Mrs. Garima Chauhan

Study of Techno-Stress in Relation to Mental Health, Aggression and Quality of Life among College Students
Under Supervision of:

DR. RAJESH KUMAR
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Psychology
PG GC-Sector-46, Chandigarh
Submitted by:
MRS. GARIMA CHAUHAN

Enrolment No: 125641841
M.A. (Psychology) Final Year
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dissertation submitted to
Discipline of Psychology, School of Social Sciences,
Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi
CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
Chapter-I: Introduction 01-19

Chapter-II: Literature Review 20-38
Chapter-III: Significance & Objectives of the Study 39-42
Chapter-IV: Research Methodology
43-47
Chapter-V: Results and Discussion
48-102
Chapter-VI: Implications & Suggestions
103-111
Chapter-VII: Summary
112-118
References
119-129
Appendix:
130
Copy of Approved Project Proposal Proforma
Tests/Tools Used for Research
2
CHAPTER- I:INTRODUCTION (1)

just because technology enables us to do all these, it doesn't mean
that it's always healthy. It also creates stress which can be called as
Technostress. Adoption of new technologies create pressure on the
user but for the present study the word Technosress has been
used for the stress which is created due to new Information and
Communication Technology (ICT).
Craig Brod, who introduced the term Technostress in 1984,
defined it as a modern disease of adaptation caused by an inability
to cope with the new computer technologies in a healthy manner.
Rosen, and Weil, (2000) define Technostress as any negative
impact on attitudes, thoughts, behaviors, or body physiology that is
caused either directly or indirectly by technology.
3
Symptoms and Causes of Technostress

(2)
The most common symptom given for
Technostress as reported by Clute (1998) was
panic, and anxiety, this was followed by feeling
of isolation/frustration. Negative attitude
towards computers was listed as third. Other
includes irritability, anger, exhaustion, increased
errors,
absenteeism,
illness,
low
morale/confidence, burnout and difficulty
concentrating.
4
Technostress Creators(3)
Techno-overload
Techno-invasion
Techno-insecurity
Techno-complexity
Techno-uncertainty
Effects of Technostress (4)

Aggression: It may be defined as harmful
behavior which violates social conventions and
which may include deliberate intent to harm or
injure another person or object (Bandura,
1973). It can be divided into following
categories:
Physical Aggression
Verbal Aggression
Anger Aggression
Hostility Aggression
6

Mental Health: Mental health is a broad array of
activities directly or indirectly related to the mental
well-being component included in the WHO's
definition of health: A state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being, and not merely the
absence of disease. Mental Health can be divided
into following categories:
Positive Self Evaluation

Perception of Reality
Integration of Personality
Autonomy
Group Oriented Attitudes
Environmental Mastery
7

Quality of Life: The World Health Organization
(WHO) defines Quality of life as an individuals
perception of their position in life in the context of
the culture and value systems in which they live
and in relation to their goals, expectations,
standards and concerns. It is a broad ranging
concept affected in a complex way by the persons
physical health, psychological state, personal
beliefs, social relationships and their relationship to
salient features of their environment(Oort, 2005).
8
Dimensions of Quality of Life as per WHO (7)

1. Physical health
Energy and fatigue

Pain and discomfort
2. Psychological
Sleep and rest

Bodily image and appearance
Negative feelings
Positive feelings Self-esteem
Thinking, learning, memory and concentration
3.Level of Independence
Mobility
Activities of daily living
Dependence on medicinal substances and medical aids
Work Capacity
Personal relationships
Social support
Sexual activity
4. Social relationships
5. Environment
6.Spirituality/Religion/Personal
belief
Financial resources
Freedom, physical safety and security Health and social care:
accessibility and quality
Home environment
Opportunities for acquiring new information and skills
Participation in and opportunities for recreation/ leisure
Physical environment (pollution/noise/traffic/ climate) Transport
Religion /Spirituality/Personal beliefs
9
CHAPTER- II: LITERATURE REVIEW (1)

Technology and Adolescents: According to a New York
Times article January 2013, the average kid, ages 8-18,
spends over 7 hours a day using technology gadgets
equalling 2 hours of music, almost 5 hours of TV and
Movies, 3 hours of internet and video games, and just 38
minutes of old fashioned reading, which adds up to 75
hours a week! There is a direct correlation of amount of
hours spent with gadgets and obesity, poor grades,
impatience, violence, and a loss of family interest.
(studymode.com)

Technostress:
Mishra, Yadav and Bisht (2005) depicted that 83.1% male and 61.3% female respondents indicated that they faced the
problem of slow functioning of internet connections.
According to Hudiburg (1995), the Computer Hassles Scale yields three scores, a total severity of hassles score, and
two scores on the subscales: Computer Runtime Problems and Computer Information Problems. Based on a normative
sample of 1199 college student computer users, the following were the eight most frequently endorsed hassles from
each of the subscales:
A. Computer Runtime Problems hassles:
10 slow program speed (61.6%), 11 slow computer speed (60.8%), 1 computer system is down (54.1%),
2 lost in the computer (46.0%), 6 programming errors (45.1%), 7 illegal input message (44.2%)
9 poor user/computer interfaces (44.1%) 3 poorly documented software (43.5%)
B. Computer Information Problems hassles:
34 lack of computer expertise (68.3%), 25 need to learn new software (65.6%),
24 keyboard typing errors (63.1%), 33 lack of help with a computer problem (60.1%)
23 need to update skills (59.5%), 16 increased time demands (55.8%)
35 increased computer use expectations (53.6%), 14 incomprehensible computer instructions (48.7%)
Technostress can be explained with three dimensions:
- Anxiety Reaction
- Cognitive Discomfort
- Bipolar Discomfort
11

Technostress and Mental Health:
Larry Rosen, and Michelle Weil (2010) define Technostress as
any negative impact on attitudes, thoughts, behaviours, or body
physiology that is caused either directly or indirectly by
technology.
Young and Well Cooperative Research Centre (www.youngand
wellcrc.org.au) (2012) did survey by interviewing 1,400 young
people aged 16 to 25 years. The data described in this report
provide us with information about the significant shift in the ways
in which Australias young people engage with technologies and
the impact this has on their mental health and wellbeing.
In fact, researchers Weil and Rosen (1987) predicted that technostress will result in more illness, disease, addiction, dysfunction,
and imbalance in peoples lives.
12

Technostress and Aggression
In a 2011 article summarizing the results of a recent poll, technology
was identified as a significant source of stress for British workers. Poll
participants identified technology as causing them stress for an average
of 56 minutes each day, with four out of ten of the 3,000 adults polled
stating identifying technology as a greater source of stress than their
love lives, domestic disputes and financial troubles. Continual texts
from a loved one or seeing ones own photograph tagged on Facebook
were also identified as annoyances (StinkIink.com, 2011).
A survey cited in the June 3, 1999 issue of New Media Age found that
over a third of all people working with computers are so frustrated by
technology failure that they would like to throw their PC out the
window literally.
13

