 0 (2 0) 1# 0
'0_ u2 du1
u x

du 2dx
x
lim
b !b
$#
4
c
lim b u b lim c sin" #s !
c2
b!
lim b 2 b lim c sin"

c2
b!
17.
'03 2duu
d);
)#
"
b
'_4 2udu
lim
b_
'0b u2 du1
#
41
#
lim c2 tan" ud 0
b
b_
lim a2 tan" b 2 tan" 0b 2 1# 2(0) 1

b_
18.
'1_
dx
x x# 1
'1
dx
x x# 1
'2
dx
x x# 1
lim 'b
b1
dx
x x# 1
c lim
_
'2c
dx
x x# 1
lim b csec" kxkd b c lim

csec" kxkd 2 lim b asec" 2 sec" bb c lim
asec" c sec" 2b
_
_
b1
b1
13 0 1# 13 1#
2
19.
'0_ a1 v b adv1 tan

#
lim cln k1 tan" vkd 0 lim cln k1 tan" bkd ln k1 tan" 0k

b
"
vb
b_
b_
ln 1 1# ln (1 0) ln 1 1#
20.
x
'0_ 161tan
dx
x
"
# b
lim 8 atan" xb lim 8 atan" bb 8 atan" 0b 8 1# 8(0) 21#
b_
b_

21.
0
'c_
)e) d)
1
lim
b _
)e) e) 0 a0 e! e! b
b
e"b
lim
b _
^
(l'Hopital's
rule for
_
_
lim
b _
cbeb eb d 1
lim
b _
551
beb"
form)
1 0 1
22.
'0_ 2e) sin ) d)

lim 2
b_
b_
0
'c_
e x
24.
_
'c_
2xex
k k
25.
( sin ) cos ))
(FORMULA 107 with a 1, b 1)
2(sin 0 cos 0)
2e!
dx '_ ex dx
0
lim
b _
0
cex d b!
_
2(0 1)
2
lim
a1 eb b (1 0) 1
b _
dx '_ 2xex dx '0 2xex dx

0
lim
b _
cex d b c lim
cex d 0
_
0
c1 aecb bd c lim

cecc (1)d (1 0) (0 1) 0
_
#
lim
b _
'01 x ln x dx
lim b x# ln x
b!
"b
"4 lim b
b!
26.
b_
2(sin b cos b)
2eb
lim
23.
)
1e 1
'0b 2e) sin ) d)
lim
'01 ( ln x) dx
b$
x#
4 b
"# ln 1 4" lim b b# ln b

b!
b#
4
4" lim b
b!
ln b
b2#
4" lim b b4 4" 0 4"

b!
lim cx x ln xd b" c1 1 ln 1d lim b cb b ln bd 1 0 lim b

b !b
b!
b!
ln b
"b
1 lim b b 1 0 1
b!
27.
'02 ds
b
lim c sin" #s 0 lim c sin" b# sin" 0
28.
'01 4r dr
lim c c2 sin" ar# bd 0 lim c c2 sin" ab# bd 2 sin" 0 2
29.
'12
30.
'24 dt
31.
'41 dxkxk
4 s#
1 r%
b2
ds
s s# 1
t# 4
b2
1
#
0
1
#
b1
b1
lim b csec" sd b sec" 2 lim b sec" b

b1
b1
1
3
%
lim b "# sec" #t b lim b "# sec" 4#
b2
b2
sec" b#
lim c
b!
'b1 dxx
lim b 'c
c!
dx
x
"
#
0
1
#
01
"
#
13
1
3
"
#
1
6
b
4
lim c 2x c1 lim b 2x c
b!
c!
lim c 2b 2(1) 24 lim b 2c 0 2 2 2 0 6

b!
c!
32.
'02 kxdx 1k '01 dx
1x
'1
dx
x 1
lim c 21x lim 2x 1

b1
! c1
c
lim 21b 21 0 22 1 lim 2c 1 0 2 2 0 4

b1
c1
33.
'c_1 )
d)
5) 6
2 b
2
" 2
ln bb
"
lim ln ))
ln
3 1 lim
3
1 3 0 ln # ln 2
b_
0
b_
1 lim b
b!
b"

