ELKA DAYA Pertemuan 3

2/11/2010
Review of Basic Concepts

Pekik Argo Dahono
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Institute of Technology Bandung
Average and RMS Concepts

Periodic signals x(t ) = x (t + T )
Average value
1 t o +T
x=
x(t ) dt
T to
RMS value
1 t o +T 2
X =
x (t ) dt
T to
Pekik A. Dahono : Elektronika Daya
2/11/2010
Single-Phase Power Concept

Sinusoidal voltage and current
v = 2V cos(t )
i = 2 I cos(t )
Instantaneous power
[12
( 3
( 3t )
p = vi = VI
cos44
+ cos
t )] + VI
sin4
2
sin
14
4424
14
424
resistive part
reactive part

Active or Average Power
1 t o +T
P=
p dt =VI cos
t
T o
Reactive Power
Q = VI sin
Apparent Power
S = VI
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Power triangle
S 2 = P2 + Q2
Power factor
PF =
P
= cos
S

P + jQ
I
R
jX
Load
E 2 = (V + V )2 + V 2
V
V
V 2 << (V + V )2
Thus
V E-V = RI cos + XI sin
RP + XQ XQ
=
V
V
Losses = RI 2 = R (S / V )2
= R (P / V )2 + (Q / V )2
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Balanced Three-Phase Power

Sinusoidal voltage and current:
va = 2V cos(t )
(
)
2V cos(t + 23 )
vb = 2V cos t 23
vc =
ia = 2 I cos(t )
ib = 2 I cos t 23
ic = 2 I cos t +
2
3

Instantaneous power
p = va ia + vb ib + vc ic
p = 3VI cos
Instantaneous power is a constant that is
equal to average power
2/11/2010

Reactive power is defined as
Q = 3VI sin
Apparent power is defined as
S = 3VI
Three-Phase Power System

Rs
Rs
Rs
Rs
Rs
Rs
Ro
Ro
3I
Ro
Rs
Ro / 3
Rs
Losses = 3RI 2
Losses = 18RI 2
PF = 1.0
PF = ?
10
2/11/2010
Three-Phase Power System

Rs
Rs
Rs
j1
j1
Rs
PF = ?
11
Three-Phase Four-Wire Systems

Three - Phase Three - Wire System
Series Losses Consideration :

P
P
= rs I a2 + I b2
= 3rs I e2
+ I c2
+ I n2
(unbalanced)
Ie =
(balanced)
Ve =
I a2 + I b2 + I c2 + I n2
3
Shunt Losses Consideration :
Thus, I e =
P =
2
2
2
2
Vao
+ Vbo
+ Vco
+ Vno
Rsh
P = 3
Ve2
Rsh
(V
2
a
+ I b2 + I c2 / 3
)
)/ 9
2
an
2
2
+ Vbn
+ Vcn
/3
2
ab
2
2
+ Vbc
+ Vca
(unbalanced)
(balanced)
Thus, Ve =
or Ve =
(I
(V
(V
2
an
2
2
2
2
Vao
+ Vbo
+ Vco
+ Vno
3
2
2
2
2
2
+ Vbn
+ Vcn
+ Vab
+ Vbc
+ Vca
/ 12
Apparent Power S e = 3Ve I e

Power Factor = P / S e
12
2/11/2010
Fourier Series Representation

Fourier series
x(t ) = co + 2
Average value
RMS Value
sin (nt + n )
n =1
x = co
X = co2 +
2
n
n =1
13
Fourier Series
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2/11/2010
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

Voltage signal
v= 2
sin (nt + n )
n =1
Total Harmonic Distortion

1/ 2
2
Vn
THD = n = 2
V1
The same definition applicable to current

15
Power concept under nonsinusoidal waveforms
Voltage
v = Vo + 2
cos(nt + n )
cos(nt + n )
n =1
Current
i = Io + 2
I
n =1
Instantaneous power
p = vi
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2/11/2010
Power concept under nonsinusoidal waveforms
Average power
P = Vo I o +
V I
n n
cos( n n )
n =1
Apparent power
S = Vrms I rms
Power factor
P
PF = =
S
Vo I o +
V I
n n
cos( n n )
n =1
Vrms I rms
17
Example
Voltage
v = 1 + 210 cos(100t ) + 2 2 cos(300t )
Current
i = 2 5 cos 100t 60 o 2 cos(300t )
Average power
P = 50 cos 60 o + 2 cos( ) = 25
RMS Voltage and Current
( )
V = 12 + 10 2 + 2 2 = 105
Power factor
PF =
I = 5 2 + 12 = 26
P
25
=
= 0,478
S
105 26
18
2/11/2010
Sinusoidal voltage case