Technostress and Quality of Life
Dr. Rosen (2000) Technology not only invades individual lives, it
can change family dynamics.
Young adults who make particularly heavy use of mobile phones
and computers run a greater risk of sleep disturbances, stress and
symptoms of mental health. Public health advice should
therefore include information on the healthy use of ICT
technology, says researcher Sara Thome (2010) from the
Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Prof Cary Cooper (2013) of the University of Manchester Institute
of Science and Technology, said concern was growing over
mental health problems caused by working with computers. This
new technology is causing problems, he said. Sitting in front of
a computer takes you away from fellow human beings.
14

Doctoral student Sara Thome (2010) and her research colleagues at the University
of Gothenburg's Sahlgrenska Academy. She found the following symptoms:
Stress and Sleep Disorders: The study included questionnaires for 4,100 people
aged 20-24 and interviews with 32 young heavy ICT users, reveal that intensive
use of mobile phones and computers can be linked to stress, sleep disorders and
depressive symptoms. They looked at the effects both quantitatively and
qualitatively and followed up the volunteers a year on. The conclusion was that
intensive use of ICT can have an impact on mental health among young adults.
Linked to Depressive Symptoms: The study revealed that heavy mobile use is
linked to an increase in sleeping problems in men and an increase in depressive
symptoms in both men and women.
Late-night Computer Use Risk: The study further revealed that Regularly using a
computer late at night is associated not only with sleep disorders but also with
stress and depressive symptoms in both men and women.
15
More and more people use small digital devices

such as cell phones, personal digital assistants
(PDAs) and iPod. The use of these devices has
lead to a public concern over the possible harmful
physiological effects. Cell phones use may cause
headaches, impaired concentration and memory,
discomfort, muscle fatigue in deltoid and thinner
muscles, and sleep interruption or disturbance in
adolescents and adults cell phone text messaging
may also increase psychological discomfort.
(Balikci et al.2005)
16
CHAPTER-III
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: (1)
India
has been ranked 121st among 157 countries in terms of progress in the realm of information and
communication technology (ICT) in a newly-released report of the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU).
It
is quite obvious that high dependence and habit of technology has created stress i.e. Technostress.
Though ICT is being used by all the age groups but the higher user class of ICT is adult and out of
that class again college going adults use ICT much more than rest of the adult class. There may be
many reasons behind the fact but the most relevant are growing age, fast capturing of technology,
fashion, education, peer group, friendship habits, etc.
Therefore,
depressions, anxiety, aggression, poor mental health, poor quality of life, are the
prominent psychological correlates of Technostress. A very few studies have been conducted in India
to study the relationship of the variable selected. So, the present endeavour through the proposed
study is to intend to investigate the consequential effects of Technostress in relation to Aggression,
Mental Health and Quality of Life to evolve certain mechanism to overcome the aggression and to
strengthen the mental health and quality of life of the college male and female students.
The
study also explains interactions among various variables created due to Technostress which will
help to understand the relationship between various variables which will help to develop better
coping strategies against Technostress.
17
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY (2)

1. To study the effects of Technostress on Mental
Health among college students and Gender
difference among college students.
2. To study the effects of Technostress on
Aggression among college students and Gender
3. To study the effects of Technostress on Quality of
Life and Gender difference among college
students.
4. To study the interaction effects of the variable
selected for the proposed study.
18
CHAPTER-IV
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (1)
Hypotheses
H1: It is hypothesized that Technostress will be significantly
correlated with Mental Health and Gender difference
among college students.
H2: It is expected that there will be significant relationship
between Technostress and Aggression & Gender difference
among college students.
H3: It is assumed that Technostress will be significantly
correlated with Quality of Life & Gender difference among
college students.
H4: It is hypothesized that there will be significant
interaction among all the variables selected for the study.
19
Sample Design(2)
The sample comprising of 235(both male and female)

college students in the age range of 17-22 years have
been randomly selected from different colleges located
in Chandigarh, Panchkula and Mohali. The prior
verbal consent of all the participants has been sought and
they were assured about confidentiality of their results as
their results are to be used only for research purpose.
The following limitations have been considered for the
purpose of random sample selection:
The sample was non-clinical in the sense that subjects were
not receiving psychiatric treatment.
There was no evidence of drug addiction or alcoholism.
All the subjects were regular students of different colleges.
20
Tools(3)
Richard A. Hudiburg's Computer Hassles Scale (Hudiburg, 1995): It is a 37-item measuring
computer users' stress. The Computer Hassles Scale was scored to yield a severity of hassles
score for the total scale and two subscales, Computer Runtime Errors and Computer
Information Problems.
Buss-Perry Scale for Aggression (Buss and Perry, 1992): It is consisting of 29 items and the
participants are to answer all the questions on 7 point Likert scale i.e. from extremely
uncharacteristic of me to extremely characteristic of me. The questionnaire measures four
dimensions of aggression: Physical Aggression, Verbal Aggression, Anger and Hostility.
Mental Health Inventory (Jagdish and Srivastava, 1985): It measures six dimensions of
Mental Health i.e. Positive Self Evaluation, Perception of Reality, Integration of Personality,
Autonomy, Group Oriented Attitudes and Environmental Mastery. It consists of 54 items (31
false keyed and 23 true keyed) items. The respondent have to choose one from the 4
alternative responses i.e. always, Often, Rarely or Never, which most suitably indicates his/her
feelings. Its overall reliability is 0.73 and construct validity is 0.54.
Quality of Life, Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form, (Endicott, et.al.,
1993): It is widely applicable in general mass for the assessment of quality of life, enjoyment
and satisfaction. It possesses good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The internal
consistency reliability of the questionnaire was 0.90, while testretest reliability was 0.93. The
questionnaire has 16 items. The test is culture fare and hence can be used in different
countries and societies for measurement of quality of life of general mass.
21
Statistical Analysis (4)

Descriptive
Statistics for analyzing Mean and

Standard Deviation of the dependent variables.
Multiple
Correlations for analyzing interactions

among dependent and independent variables.
Two Way ANOVA for
Test of Between Subject
Effects.
22
Limitations of the Study(5)

The
sample has included only college students of

Chandigarh, Mohali and Panchkula (Tricity).
Sample size is limited to 235 college students of Tricity .
The results of the study can not be generalized for working
adults as there is difference in various factors attached to
college students and working adults.
Time constraint was the main limitation of the study.
Suggestions offered to cope up with Technostress could not
be followed to know their impact to reduce the Technostress
as post treatment study is not included.
There was difference in the demographic variables of the
college students but the same has not been considered for the
study.
23
CHAPTER-V
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS (1)

Univariate Analysis of Variance between
Technostress and Physical Aggression
Technostress and Verbal Aggression
Technostress and Anger (Aggression)
Technostress and Hostility (Aggression)
Technostress and Total Aggression
(Aggression=Physical Aggression + Verbal
Aggression + Anger + Hostility)
24
Table-5.1: Descriptive Statistics of