"
b#
552
34.
'0_ (x 1)dxax
lim #" ln kx 1k
1b
b_
"
lim "# ln bb

# 1
b_
35.
'012 tan ) d)
"
#
"
4
"
#
ln ax# 1b
tan" b "# ln
"
1
"
#
1
tan" x 0 lim #" ln xx

# 1
b
b_
tan" 0
"
#
ln 1
"
#
1
#
"
#
"
#
ln 1
"
#
tan" x
b
0
1
4
lim1 c ln kcos )kd b0 lim1 c ln kcos bkd ln 1 lim1 c ln kcos bkd _,
the integral diverges

36.
'012 cot ) d)
cln ksin )kd 1b # ln 1 lim cln ksin bkd lim cln ksin bkd _,
lim
b 0
b0
b0
the integral diverges

37.
'01 sin ) d) ; c1 ) xd
1)
converges, then '0
38.
'c1122
cos ) d)
(1 2))"$
sin x
x
21
'0
sin x dx
x
sin x dx
x .
Since 0
'201 cos 2x 1 c
#
"$
converges, then '0
dx
2x"$
'0ln 2 x# ec1x dx; "x y
21
x
#
dx
sin x# dx
#x"$
'0
21
sin x# dx
#x"$
'01 ecx
41.
'01 t dtsin t .
"
x
for all 0 x 1 and '0
dx
x
. Since 0
sin x#
2x"$
"
2x"$
for all
converges by the Direct Comparison Test.
'_1ln 2 y ey dy '1_ln 2 ey dy

# y
0 ec1ln 2 e1ln 2 , so the integral converges.

40.
sin x
x
dx converges by the Direct Comparison Test.
x 11 2x)
) ##
d) dx
#
0 x 21 and '0
39.
'1
lim cey d b1ln 2 lim ceb d ce1ln 2 d
b_
b_
dx; y x 2'0 ecy dy 2 2e , so the integral converges.

1
Since for 0 t 1, 0
"
t sin t
"
t
and '0
dt
t
converges, then the original integral
converges as well by the Direct Comparison Test.

42.
'01 t dtsin t ; let f(t) t "sin t and g(t) t" , then

$
6. Now,'0
f(t)
lim
t 0 g(t)
lim
t$
t 0 t sin t
lim
3t#
t 0 1 cos t
lim
6t
t 0 sin t
1
lim b #"t# b "# lim b #"b# _, which diverges '0
b!
b!
diverges by the Limit Comparison Test.
1
lim
6
t 0 cos t
43.
'02 1 dxx
'0
diverges
44.
'02
dx
1x
45.
'1
'02 1 dxx
'0
diverges
dx
1 x#
dx
1x
'02
dx
1 x#
and'0
dx
1 x#
x b
b
" ln "1
lim c #" ln 11
0 _, which
x 0 b lim
b
b1
1c #
dx
1x
and '0
dx
1x
lim c c ln (1 x)d b0 lim c c ln (1 b)d 0 _, which

b1
b1
diverges as well.
'c11 ln kxk dx 'c01 ln (x) dx '01 ln x dx; '01 ln x dx

1 0 1; 'c1 ln (x) dx 1
0
dt
t sin t
diverges as well.
'1
dx
1x
dt
t$
lim
b !b
cx ln x xd 1b [1 0 1] lim b [b ln b b]
b!
'c11 ln kxk dx 2 converges.

46.
'c11 ax ln kxk b dx 'c01 cx ln (x)d dx '01 (x ln x) dx

#
'1_ 1 dxx
;0
"
x$ 1
_ dx
for 1 x _ and '1
"
x$
x$
x#
4 b
b!
c#
4
"# ln 1 4" lim b b# ln b b4 "# ln 1 4" - lim b c# ln c

b!
c!
converges (see Exercise 25 for the limit calculations).
47.
lim b x# ln x
converges
'1_ 1 dxx
lim b x# ln x
c!
4" 0
"
4
x#
4 c
0 0 the integral
converges by the Direct
Comparison Test.
48.
'4_ xdx 1 ; x lim

_
x1 1
which diverges
49.
'2_ dv
'4
'0_ 1 d)e ; 0 1"e

)
_ d)
'0
51.
e)
dv
v 1
"
e)
'0
x' 1
dx
x' 1
52.
'2_ dx
x#
1
; x lim
_
"
x# 1
"
x
which diverges '2
53.
'1_ xx 1 dx; x lim

