Sei sulla pagina 1di 46

 

 

 
 


 

  

       


 
       
      
         

     
        
  

   
 
  
 

  
  

 

 
    
  

 

! "  

  
#   $
    %  
 
    
  
&  '#   (   
  )
 *+  ,*#  '
 
  % 

 
 


!
-        
+

+   
./"

.
0/10" !
-
  #  +# 

  
# $  
   (  #  

2  3!      


 


0+#  
   !

-
) # 

# $ )
     #

  4 0

#        "     5#  '
 $ 
 
 
   #
  

VDS #

  
  
   

 !

   



 

 
 

 

     

2 ! 3!
 4 $ 


  

 
 


 
$  

 6#

VG #


 
 

VDS !

-   #
 

 

 2     

  
0

 
  

2    
 
#    
 ! -


 

 # '#  


  

!

 
 
    

-
 0

 # 
  
 # #   

 

  ! 7

   

  
 

  
  
      


  3! & "   +  




n!

  3!& 5)  




 

 
+

!

   
  
     


# 
 
     
 
8 

 
 !

-
 
 # '#
   





       
 

 

    


 

8    "  5!      


)  $# #

 '

  

   ! 9 '   


0

             


2 #  



    
 

!

-
)
 
   + $   

2  3!3# 

 
 
 8 
5   
"#  

   


 
  
   '

  


  3!3& ")
 
 
+&   




n:

p!

)  


p!


   
 

   

 
+  


  

2  3!;!

  3!;& "   + 


  


n!

<
   
 

 IDS 

  VGS  VDS !


 
4#     "   #  

"#  


  
   
 "! "   0

   

VD


         

   


  
 
! 7   
 
     
 
) 


   

#   &


   

xw = t xd !

  

  
  
      


    
 $&

R = L/xw W !

5

= 1/qn ND

$
4 

 
!
      =

  &

ID =

W
VD
=
qn ND VD xw
R
L

&


xd =
$  

VG

2s
(i VG )
qND

 

 )
0 

 

#   



8 

   

 

      

# '# 

  
 
!
>&

ID
.


R0




W
2s
qn ND VD t
=
(i VG ) .
L
qND

t    =  ID


G0 !

  

   


 
 




2s
W
qn ND t 1
=
(i VG ) VD =
L
t2 qND



2s
= GO 1
(

V
)
VD
i
G
t2 qND

ID

&

GO =

1
W
qn ND t.
=
RO
L

- 2 #  


 
 


 

VD

# ? 


# 

    
  

ID

VDS  $ 
VD ! -
 


 ID VD $#      # =# $   

  

VG !
@ #  # 
   

VD

  
! - ' #

 

     


    
  
 
! "  # $# 

 

xd (y)

  $ ?

# '# 

xw (y)!

7 #  


4# 
 

    


 
 
  
   
  
 #  

 
      8  
 
  
 0


 




x

   
 

 

 
! - ' #  = 

xd

Ey

  

    





! - #
    

  
 
 $&

d = ID dR =
 '  #




(y)

xd

ID
dy
W qn ND (t xd )

 




 

  

y&

i VG + (y)#

$ 

   
  
     

xd =

2s
(i VG + (y)).
qND

" '  

= VD

    

= 0

 

 #  &


ID

dy = W qn ND




2s
(i VG ) d
t
qND

VD

$&

ID
9




2
2s 
3
3
= GO VD
(i VG + VD ) 2 (i VG ) 2
.
3 t2 qND

VD


# '   

 
  

 ! 9 
 ? 
  

VD #

 

     

 
'      !   #   '
 #    
 

  
4 

 
  #
  


  

xd = t!

- '  #
 

>   '    




d    !
  
 
#

pinch of f

' # $#


        
 


 

 



   !


  ID $ 
 #  # 2$

VD

  '



 

 
0( 
 
! 5 
0(#    
 
 
 0+   8  
  B
   0( $
    
 
 
  
 !
-  

!

VD #


  0(    

"    ' (#    


   

  #  '       



 
5

 

xd #




t=

xd = t#

VD !

 &

2s
(i VG + VDsat )
qND

 &

VDsat =

qND t2
(i VG )
2s

  &


ID = GO




qND t2
2s
2
(i VG ) 1
(i VG )
.
6s
3 qND t2

7  

 
 

VG # ID

 2  


 

  0(! @=  ' &

VG = i
@   

 

qND t2
.
2s

ID !

-   # 

 
  
#   
      C


 

ID

 
   '
 
 
 

  
  
      


VGS


  ?


   
     #

Vp #

  

0( 
 
! 7 
 '   

 
  
 
 
ID 

   

VGS = 0# IDSS #

  &

2
VGS
ID = IDSS 1
.
Vp
" =   
   
    
0(  
 
#  E
 ( 
 
 

 C

   

VDS #

  
 

(1 + VDS )#



$ 
  


 


  
 
&

ID

2
VGS
= IDSS 1
(1 + VDS )2 .
Vp

7  
   =  '    ID  
Vp   IDSS &

 #   

ID



2
IDSS
VDS
= 2 2 (VGS Vp )VDS
.
Vp
2

 4  '   '

       

= 0!