Physical Aggression
Technostress
Low
High
Total
Gender
Mean
Std. Deviation
Male
23.90
10.792
60
Female
22.20
8.493
59
Male
27.86
7.396
63
Female
28.42
8.597
53
Male
25.93
9.384
123
Female
25.14
9.056
112
Total
25.55
9.218
235
Table-5.1 shows that males are showing more Physical Aggression

(23.90) than females (22.20) in low dimension of Technostress.
While in high dimension females (28.42) lead their male
counterpart (27.86).
The variability in Physical Aggression for both male (SD 9.384)
and female (SD 9.056) are also equal which further explains that
both male and female have equal variations in Physical Aggression
score.
25
Table-5.3: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects of Technostress, Gender & Physical Aggression

Type III Sum of
Source
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
Squares
Technostrees
1512.732
1
1512.732
19.106
.000
Gender
18.967
1
18.967
.240
.625
Technostrees*
74.361
1
74.361
.939
.334
Gender
Error
18289.542
231
Total
173331.000
235
Corrected Total
19884.085
234
79.176
Computed using alpha = .05
Table-5.3 shows that there is significant (.000) effect of Technostress on Physical

Aggression at .05 level of significance.
There is insignificant (0.625) effect of Gender on Physical Aggression at .05 level
of significance
There is insignificant (0.334) interaction between Technostress and Gender at .05
level of significance as far as effect of Technostress on Physical Aggression is
concerned.
26

Verbal Aggression
Technostrees
Low
High
Total
Gender
Mean
Std. Deviation
Male
16.97
7.994
60
Female
15.85
6.925
59
Male
19.25
5.346
63
Female
16.77
6.050
53
Male
18.14
6.837
123
Female
16.29
6.513
112
Total
17.26
6.734
235
Table-5.4 shows that males are showing more verbal

aggression (16.97) than females (15.85) in low dimension of
Technostress as well as in high dimension males (19.25)
shows more verbal aggression than female (16.77).
Variability of Verbal Aggression due to Technostress is also
equal between male (6.837) and female (6.513) which may
be due to equal exposure of Gender.
27
Table-5.6: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects of Technostress, Gender &

Verbal Aggression
Type III Sum of
Squares
df
Mean Square
Sig.
Technostrees
151.062
151.062
3.412
.066
Gender
189.551
189.551
4.282
.040
Technostrees*
Gender
27.105
27.105
.612
.435
Error
10226.780
231
44.272
Total
80583.000
235
Corrected Total
10612.681
234
Source
Table-5.6 reveals that there was insignificant (0.066) effect of Technostress on Verbal Aggression
at .05 level of significance. One of the important reason behind such a result is that college students
would not like to show there aggression verbally which may be further cause of higher Physical
Aggression due to Technostress.
The study by Nicoll and Kieffer (2009) reported that youth who played violent video games for a
short time experienced an increase in aggressive behavior following the video game.
It further explains that there is significant(0.040) effect of Gender on Verbal Aggression at .05 level
of significance which proves that if there is effect of Technostress on Verbal Aggression then it is
not be equal for male and female.
There is insignificant (0.435) interaction between Technostress and Gender at .05 level of
significance as far as effect of Technostress on Verbal Aggression is concerned.
28
Table-5.7: Descriptive Statistics

of Anger (Aggression)
Technostrees
Low
High
Total
Gender
Mean
Std. Deviation
Male
22.42
9.831
60
Female
17.63
7.000
59
Male
23.90
8.110
63
Female
22.66
7.387
53
Male
23.18
8.985
123
Female
20.01
7.586
112
Total
21.67
8.479
235
Table-5.7 shows that males are showing more Anger (Aggression) (22.42) than
females (17.63) in low dimension of Technostress and in high dimension also
males (23.90) shows more Anger (Aggression) than to female (22.66). This may
be due to the fact that male perceiving more anger than female.
The variability of Anger (Aggression) due to Technostress is at higher level
(SD 8.479). But there is not much variation of Anger (Aggression) between
male (8.985) and female (7.586) due to Technostress. The reasons behind such a
results are due to the fact that use of ICT is almost equal by both male and
29
Source
Technostrees
Gender
Technostrees*
Gender

Anger (Aggression)
Type III Sum of
df
Mean Square
F
Squares
622.149
1
622.149
9.296
532.622
1
532.622
7.958
183.862
183.862
Error
15459.695
231
66.925
Total
127158.000
235
Corrected Total 16824.111
2.747
Sig.
.003
.005
.099
234
Table-5.9 reveals that there is significant (0.003) effect of Technostress on Anger

(Aggression) at .01 level of significance. When Technostress creates stress for the user of
ICT, it further develops Anger (Aggression). Anger is one of the way to release the stress
also which may be further cause for anger aggression because if you try to suppress the
anger it will have effect on mental health and hence a little or momentum anger is better
than negative effect on mental health.
It further explains that there is significant (.005) effect of Gender on Anger (Aggression) at
1% level of significance which proves that if there is effect of Technostress on Anger
(Aggression) it is not equal on male and female.
significance as far as effect of Technostress on Anger (Aggression) is concerned. Hence
interaction between Technostress and Gender will not create additional Anger (Aggression).
30

Hostility (Aggression)
Technostrees
Low
High
Total
Gender
Mean
Std. Deviation
Male
25.02
9.936
60
Female
21.00
8.602
59
Male
27.86
8.277
63
Female
27.09
8.296
53
Male
26.47
9.198
123
Female
23.88
8.958
112
Total
25.24
9.157
235
Table-5.10 shows that males are showing more Hostility (Aggression) (25.02) than
females (21.00) in low dimension of Technostress and in high dimension of Technostress
also males (27.86) shows more Hostility (Aggression) than to female (27.09) though with
minor difference.
The variability of Hostility Aggression due to Technostress is at higher level (SD 9.157).
But there is not much variation of Hostility (Aggression) due to Technostress between
male (9.198) and female (8.958). As both male and female expose almost equal type of
behaviour towards Technostress and hence there is not much difference between male
and female mean score as well as S.D.
31

Hostility (Aggression)
Type III Sum of
Source
df
Mean Square
F
Squares
Technostrees
1167.857
1
1167.857
15.035
Gender
334.178
1
334.178
4.302
Technostrees*
154.888
1
154.888
1.994
Gender
Error
17943.226
231
Total
169309.000
235
Corrected Total
19620.655
234
Sig.
.000
.039
.159
77.676
Table-5.12 reveals that there is significant (.000) effect of Technostress on

Hostility (Aggression) at .01 level of significance. It shows that if there is
Technostress it will develop Hostility (Aggression) among male and female.
It further explains that there is significant (0.039) relation between Gender and
Hostility (Aggression) at .05 level of significance which proves that the effect of
Technostress on Hostility (Aggression) is not equal on male and female.
There is insignificant (0.159) interaction between Technostress and Gender at .05
level of significance as far as effect on Hostility (Aggression) is concerned.
32
Table-5.13: Descriptive Statistics of Aggression