_
x
x#
'0
'0
dx
x' 1
x lim
_
e)
dx
x' 1
"
1 "v
54.
'2_ x dx
x%
1
which diverges
55.
_ dx
'1
'2
_ 2 cos x
x
x lim
_
x dx
x% 1
dv
v
b
lim 2v # _,
b_
b
lim 2x" # 1
x$
b_
_"
1; '2
"
x#
dx lim cln bd b2 _,
b_
x
x 1
x lim
_
"
1
x%
x% 1
x lim
_
_ x
"
x
x#
"
1
1; '1
x#
dx '1
dx
x$#
dx converges by the Limit Comparison Test.
_ x dx
"
x%
1; '2
x%
_ dx
'2
lim cln xd b2 _,
b_

lim cln xd 1b _, which diverges
b_
dx diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.
'1_ 2xdx converges

#
_ dx
and '1
x$
_ x 1
'1_ 1 xsin x dx; 0 " xsin x x2

#
1 and '2
x% 1
x
x%
b_
b_
"
1
x lim
_
'1_ 2 xcos x dx; 0 "x 2 xcos x for x 1 and '1_ dxx

'1
56.
"
1 0
b_
b_
; x lim
_
b
lim 2x 4 _,
dx
x
lim ce) d b0 lim aeb 1b 1
b
2
lim 2x"# 1 lim
2 2 '1
b
b_
1 and '4
x
x# 1
x 1 x lim
_
x#
"
1 0
dx
x' 1
dx
x# 1
d)
1 e )
"
#
"
1 "x
'1
v lim
_
_ d)
lim #"b# "#

b_
v
v 1
for 0 ) _ and '0
converges '0
'0_ dx
x lim
_
v lim
_
which diverges '2

50.
dx
x 1
v1
"
; lim
v1 v _
x
x 1
x lim
_
"
for x 1 and '1
2
x#
b
dx lim x2 1 lim b2 12
b_
b_
'1_ 1 xsin x dx converges by the Direct Comparison Test.

#
553
2
1
554
57.
'4_ t 2 dt 1 ;
$#
'4
_ 2 dt
1 and '4
t$#
lim
t _ t$# 1
2 dt
t$# 1
b_
'2_ lndxx ; 0 "x ln"x for x 2 and '2_ dxx diverges
59.
'1_ ex
60.
'e_ ln (ln x) dx; cx eyd
"
x
dx; 0
ex
x
_ dx
for x 1 and '1
'1_ edx x ; x lim

_
lim c2ecx2 d " lim

b
b_
b_
ex
ex x
x lim
_
dx
ln x
diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.
'1_ e xdx diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.

x
'e_ (ln y) ey dy; 0 ln y (ln y) ey for y e and 'e_ ln y dy
"
ex x
"
ex
'2
diverges
_, which diverges 'e ln ey dy diverges
61.
$#
b_
converges by the Limit Comparison Test.
58.
'4_ 2t dt converges
b
4
lim 4t"# 4 lim
2 2
b
t$#
'e_ ln (ln x) dx diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.

e
x lim
_
a2eb2 2e12 b
lim cy ln y yd be
b_
2
e
"
1
x
ex
1; '1
"
1 0
'1_ ex2 dx converges
'1 ex2 dx
dx
ex
'1
dx
ex x
converges
by the Limit Comparison Test.

62.
'1_ e dx 2
x
ex " 2x
e"x
; x lim
_
x lim
_
lim aecb e" b
"
e
b_
63.
_
dx
'_
_ dx
'1
64.
x#
x% 1
2 '0
dx
x% 1
'1
; '0
x lim
_
ex
e x 2 x
dx
ex
dx
x% 1
"
x
1 2e
converges
'0
dx
x% 1
b
lim x" 1 lim b" 1 1
b_
_
dx
'c_
e ec
b_
2'0
dx
ex ecx
"
ex ecx
;0
"
ex
'1
"
1 0
dx
e x 2 x
'1
x% 1
dx
ex
ex
lim cex d b1
b_
converges by the Limit Comparison Test.
dx
x% 1
'_ dx
for x 0; '0
_ dx
1 and '1
'0
dx
x% 1
'1
dx
x#
and

_
converges 2 '0
dx
ex ecx
converges by the
Direct Comparison Test.

