CERM CIVIL ENGINEERING RESEARCH MAGAZINE CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Faculty of Engineering Al- Azhar University Nasr City,Cairo, Egypt VOLUME (17) - No. (2) 1995Fapers in this issmeare approved publication hy: CD PROF.OR. G.SHERIEF ALAZHAR UNTY . I (2) PROF.DR. A SALEM EIN-SHAMS UNIV. (3) PROF.OR, K. HASSAN — EIN-SHAMS UNI. (4) PROF.DR. H. ABBAS ALAZHAR UNIV . (5) PROF.DR. MM. E. HAMMAD EIN-SHAMS UNIV . | (6) PROF.DR. AL ELGOUHARY ALAZHAR UN . | @) PROF.OR. HM. E. HAMED ALAZHAR UNI . (8) PROF.OR. HM. SOLIMAN ALAZHAR UNI, (9). PROF.DR. 1, H. EL-HASTIAB GAIRG UNIV. (10) PROF.DR. E. A. HASANEAN CAIRO UNIV . QD PROF.DR. M.A. MOTAWIE ALAZHAR UNI . 2). PROF.DR. MM. KAMAL ELMONOFIAH UNIV .CERM Vol 17 - No2 February 1995 CONTENT FOR, PAPERS IN ENGLIEH (B Derivation of ultimate moment capacities of stiffened cold formed steel sections. K. HASSAN, A. DESSOUKI, S. IBRAHIM | 212. 226 (@) Analysis of Axisymmetrical steel Tanks resting on elastic foundation . A. K, M, DESSOUKI (8) Design considerations for pipe irrigation networks - G. S. EBIAD, A. N. EL-BAHRAWY, S. M, KAMEL, I, I. EL-BADRY . (4 Scour prevention using Aflor jets mechanism . -- - N. A. ATTA 227. 244 1. 245-255 (5) Momeni, in two way reinforced concrete slabs with opening . M. H. EL-ZANATY ... (6) Conservotion of wooden Antiquates by rome polymers A. M. Motawie, E. M. Sadek, F. Z, Yehia, A. A. Shinclia 1. A. AIACLA.., (7) Sudangrass Encroachment and its effect on channel eapacity . M. F, BAKRY W. 0. REE... (8) Effect of Groins Protetion on Shoreline Morphology . MAHMOUD S. MOHAMED (9) Calculation of the ulimate lood For double chord. NOUR ELDIN M. ABDALLA (10) Calculation of the moments in portially fixed Steel Column . NOUR ELDIN M. ABDALLA (11) Study of the Flow on Riprap beds . M.S. MOHAMED .. »« 376 - 389 (2) Torsion Analysis of Nonuniform Shearwall cores by the Transfer Matrix Method .. M, BakrY,H.El Khoraible, M. Nablel - Salam - (18) Effeet of Groins Protection on Shoreline Morphology . Mahmoud S. Mohamex (14) Design of Charts for Small Earthen Channels. Magdi I, Amin .. (15) Seepage From Trapezoidal and Triangular Channels . Magdi I, Amin ..Torsion Analysis of Nonuniform Shearwall Cores by the Transfer Matrix Method Eng. M. Bakry”, Dr. H. EL-Khoraibie” * , Dr. M.Nabeel Abdel-Salam® ” * bstract A discrete method is presented for the analysis of nonuniform core structures of a general ar- bitrary cross-section subjected to torque, using the transfer matrix formulation, Published lit- erature considers only uniform/ nonuniform cores of simple and symmetric configurations. general computer program based on the transfer matrix method is developed to analyze non Uuniform core structures of arbitrary cross-sectional shapes with open or closed cells. A gea+ eral formula for the restoring bimoment contributed by tintel beams is derived and utilized in the analysis. Examples are given and comparison with the available published work is pre- sented in which excellent correlation was found, 2. Introduction In high rise buildings, shearwalls and core-walls are the main elements which resist horizotal loadings. But since these loads usually cause torsion in the supporting elements, which are classified as thin-wall beams, the study of the torsional behavior of core structures must be considered. Viasov's theory is the basis of the torsional analysis of such structures when sub- jected to a vertically distributed torque (1,2). Two different approaches to represent the core structure are discussed in literature; a) continuous medium approach, and b) discrete methods which include the stiffness matrix and the wansfer matrix formulations, Although the continuous medium approach offers closed form solutions , it can only deal with core-walls of simple and unifocm configurations (3). The stiffness matrix method, which needs a relatively large computer memory, can deal with any nonuniform core saurcture sub- jected to a distributed torque (4.5.6). This approach has been extended by Bak} et al (7) to analyze core structures of an arbitrary cross-sectional shape. The transfer matrix method can also deal with nonuniform core structures, with thé advantage of simplifying the computation process because only 4 x 4 matrices are involved. Heidebcecht and Smith (8) analyzed uni- form/ nonuniform cores using an approximate method based on the transfer matrix coficept. {Research Assistant, “* Associate Professor, Structural Bag. Dept. AL-AZHAR University. "Assistant Professor, Housing, Building and Planning Research Center. 