Chapter 16

The Shadow of War,

1933-1941

Sec.1: Dictators Threaten Peace

A. Effects of WWI
1. rise in nationalism
2. bitterness from Treaty of Versailles
3. collapse of new democracies

B. Joseph Stalin (USSR-communist)

1. 2nd largest industrial power
2. totalitarian state

Stalin

C. Benito Mussolini (Italy-fascist)

1. govt control of private property
2. extreme nationalism & militaristic
expansion
3. Il Duce

Mussolini

D. Adolf Hitler (Germany-nazi)

1. extreme nationalism and racism
2. militaristic expansion (lebensraum)
3. GD helped est. Third Reich
4. Mein Kampf
5. 1930s Nuremberg Laws for Jews

Der Fhrer

E. Japanese militarists
1. nationalism
2. desire for living space
3. 1931 Manchuria
LON failed to take action

F. Aggressive Moves
1. 1935 Ger. military buildup
2. 1936 Ger. invasion of Rhineland
3. 1936 It. took over Ethiopia
It is us today. It will be you tomorrow. Haile Selassie

F. Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

1. Gen. Francisco Franco overthrew Sp. Republic
2. Ger. & It. sent planes & tanks
3. Guernica Pablo Picasso

G. US Response to Aggression
1. isolation to attract allies
2. Good Neighbor to Latin
America
3. recognized USSR (1933) trade
& ally
4. Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936,
1937)
Banned arms sales & loans to nations
at war

5. eventually, trade embargoes

H. US Neutrality Breaks Down

1. 1937 Japan invaded China
2. FDRs quarantine the aggressors speech
The peace, the freedom, and the security of 90 percent of the population of
the world is being jeopardized by the remaining 10 percent who are
threatening a breakdown of all international order and law. Surely the 90
percent who want to live in peace under law and in accordance with moral
standards that have received almost universal acceptance through the
centuries, can and must find some way . . . to preserve peace. FDR, 1937

3. Propaganda:
Committee to Defend America
by Aiding the Allies: GB is
fighting our fight
America First Committee =
isolation

Sec.2: War in Europe

A. 1938
1. Anschluss (union) Ger. annexation of Austria
2. Sudetenland Hitler wanted Ger.-speaking area
of Czech.
a. Munich Conference GB & Fr. used appeasement
to stop Hitlers expansion

[W]e have passed an awful milestone in our history. . . . And do not suppose that this is
the end. . . . This is only the first sip, the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be
proffered to us year by year unless, by a supreme recovery of moral health and martial
vigor, we arise again and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time.

Winston Churchill

PM Neville Chamberlain: I believe it

is peace for our time

B. 1939
1. nonaggression pact b/n Ger. & USSR
2. *Invasion of Poland Sept.
Blitzkrieg tactics
GB & Fra. declared war
3. US Neutrality Act
cash and carry for weapons

C. 1940
1. Phony War (sitzkrieg)
Fr. & GB waited on French Maginot Line for Germany to
make advance

2. USSR invaded Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, &

Finland
3. Ger. invaded Denmark, Netherlands, Norway,
Belgium, & Luxembourg

4. Fall of France June

Gen. Charles de Gaulle set up Fr. govt in
exile in GB

5. Battle of Britain Summer

Ger. invasion squashed by RAF radar
new PM Winston Churchill

Sec.3: The Holocaust

A. Beginning of Persecution
1. Nuremberg Laws (1930s) stripped Jews of Ger.
citizenship, jobs, and property
Required to wear yellow star of David

2. Kristallnacht (1938) Jewish homes, businesses,

and synagogues attacked

3. Anti-Semitism
Kept many countries from accepting Jewish refugees
US feared loss of jobs
St. Louis prevented from docking in Miami

B. Hitlers Final Solution

1. genocide deliberate & systematic killing of an
entire population
2. Aryan master race

The Poisonous
Mushroom

3. enemies of the state relocated to ghettos

Jews, gypsies, freemasons, Jehovahs Witnesses,
homosexuals, handicapped, & the ill
Warsaw Ghetto uprising

4. Concentration Camps (labor camps)

5. Wannsee Conference (1942)
Mass exterminations
Medical experiments
Auschwitz, Dachau

Last photo before being taken to showers

6. Holocaust survivors
About 11 million killed (6 mill. Jews)
Never shall I forget that night, the first night in
the camp, which has turned my life into one long
night. . . . Never shall I forget the little faces of the
children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths
of smoke beneath a silent blue sky. Never shall I
forget those flames which consumed my faith
forever. Never shall I forget that nocturnal silence
which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to
live. Never shall I forget those moments which
murdered my God and my soul and turned my
dreams to dust. Never shall I forget these things,
even if I am condemned to live as long as God
Himself. Never.
Elie Weisel, Night

Sec.4: America Moves Toward War

A. 1939-1940
1. Cash and carry policy (1939)
Allies (GB, Fr.) vs. Axis Powers (Ger.,
Italy, Japan)
all aid short of war

2. Destroyer Deal w/GB (1940)

Old ships for bases

B. 1941
1. Lend-Lease Act help victims of aggression
US an arsenal of democracy
Given to USSR after Ger. Invasion

2. Atlantic Charter US & GB agreed to:

Freedom of the seas

Collective security
Disarmament
permanent system of general security (United Nations)

C. Japan Attacks
1. Hideki Tojo & Emperor Hirohito
2. US intercepted Jap. invasion plan
Thought it would be the Philippines

3. Pearl Harbor, Dec.7, 1941

4. Dec.8 US war declaration
5. Dec.11 Italy & Ger. declared war on US

A date which will live in infamy FDR