Technostrees
Low
High
Total
Gender
Mean
Std. Deviation
Male
88.30
32.253
60
Female
76.68
23.770
59
Male
98.87
19.795
63
Female
94.94
23.353
53
Male
93.72
27.025
123
Female
85.32
25.192
112
Total
89.71
26.448
235
Table-5.13 shows that males are showing more Aggression (88.30) than females
(76.68) in low dimension of Technostress and in high dimension also males
(98.87) shows more Aggression than female (94.94). Therefore there is
difference between male and female as far as exposure of Aggression is
concerned due to Technostress.
The variability of Aggression due to Technostress is at higher level (SD 26.448).
The reason being the difference in individuals capacity to handle Aggression
due to Technostress. The variability in Aggression due to Technostress on both
male (SD 27.025) and female (SD 25.192) is almost equal.
33

Aggression
Type III Sum
Source
df
Mean Square
F
of Squares
Technostrees
12166.404
1
12166.404
19.145
Gender
3538.113
1
3538.113
5.568
Technostrees*
865.653
1
865.653
1.362
Gender
Error
146797.296
231
Total
2055137.000
235
Corrected
163677.898
Total
Sig.
.000
.019
.244
635.486
234
Table-5.15 reveals that there is significant (.000) effect of Technostress on Aggression at .01 level of
significance. This result support to the fact that if there is stress due to ICT technology use there will
be aggression.
There is significant (0.019) effect of Gender on Aggression at .05 level of significance which proves
that there is difference in aggression effect on male and female. The reason being the difference in
attitude towards learning and cope up strategies used against aggression by male and female.
There is (0.244) interaction between Technostress and Gender at .05 level of significance as far
asinsignificant effect of Technostress on Aggression is concerned. This result also support to the fact
that there is insignificant effect of Gender on Aggression due to Technostress.
34
Ha-2: It was expected that there will be a significant

relationship between Technostress and Aggression and Gender
difference among college going students.
Table-5.15 reveals that there is significant (.000) effect of
Technostress on Aggression at .01 level of significance. Therefore
we accept the above hypothesis that there is significant
relationship between Technostress and Aggression. The reason
being that Technostress create significant level of Aggression
among college students. The study further reveals that there is
significant relationship between Aggression and Gender and hence
it can also be accepted that Technostress has different aggression
effects on male and female. The reason being that male and female
college students behave differently due to their natural behaviour
difference due to gender difference and there is also difference in
the Technostress coping strategies in male and female college
students.
35
Univariate Analysis of Variance Dependent Variable- Mental Health due to Technostress
Univariate Analysis of Variance between

Technostress and Positive Self Evaluation (Mental Health)
2. Technostress and Perception of Reality (Mental Health)
3. Technostress and Integration of Personality (Mental Health)
4. Technostress and Autonomy (Mental Health)
5. Technostress and Group Oriented Attitudes (Mental Health)
6. Technostress and Environmental Mastery (Mental Health)
7. Technostress and Total Mental Health
(Total Mental Health= Positive Self Evaluation+ Perception of Reality + Integration
of Personality + Autonomy + Group Oriented Attitudes + Environmental Mastery)
1.

Positive Self Evaluation (Mental Health)
Technostrees
Low
High
Total
Gender
Mean
Std. Deviation
Male
23.75
3.051
60
Female
25.00
3.107
59
Male
25.38
3.761
63
Female
25.49
2.819
53
Male
24.59
3.516
123
Female
25.23
2.971
112
Total
24.89
3.277
235
Table-5.16 shows that females are showing more Positive Self Evaluation
(Mental Health) (25.00) than males (23.75) in low dimension of Technostress
and in high dimension also females (25.49) shows little more Positive Self
Evaluation (Mental Health) than male (25.38).
The variability in Positive Self Evaluation (Mental Health) score due to
Technostress is at very lower level (SD 3.277). There was not much variation
in the score between male (SD 3.516) and female (SD 2.971) due to
Technostress. The reason may be the similar thought process and self confidence
between male and female.
37

Positive Self Evaluation (Mental Health)
Type III Sum
Source
df
Mean Square
F
of Squares
Technostrees
65.843
1
65.843
6.339
Gender
27.043
1
27.043
2.604
Technostrees*
19.025
1
19.025
1.832
Gender
Error
2399.352
231
Total
148140.000
235
Corrected
2512.340
Total
Sig.
.012
.108
.177
10.387
234
Table-5.18 reveals that there is significant (0.012) effect of Technostress on Positive Self
Evaluation (Mental Health) at .01 level of significance. Therefore college students using
ICT have effect on their positive self evaluation process and they feel downfall in their
positive self evaluation.
There is insignificant (0.108) effect of Gender on Positive Self Evaluation (Mental
Health) at .05 level of significance which proves that it affects to both male and female
equally. The reason for the equal effect on male and female may be due to equal use of
ICT, equal education level, equal family culture, etc.
There is insignificant (0.177) interaction between Technostress and Gender at .05 level
of significance as far as effect on Positive Self Evaluation (Mental Health) is concerned.
It support to the previous conclusion that there is insignificant effect of Gender on 38

Perception of Reality (Mental Health)
Technostrees
Low
High
Total
Gender
Mean
Std. Deviation
Male
20.27
2.299
60
Female
20.36
4.467
59
Male
20.13
2.181
63
Female
20.43
2.872
53
Male
20.20
2.231
123
Female
20.39
3.781
112
Total
20.29
3.064
235
Table-5.19 shows that females (20.36) are showing little bit more score towards
Perception of Reality (Mental Health) than males (20.27) in low dimension of
Technostress and in high dimension also females (20.43) shows little more score
towards Perception of Reality (Mental Health) than male (20.13).
The variability of Technostress effect on Perception of Reality (Mental Health) is (SD
3.064) as a whole. There is not much variation in the effect of Technostress on
Perception of Reality (Mental Health) on both male (SD 2.231) and female (SD 3.781)
due to Technostress. The lower level of variation in male and female explains that
almost every subject of male and female equally affected, the reason may be that every
individual in the study has almost same education level, family background, etc.
39

Perception of Reality (Mental Health)
Type III Sum of
Source
df
Mean Square
F
Squares
Technostrees
.056
1
.056
.006
Gender
2.297
1
2.297
.242
Technostrees*
.693
1
.693
.073
Gender
Error
2193.262
231
Total
98936.000
235
Corrected Total
2196.323
234
Sig.
.939
.623
.787
9.495
Table-5.21 reveals that there is insignificant (0.939) effect of Technostress on Perception

of Reality (Mental Health) at .05 level of significance. The reason being that Perception of
Reality (Mental Health) is affected by number of reasons and Technostress is a remote
cause for Perception of Reality.
There is insignificant (0.623) effect of Gender on Perception of Reality (Mental Health)
at .05 level of significance which proves that itself Gender has insignificant effect on
Perception of Reality (Mental Health) due to Technostress. The reason may be the open
environment available to both male and female is of equal type.
significance as far as effect on Perception of Reality (Mental Health) is concerned.
40