Average power :
Power factor :
P = V1 I1 cos(1 1 )
I
I1
P
cos 1
= 1 cos(1 1 ) =
1/ 2
S I rms
2 2
In
I1 +
n=2
1 = 1 1
PF =
where :
Relationship between power factor and THD:
PF =
cos 1
1 + THD 2
19
Transformer and inductor

Inductor is used to store temporary energy and
also used to smoothing the current
Transformer is used for voltage conversion,
galvanic isolation, and also used to store
temporary energy.
Transformer and inductor are the heaviest
component in power electronics system.
In power electronics applications, transformer
sometimes has to operate with both dc and ac
voltages or currents.
20
10
2/11/2010
Electromagnetism
Hukum Ampere :
H.dl = = NI
At
Hlc = NI
NI
At/m
lc
H=
B = H =
N lilit
= BA =
= N =
L=
NI
lc
A
lc
Wb/m 2
NI Wb
AN 2
lc
AN 2
lc
21
Airgap Influence
= NI = H c lc + H g g
NI =
Bc
lc +
Bg
l
g
g = c +
Ac o Ag
Ac Ag = A
N lilit
= r o
NI
lc
r o A
o A
N 2I
= N =
lc
r o A
L=
N2
lc
r o A
o A
o AN 2 / g
o A
22
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2/11/2010
Transformer
i1
i2
N1
v1
N2
v2
23
Ideal Transformer
i1
i2
v1 N1
N 2 v2
v1 N1
i
=
= 2
v2 N 2
i1
Ideal transformer neither
dissipates nor stores energy
24
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2/11/2010
Practical Transformer
i1
i2
Ll1
v1
Lm
Ll 2
N2
N1
v2
25
Symmetrical Components
Any unbalanced three-phase quantities can be
composed into three symmetrical components:
- Positive sequence components
- Negative sequence components
- Zero sequence components
I b2
I c1
I ao = I bo = I co
Ia2
I a1
I b1
I c2
26
13
2/11/2010
Vao
1 1
V = 1 1 a
a1 3
Va 2
1 a 2
a=e
2
3
Va 1
V = a 2
b
Vc a
1 Va
a 2 Vb
a Vc
I co
1
a
a2
1 Va1
1 Va 2
1 Vao
I c1
I c2
Ia
Ic
I ao
Ib
I bo
I a1
I a2
I b1
I b2
27
In three-phase three-wire systems we have
no neutral current and, therefore, we have
no zero sequence current.
The neutral current is three times the zero
sequence current.
28
14
2/11/2010
Balanced nonsinusoidal quantities

Let assume:
va =
cos[n(t )]
n =1
For n=1:
va1 = V1 cos(t )
For n=2:
va 2 = V2 cos(2t )
vb =
[(
Vn cos n t 23
n =1
2
3
vb1 = V1 cos t 23
vb 2 = V2 cos 2t +
Vn cos[n(t + 23 )]
)] vc =
n =1
vc1 = V1 cos t + 23
vc 2 = V2 cos 2t 23
For n=3:
va 3 = V3 cos(3t )
vb3 = V3 cos(3t )
vc 3 = V3 cos(3t )
29
Balanced nonsinusoidal quantities

For n=3k-2, The harmonics are similar to
positive sequence quantities.
For n=3k-1, the harmonics are similar to
negative sequence quantities.
For n=3k, the harmonics are similar to zero
quantities.
Inilah alasan mengapa pada sistem tiga-fasa tiga-kawat yang
seimbang, kita tidak menemui harmonisa kelipatan tiga.
30
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2/11/2010
Symmetrical components
Symmetrical components theory can be
applied to both steady-state phasor
quantities and instantaneous quantities.
Symmetrical components theory can be
derived also by using linear algebra and
treated as variable transformation
31
Voltage and Current across the inductor