390 (CERM. VOL . (17) NO (2) Februany 1995 . PP. 390-408 | {But the solution to the governing differential equation was given with specific loading terms. which have to be resolved for different types of torsional loadings. Liauw and Leung (9) pre- sented a discrete method in conjunction with the transfer matrix formulation, in which the particular solution to the governing differential equation for each torsional loading does not need to be obtained. In both techniques, only single cell symmetrical core-walls were consid- ‘ered. A computer program which calculates the sectorial properties for any thin-walled beam cross-section with open or closed cells has been developed by Bakry and Fujitani (10). This program has been incorporated with a developed transfer matrix formulation computer pro- gram, which follows the same procedure of Liauw and Leung (9), to extend the analysis to ‘nonuniform core structures of more complex geometrical configurations. A general formula for the bimoment induced by the lintel beams has been derived and utilized in the analysis. 3. Transfer Matrix Method ‘Multi-storey core structures can be visualized as an assembly of vertical elements joined at their ends, providing a chain topology which makes the transfer matrix techaique favorable. A ypical core sturcture is shown in figure |. The method consists of treating each storey as a segment and expressing the angular rotation, rate of twist, bimoment and torsional moment as twansfer functions. The transfer functions of the lowest storey are determined by relating the boundary conditions of the structure at the base to those at the top by transfer matrix formu- lation, by which any transfer functions of the upper storeys can be related to those of the low- ‘st storey. The applied torsional loading is transfered to the floor levels in the form of nodal external actions which can be determined by statics (9, 11). Effects of the connecting beams are also introduced to the transfer matrix formulation at the floor levels. 3.1 Assumptions ‘The following assumptions are made: 1) the core walls are considered thin-walled elements. 2) the floor slabs prevent cross-sectional distortion of the structure. 3) core walls thicknesses are uniform within a storey height. 3.2 Member Transfer Matrix : Based on Viasov’s thin-walled beam theory (1,2), the differential equation governing the tor- sional behavior of thin-walled core elements subjected to a vertically distributed torque is given by : 391EIge™ - Ge" = yi2 a where E = modulus of elasticity G = shear modulus Tg = sectorial moment of inertia J = torsional moment of inertia {4 (2) = vertically distributed applied torque © (2) = rotation about the z-axis ‘When loads acting on the core element are localized at the two ends only. equation (1) becomes: Elye™ - Gre" 20 2 ‘The general solution of equation (2) involves four itegration constants C,, C2, Cs, Cyand is given by: = 2 sinhoz coshoz! fC ®) where Oo) The torsional stat of a section can be fully desctibed by the roration 8, the twist per uni length 8'y, the bimoment Bz and the corsional moment Tz, where =-Ely 8 o> & nt Gse’ - Ely 6" © The resulting state vector, Z, becomes: e 12 sinhaz — coshaz C é ot ceoshaz asinhoz] |-. c, z, BGI] ~ | o © «sinhaz -coshaz C3 a wal eo to ° CySimilar equations can be written at the cwo ends of the ith member (refer to figure 2), and omitting the integration constants vector, C, we have: E sinha T-cosh ab nt sithah fo coskah sinha — 1~cosharh a = -Esinh ch cosh ah cL sinh cet pos | TGI ° ° l Tcl isl ay of in matrix notations Ze = RK Long ® where Fj is the i th member transfer matrix. 