Integration of Personality (Mental Health)
Technostrees
Low
High
Total
Gender
Mean
Std. Deviation
Male
30.52
3.481
60
Female
29.78
3.705
59
Male
29.41
3.577
63
Female
30.00
3.557
53
Male
29.95
3.559
123
Female
29.88
3.621
112
Total
29.92
3.581
235
Table-5.22 shows that males (30.52) are showing more Integration of Personality (Mental
Health) than females (29.78) in low dimension of Technostress. While in high dimension
females (30.00) lead their male counterpart (29.41). But it can be seen that differences are
of very little nature which explains the equal effects of Technostress on Integration of
Personality.
The variability in Technostress effect on Integration of Personality (Mental Health) is at
lower level (SD 3.581). There is not much variation in effect of Technostress on
Integration of Personality (Mental Health) on both male (SD 3.559) and female (3.621). It
shows that there is not much difference among individual student both male and female as
far as effect of Technostress on Integration of Personality is concerned.
41
Source
Technostrees
Gender
Technostrees*
Gender

Integration of Personality (Mental Health)
Type III Sum of
df
Mean Square
F
Squares
11.422
1
11.422
.891
.328
1
.328
.026
25.656
25.656
Error
2962.389
231
12.824
Total
213363.000
235
3001.464
234
Corrected Total
2.001
Sig.
.346
.873
.159
Table-5.24 reveals that there is insignificant (0.346) effect of Technostress on Integration of

Personality (Mental Health) at .05 level of significance. Integration of Personality is
combination of various attributes and hence due to Technostress only it can not be affected
upto remarkable level. On the contrary if an individual has integrated personality then there
is lesser chance that Technostress will affect to such an individual upto significant level.
There is insignificant (0.873) effect of Gender on Integration of Personality
(Mental
Health) at .05 level of significance which explains that it makes no difference whether it is
male or female as far as effect of Technostress is concerned on Integration of Personality.
significance as far as effect of Technostress on Integration of Personality (Mental Health) is
concerned. It explains that there will be no additional effect on Integration of Personality if
42

Autonomy (Mental Health)
Technostrees
Low
High
Total
Gender
Mean
Std. Deviation
Male
15.38
1.860
60
Female
14.56
2.514
59
Male
14.49
2.031
63
Female
14.89
2.072
53
Male
14.93
1.992
123
Female
14.71
2.311
112
Total
14.83
2.148
235
Table-5.25 shows that males (15.38) are showing more score towards Autonomy (Mental
Health) than females (14.56) in low dimension of Technostress. While in high dimension
of score, females (14.89) lead their male counterpart (14.49). But in both the categories
there is not much difference.
The variability of Technostress effect on Autonomy (Mental Health) was at lower level
(SD 2.148). There is not much variation in the score of Autonomy (Mental Health) due
to Technostress on both male (SD 1.992) and female (SD 2.311). The reason for similar
variation between male and female is due to equal type of autonomy behaviour. Both
male and female are now very cautious about their autonomy and hence just due to
Technostress they are not going to lose the autonomy upto large extent though there is
some effect due to dependency on ICT use.
43
Source
Technostrees
Gender
Technostrees*
Gender

Autonomy (Mental Health)
Type III Sum of
df
Mean Square
F
Squares
4.650
1
4.650
1.023
2.696
1
2.696
.593
21.729
21.729
Error
1049.792
231
4.545
Total
52732.000
235
Corrected Total
1079.847
234
4.781
Sig.
.313
.442
.030
Table-5.27 reveals that there is insignificant (0.313) effect of Technostress on Autonomy

(Mental Health) at .05 level of significance. This may be due to more cautious about
autonomy in college students (both male and female). Due to user friendly Software
college students dont find it very difficult to use them.
There is insignificant (0.442) effect of Gender on effect of Technostress on Autonomy
(Mental Health) at .05 level of significance which proves that there is no difference in the
male and female as far as effect of Technostress is concerned on Autonomy (Mental
Health).
There is significant (0.030) interaction between Technostress and Gender at .05 level of
significance as far as effect of Technostress on Autonomy (Mental Health) is concerned.
Therefore it makes a difference in the effect of Technostress on Autonomy if it interacts
with Gender.
44

Group Oriented Attitudes (Mental Health)
Technostrees
Low
High
Total
Gender
Mean
Std. Deviation
Male
22.87
3.181
60
Female
22.75
3.155
59
Male
23.65
2.795
63
Female
23.11
2.722
53
Male
Female
23.27
22.92
3.003
2.950
123
112
Total
23.10
2.977
235
Table-5.28 shows that males (22.87) are showing little more score towards Group
Oriented Attitude (Mental Health) than females (22.75) in low dimension of Technostress
and in high dimension also males (23.65) lead their female counterpart (23.11) again with
little difference.
The variability of Technostress effect on Group Oriented Attitudes (Mental Health) is at
lower level (SD 2.977). There is not much variation in the score of Group Oriented
Attitudes (Mental Health) due to Technostress on both male (SD 3.003) and female (SD
2.950). The reason may be the similar attitude of both male and female towards Group
Oriented Attitude due to similar educational and open working environment.
45

Group Oriented Attitudes (Mental Health)
Type III Sum
of Squares
df
Mean Square
Sig.
Technostrees
19.400
19.400
2.193
.140
Gender
6.343
6.343
.717
.398
Technostrees*
Gender
2.540
2.540
.287
.593
Error
2043.758
231
8.847
Total
127495.000
235
2073.549
234
Source
Corrected
Total
a Computed using alpha = .05
Table-5.30 reveals that there is insignificant (0.140) effect of Technostress on Group

Oriented Attitudes (Mental Health) at .05 level of significance.
There is insignificant (0.398) effect of Gender on Technostress effect on Group Oriented
Attitudes (Mental Health) at .05 level of significance which proves that Gender dont effect
to the Technostress effect on Group Oriented Attitudes (Mental Health).
significance as far as effect of Technostress on Group Oriented Attitudes (Mental Health) is
concerned. The reason being that Gender has insignificant effect on Technostress effect on
Group Oriented Attitudes (Mental Health).
46

Environmental Mastery (Mental Health)
Technostre
es
Low
High
Total
Gender
Mean
Std. Deviation
Male
21.33
2.647
60
Female
22.44
2.799
59
Male
21.84
2.610
63
Female
22.77
2.715
53
Male
21.59
2.630
123
Female
22.60
2.752
112
Total
22.07
2.730
235
Table-5.31 shows that females (22.44) are showing little more score towards
Environmental Mastery (Mental Health) than males (21.33) in low dimension of
Technostress as well as in high dimension of Technostress females (22.77) lead their
male counterpart (21.84).
The variability of Technostress effect on Environmental Mastery (Mental Health) is at
lower level (SD 2.730) as a whole. There is not much variation in the score of
Environmental Mastery (Mental Health) due to Technostress on both male (SD 2.630)
and female (SD 2.752). It can be said that the equal exposure of Gender towards
Environmental Mastery due to Technostress is due to similar strategies used by both
male and female.
47