vL = L
diL
dt
Steady-state:
iL (t ) = iL (t + T )
Thus
t +T
iL =
1 to + t
vL dt + iL (to )
L to
vL (t ) = vL (t + T )
vL dt = 0
Average voltage across the inductor under

steady-state condition is zero.
32
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2/11/2010
Voltage and current across the capacitor

iC = C
dvC
dt
vC =
1 to + t
iC dt + vC (to )
C to
Steady-state:
iC (t ) = iC (t + T )
Thus
t +T
vC (t ) = vC (t + T )
iC dt = 0
Average current through the capacitor under

steady-state conditions is zero.
33
Batasan Topologi
Sumber tegangan hanya boleh diparalel jika sama
besar
Sumber arus hanya boleh diseri jika sama besar
Sumber tegangan tidak boleh dihubungsingkat
Sumber arus tidak boleh dibuka
Sumber tegangan bisa berupa kapasitor
Sumber arus bisa berupa induktor
34
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2/11/2010
Hubungan Berikut Harus Dihindari

+
35
Dualitas
Sumber tegangan
Sumber arus
Hubungan paralel
Hubungan seri
Induktor
Kapasitor
Resistor
Konduktor
Reverse conducting switch
Reverse blocking switch
Variabel tegangan
Variabel arus
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18
2/11/2010
Contoh Dualitas
R
Vs
Vs = Ris + L
is
dis 1 t
+
is dt + vC (0)
dt C 0
Ip
vp
I p = Gv p + C
dv p
dt
1 t
v p dt + iL (0)
L 0
37
Contoh Dualitas
+
38
19
2/11/2010
Penggunaan Komputer
PSIM, MATLAB, EMTP, PSPICE, etc.
Switching Concept
Averaging Concept
39
Switching Concept
ii
io
S1
R
Ed
S2
vo
L
vo=SwEd
Vo()=Sw()Ed
Io()=Vo()/Z()
Ii()=Sw()Io()
Sw=1 IF S1 ON and S2 OFF

Sw=0 IF S1 OFF and S2 ON
40
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2/11/2010
Switching Concept
S1
ii
io
IF vref > car THEN S w = 1 ELSE S w = 0
S 2 vo
Ed
dio
= (S w Ed Rio ) / L
dt
ii = S wio
vref
+
car
41
Averaging Concept
S1
ii
0 < t < TON
io
dio
= Ed
dt
< t < Ts
Rio + L
R
S 2 vo
Ed
TON
dio
=0
dt
Averaging
Rio + L
dio
(TON + TOFF ) = Ed TON
dt
Divided by Ts results in
Rio (TON + TOFF ) + L
vref
car
Rio + L
dio
T
= E d ON = vo
dt
Ts
42
21
2/11/2010
D-Q Transform
f qdo = Kf abc
(f qdo )T = [ f q
fd
fo
(f abc )T = [ f a
fb
fc ]
cos
2
K = sin
3 1
2
cos - 23
sin - 23
f abc = K -1f qdo
(
(
)
)
1
2
(
(
)
)
cos + 23
sin + 23
1
cos
K = cos 23
cos + 2
3
(
(
-1
)
)
sin
sin 23
( )
sin ( + 23 )
1
1
= ( )d + o
0
f bisa dipakai untuk tegangan, arus, maupun fluksi.

Bentuk gelombang f bebas, tidak harus sinusoidal.
menyatakan kecepatan putar kerangka referensi.
43
D-Q Transform
fb
fq
fa
fc
fd
44
22
2/11/2010
Example
ia = 2 I cos s t
( 23 )
2 I cos( s t 23 )
ib = 2 I cos s t +
ic =
iq =
2 2I
cos s t cos t + cos s t +
3
2
3
)cos(t + 23 ) + cos( s t 23 )cos(t 23 )]
iq = 2 I cos( s )t
id =
2 2I
sin s t sin t + sin s t +
3
2
3
)sin(t + 23 ) + sin ( st 23 )sin(t 23 )]
id = 2 I sin ( s )t
io = 0
45
D-Q Transform
Power Invariance
Pabc = va ia + vb ib + vc ic
3
v q i q + v d i d + 2 v o io
2
Instantaneous Reactive Power :
3
q = v q i d v d iq
2
Pabc = Pqdo =
46
23
2/11/2010
DQ Transform of Stationary Elements