-
        '   # 


 
#        
  
 
  
+! "

)   ' #  



' 



     


 ! 7

2 $   2 


 

  

 
    
      ! -  
 #  2 
  $ )
      $  
 

 !
-

 2 



ID

  

VDS



VGS

  

 
         2 ! 3!A!
F      
        

 


IG



VGS #

 ' 

IG

$ 


  )
!
" 2# # 

     2

! 3!D   3!D ) 

VGS #   
   VDS = cost = 50 100 mV   
    VDS = cost > VDsat !
    ID    VGS VDS   $ 2  0
  gm '! 3!  
  $          

 

ID

   
  

 
   
2 !

gm =
-



IDS
.
VGS Q

3! 

 
   

 # 

#   


2  

 ID      ' !


F

     


   
&

gm

2IDSS
=
Vp

"# $ )
 

gm

VQ
1 GS
Vp


.

  

IDS ! " &

   
  
     

  3!A& @    

ID # VDS 


+  


n!

  3!D&     


+#   
    : ) 
  !

  
  
      



VGS
1
=
Vp
#  

 

ID

2
IDSS ID
Vp

     #

Vp

+  


IDSS

gm &

gm =
B

ID

  


$       

gm

p!

-   #
    

 

ID #

  


 
  '   

#  $   

VGS = Vp !

 $  

-
  #  



  

  
 

 




    

VGS

   0

200 300 mV !

       

VGS = 0#

@E   

    ! 

 =  )


!

- 
 #
   $    &

gm

=
VGS




2

VDS
IDSS
= 2 IDSS VDS .
2 2 (VGS Vp )VDS

Vp
2
Vp2
Q

9 '    


    #     $ 



= 0!

- # 


 #

Q
go = IDS
!

@$#

go



   

   !
F

   
     
+ $  
 
  

 #   

 

 
   
  #   &

go

VDS




2

VDS
IDSS
=
2 2 (VGS Vp )VDS

Vp
2
Q

IDSS
[(VGS Vp ) VDS ]
Vp2

 
    

VDS

  )


50 100 mV #

 

  &

go = 2

IDSS
(VGS Vp )
Vp2

&

IDSS
go = 2
|Vp |
-

   

go 


VQ
1 GS
Vp


.

Go = 2IDSS /|Vp |    '  VGS = 0!

- 2 &


VGS
go = Go 1
Vp

   
  
     


Go

$
      
 !

> 
   
     &  #  2  

 )  

VDS #

))   
+#         

#     


 # 

  !
F

2  3!   
        +  


p!

  3! & @       +  






p!

  
      

- ) 

    #  2 

 
  
#  
   
+   
   '
# 
 
    

   


 ! 
  $   
 

  
  

     



+  ! 3!G!

  3!G& @ '


   

'   


IDS

   
 
+!

 

  
   0

 $ '




 
      

 =  
  )
   
   
 
  $
%

 !

  
  
      




      !  





    

7
 #   
    '   2 


 
    
+   
     
'
    
 

    '

    

! @ 

2  3!H#   &

  3!H& +  '


  

  !

ID = ID (VGS , VDS ) ,
VGG VGS = 0,
/ &

VGS = VGG !

IG = 0

VDD RD ID = VDS .

   )
    

0

'  

          !

"  0

  

 ' ! -
     $ 

0
 

  

VGS = VGG


   
 

 ! "   # $#  


    '    
  

?  

 ! I 
  

#  2 

  

     


 ! "  $ E#   

 

  

!

  

    

 
   

-
./"   
      


  #
         
    
!

  $ ))   

+#     0
  (   #  


 

  
 
  0
   
  
     ./"    
  4 

  
+!

- )
 
  ./"  

2  3! !

  


   

   
  
      
  

  3! & 9     

      !

  3! & ")
 
 
./"&   


n:

)  


p!

  
  
      


 " 
   #"
  
  ./"#    )  
 # $ 
  
  7

   "
 



) !         
&

     "




SiO2 !

>     


       $ 


'
)

# 



   $    


 # 
 %4 
0
   #    
  

 )     #
   

2  3! 3!

  3! & 5   )       


  

./"   !



  



   
     

0

 
 
 #  
" 
7
#      

 
    (  
   
 



 ? 
 

 '   
"   



 

' 4&

VMS =


1
1
MS = (M S )
q
q

3!


 
 
.

  
"
  

eV !

9  

(  
      

   E 



 )      


     

#




 ) #  $ 
  
# $  ! -
 

Si

VMS

  

   )         

) ! 9B 
  
    


 $ 0
#

   

 
   

Si SiO2


     

     
   

QB !

  

   
  
      
   3

  3! 3& 5   )     


 ./"

'
)
!

 


#    
 
 #  



    

QM !

-    ./" 


#
  
 

 )  $ 


 B
   
 

  

Qox #


0

    !   $ 



   

 



  
 
# $  


! 
   # 
  
 
   2
#  

  



 

   !         $


 

   

   "   


  
  )) ! 6
  "   
  )
4#  
 0
#  # 
     
 # '  

  4#  ) 
 4 

 ! <  



 )
       

 #  #



    #  '      = ?  
!
    

 Qox     

  
) 

QB #

 '  '     




MS #



Qox !

@=


    ?   

 )      = 


 

 

Si


 
  
  

!