Environmental Mastery (Mental Health)
Type III Sum of
Source
df
Mean Square
F
Squares
Technostrees
10.343
1
10.343
1.428
Gender
60.860
1
60.860
8.400
Technostrees*
.448
1
.448
.062
Gender
Error
1673.571
231
Total
116233.000
235
1743.770
234
Corrected Total
Sig.
.233
.004
.804
7.245
Table-5.33 reveals that there is insignificant (0.233) effect of Technostress on

Environmental Mastery (Mental Health) at .05 level of significance. The reason may be
that ICT may improve Environmental Mastery.
There is significant (0.004) effect of Gender on Technostress effect on Environmental
Mastery (Mental Health) at .01 level of significance which explains that Gender affects to
the effect of Technostress on Environmental Mastery. The reason may be in the difference
of attitude of male and female towards Environmental Mastery.
significance as far as effect of Technostress on Environmental Mastery (Mental Health)
is concerned. Therefore the interaction between Technostress and Gender dont create
additional effect on Environmental Mastery (Mental Health) negatively.
48

Mental Health
Technostrees
Low
High
Total
Gender
Mean
Std. Deviation
Male
134.12
7.291
60
Female
134.88
9.480
59
Male
134.90
8.129
63
Female
136.70
6.985
53
Male
134.52
7.710
123
Female
135.74
8.405
112
Total
135.10
8.055
235
Table-5.34 shows that females (134.88) are showing more Mental Health score than
males (134.12) in low dimension of Technostress as well as in high dimension also
females (136.70) lead their male counterpart (134.90).
The variability of Technostress effect on Mental Health was at lower level (SD 8.055).
There was not much variation in the Mental Health score due to Technostress on both
male (SD 7.710) and female (SD 8.405). The reasons may be equal use of ICT, equal
educational level and equal family backgrounds of the college students under study.
49

Mental Health
Type III Sum of
Source
df
Mean Square
F
Squares
Technostrees
99.262
1
99.262
1.530
Gender
95.727
1
95.727
1.476
Technostrees*
15.480
1
15.480
.239
Gender
Error
14982.951
231
Total
4304539.000
235
15181.549
234
Corrected Total
Sig.
.217
.226
.626
64.861
Table-5.36 reveals that there is insignificant (0.217) effect of Technostress on Mental Health
at .05 level of significance. The reason being that college students being aware about effect of
Technostress on their mental health, they use precautions like sharing the technology
problems, comfortable use of ICT, equipped themselves with latest technology, etc.
There is insignificant (0.266) effect of Gender on Mental Health at .05 level of significance
which proves that Gender have no effect on the effect of Technostress on Mental Health. The
reason being that both male and female use the ICT equally and in equal manner and hence
Gender difference has no significant effect on the Technostress effect on Mental Health.
significance as far as effect of Technostress on Mental Health is concerned.
50
Validity of Hypothesis
Ha-1: It was hypothesized that Technostress will be significantly correlated with Mental
Health and Gender difference among college student
Table-5.36 reveals that there is insignificant (0.217) effect of Technostress on Mental Health on
college going students at .05 level of significance. Therefore the above hypothesis can be
rejected. The reason being that college going students being aware about effect of Technostress
on their health, they use precautions like sharing the technology problems, comfortable use of
ICT, equipped themselves with latest technology, etc.
There is also insignificant (0.226) difference between effect of Technostress on gender (college
going students) as far as effect of mental health is concerned. This was supported by the fact
found that there was insignificant interaction (0.626) between Technostress and gender of college
going students.
Dr. Hudiburg (1996) has compiled a list of 37 factors that confound computer users. The
perceived lack of control itself can cause stress, he said. Despite relative mastery of the
technology, many university and college students felt stress because they did not know how to
manage the supply of information.
Sara Thomee (2010) The conclusion was that intensive use of ICT could have an impact on
mental health among young adults.
Tarafdar et al. (2010) revealed that techno-stress negatively affects individuals cognitive
abilities, e.g. the ability to make decisions, and finally leads to unsatisfactory work results. 54%
of college students experienced computer-use-related musculoskeletal symptoms and 62% of
these students who were surveyed also experienced functional limitations (Jenkins et al. 2007).
51
Univariate Analysis of Variance Dependent Variable- Quality of Life

Quality of Life
Technostrees
Low
High
Total
Gender
Mean
Std. Deviation
Male
75.05
10.887
60
Female
76.39
13.213
59
Male
74.17
14.086
63
Female
76.53
15.397
53
Male
74.60
12.583
123
Female
76.46
14.223
112
Total
75.49
13.393
235
Table-5.37 shows that females (76.39) are showing more score towards Quality of Life
than males (75.05) in low dimension of Technostress as well as in high dimension females
(76.35) lead their male counterpart (74.17).
The overall variability of Technostress effect on Quality of Life was (SD 13.393). There
is not much variation in the effect of Technostress on Quality of Life between male (SD
12.583) and female (14.223). The reason being that both male and female are equally
equipped with the coping strategies against Technostress .
52
Source
Technostrees
Gender
Technostrees*
Gender

Quality of Life
Type III Sum of
df
Mean Square
F
Squares
7.944
1
7.944
.044
199.573
1
199.573
1.104
15.038
15.038
Error
41747.171
231
180.724
Total
1381003.000
235
41972.698
234
Corrected Total
.083
Sig.
.834
.294
.773
Table-5.39 reveals that there is insignificant (0.834) effect of Technostress on Quality of

Life at .05 level of significance. This may be due to the reason that college students have
better knowledge of technology and they know better strategies to cope up with
Technostress. Rather many college students feel that ICT has improved their quality of
life.
There is insignificant (0.294) effect of Gender on effect of Technostress on Quality of
Life at .05 level of significance, the reason being that there is no difference in male and
female both have equal access to the upgraded technology and coping strategies.
There is insignificant (0.773) interaction between Technostress and Gender at .05 level
of significance as far as effect of Technostress on Quality of Life is concerned. Hence
mere due to change in the Gender will not create additional Technostress which results in
effect on Quality of Life.
53
Ha-3: It was assumed that Technostress will be significantly correlated with Quality of Life and Gender
Table-5.39 reveals that there is insignificant (0.834) effect of Technostress on Quality of Life at .05 level of
significance. Therefore we reject the above hypothesis that there is significant relation between Technostress
and Quality of Life. The reason behind such a phenomena may be that on one hand ICT provide various types
of benefits which improve quality of life and on the other hand ICT creates Technostress which will have
negative effect on quality of life but it can be observed that as far as college students are concerned they
might be getting comparatively benefits more than negative effects on quality of life.
Though the present study revealed that there is no significant effect of Technostress on Quality of Life but in
2011 an article summarizing the results of a recent poll that technology was identified as a significant source
of stress for British workers. Poll participants identified technology as causing them stress for an average of
56 minutes each day, with four out of ten of the 3,000 adults polled stating identifying technology as a greater
source of stress than their love lives, domestic disputes and financial troubles. Continual texts from a loved
one or seeing ones own photograph tagged on Facebook were also identified as annoyances. (StinkInk.com,
2011). One of the reasons behind insignificant effect of Technostress on quality of life in the present study is
that the study was conducted on college students and there is demographic difference between workers and
college students, another reason may be the limitations of the study.
According to Rosen (1992) Technology not only invades individual lives, it can change family dynamics. The
work world invades the home life during off hours through technology. The modern family is isolated, with
each person wrapped in his or her own Techno-Cocoon. In many homes we are seeing a loss of
communication and a major shift in the power balance in the family. Technology tends to be a sole, oneperson activity, says Rosen. And if you let the kids play, the technological world is so inviting, so
multimedia, so fascinating, and so designed to have holding power; they will play for 24 hours straight. The
study showed that there was effect of Technostress on quality of life.
54
Conner (2012) states that feeling of deteriorated memory, impatience to