3.3 Nodal Transfer Matrix Let the bimoment B;, and the torque Tj, due to the application of the external actions, which can be determined by statics, act at node i at the i th floor level. The compatibility and the equilibrium equations at node i yield ( refer to figure 3): Gy = 8, Og =O, a = Fig (10) Bi = Bi, +Bi, Tig = Tig*Tiy where the suffices ig and i, denote the bottom end and the top end of node i respectively. Re- arranging equations (10) to introduce the state vectors Zig and Zi.,, and writing in matrix form gives: Zig = Rj Zig + Aig ay vwhigre ° 7 ~ Ai, = | Bi! (GD a2)& Relo Lt o ° (13) oo Lats (GD; oo 0 GPs (GD, where Aj, is the extemally applied actions vector and R; is @ wansformation matrix. 3.4 Effect of Connecting Beams ‘The effect of the lintel beams can be analyzed by two different approaches. Firstly, the core element is considered a closed-box model by smearing the lincel beam along the core element height with an equivalent thickness t, given as (12): (ia) where L_ = span of lintel beam Ay = cross-sectional area of lintel beam I= moment of inertia of lintel beam In the second approach the discrete contribution of the lintel beams is added to the nodal transfer matrix as will be discussed in the following sections. In both approaches the sectorial properties of the core member are calculated accordingly. 3.4.1, Seetorial Properties The sectorial coordinates « (s) of an open section core element, according to the adopted sign conventions (1,2), are shown in figure 4. The developed computer program can calculate the secrorial properties, ly and J fora general arbitrary thin-walled core section. The distibu- tion of warping displacements and warping stresses at any level z can be obtained as follows: longitudinal warping displacement w (z, s) =-(s) aoa as) normal warping stress o@sy= B@ oe (16) o 3943.4.2 Shear force and Bending Moment in Lintel Beams General formulas for shear force and bending moment in lintel beams of arbitrary shape core ‘Structures were derived by Bakry et al (7). These formulas are introduced in the present anal- ysis to calculate the bimoment induced by the lintel beams at the floor levels. Referring to the ‘open section core element shown in figure 5: REL, ‘ Q = =—~ (a, - a a7-y Uiaey | (17-2) 6E}, ~ 0 . Qe E i 7-3) ' Laey) & % . . Q=A+Q- Qa (7-4) (3 ~ @) 6" as- 1) (Q+y)E ® Mpe SUES ( : ) é (18-2) L(U+y) & 4+ y El, ~o) oe ( =| e (18-3) = La+y) & (18-4) -. (18 -5)= Ma+Mi-Mi; (18-6) = Mat+Ma-Myy as-7) _ WEL, a) Gav where A. = equivalent shear area 3.4.3 Bimoment Induced by Lintel Beams ‘The total restoring bimoment contributed by the shear forces and bending moments at the two ‘ends of a lintel beam at the i th floor can be expressed as (5): B TQM ) (20) According to the sign convention adopted for the sectorial coordinates «x(s) as shown in fig- ure 4, the typical combinations of the directions of the shear force and bending moment and the corresponding displacements « end day ds which cause positive bimoment are shown in figure 6. Considering the shear forces and bending moments which are given by equations (17) and (18), and refering to figures 5 and 6, the sign of the bimoment induced by each of these actions can be obtained. Hence, the total restoring bimoment induced by the lintel beam at the ith floor is given by: Bi, = Qt, o2) MASE y+ mi PM )=K"e, @y 1 2 Rewriting equation (21) to introduce the lintel beam induced bimoment vector Lj gives: © % 0 0 o of fé ° ° o 0 o of je - By /(GDy = |K"V(GD; |, =| 0 K(GR o of BIG ~ @2) ° ° oo o oo} |TiGS i ia or eth % 23) where 1); is a transformation matrix. : 396 an signe gem3.5 Transfer Matrix Formulation ‘The nodal transfer matrix can now be obtained by superimposing the effects of the external actions and the contribution of the connecting beams. From equations (11) and (23): Zig =RiZigtdigthi = (RFMD Zig tA, =A Zigt ay, 4) where A; is the nodal transfer matrix at the i th node. It should be noted that in case of closed section cores (i.e. with no lintel beams), or partially closed core sections when the approach of smearing lintel beams along the core element height is considered, the transformation matrix 7}; will be a null matrix and the nodal transfer ‘matrix ), will be equal to the transformation matrix Rj. From equations (9) and (24) the fundamental recursion formula can be obtained: Zig = TR, Boong - WA *Mi Zina > Vi (25) By this recursion formula the state vectors at the top and at the base, ic. Z,, and Zp,, can be related: ; Za, =U Mj) Zy.