65. (a)
(b)
'12 x(lndxx)
; ct ln xd '0
ln 2
ln 2
lim b p" 1 t1cp lim b

b
b!
b!
the integral converges for p 1 and diverges for p 1
p
'2_ x(lndxx)
dt
tp
; ct ln xd 'ln 2
dt
tp
b1cp
p1
"
1p
(ln 2)1cp
and this integral is essentially the same as in Exercise 65(a): it converges
for p 1 and diverges for p 1

66.
'0_ x2xdx1
#
lim cln ax# 1bd 0 lim cln ab# 1bd 0 lim ln ab# 1b _ the integral
b
b_
'c_ x2xdx1
b
diverges. But lim
b_
lim (ln 1) 0
b_
b_
"
lim cln ax# 1bd b lim cln ab# 1b ln ab# 1bd lim ln bb#
1
b
b_
b_
67. A '0 ex dx lim cex d b0 lim aeb b ae0 b

b_
b_
011
_ 2x
'_
x 1 dx
b_
b_

68. x
y
"
A
"
2A
'0_ xex dx
_
'0
lim cxex ex d b0 lim abeb eb b a0 e0 e0 b 0 1 1;
b_
aex b# dx
"
#
'0
b_
e2x dx lim
"
b_ #
#" e2x b lim

0
"
b_ #
#" e2b #" #" e2 0 0
"
4
"
4
69. V '0 21xex dx 21 '0 xex dx 21 lim cxex ex d b0 21 lim abeb eb b 1 21
b_
b_
b
70. V '0 1 aex b# dx 1 '0 e2x dx 1 lim "# e2x 0 1 lim "# e2b "#
b_
71. A '0 (sec x tan x) dx lim1 cln ksec x tan xk ln ksec xkd b0 lim1 ln 1
12
1
#
b_
tan b
sec b
ln k1 0k
lim1 c ln k1 sin bk ln 2
b
2
72. (a) V '0
12
1 sec# x dx '0 1 tan# x dx 1 '0 asec# x tan# xb dx '0

12
1 '0 dx
12
12
12
1 csec# x asec# x 1bd dx
1#
#
(b) Souter '0 21 sec x1 sec# x tan# x dx '0 21 sec x(sec x tan x) dx 1 lim1 ctan# xd 0
12
12
1 lim1 c ctan bd 0 1 lim1 c atan bb _ Souter diverges; Sinner '0 21 tan x1 sec% x dx
b
b
#
12
'0 21 tan x sec x dx 1 lim1 ctan# xd 0 1 lim1 ctan# bd 0 1 lim1 atan# bb _

12
Sinner diverges
73. (a)
'3_ e3x dx
b
lim "3 e3x 3 lim 3" e3b 3" e3 3 0
b_
b_
"
3
e9
"
3
e9
0.0000411 0.000042. Since ecx ec3x for x 3, then '3 ecx dx 0.000042 and therefore
#
(b)
'0_ ecx
'03 ecx
dx can be replaced by '0 ecx dx without introducing an error greater than 0.000042.
3
dx
= 0.88621
#
b
74. (a) V '1 1 "x dx 1 lim x" 1 1 lim b" 1" 1(0 1) 1
b_
b_
(b) When you take the limit to _, you are no longer modeling the real world which is finite. The comparison
step in the modeling process discussed in Section 4.2 relating the mathematical world to the real world
fails to hold.
75. (a)
555
556
(b) > int((sin(t))/t, t=0..infinity); answer is 1#
76. (a)
(b) > f:= 2*exp(t^2)/sqrt(Pi);