 )           


 
   
  

  "
! F
 # ' 
  $ 
 

     

  

VGS 

 
 $ 


) ! 
  $    )    #

VF B #

 $  


&

VF B = VMS
#  #

VMS

$   


Qox
Cox
Al, Si!

- ' #  0

  
  
      


#    ?

'
)   



    $  




 !
7
 #  # 

   ?   

VF B #

 )  

     '

   
Si ?    



  ! >  $  

  !

-    
# 
  ./" =    

  
 

ac

  
      4&

C = ACox = A

ox ox
tox

3!3

 7 $
   tox $
  

!
7
 # #   


# 
0


VGS > 0#


( & 
    

Si

  

 )  

   '


) ! 0
  =  
#    

 
  

#
   



       





   
"0

! - 
 # 

Si

  

   !

  # $  




>  $   


  ' 4 
    
  
./"0
  


n

  
  2
   


) #  


    !

  
 

#
   
  


9 
 

 
0

     



 
   

   !

6
 
 

 

   #  ( #

 


  

 )         


#  4


  # 


        

 
) 
     )

 ) ! >  
2B   )
      

 
  !
-

  

VGS

 
 

    E 
 

 
 2
#  #  
 '




# 

) 



 #

    $#  2#


 

VT H !
QB 
)  $ 0
d# ' 
  

   

 #
 
  

  

     #

 # 

  

 )      ) # $&

VS =
   


VT H

NA
2kT
ln
.
q
ni

$
 

VF B #



   

VS

   

       '

   

  

   


QB &

VT H = VMS
"

 

ND
Qox
2kT
QB
ln
+

.
Cox
q
ni
Cox

VGS > VT H

 
     #  

     )  # B 


    
   $
#  4    

 )    


      4 


 

  '

  !

9#   
  
  #
   
   2

   
  
      
   A
'

2
! -   #      ) 

 
 
     

  # $    4!


"  
  4    
  
 ))   
#  0
   
     
  #
  
0
   4 

     
 
 
  
 ' 

'
   ,!          4 

  7

0

#    #  
) # 
# 


 ! 9B


 2 

4 

     # 



   4 '

     4   '



'  3!3! @ 



  4 

          '



! 7

 0
  

# 

 # 

    #
  4

   4 2


  

 !

7 ' #  
  


  4
 

  ?  ) 
 

    !    4


 #  # B  !
-
  ./"   
 
  ./"
2

! 5 

  $   

 

    


 
 $ '    
 

? 
!    )
 
 
 =   
 



  '   '  


  !



$
       #"

7   

   

 &

VGS VT H

#  ))0

 #      #       


    ! <


 #  # 
 
4 
 



    



IDS

 

VGS

VDS #

$ 


    0 
./"!
@ 
   

n0./"#

  $   

2  3! ;#   
  
2 !

  3! ;& "   ./"  




n!

7 #  


      ' 
 
   
 
) !

  
  
      


  
 
    


   

  

  ! "



  
   

#  $  




VBS bodyef f ect 


  % & 

 &
#  


' 
 
 
$
 



! (
) 
*  
 +
  
 

 

$  

&   

  


&  

 % % 

 !! !

7 # 


#  

  

 



  )
  '

 





 

 



  
! >     
  )
  


  

(  


0 
 
 !

       4  2

 


 
 $

   &

Qn
= Cox [(VGS VT H ) V (y)]
WL
 L $

  
 
    S  D   W
  

 

  z !
  

 y  4

 &



dV (y)
IDS = W n Qn (y)
.
dy


Qn =

"

Qn (y)#

$

  #

  
   )
    
  
 
#

 &


0

IDS dy = W n Cox

VDS

V =0

(VGS VT H V ) dV


   
 


IDS

$  

y!

   

 &

IDS =




W n Cox
V2
(VGS VT H ) VDS DS .
L
2

-
      
 

 
 
./"0
  


$  '

 

 

> 
 
 
 

y!
0 VDS VGS VT H # 




   


     
 # $  
 

VDS   < 100 mV ! - '     



 IDS  VGS $
 !
9 VDS > VGS VT H  2   

0(  +!
       
  

       

 '

 

     
 
    0
       
! - ' 
 
 
  $ ? 
 ! -  
#  ? 2 

 
  
   

 
  )

 


y!

x#

  $   

    ' 

VDS = VGS VT H #

0 


4    $  %  


 


 ! .  $


    

  

   

   
  
      
  

)     )


  ' ! -
#
 
  
  )   )  )

 

 
 

    # '# 





 = 
 

VT H 

 

y!
 
4         
  

VDS




 
 

  0(#     


# B

  )
 

4 


   
4
  

   !

        

IDS =
 $ 
  

VDS = VGS VT H &



W n Cox 
2
(VGS VT H )
2L

VDS > VGS VT H !

@  # 

 

    $ ?


   '   !

  3! A& @   ID # VDS   ./"  




2 
 
   '

   !

9 

VDS

n 
 

#     

      



0(   
    
    
) 

 ! 
  (   
  &

Lef f = L L

'    

    
  0
 $ 
  '    
+!
> (     

    


+#  
 %

  
 


  
 
&

IDS =



W n Cox 
2
(VGS VT H ) (1 + VDS ) .
2L

   
 

   
2  3! D!

IDS , VDS

$   

  
  
      


  3! D&  ./" 
      : )    
 !

7  '  #  =          ! 3!  