-E (GE Md Vk) -¥, 26-1 ag OH Mid Zoy e Md Ve) “Ya 26-1) of Zag = MP2, -V (26-2) To solve equation (26), the boundary conditions for the core structure should be specified. ‘These boundary conditions usually consist of @, of and Go’ at the base, Bypp and Typp atthe top. Substituting in equation (26 - 2) yields 8 : 8. |2 - Sane ae en Bago (GD, BAG), Tape! (Dg HGH, : a ° ‘And by simple partitioning of the matrix and the vectors, both state vectors atthe base and at ‘the top can be determined, State vectors at other levels, above or below the nodes, can then be obtained using equations (24) and (25), and consequently warping stresses in core walls as, ‘well as shear forces and bending moments in lintel beams can be determined using equations (16), (17) and (18). 3973.6 Uniform Core Structures {E the wall thicknesses are uniform through the core height and the Connecting beams are identical, then from equation (26 - 1): M,=M 8) and equation (26 - 1) becomes: Zag = MP 25, - Zz mrt y, 29) {i particular case when the structure is subjected to a concentrated torque applied at the top, the vector Vi, becomes a null vector and equation (29) reduces to: Zag = M29, 0) Te should be noted that for a core stricture having a rigid foundation, bot 6, and 6" at the base will be equal to zero. 4, Examples Two examples are given to demonstrate the analysis of shearwll cores subjected to tor sion, using the developed program, Inthe first example a 15.story building with constant so- "7 height of 3.8 meters is analyzed. Figure 7 shows an elevation and a cross-sectional plan And the loading system for a nonuniform channel section shearwall coe. The upper ten sto- Fes have a wall thickness of 0.3 meters and lintel beams of depth 0.45 meters constraining the section, whereas the bottom five stories have a wall thickness oF 0.6 meters and the con. ‘esponding lintel beams have twice the inertia. An extra stiff lintel beara connects across the ‘0p ofthe srucare, Figure 8 compares the resulting rotations as obtained by Smith and Tara nat () and Heidebrects and Smith (8), with those obsied by the developed program, while Figure 9 shows the variation ofbimoment, in both Figures the results compare very closely, A core strucaire of more complex geometrical configurations is considered in the second example. Figure 10 gives details ofthe floor plan of a 20-siory shearwall sicucture with uni- form story height of 3.5 meters, subjected to @ concentrated torque of 3000 ton. meters at top (13), Lintel beams of depth 1.5 meters connect the core elements across the openings. The Structure Was analyzed using the developed program, and the lintel beams were smeared uni- formly through the core height Core rotations, shear force in the exterior lintel beams, sind the warping stresses atthe first Noor level are shown in figures 11, 12 and 13 respectively, ‘The results show excellent cortelaion with those obtained by Bakcy ex al (7) using the stiff. ness matrix method.$.Conctusions A general computer program, using the transfer matrix formulation, was developed to ana- lyze uniform/ nonuniform shearwall cores of an arbitrary cross-sectional shape, with or with- out lintel beams. The theoretical approach was discussed, and a general formula for the bi- moment induced by lintel beams was derived and utilized in the program. Excelleat correlation was found between results obtained using the developed program and those of the available published work. 6. References 1) Viasov, V.Z., "Thin Walled Elestic Beams”, translated from the Russian by the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. 