> int(f, t=0..infinity); (answer is 1)
77. (a) faxb
1
x2 /2
21 e
f is increasing on (_, 0]. f is decreasing on [0, _). f has a local maximum at a0, fa0bb !
(b) Maple commands:
>f: exp(x^2/2)(sqrt(2*pi);
>int(f, x 1..1);
>int(f, x 2..2);
>int(f, x 3..3);
1
21
0.683
0.954
0.997
(c) Part (b) suggests that as n increases, the integral approaches 1. We can take 'cn f(x) dx as close to 1 as we want by
n
n
choosing n 1 large enough. Also, we can make 'n f(x) dx and '_ f(x) dx as small as we want by choosing n large
enough. This is because 0 faxb ex/2 for x 1. (Likewise, 0 faxb ex/2 for x 1.)
Thus, 'n f(x) dx 'n ex/2 dx.
'n_ ex/2 dx lim 'nc ex/2 dx lim c 2ex/2 dcn lim c 2ec/2 2en/2 d 2en/2
c_
c_
c_
As n _, 2en/2 0, for large enough n, 'n f(x) dx is as small as we want. Likewise for large enough n,
n
'_
f(x) dx is as small as we want.
78.
'3_ x " # x" dx '3_ x dx # '3_ dxx , since the left hand integral converges but both of the right hand
integrals diverge.

_
79. (a) The statement is true since 'c_ f(x) dx '_ f(x) dx 'a f(x) dx, 'b f(x) dx 'a f(x) dx 'a f(x) dx
b
and 'a f(x) dx exists since f(x) is integrable on every interval [a b].
b
(b)
80. (a)
(b)
81.
a
a
b
b
_
_
'_
f(x) dx 'a f(x) dx '_ f(x) dx 'a f(x) dx 'a f(x) dx 'a f(x) dx
b
a
b
_
_
'_ f(x) dx 'b f(x) dx 'a f(x) dx '_ f(x) dx 'b f(x) dx
0
0
_
_
_
'_
f(x) dx '_ f(x) dx '0 f(x) dx '_ f(u) du '0 f(x) dx
_
_
_
'0 f(u) du '0 f(x) dx 2 '0 f(x) dx, where u x
0
0
_
_
_
'_
f(x) dx '_ f(x) dx '0 f(x) dx '_ f(u) du '0 f(x) dx
_
_
_
_
'0 f(u) du '0 f(x) dx '0 f(x) dx '0 f(x) dx 0, where u x
_
dx
'_
x#
1
x# 1
x
x lim
_
82.
'_ xdx
'1
#1
_
"
'_
dx
x# 1
1
x lim
_
"
x#
1 x'
dx converges, since '_
; '1
dx
x# 1
diverges because x lim

_
_ dx
1 and '1
"
1 x'
diverges; therefore, '_

_
dx 2 '0
"
1 x'
"x
"
x# 1
dx
x# 1
diverges
dx which was shown to converge in
Exercise 51
83.
_
dx
"
'c_
' _ e dx e
e ec _ e 1 ; e 1 e ec
_
_
'c_ ee dx1 2 '0 e dxec converges
x
2x
2x
"
ex
and '0
c lim
cex d c0 c lim
aec 1b 1
_
_
dx
ex
2x
84.
_ c
e dx
e
'_
' 1 ec dx ' _ ec dx ' 1 ec dx ' _ e du
x 1 _ x 1 1 x 1 ; _ x 1 1 1 u , where u x, and since 1 u
_ ec dx
'1_ duu diverges, the integral '1_ 1eduu diverges '_
x 1 diverges
x
86.
_
'c_
e x
k k
dx 2 '0 ex dx 2 lim
b_
_
dx
'c_
' #
(x 1) _
b
lim c 'c# (x dx1)
b 1
87.
dx
(x 1)#
1
'#
lim
b 1 c
dx
(x 1)#
'0b ex dx 2
2
dx
(x 1)#
x " 1 b _, which diverges

#
b_
89.
'1 (x dx1)# '2
_
dx
'_
(x 1)
lim
b_
diverges
'0b x dx 1 dx
_ ksin xk kcos xk
'c_
dx diverges
kx k 1
_
x
'_
ax 1b ax 2b dx 0 by Exercise 80(b) because the integrand is odd and the integral
'0_ ax 1xbdxax 2b '0_ dxx converges
#
(u 1) and
lim cex d b0 2, so the integral converges.
b_
_ ksin xk kcos xk
_
_
x
'c_
dx 2 '0 ksin xxk k1cos xk dx 2'0 sin xx cos
dx 2
kx k 1
1
"
u
2 lim cln kx 1kd b0 _, which diverges

88.
85.

