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    Samuel Yip
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    End User Computing

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    88 visualizzazioni3 pagine

    End User Computing

    Caricato da

    Samuel Yip
    End User Computing

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    di 3
    PART. THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS Suton ewes ——— sing td out ek ica whch ew AIS wl prom, Een scoring ass [resto ach iar cis bead sn ignomne rex einen ian > tered band eno wal ir proynis nest he erent andthe weighed ore ale fe compre InTahe 2-3, vendor offers th et sym sme yt ed 190 tse thn vt 2 ‘veh foiremen esting esas ie cost of purchasing or developing naval o- suc Tol AIS cov whith cow of eqn the ystem an th Com of Svein he “vuln, rove an gable for comparing seta cea oie pon sag nreurenen coving tly bette a choice anon vendor ropa int cer Ponting weg a soe ae sired Subjecvely. nd dlr staf os ned benefits rented. Regent sing Creo arg aos sch eli td ener appar ‘Once te tet AIS idee. he softer hvu tev, er srs are conc t dre th stitactn th th hie vede ecm erated rors dts ae conte overt ha the est AS on pape sth ben pace The {eco Geopysical ystems ened ots enor slot gig te importance of tereugh vendor eranion ‘TABLE 21-2 Point-scoring Erauaton of Vendor Proposals rewire speed Menon exrasin var corer Ssh psy tie cates one Fest fac Eva mortind: pdoted egy ‘Neves pane dor ssppon a Se com” scone “Some” some "SCone ga 2 8 8 ie & & o 3 S 3 2 3 = ] ra a0 venoory west score #0 30 0 20 a = a “ ° no icc (CHAPTER 21, AIS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES 659 Development by In-House Information Systems Departments Organizations develop custom software when doing so provides a significant competitive ‘advantage, Theres litle benefit a cusiom.- writen payroll or account eclvable plows, heres thre may be sanificant benefit sopistcted, usin time inenony munarorert product manufacturing software ‘The urls tht must be overcame wo develop quality software are the signfcnt amount of {ime required the complet f the ye, por rire inslices Paning, naetone ‘sommunication and copertin, kof qualified st, npr op-management sappon, stom software is created in-house or by an ouside compat hited 1 wit te sofware ‘assemble it from its inventory of program modules, When wsing an oulide developes ‘company maintains contol ove the development process fellows > Carefilyselest a developer that as experience i the company’s industry ae an ‘-deph understanding of how the company conducts is busines. ‘> Signa contact that igoousy defines the reaonehip between the companys the eveloper, places responsibilty for mestng system requirements onthe develope, and allows the projet be discontinued if hey contions steno met «Plante projet in detail and equenly mont each spin the development. ‘© Commaricate frequently and eectively. ‘© Conrot ll oss and minimize cash outs unl the projet is accepted. ‘There sno singe sgh answer to the bild-or-by decision, Dien companies come to lifrent conclusions After developing is owa software, Glee decided to purse canned software when possible to gsi a reuter competitive advantage om devising how sotwene sod be used rater han determining wher software shouldbe used and then eet eI amed software doesnt mee allo Gilles eee, is mofed wing highoveladeaoe ‘ment ole Pepsi moved in the opposite diestion, I bought most of is nsinfame software bt, f- {er moving toa lend server architecture, could no find soware sophisticated enough to ‘meets neds Although Pepi stil buys software wh it can ind iit has eeated at ot softvare (Chapcr 20 dscusses in more depth the process ued to develop castom software. END-USER-DEVELOPED SOFTWARE After the automobile was introduced, a famous sociologist predicted that the avomobile mar ‘et would not exced! 2 milion cars because only that many people woul be willing to sere 48 chauffeurs. It as once predicted thatthe elepone system mould eollape Beeae he _ssometic growth in calls would requite everyone o be telephone operators. Instead. equip "ent was developed that automated perio functions. After the nrodveson of computers. an expert lied that the demand fo information 38> {ems would prow so stonomicly that lest everyone would have o become a poyramnace ‘Does hs sound fata? The solution i top ead users meet thelr own nfrmation Bees, As with lepones, technology is being developed to stomate mach of the pros fr uses "mos peop have eared to civ aomaies, so wl inexpensive PCS, wie arity of ow, puter Tency, easier ase programing tes, ‘the Inemetallow most organizations and people mes ther infrmation feeds End-user computing (EUC) isthe hundvon developmen, us, an contol of compute ‘based information systems by users. EUC is people using IT t meet thee information needs ther than relying on systems profesional For exatpl, a svings and loa i California ‘wanted a system to rack loan reserve requirments, When the information symm 9) de, Darment sid the sytem would take 18 month to develop, the lan department ased a Pe ae database program fo develop a functional program in ene day. Enhancing the program tok several more days. Te loan deputient not nly et the development ime from 18 sont to few days, bat also got the exact information it aeded Because users developed the system themseles, oe = eee capi )- The eben etre "Scare Seopa ‘mon ayame by PART THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS “The following ae examples of appropriate end-ser development Retieving information from company databases to produce simple repos orto answer onetime queries Performing “wha” sensitivity, o statistical analyses Developing applications using software such aba sreadshee ra database yster Preparing schedles, such s depreciation schedules and Ioan amartizations End-user development is inappropriat for complex systems sacha those that poses large number of wansactons or update database records. Therefore, is not used fr processing ‘srl, accounts recivabls an payables, general ledger ce ventory TAS end users meet her information needs they realize they can use computers 1 meet ‘more and more information aed. Increased acces (oda aso creates ny new uses and jnformation needs. Theres a temendous ongoing growth in ELC. "The growth in BUC ha lteed the information sytem sas ole. They continue to de- ‘lop ang mainisinwansaction procesing systems and compunywie databases. In sion, they provide users with ecclaivice and operational suppert and make as much inform tion available oeod uses as possible, Although tis as erated more work fr the 18 stat is counterbalanced by adocesed demand for uaa services. If the wead ia EUC cotin- uc, it wll preset 75% 19 95% of al information processing by the end ofthe next decade. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF END-USER COMPUTING FFUC offers the following advantazes: + User eration, contol, and implementation. Users, aha tha the 1 department, con- tel the development process. Users deve whether» system shouldbe developed nd ‘what information i imporiant. This ownership helps users develop ber sen Systems that meet user needs. Stems hat se developed by end users are moe likely to meet user need. User dicover laws tht IS people do not atch Many ofthe wer: als programmer communication problems in wadtonal program development are roid Tineiness. Much of the lengthy delay inherent in waditonl systems developments voided such as ime-consuming cost-benefit analyses, dealed requirements defini- tions and the delays and ed tape of the spproval proces Frecing up of systems resources. Te more information needs users meet, the mor ie the 8 department can spend on other development and maintenance activites. This re duces bo the visible ane invisible backlog of systems development projects. Verailty and eae of ure. Most EUC software i any to understand and we, User can change the information they produce oc moi ter aplication any me thei requie- ‘ments change. With apap computer employees can complete work st home, ot | plane—almos anywhere However, thee are significant drawbacks to BUC and to eliminating he involvement of alysts or programmers inthe development proces «Logic and development errors. Wi il experienc in ystems deelpment, nd wer are more itely make errs anes ily to recogize when eorsRave oxced ‘They say see wrong problem, pry die system reguenents, py an nap opi naka method, se he wrong software ws incomplete ood infor ‘ons fay lpi, or ince se formulas sfware commands. Ani and company developed comple pest ht sowed ht proposed eon ‘rs proftbl, When hel CPA firm ext he del nd eed wh boat of ‘evo mecting wa sched propor th gunton, Shorty before th meting, & resented the mode otha he ould understand ow worked ad arse ugh {esos He dicovere formals tht stort the potion, soe all nthe ce Sforandthe CPA fi, The cone fonnla showed s significant lo on the seis Son. Te boars presetton was ancl and he spreads crestor and CPA Him ‘reset. (CHAPTER 21. AIS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ‘© Inadequately tested applications. User sr ess key to tthe applications rig ‘ously eter because they donot ecognize the need i do 9 or bec ofthe dtclly ‘ortime involved. One Big Fou CPA firm found tat 90% ofthe spreadsheet most ‘exe had at eas one ealeuation enor Inficient stems. Mest ed users are not programmers or re they trained in syterns evelopment. As result their systems ae no always efficent. One bank clect spent thre weeks developing «program tat examined each call na spreadsheet and changed it value to 20 twas negative amount. When the 60-Pase program began ee ing "too many nested is" err message, he lek called in a eonsultant Within Sve ‘mits the consultant developed afaished application using a ulin spreadsheet Tuneton. © Poorycontroted and documented systems. Many en wsers do nt implement conto {0 protect their systems. User-created systems a often poorly documented because the ser considers the task boring or unimportant. Uses fal o yee that without doce ttn, oes cannot understand how ter system works. © System incompatbiltes. Cormpaies that wd end-user eaipment without considet- ing the technological implications have adversity of hardware ad software that i fica to suppor or network. Acta Life & Castlty spent over 8 billion a year ‘on IT to gains competitive advantage. The result was 50,000 PCs fom a few doen ‘manufactures, 2000 server, 19 incompatible e-mail systems, and 36 different com ‘munications networks, Aetna Finally ealized it needed to shi emphasis from ‘owning the latest technology to the effective use of technology, Aetna sadarized itssystems and now uses only a few efferent PCs, Mirosft software, two ‘aa ystems, and one netork. The result i compatiblity aros al systems tnd significantly Tess cont. {© Duplication of systems and data; wasted resources, End wers se ypicilly unaware thst ‘ther asers have similar information ood, resulting ia duplicate systems Inexperenced ‘ers may take on more development than they ae able to wcomplish Both of hese [ohms end p wasting tne and resources Increased cot. Single PC purchase i inexpensive; baying hundreds or thosands is oy So is updating the hardware and software eery few years EUC hs high oppor- ‘unity cos iit vert ses atenton fom thei primary jobs. also increases tine and ata demands on corporat information syste, tis possible to achive the proper balance beswoen the beni and sk end-ase ys- ‘ems by ning users, sing systems analysis as advises, and requiring weer eesed systems {be reviewed and documented price ous, (MANAGING AND CONTROLLING END-USER COMPUTING Organizations must manage and conto! EUC. Giving the IS depatnent control discourages EUC and etimintes its beets. However, ihe organization maintains no cons ove end ser, sch a8 what EUC tools ae purchased or how they are used is ikely to ead 0 sig hifeae problems. Is best to provid enough guidance and standard to coat the system yetalow users the bly they esd ‘help desk supports and contos end-user activites, The 60 helpdesk analysts and ‘echniians a Schering-Plough handle 9,000 calla month, Foie enalyss ue exper se ‘em software to find serpted answers to user questions. Sevond-tie teas handle que ries that ae more complicated. Other companies se multimedia software with animaon or ‘videos to help tates walk cller though a complicated proces. Help desk duties include resolving problems, disseminating information, eluting new hardware and software products and waning end users how to use them, sisting with ap- plication development and providing technical maintenance and sipprt. Help desks also

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