2) Zbirchowski - koscia, k., "Thin-walled Beams - From Theory To Practice”, Crosby Lock- ‘wood, London, 1967. 3} Rutenberg, A. et al., “Torsional Analysis Methods for Perforated Cores", Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol 112, No 6, June 1986. 4) Heidebrech, A.C, and Swift, R.D., "Analysis of Asymmetrical Coupled Shear Walls", Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol 97, STS, May 1971. 5) Stafford Smith, B., and Taranath, B.S., “Analysis of Tall Core Supported Structures Sub- jected to Torsion”, Proceedings ICE, Vol 53, pt 2, September 1972. 6) Vasquez, 5., and Riddell, R., "Thin Walled Core Element for Multistorey Buildings", Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol 110, No 5, May 1984. 7) Bakry, M., El-Khorabie, H., and Abdel-Salem, M.N., “Torsion Analysis of Nonuniform Shearwall Cores by the Stiffness Matrix Method", Civil Engineering Research Magazine, Al-Azhar University, Vol (17), No (1), January 1995. 8) Heidebrecht, A.C, and Stafford Smith, B., "Approximate Analysis of Open-Section Shearwalls Subjected to Torsional Loading”, Journai of the Structural Division, ASCE, ‘Vol 99, ST12, 1973. 9) Liauw, T.C., and Leung, K., “Torsion Analysis of Core Well Structures by Transfer Ma- trix Method", The Structural Engineer, Vol 53, No 4, April 1975. 10) Bakxy, M.A., and Fujitani, Y., "Finite Element Analysis for the Geometrical Section Properties of Thin-walled Beams", Bulletin of the Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1991. c 11) Khan, A.H., "Lecture Notes on Torsion of Thin-Walled Beams", McGill University, 1977.12) Khan, AHL, and Stafford Smith, B., "Restraining Action of Bracing in Thin-Walled Open Section Beams", Proceedings ICE, Vol 59, pt 2, 1975. 13) Waldron, P., “Sectorial Properties of Steaight Thin-Walled Beams", Computers and ‘Structures, Vol 24, Nol. 1986.ENO ig 0 (1): (c) () CONNECTING Beau Noe (i+1) =.= Bea ‘NODE (i) 7 ap ae _ | Figure 1 A Typical Core Structure 4 Prespective View b) Plan ¢) Elements of c Typical Core 401Te ef | 80 ig LP | Teh p J ; | | MEMBER (i) : al | : | Y 0 (+1), | a x 220 wv, (et), ; | | Figure 2 Forces Acting on the | th Member | : | END ig Figure 3 Forces acting cat i th Node (Shear Center Figure 6 Combinations of the Oirections of Actions -and Displacements Which Couse Positive Simoment. Figure § Shear Force and Bending Moment in Lintel Becmsof lich 38 m Wat Thickness 205m (0) Watt Thickness a 206 m yf | TTT “| thee) ©) aan yet | Figure 7 Example 1: (a) Elevation (b) Cross Sectional Plan and Loading System.as a ae top ele me Idle Casa a | ; 3 22 03 (etd) Rotation (2) Figure (8) Variction of Rotation with Height, Example 1 —From Reference (5) | "and Present” | Developed Program 1.0 0.7: —From Reference (8) [ ~2 2 4 6 8 10(x105) Bimoment (tm?) Figure (9) Variation of Bimoment, Example 1 405Lintel_ Beams fe am—b— ame sm} Figure 10 Shearwall Core Plan, Example 2 ( Waldron Model ) Floor Number o 2 4 6 8 0 12 Rotation @ (z) xi0° Figure 11 Variation of Rotation with Height, Example 2 4061 30 $ 7 5 Wt 33 48 17 1920 FLGOR NUMBER Figure 12 Shear Force in the Exterior Lintel Beams, Example 2 UA7 a 17 = TH * Figure 13 Warping Stresses in Shearwall Core at the First Floor Level, t/m? , Example 2 407Torsion Analysis ANY dest of Nonuniform Shearwall Cores TA po Cel atl gas by the Transfer Matrix Method deel pisertiy by Sp tisae deed Sumas gS OLN thks tee Siegen oe Segall SSG yal lll GLAS 2URY) Jalal Buses Bgl eel Ga yey Moen oF das yall Ui gices pldols iy yell Jee JS oS Lb Luu sta SIS Uf ool alt aja ABT Gale U2 ns Ge ts Gul SELL bt all Shee Chapa aa lV cull le ple galls slaed gS gals Le te sLigy CyB LOU BU oa lh JS GIS GUL pat FobtH Sates yas GeV ol oS Ge GMT AU pall Gaal, Utes bussed os US Gk 6 Geet wore athe ply tems Ul at pe MIS SLT uct Galant Wee Ws SUA eps oll at Fy yt LY a Lag Gs ~ aol ate cel peal halal abiglly GIy, 408 sorgte sales * a2 Sow gia ottCERM dell Hod! 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