Maple:
f := (x,p) -> x^p*ln(x);
domain := 0..exp(1);
fn_list := [seq( f(x,p), p=-2..2 )];
557
558

plot( fn_list, x=domain, y=-50..10, color=[red,blue,green,cyan,pink], linestyle=[1,3,4,7,9], thickness=[3,4,1,2,0],
legend=["p= -2","p = -1","p = 0","p = 1","p = 2"], title="#89 (Section 8.8)" );
q1 := Int( f(x,p), x=domain );
q2 := value( q1 );
q3 := simplify( q2 ) assuming p>-1;
q4 := simplify( q2 ) assuming p<-1;
q5 := value( eval( q1, p=-1 ) );
i1 := q1 = piecewise( p<-1, q4, p=-1, q5, p>-1, q3 );
90.

Maple:
f := (x,p) -> x^p*ln(x);
domain := exp(1)..infinity;
fn_list := [seq( f(x,p), p=-2..2 )];
plot( fn_list, x=exp(1)..10, y=0..100, color=[red,blue,green,cyan,pink], linestyle=[1,3,4,7,9], thickness=[3,4,1,2,0],
legend=["p = -2","p = -1","p = 0","p = 1","p = 2"], title="#90 (Section 8.8)" );
q7 := value( q6 );
q8 := simplify( q7 ) assuming p>-1;
q9 := simplify( q7 ) assuming p<-1;
q10 := value( eval( q6, p=-1 ) );
i2 := q6 = piecewise( p<-1, q9, p=-1, q10, p>-1, q8 );
91.

Maple:
f := (x,p) -> x^p*ln(x);
domain := 0..infinity;
fn_list := [seq( f(x,p), p=-2..2 )];
plot( fn_list, x=0..10, y=-50..50, color=[red,blue,green,cyan,pink], linestyle=[1,3,4,7,9], thickness=[3,4,1,2,0],
q11 := Int( f(x,p), x=domain ):
q11 = lhs(i1+i2);
`` = rhs(i1+i2);
`` = piecewise( p<-1, q4+q9, p=-1, q5+q10, p>-1, q3+q8 );
`` = piecewise( p<-1, -infinity, p=-1, undefined, p>-1, infinity );
92.

Maple:
f := (x,p) -> x^p*ln(abs(x));
domain := -infinity..infinity;
fn_list := [seq( f(x,p), p=-2..2 )];
plot( fn_list, x=-4..4, y=-20..10, color=[red,blue,green,cyan,pink], linestyle=[1,3,4,7,9],
q12p := Int( f(x,p), x=0..infinity );
q12n := Int( f(x,p), x=-infinity..0 );
q12 = q12p + q12n;
`` = simplify( q12p+q12n );

Chapter 8 Integration Techniques

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Chapter 8 Integration Techniques

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CHAPTER 8 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

8.1 BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS

' cot$ y csc# y dy;

' duu 2u C 21 3 sin x C

3u du 3 23 u$# C 2(sin v)$# C

3sin v cos v dv;

' duu 2u C 28x# 1 C

' x dxx '

' cot (3 7x) dx; u 3 7x

' csc (1x 1) dx; u 1x 1

' 2 udu 2 ln kuk C 2 ln x 1 C

' 2 udu 2 ln kuk C 2 ln x 1 C

' cot u du 7" ln ksin uk C 7" ln ksin (3 7x)k C

' csc u du1 "1 ln kcsc u cot uk C

1" ln kcsc (1x 1) cot (1x 1)k C

' e) csc e) 1 d); u e

' cot (3 x ln x) dx; u 3 dxln x

' csc u du ln kcsc u cot uk C ln csc e) 1 cot e) 1 C

' cot u du ln ksin uk C ln ksin (3 ln x)k C

Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

' sec 3t dt;

' 3 sec u du 3 ln ksec u tan uk C 3 ln sec 3t tan 3t C

' x sec ax# 5b dx; u x

' "# sec u du "# ln ksec u tan uk C

ln ksec ax# 5b tan ax# 5bk C

' csc (s 1) ds; u s 1

' csc u du ln kcsc u cot uk C ln csc ") cot ") C

'112 sin (y) ecos y dy;

' etan v sec# v dv;

' 3x1 dx; u x 1

' 102) d);