others, increasing inability to rest, dizziness, appetite and digestion disorders,
back pains, increased heart rhythm and troubled sleep is determined by a
quick life pace, which is typical nowadays, not necessarily by the use of
technologies. In conclusion, techno-stress is a problem arising from daily and
intense use of technology, which has a negative effect on the persons health,
work efficiency and life quality.
More and more people use small digital devices such as cell phones, personal
digital assistants (PDAs) and iPod. The use of these devices has lead to a
public concern over the possible harmful physiological effects. Although
long term effects of cell phone use has not been studied, ongoing cell phones
use may cause headaches, impaired concentration and memory, discomfort,
muscle fatigue in deltoid and thinner muscles, and sleep interruption or
disturbance in adolescents and adults (Balikci et al.2005; Chany et al. 2007;
Santini et al. 2001; Szyjkowska et al. 2005; van den Bulck 2003 ).
55
Multiple Correlations (1)

There is significant correlation between the following variables at .01 level of
significance:
Technostress and Anger (Aggression)
Physical Aggression and Verbal Aggression
Physical Aggression and Anger (Aggression)
Physical Aggression and Hostility (Aggression)
Physical Aggression and Integration of Personality (Mental Health)
Verbal Aggression and Group Oriented
Attitude (Mental Health)
Verbal Aggression and Anger (Aggression)
Verbal Aggression and Hostility (Aggression)
Aggression and Physical Aggression
Aggression and Verbal Aggression
Aggression and Anger (Aggression)
Aggression and Hostility (Aggression)
Aggression and Group Oriented Attitude (Mental Health)
56

There is significant correlation between the following variables at .01 level of
significance:
Positive Self Evaluation (Mental Health) and Environmental Mastery (Mental Health):
It explains that Positive Self Evaluation (Mental Health) due to Technostress has a
significant positive correlation with Environmental Mastery (Mental Health).
Mental Health and Positive Self Evaluation (Mental Health)
Mental Health and Perception of Reality (Mental Health)
Mental Health and Integration of Personality (Mental Health)
Mental Health and Autonomy (Mental Health)
Mental Health and Group Oriented Attitude (Mental Health)
Mental Health and Environmental Mastery-Mental Health
Mental Health and Quality of Life: It explains that mental health due to Technostress
has a significant positive correlation with Quality of Life. Therefore if a college student
suffers from mental health problems due to Technostress then he/she will have bad
quality of life.
57

There was significant correlation between the following variables at .05 level of
significance:
There was significant positive correlation between Technostress and Verbal Aggression
and Positive Self Evaluation (Mental Health).
Physical Aggression and Mental Health: There was significant positive correlation
between Physical Aggression and Mental Health.
Verbal Aggression and (-) Environmental Mastery (Mental Health): There was a
significant negative correlation between Verbal Aggression and Environmental Mastery
(Mental Health).
Hostility (Aggression) and (-) Quality of Life: There was a significant negative
correlation between Hostility (Aggression) and Quality of Life.
Anger (Aggression) and (-) Quality of Life: There was a significant negative correlation
between Hostility (Aggression) and Quality of Life.
Perception of Reality (Mental Health) and (-) Quality of Life: There was a significant
negative correlation between Perception of Reality and Quality of Life.
Positive Self Evaluation (Mental Health) and Group Oriented Attitude (Mental Health):
There was a significant positive correlation between Positive Self Evaluation (Mental
Health) and Group Oriented Attitude (Mental Health).
Aggression and (-) Quality of Life: There was a significant negative correlation between
Aggression and Quality of Life.
58
Ha-4: It was hypothesized that there will be significant interactions among all the variables
selected for the study.
Table-5.40 reveals that there is interaction among most of the dimensions of Aggression, Mental
Health and Quality of Life. Therefore the above hypothesis can be accepted.
59
CHAPTER-VI
IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY (1)
1. There is significant effect of Technostress on Physical Aggression.
2. There is significant effect of Technostress on Verbal Aggression.
3. There is significant effect of Technostress on Anger (Aggression).
4. There is significant effect of Technostress on Hostility (Aggression).
5 There is significant effect of Technostress on Aggression (total effect of all the Aggression
dimensions).
6. There is significant effect of Technostress on Positive Self Evaluation (Mental Health).
7. There is insignificant effect of Technostress on Perception of Reality (Mental Health).
8. There is insignificant effect of Technostress on Integration of Personality (Mental
Health).
9. There is insignificant effect of Technostress on Autonomy (Mental Health).
10. There is insignificant effect of Technostress on Group Oriented Attitudes (Mental
Health).
11. There is insignificant effect of Technostress on Environmental Mastery (Mental Health).
CHAPTER-VI
12. There is insignificant effect of Technostress on Mental Health (total effect
of all the Mental Health dimensions).
13. There is insignificant effect of Technostress on Quality of Life .
14. There are significant positive correlations (Table-5.40) between various
variables at .01 level of significance as under:
Technostress and Anger Aggression
Physical Aggression and Verbal (Aggression)
Physical Aggression and Anger (Aggression)
Physical Aggression and Hostility (Aggression)
Physical Aggression and Integration of Personality (Mental Health)
Verbal Aggression and Group Oriented Attitude (Mental Health)
Verbal Aggression and Anger (Aggression)
Verbal Aggression and Hostility (Aggression)
61
CHAPTER-VI
Anger (Aggression) and Hostility (Aggression)
Aggression and Physical Aggression
Aggression and Verbal Aggression
Aggression and Anger (Aggression)
Aggression and Hostility (Aggression)
Aggression and Group Oriented Attitude (Mental Health)
Positive Self Evaluation (Mental Health) and Environmental Mastery