IDS

VGS #



VDS

 ! "  # E#   &   0

VDS 
 < 100 mV 
VDS > VDsat !

       


 # 
     # 

VDS

))   
 

  3! &     


./"    !

@   #  )


      
  
  VGS

> VT H !

   IDS  VGS $#    #

  
    '   
! - 
4#  '    

   
 #       '    

  

VGS $  E 


 VDS > VGS VT H ! - #
VDS = cost = 100 mV  VT H = 1 V # 2$ VGS 

#  #


1.1 V #

           !

   
  
      
   H
-
#   
  
)
4     $  # 
)    
    
#
    

    
  
 

VGS !

- 2


 
 4

=   


    !



      !  





    #"

7  ' # 

4   
+#   


   2 


 
 
    
./"  

      '
    
 

 

  '

     ! @ 

2  3! &

  3! G& ./"  '


  

  !

ID = ID (VGS , VDS )
IG = 0
VGG VGS = 0
VDD RD ID = VDS .
>&

VGS = VGG !

"      


  
+# 


(  

VGS $       


# $ 
n! -
     #   '  $
   VGS = VGG 
   


  ./"  


 

  ! I 
  

#  2    

     


 ! 
#   



  

!

  
  
      




  
    #"
7  '  #  2     &

gm =


IDS
VGS Q

   )           



 #  $

        !

 # '#  



 

     0


 

    


! -  
#    #
   
   
 


  
 
#  
&

gm





2
Q
k (VGS VT H ) = 2k VGS
=
VT H
VGS
Q

#  J  $   


 &

K=

 W
1
n Cox
2
L

       !


5 
   

gm

  

    
 


&


VGS VT H =

IDS
k

 &


Q
gm = 2 kIDS
.
> 
  #    #
     ./"0
  '

  +  


  '   


  !

  

 

      

  #
   =    &

gm =

Q
IDS
Q
VGS
VT H

   


 


  

VGS

    
   % #

Vov !

gm

  
  




 # $ 

(

Vef f

VGS VT H #

    #

>#

gm =

Q
IDS
Vov
2

- 
 
    
    
  
 0
 

VGS !


 
 !

  #       


 

    
    
%

    


    


ID   

go
VDS &

  ./" $ 2 


 


IDS
go =
.
VDS Q
-   #   



    !

2



2
Q
Q
k (VGS VT H ) (1 + VDS ) = k VGS
go =
VT H
= IDS
VDS
Q
 &

ro =

1
1
= Q .
go
IDS

7 '#
    $ 

 2  

= 0!

    $   ? 


  '  ? )  $
 
   $ 
  #    

 2  

   

  !

        
" = 
   

 
 
# 
   0

)       

+  ./"# 


 

 
  


2   '
  
  
 $  
    

  #  
#

  !
   # '#      
  ) !
5  
 )
     '

   
 
#           &

IDS = IDS (VGS , VDS )


IGS = IGS (VGS , VDS ) .
-   #   )  # $
  IGS

= 0#

   



 

 
 

    
 


   

IDS =

VGS

VDS !



IDS
IDS
V
+
VDS .
GS
VGS V Q
VDS V Q
DS

GS

@  #          


 
 

 

 
     C
 

 

0

   ! @= 


 #  
    
 
 #
 
 

 
 

  
0
      

linearizzano

lineare


   #   # 

    
  !

  
  
      




"#        


 #  
   


  
   

 
#   &

ids = gm vgs + go vds


  
 

        


 
    

   

 

 


'
  
      (


-      




# 

gm

go !

#  


 


 
#  4     

 # 

 $ 

 
 '

 ?  ! @$#


   $

 


   
    

? 

    !
7 
    # 
 ))        



 
    

 )

3! !



gm
ro

0.1 20 mA/V
0.1 1M



0.1 20 mA/V
1 50k

 )

3! & <
      
!
7 ' 
  =    



         


# 
 
 
 
  
  
  ! 3! H!

  3! H& @ '


 
   
  +  
./"!

-


# E 2# $ 
 
 
 
  
  
 

' 
 
   % )      
  )
 

   4  
 ! -    #
$ )
   
 (    


CGS

CGD



    

     4#

   #  #   

#      

 ?   =  


 ?

   )
 
 



# 

      

 
 

      
  

 

 

#  ./"!

#  +#

  


    


3

"   # '#    4 


 
 $  
 
 
 
0

      !





>
 
       

  
  
    # '# 
 
 2

'    ) ! 7 #   


 
  #    
  '   

XC =

1 kHz #

1 pF #

    &

1
1

=
= 108
C
2103 1012

 #    #    # '#   


  

  4! .#  






'  .,#
 ))     

 

k#

' 
    )


  
  

 
 
 
!
- 2 # 
 
 
  
 
   $


  

2  3!!

  3!& @ '


 
   
   !

/#   # 


   


 
 E  
      ( 
  $    '
 !  $ ' %#  2  # 

 
 
 # 
 
 


! 9
 
 ?  #  


 
 ? 
  

 
 !

      
F
  


 
  # ))      

     C
 

 
    Ids #  


 

Q
IDS

  '

  
 ids #  

 ! 7)) 0
  
! - 
4# B

# '      

 

        $   '  






VGS

  
+   
./"# ))    


 
  

 !