' 3u du ln"3 3u C 3ln 3

' 2u du ln2 # C 2ln # C

' 2eu du 2eu C 2et C

' csc u du ln kcsc u cot uk C ln kcsc (s 1) cot (s 1)k C

' 2u du ln2 # C 2ln#

' "# 10u du # 10ln 10 C "# ln1010 C

2 tan" u C 2 tan" (2x 1) C

Section 8.1 Basic Integration Formulas

5 sec" k5xk C 6 sec" k5xk C

sec" kuk C sec" ey C

sec u du cln ksec u tan ukd !

tan 13 ln ksec 0 tan 0k ln 2 3 ln (1) ln 2 3

' x ln4xx dxln x ' x a1lnx4dxln xb ;

'24 x 26xdx 10 2 '24 (x  dx3) 1 ;

sec" kuk C sec" kx 1k C,

Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

' x x 1 dx ' 1 x "1 dx x ln kx 1k C

' x x 1 dx ' 1 x " 1 dx x tan" x C

'c31 4x2x 37 dx 'c31 (2x 3) 2x 2 3 dx cx# 3x ln k2x 3kd $" (9 9 ln 9) (1 3 ln 1) ln 9 4

' 4t t t4 16t dt ' (4t 1) t 4 4 dt 2t# t 2 tan" #t C

' 2) 2)7) 5 7) d) ' a)# ) 1b 2) 5 5 d) )3

dx cx# ln kx# 1kd 2 (9 ln 8) (2 ln 1) 7 ln 8

dx '0 asec# x sec x tan xb dx ctan x sec xd !

dx ctan" (2x) ln k1 4x# kd !

58. 1 cos x 1 cos 2 #x 2 cos#

' sec ) " tan ) d) '

' 1 dxcos x ' 2 cosdx #" ' sec# #x dx tan x# C

' duu ln kuk C ln k1 sin )k C

Section 8.1 Basic Integration Formulas

' csc ) " cot ) d) ' 1 sincos) ) d);

'021 1  #cos x dx '021 sin x# dx;

' x dxx '

' csc u du1 "1 ln kcsc u cot uk C

2 tan" u C 2 tan" (2x 1) C

5 sec" k5xk C 6 sec" k5xk C

sec" kuk C sec" ey C

'24 x 26xdx 10 2 '24 (x dx3) 1 ;

sec" kuk C sec" kx 1k C,

' x x 1 dx ' 1 x " 1 dx x tan" x C

'c31 4x2x 37 dx 'c31 (2x 3) 2x 2 3 dx cx# 3x ln k2x 3kd $" (9 9 ln 9) (1 3 ln 1) ln 9 4

' 4t t t4 16t dt ' (4t 1) t 4 4 dt 2t# t 2 tan" #t C

' 2) 2)7) 5 7) d) ' a)# ) 1b 2) 5 5 d) )3

dx ctan" (2x) ln k1 4x# kd !

'021 1 #cos x dx '021 sin x# dx;

' udu ln kuk C ln k1 cos )k C

'14 sec y dy cln ksec y tan ykd 1%

'014 tan y dy cln kcos ykd !1% ln "

' 121duu 12 tan" u C 12 tan" y C

sec" kuk C sec" k2xk C

87. A 'c14 (2 cos x sec x) dx c2 sin x ln ksec x tan xkd 1%

21 'c14 (1 cos 2x) dx 1 ctan xd 1% 21 x

sin 2x 1% 1[1 (1)]

M 'c14 sec x dx cln ksec x tan xkd 1%

' cax# 1b (x 1)d#$ dx '

' udu ln kuk C ln kcsc x cot xk C

(x 1)#$ (x 1)%$ (x 1)# (x 1)#$ (x 1)#$

' (1 2u)#$ du #3 (1 2u)"$ C 3# 1 x2 1 "$ C #3 xx 11 "$ C

' cax# 1b (x 1)d#$ dx ' (x 1)# xx 11 #$ dx; u xx 11 k

' cax# 1b (x 1)d#$ dx ' (x 1)# xx 11 #$ dx;

(d) u tan" x tan u x tan# u x dx 2 tan u cos"# u du

' (x 1)#$ (x 1)%$ dx '

' a1 2 cos# ub#$ d a1 2 cos# ub

' tan"$ #u d tan u# 3# tan#$

' tan" y dy y tan" y '

' sin" y dy y sin" y '