(Mental Health)
Mental Health and Positive Self Evaluation (Mental Health)
Mental Health and Perception of Reality (Mental Health)
Mental Health and Integration of Personality (Mental Health)
Mental Health and Autonomy (Mental Health)
Mental Health and Group Oriented Attitude (Mental Health)
Mental Health and Environmental Mastery (Mental Health)
Mental Health and Quality of Life
62
CHAPTER-VI
15. The following variables have significant positive correlation (Table5.40) at .05 level of significance:
Physical Aggression and Mental Health
Positive Self Evaluation and Group Oriented Attitude (Mental Health)
16. There are significant negative correlations (Table-5.40) between the
following variables at .05 level of significance:
Verbal Aggression and (-)Environmental Mastery(Mental Health)
Hostility (Aggression) and (-) Quality of Life
Anger (Aggression) and (-) Quality of Life
Perception of Reality (Mental Health) and (-) Quality of Life
Aggression and (-) Quality of Life
63
SUGGESTIONS (1)
Study Your Habits: Dont be a passive consumer of technology and its input. Ask
yourself every day if you are focusing on the right things. Consider a media or news
fast for a day (or more).
Set Appropriate Boundaries: Set your own limits, such as having no phone calls
during dinner. Let your employer, customers, friends, and family know the times they
can expect you to return calls, emails, or texts. Avoid channel surfing since it can
cause you to lose track of time.
Exercise Your Concentration Muscles: Commit to reading an absorbing book or

meditating to sharpen your attention and relieve stress.
Limit Your Email (Texting) Time: Determine the number of times a day you will
look at email or texts. Choose early morning, mid-day, and late afternoon to check for
messages. This allows you to focus on the project at hand and not be distracted by the
pings, dings, and tones of your computer or phone.
Concentrate on One Activity at a Time: Try to do it well and be mindful of just that
activity while you are engaged in it. For example, either read or watch television.
Dont do both.
Learn to Limit Your Internet Searches to a Predetermined Length of Time: It is

impossible to know everything about any topic. By limiting the time you research a
topic, you avoid feeling fatigued or stressed simply by the amount of data to review. 64
SUGGESTIONS (2)
Buy the Right Equipment and Only What You Need: It is tempting to buy the
fanciest version of the newest technology. Avoid this by purchasing only what you
need and only when you need it. If your old equipment works, dont purchase
anything to replace it until it is absolutely necessary.
Get Unplugged: Spend at least one day each week with little to no technology.
Walk the dog, go to a movie, read a book, have dinner with friends or family, or
watch the sun set (without taking a photo of it). Practice being instead of doing.
Turn off anything that rings sings, pings, or dings.
Take a Break: Take a break between tasks, or at least get up and stretch or take a
walk every 30 to 60 minutes. Sit up straight at the desk and take a deep breath
frequently. Go outside for even a few minutes and reconnect with nature.
Choose Healthy Behaviours: Make the commitment to replace unhealthy

technology addictions with healthier habits that nurture you and your important
relationships. Choose a time to check email, for example, when it does not
interfere with time that could be spent with your children or significant other. Try
other healthy outlets, such as exercise, yoga, walking, or reading. Spend quality
time with family and friends on a regular basis. Pursue hobbies, sports, or new
leisure activities to increase your offline time.
65
SUGGESTIONS (3)
Connect
in Person: Spend more time in person with people you care

about. Dont allow virtual connections (via texting or emails) to take
the place of physical connections. Nothing can replace the real smile
on the face of your child, or the laughter of a friend when you tell a
funny joke, or the hug of a friend who hasnt seen you in a while.
Take Care of Yourself: Making time for your physical, emotional,
and spiritual health is crucial to long-term wellness. Dont let
technology invade the time you devote to caring for yourself. Choose
to eat properly, get enough sleep, find a physical activity that you
enjoy, drink enough water, take a walk on the beach or hike in the
woods, or read a good book while sipping on a delicious cup of
coffee. Avoid the temptation to bring all kinds of electronics on an
out-of-town trip. Technology will always be there when you get back
home. Consult a professional if you struggle with addictive behavior,
anxiety, depression, or other conditions that are unhealthy.
66
Scope for Further Research

The
present study was conducted on the sample of 235 college students of

Chandigarh. The further research on the Technostress and its effect on
aggression, mental health and quality of life can be extended to other techno
cities like Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Bombay, Kolkatta, etc.
The study can also be conducted on the working class those perform their
work through ICT. It will help to know that how Technostress creates
aggression, negative effects on mental health and quality of life among
working class so that coping strategies to reduce the Technostress can be
developed for different sectors.
Further study can also be conducted on the people already suffering from
Technostress and depended on medical help, which will help to know the
Technostress better and will further help to develop remedies for
Technostress.
As the present study has been conducted on the college students likewise
further study can be conducted on the college and university teachers to find
out effect of Technostress (ICT related) and will help to develop coping
strategies which will help to the teachers not only to manage their
Technostress but also not to create Technostress for their students.
67
THANKS
68

Mrs. Garima Chauhan - Technostress

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Study of Techno-Stress in Relation to Mental Health, Aggression and Quality of Life among College Students

Under Supervision of:

Chapter-I: Introduction 01-19

CHAPTER- I:INTRODUCTION (1)

Symptoms and Causes of Technostress

Effects of Technostress (4)

Effects of Technostress (5)

Positive Self Evaluation

Effects of Technostress (6)

Dimensions of Quality of Life as per WHO (7)

Energy and fatigue

Sleep and rest

CHAPTER- II: LITERATURE REVIEW (1)

CHAPTER- II: LITERATURE REVIEW (2)

CHAPTER- II: LITERATURE REVIEW (3)

CHAPTER- II: LITERATURE REVIEW (4)

CHAPTER- II: LITERATURE REVIEW (5)

CHAPTER- II: LITERATURE REVIEW (6)

CHAPTER- II: LITERATURE REVIEW (7)

More and more people use small digital devices

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY (2)

The sample comprising of 235(both male and female)

Statistical Analysis (4)

Statistics for analyzing Mean and

Correlations for analyzing interactions

Two Way ANOVA for

Test of Between Subject

Limitations of the Study(5)

sample has included only college students of

Technostress and Aggression

Table-5.1: Descriptive Statistics of

Table-5.1 shows that males are showing more Physical Aggression

Table-5.3: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects of Technostress, Gender & Physical Aggression

Computed using alpha = .05

Table-5.3 shows that there is significant (.000) effect of Technostress on Physical

Table-5.4: Descriptive Statistics of

Table-5.4 shows that males are showing more verbal

Table-5.6: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects of Technostress, Gender &

Computed using alpha = .05

Table-5.7: Descriptive Statistics

Table-5.9: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects of Technostress, Gender &

Corrected Total 16824.111

Computed using alpha = .05

Table-5.9 reveals that there is significant (0.003) effect of Technostress on Anger

Table-5.10: Descriptive Statistics of

Table-5.12: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects of Technostress, Gender &

Computed using alpha = .05

Table-5.12 reveals that there is significant (.000) effect of Technostress on

Table-5.13: Descriptive Statistics of Aggression

Table-5.15: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects of Technostress, Gender &

Ha-2: It was expected that there will be a significant

Univariate Analysis of Variance Dependent Variable- Mental Health due to Technostress

Univariate Analysis of Variance between

Table-5.16: Descriptive Statistics of

Table-5.18: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects of Technostress, Gender &

Table-5.19: Descriptive Statistics of

Table-5.21: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects of Technostress, Gender &

Computed using alpha = .05

Table-5.21 reveals that there is insignificant (0.939) effect of Technostress on Perception

Table-5.22: Descriptive Statistics of

Table-5.24: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects of Technostress, Gender &