" #  #  #


      ./"   0
 &

Ids

Q
= IDS
+ ids =

;

  
  
      

=
=

2

Q
k VGS
+ vgs VT H =
2



Q
Q
2
k VGS
VT H + 2k VGS
VT H vgs + kvgs

'# $ 
    
  
 
Q
IDS
&



Q
2
ids = 2k VGS
VT H vgs + kvgs
2
ids = gm vgs + kvgs
.

- 
4#    
   
 ids # 
  gm vgs #
vgs ! " # '#   

   
 '   

 
 4#    
     
  



     C
 

 

    2


&

nl =
nl =
#   $ # 

Vef f

2
kvgs
kvgs
=
gm vgs
gm

vgs
v
 = gs

Q
2Vef f
2 VGS VT H


Vov   
   VGS




 # $ '

 (  )

  
 


./"!
F
    +# #  ))&

nl =

IDSS 2
Vp2 vgs

gm vgs

v
vgs .
 =
 gs
Q
2|Vp |
2 VGS Vp

5 
#      

  
 4!

k = 2 104 A/V 2  
   
 vgs  

"     ./"      &

gm = 10 mA/V #
 
 1 V # $& nl = 0.02(2 %)#


 4 


 ?   )
 

  ! -

   
 4  =    )
  

#

5 10 %#



 
 
       
   
 !
 2    
 4       


  
  
! - #   ./"#   
  

  $      )
  !

10 %  2Vef f #    +

   
  0(!
-


#

   

       


0

  
   $  )
# 
  
  
! -    #
  # ))    )    
  



   

! 9  
    
#
 
$  $      )
 



   #

   )
  )     

 
!
-  
# 
 '   4
      

            !   

A

 # E        


 !
@$#    #  
    
   

0
 #   ?#  
   
  
#  
   
# 
   ))  0
 

  
  # 
     # ))

          



   ! F
   # B
 

 
   

 

 $ 
? '   #  )) 


       


      
      
)
&

HD2 !

! 

 ""  
 #   

I          $ 
 massimo guadagno

di tensione a vuoto!

#    # $ 2  


 

     )
 '  $ 
   
  
  0
  

  
 
    
   
  $ 


   #  


ro




 
# 


 


  
 
!

  3! &

 @ 
   


 
 

   

    ! ) '


 
!

@ 

2  3!    

AV =
$# 
  
 

RL #

vo
= gm (ro //RL ) gm ro
vin
     $&


vo
|AVmax | =
= gm ro
vin oc

 &

D

  
  
      


    

open circuit!

   
 
# 

 

   (  

" =   '

RL #

 = 

AVmax !

     

  
0

 &


1
2
|AVmax | = gm ro = 2 kID
=
ID

k
.
ID

@$# 
            

0
 

  '   

  
 ! 9 

  

? 
 #     )  
  ID !
9    $ 2)
        #  ' 0
# $ #
 

 $ 

!   # $ 2)
 

   

          


     &

AG =
>


ids
= gm .
vin vds =0

   $   
   B 2)
   

     = # '  


  !

$  

  %    "  & '
-
     

transf er resistor      +!! 9


)  *

#      


H;  K

  "J
C!

   
     
    
 

    


!   
)
  
  
 )      
 
  
 
 
 ' ! -
)
 L  #  *+# $    

     
   ( 
#  

  
    '


./"!   
 ' ?   (  
  # 
./"#
 4

   
     
 

'
4


      


 

# 
'
# # $


  
*+!

& $
     
-
*+ $#   $ #    
#

   

+#  ( 
./"#  $   '  
!
 $         #   

     #   '

   

   

 

    '


 $     #         
   #  

  

2  3!! - 
# $ )
 
 
 



 !

(   =       



) 0# 
   #  $ 

     

#
 
#   

 
   ! -  0

   
 
  
 
 ) 0#

JE #

npn

( 

  

)  

  

#

JC #

 "  
  
 
   #  

  3!& "  


     )
 !

      


)  
 
#


JE !


 

  

      

 

  
0

       


  

@" 



   ! 
   

      



raccoglie#



'#




!

" 
 # E# 
  $
  

(   




 
    =     


  4 '       

 
 

 !
7 2 


  

  

 $   



2
 

  
 
 

) !

-

#   #


 

)  
 
#  $  )
  
  
!
-
#  2  @"#
    
) 



 ) !


@" 


" 

  2 
 
)

  !
!"! .

# !-! M &

      $&

       

 V



BE
x
n2i
vT
e
1
1
n(x) =
NA
xB

0 x xB

  $ 
   
   $ 

   #

xB

 
0

$
 

    ) #

     

)  

ni

NA

$
  



!
   (  
 

)  




2
 

       



&

IC = qADn

n
x

G

  
  
      




$
  

 

Dn =

(

kT
q

n 

   


 
 

)   

Dn

$
  

p!

 
&

IC = qADn

VBE
VBE
n2i
e vT = IS e vT
xB NA

  
 
 

  

 


 ) 0! @= # 

4 #
 

(

   '    


   




        
   



 # 
   !
9B        

  

#

IC #

  


   

( 
  #

IE #

  

 $
  ) # IB !
5     2#
  )  $      &

 )   
 

npn

      *+



      


   

) :

 )   
 
 
   

  
) :

 )  

@" 

  !

-
 &

F =
$ 

        !

IB = IE F IE #

IC
IE

9  ) *+#

F
= 0.98 0.99!

. #

'&

IC
F IE
F
=
=
=
IB
(1 F )IE
(1 F )

$ 

         

    


   

 '
  #      # 
     ?#
     
  ) '
4!
F

 
   #    

     
 

   
   
  
 !
-

$        # 


# 

   
#



   2 

   !

- # 

$    



 
 2$
  

 
    

            



! 7
   ' 

#

 )
! 9 '

 #   )   


# 4   
   

   
? )
 )


    

& 
 I V
F

VBE > 0!

   

 
 # 
*+ $ 
  

- '     # 

VBC < 0

    #

 "  
  
 
   #  

H

 

  

  '

 )  $ )  



&

IC = IB
   
*+    
 !
  

      

       
     )

    

2  3!3! - ' #


 

    

)     )


  #   0
 #
  )   #  4    

#  


  

9 '  # 

 
  
   *+

 
   
     !
@$     
      *+ $ 
  
'

  #  '


       
 
#  
     
  
 ! F *+

   

200 mV !
IB #  '

   

   
 


 
"

VBE

$ 
 
#     #


IC # $    

! - 
     
  $ 
0(!
-2# 

   

VBC > 0  VBE < 0#   


   

   #  =    !   # 


 
   $    
  B 
   $  
   '   
     # '#  ) 
%   !
F

2  3!3   


 '  )
    
  


4 

  
 

 

!

  3!3&      

       


*+!

  

      


  
*+  

       $ 




 

 !

3

  
  
      

"       '  
   
  

   

  
 




! -


# 


   
#  
   )    *+& 

npn

"    


 
   



pnp!

 


#

         


#     

 '   
  

   &

IE
IC

V


BE
BC
vT
vT
= IES e
1 + R ICS e
1

V
BE
BC
vT
vT
= F IES e
1 ICS e
1

 # IES  ICS 


       

   
   

#    R $ 


      ) 

      !
7 ' '   

     


  ) 

IB ! *  #  #   


    
 



IC + IB + IE = 0  

M@
 
     
*+!
-
#  $  
  

  




VCE !

9   = $ %   

VBC = VBE VCE !

- 
# $ )
 
  
*+ 
   
    

 
 2 

 
  
!

VBE

  '

  

VCE

- #  
 
*+ $  

 )  
   $   

 ) 0

  '

 $    


  

   !
-    # 
# 


 

 

 
0


    
   
 
 !



IS

IC

IB

V
VBE
BE
F IES e vT 1 + ICS
= IS e vT
IC

   


  

  8 


0

 

VBE = 0!

I    
      
   
*+ $ '



 IC   



VBE !

"   # $

#       # 


   $   

2  3!;!

    # 
  

Z.A.D.#

IC = IS e

  

 $ 


 :  

  

VBE

VBE

VBE
vT

 '  2$


 



     

9 
 

$  

' &

   $

 

0.6 V #



 
   !

#  #

0.8 V


  



    #  



    ?
   
    !

 "  
  
 
   #  

  3!;&       *+!

-
    *+ ))     

  


 )  
     

  E    2# (


   #   '

   

 $ 

#    



    IB   

    VBE ! >


 #    
       # $ 
 


     ? 




IC = F IB #


 

Z.A.D.#

$ 

  ) 


  ! 9 


  )  


 ) 0 



&

IB =
  IC

IS VvBE
e T .
F

= IC (VCE , IB )#   IB

$ 
     # 


         !
 

IB




 

  

VBE

 

-
  

IC

   

    


 ( 

 

   #  N!7!5!# 


 

 
 )  !  2  3!A    

 
   !
- '

 2 $ )
  
       


*+&

    #    )




  
 

 #  

 #  

  

 #


'

 
  $ 

      #    )




  
 

 #  $ '

 

  IC :

    #  

   
 


 $      


VCE !

3

  
  
      


  3!A& @       *+!     

 
 ) JO 


!

  

: )    

   

 "  
  
 
   #  

33

/   
     # 
*+#   
  
    &  ' 
#  #

      $
   
    $   0
   


VDS #

 $
   
  

  #
 #  *+
  
  

 $# 
  #   $
   # 
  


  
  

   )  

  $         

 
 

 !
-
#

 )


VCE

   #   

VCEsat #

 0

 
   # $ 
 
#  
0

  

0.05 V

0.3 V !


        



 
 #    $
(       




   &

VCEsat = VCBsat + VBEsat


  
   ) $ ? 
 
  

  !   
  $ 

0.2 V #



#    (




  
$          




  

 ' 
  )  

 $ 

IB

  '

 

   ! -2#


    


  '   


 IB = IC /F !
-
   IC VCE # = 
 
  

0

     & '    # # 

3 '  #  '   


    


 



IC !

VCE

  
  
 ?    

  

  ' 


 2 
  $ 
    

      ! 9 #  #


  


 

 $  
 
 ?



   '

     


    '

 

N!7!5!!

F

2  3!D     


      
!
 
 
  
 '      '

 
!

&

 
 

      *+ $#  


    # 

   (
  
 

  

#
  

    # 

  

VBE !

 $

2     &

gm =

 #   

Q
ICQ , VBE


IC
VBE Q

 &   

# 

) 0 
 
# 
 
 
0
     &

IC = IS e
  &

VBE
vT

3;

  
  
      


  3!D& @     


   *+!    
 $    
  '

 !

gm




Q

V
BE
ICQ
IC


vT
=
=
e
=
.
I

S

VBE Q
VBE
vT
Q

>#   '  #   #


   #  0
     (
#  

  
 # $
 

    !

  # (   #

  

   

   '   !

gm



@=  2

         *+# 4   


   

    !

& ' (


   

   *+# 
  



VBE #

  
(  #   

 
 


 ) 0

   $  '  


*+
 N!7!5!# 

 '
   IC  

VCE #  


VBE #  N!7!5!# $  0
   ! -
  '   IC  VBC  
# 
  $ 

  '
  

 
 

   



2  3! !
-  
   

VBC

     

@" ) 0



  '  

 

    ) ! @= 0


2
4 

)  

)   ' 
4 

IC ! -

 #
 

         )  

 "  
  
 
   #  

  3! & -

  

(  
C!     

3A

  

        ) : ) ( 

   :
   

   
C!

3D

  
  
      



      


) 

@"  

# 
 
      

 
 4 


   

VBC

  ) #  

     '  

#

  

   

#  '




  

      ) !


5     
#   
    

  
0

     




   

VA

VBC

   




   


 

      &

IC
IC
IC
.
=
=
VCB
VA
|VA |
I

 
    V C $   



CB
  
   

# =  


(  
C  0
    ?    
  
 

  
 

IC !
5     

    
*+#
(  
C   
   

          


  ! F


 
   N!7!5!# #   
  ' ( 2 
'  

IC   

IC = IS e

VBE
vT

VBE !


VCE
1+
.
|VA |

> 2 


 
*+  # 
  #  
    

  )   N!7!5!#  


   
  
*+ )#  #    

VCE !

  #

   # '   $ 


        



 !
7 #      2#     '
  ) # $
))   
 
  
(  
C  *+  '

   


))    

            !

7

 '
 #  # ))     


  
 
  
  

         


 

!
"   
 
  '      #    *+
      (
  
 

 
   
  IC 2 &


IC
go =
VCE Q
'     
 

     !

     # '#


   

 
 IC      

  
Q!

VCE #



 



7
 
2&


VBE
VBE

IC

VCE
vT
= IS e vT 1 .
go =
=
IS e
1+


VCE Q
VCE
|VA |
|VA |
Q

 "  
  
 
   #  

@  '   '



  

 
   

 
 

VA $# 

# ))  
#  


 &

go =
> 
 

go

ICQ
.
|VA |



   

  
0

 ! > $


  
     #   #   
   #
 

    


&%

Q
go = IDS
#

 
  

   !

$       )  

 !

-
)
 

  
   
# 

0
  

2  3!G#   *+#  



 
 
'  '   

  
    
 


    #    '


  #  

 
  

I V


*+!

  3!G& *+ 
         '

 !

VBB RB IB = VBE
VCC RC IC = VCE
IB = IB (VBE , VCE )
IC = IC (IB , VCE ) .
 '  '  

 '    IB #


 # 
  
)
 !

IC # VCE # VBE

2#

3G

  
  
      

-   # 
  $ 
)
       0

 


!"    ' 


    
*+ #   # 


 
            

 
    !
#   #  

 2    $  


 0


 )
      )  
   
 0
! -   #   


 

I V

 

 

     




   '  
 

   !

    

-
 $ 

  

 2  3!H 3!3 3!3 !

  3!H&

  



 2 

    

     


  !

 b
 c c
b
IB , VCE
# (IB , VCE )# 
= IC (IB , VCE )#    

a
a
"  
   
 (IB
, VCE
)#

    

   

IC

! 3!H#
2 

3!3!
I 
   
 
 #     # 

IC # VCE #

   

  ?#


#      


 4



    IB = IB (VBE , VCE ) 


*+!
  # '    #    #       


!  

     


   '

  0
     

 #  $ 
  

(IC , VCE )#
Q  !



      

F 
  =     '
' 

      

  


 ! 9#  # 


   IC , VCE '


   IB , VBE  

  

  

2  3!3 !
7  
 # 
  
/  
   )


IB # VCE

    )
    !
    )    #

'#    )
    

   
    !
@=   
   
)
 

  
  
      *+  $ 
 )
   


     '

  #       

 "  
  
 
   #  

  3!3& -

  


3H

 2    


 

 

      !





4 

   

#   
# 
  #


 !
  # $ )
 
2  
 
)
    

 

  )  



VCE #


 $ ))   0

 )
  
   ! - 
 #


  #  
  
 IB 
     
IB       
0


     

    


  ! @=#  # $ %  

  
  !
-
  #  *+  )       




   


)0.

# 
  
     !

  #  
   
  #   

 
    
*+#   4 )
 
 
 


IC = IB 

&&

 !


 
     !

   )  

  

"     *+ $  


  
  =  2 0
    )   '
'  
 

 



    '

 !
-  
#  #     *+# 
  
  

Q#

 2     )  



     

  ! " # 


# 

    


  

  
  

   

VBB !

9  

 
#    


  )0.

#  

        &

IB = IB (VBE , VCB )

;

  
  
      


  3!3 &

 @

 2    
  #  0

 

      : ) 


    

   
 !

 "  
  
 
   #  

  3!3& @

 2 
2    
  !

IC = IC (VBE , VCB )
   

  
       

 

  
 
 #   



  




   )    

 

   

!
7 # '#
 

  

 &

IC = IS e

VBE
vT


VCE
1+
|VA |

   


 

  

 '

 ) &

IC = IB !

/  #  
4# '  
  

VBC !

  
  
  )
 


$  

IC

VCE

0

  #  2 


 
   
 ' 4#

VCB !

VCE



VCB

 

VBE



@$#    #  


  

VCE   )
 
 '


VBE 
 
   

IC !



VCB #


   



@   

 
 
 

    



  

   

VBE

VCE

 
 



 &

IC =



IC
IC
V
+
VCB
BE
VBE V Q
VCB V Q
CE

IB =

BE



IB
IB
V
+
VCB .
BE
VBE V Q
VCB V Q
CE

BE

;

  
  
      

"   '    #   # 

 0

   
 # 
   #    



&

IC = ic
IB = ib .
7)) &


VBE
IC
1
IC
=
IS e vT =
= gm

VBE V Q
vT
vT
CB

#  $    
)# 
 # 

(  
C!
-
&

 

IC
IB

=
VBE V Q
VBE
CB

gm
= g

Q
VCB

&



IC
IC
IC
= go
=
=
VCB V Q
VCE V Q
|VA |
BE

BE

2&

 

IC

IB

=

VCB V Q
VCB
BE

go
= g .

Q
VBE

/ #  2 #


 
   
  2 




 
*+  N!7!5!&

ic = gm vbe + go vce
ib = g vbe + g vcb .
> 
  

 

  


    

    




    

!

.
  

   
 $    

 
  
 vbe  vce #  '    
  )    
vcb   

vce #  ' 


    

   (    


    '

 
   
 
    )   

 
      

! 5
#   
r $ 


ro #   4  
 
 
 #  = 
 


   $    ! 9 '   


g vcb

   !


> 
 2  
 '
 
 

*+  $ 

  

2  3!33!

 "  
  
 
   #  

;3

  3!33& @ '


 
     *+!

 
 #   
 


  

)  $

 ) 0


 
 

   &

r =

gm

 

gm r = .
- 2 #     


 
 
*+  0
 )
  
   
 

# VA

 

  
 

IC !
7
   

   
 # '# 

  


     
!
<
 
 

 (    

    

  
    

  )    

&


QBE
= C
VBE Q

QBC
= C .
VBC Q
@ '   4# 


 
 
  )
  

 
  
  
     !
-2#     

  

   ) #

rb #




 
 
  '

   

2  3!3;!

&*

    +

F


 
  ))   # ))   0
 
   


ic #


 

gm vbe #

   




 
    )) 

 
     C
 

0
 

! 7 '# '#      



 4#    
      

 
0
! 9B  
*+ $   )
#  




pn#

 
  
 

 

  

;;

  
  
      


  3!3;& @ '


 
 
 
*+ 
 
 
  !

 '  

vbe #

2 
  
 4   
  

'     


&

vbe
nl (%)
100.
=
2vT
>     
 
 2  




 



  *+! " #  # 


   

  $

)
  

  !

&,         !    )


I       
*+ $ 
  
 !

   

 $#   


 # 
 

  

    =  


  '  $ 
   

 
    )      


 
 
$ 
   #  


ro




 




(  
C!
@ 

2  3!3A    

RS 0



RL #

 &

AV =

r
vo
= gm
(ro //RL ) gm ro
vin
r + RS

$# 
  
 

     $&

|AV max | = gm ro
    !
   
 
*+# 


  

   (  


4 =  

RS
AV max !

RL

 "  
  
 
   #  

  3!3A&

;A

@ 
 
   


 
 

      
*+!

" =  


  
 '

|AV max | = gm ro =
     
 
  
 

  &

IC |VA |
VA
=
vT IC
vT

     $  

0

(   ! 9B


   0

C = 
 
    
 
  
 

25 mV

  )#

AV max =  


 

 



  !

&-

   
    ) 

  




7 (    #   *+ $ 2)


    
           

  !
@ 


 
# 2 ! 3!3D&

  3!3D&

@ 
 
   


 
 

        


*+!

"

RL 0# iL = gm v = gm r iin = iin

 &

-  
 
 #   
  
  2 &


iL
AG =
.
vin vCE =0

 &

AImax =

iL
iin

= !

     0

  
  
      


;D

AG = gm
7
 



gm

RS

  

r
.
r + RS

 2#   
  
 

   #  
 
#   
  


 !
F   #  2
   0

  
 #

|AG | = |gm |!

( ) *  * #    



 
@  =  # 
    
 
   
   $
      !
-

#  4    


 #  *+     0

  

  '

 ! @= $  


 2 )
  

  

        ! 9 


./"
 $  &

gm =

Q
IDS
Vov
2

#  
*+

gm =
9$# 

#

Vov
2

ICQ
vT



 

   

mV 

vT

 D

mV

! )#    #  4    


  


    #
     *+ $ )
 



 '

  ./"!
-
#
 
       *+
 
    


  
  !
9 '      # 


#  ./"     

  +  4     


 !

Potrebbero piacerti anche