v abc = pabc
[ ]
v qdo = Kp K -1abc = Kp K -1 qdo + KK -1 pqdo
v abc = ri abc
[ ]
pK
-1
-1
v qdo = KrK i qdo
sin
= sin 23
sin + 2
3
(
(
)
)
cos
cos 23
(
(
cos +
2
3
)
)
0
0
Thus
-1
KrK = r
0 1 0
Kp K -1 = 1 0 0
0 0 0
[ ]
47

v qdo = dq + pqdo
(dq )T = [d
vq = d + pq
vd = q + pd
vo = po
48
24
2/11/2010

iq
L
+
ia
vq
id
Lid
R
ib
n
b
ic
Liq
vd
io
c
vo
49
DQ Transform
If the speed of reference frame is equal to
the supply frequency, it is called
synchronous reference frame.
If the speed of reference frame is zero, it is
called stationary reference frame.
If the speed of reference frame is not equal
to the supply frequency, it is called
asynchronous reference frame.
50
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2/11/2010
Space Vector
na =
N
N e j + e j
cos =
2
2
2
nb =
N
N e
cos 23 =
2
2
N
N e
nc = cos + 23 =
2
2
Fa = na ia + nb ib + nc ic
) + e j ( 23 )
) + e j ( + 23 )
j 23
2
j + 23
N j
N
j 2
j 2
j 2
j 2
e ia + ib e 3 + ic e 3 + e j ia + ib e 3 + ic e 3
4
3 N j r 3 N j r *
=
e i+
e i
8
8
r 2
j 2
j 2
i = ia + ib e 3 + ic e 3
3
is called space vector of current.
The same definition s apply to voltage and current.
=
51
Example of Space Vector

ia = 2 I cos s t =
ib = 2 I cos s t +
2
I e j s t + e j s t
2
2
3
2
3
) + e j (s t + 23 )
)=
2
2
2 j (s t 23 ) j (s t 23 )
I e
+e
ic = 2 I cos s t 23 =
r
i =
I e
j s t + 23
j ( t + 2 )
j ( s t + 23 ) j 23
j ( t 2 )
j ( s t 23 ) j 23
I e js t + e js t + e s 3 + e
e
+ e s 3 + e
e
r
i = 2 Ie js t
Besaran sinusoidal seimbang akan nampak sebagai suatu vektor

yang bergerak melingkar pada kecepatan tetap.
52
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2/11/2010
Example of Space Vector

Stationary elements :
di
di
di
va = Ria + L a vb = Rib + L b vc = Ric + L c
dt
dt
dt
In space vector form :
r
r
r 2
v = va + a 2 vb + avc
3
r
r
r
r
d 2
2
= R ia + a 2ib + aic + L
ia + a 2ib + aic
dt 3
3
r
r
di
= Ri + L
dt
53
Transformation of Space Vector

r
r
x = x e jt
Previous example
r
i = 2 Ie j ( s )t
It should be noted :
r
r j 2
xa = Re[x ] xb = Re x e 3
[ ]
r j 2
xc = Re xe 3
54
27
2/11/2010
Numerical Methods To Solve Differential Equations

Let
f ' ( x, t ); x (t o ) = xo ; h
Euler Method :
x(t o + h ) = x(t o ) + hf ' ( xo , t o )
Fourth - Order Runge - Kutta Method :
k1 = f (xo , t o )
k
h
k 2 = f xo + 1 , t o +
2
2
k
h
k 3 = f xo + 2 , t o +
2
2
k 4 = f ( xo + k 3 , t o + h )
x(t o + h ) = x(t o ) +
h
(k1 + 2k 2 + 2k3 + k 4 )
6
55
Example
di
= 10 5i
dt
i0 = 0
h = 0.1
i (0.1) = 0 + 0.1 (10 5 0 ) = 1
i (0.2 ) = 1 + 0.1 (10 5 1) = 1.5
i (0.3) = 1.5 + 0.1 (10 5 1.5) = 1.75
i (0.4 ) = 1.75 + 0.1 (10 5 1.75) = 1.875
56
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2/11/2010
Numerical Integration
We have N data for the function y in the interval from a to b :
ba
Let h =
N
b
N 1
ydt = h
yi
(the simplest rule)
n =0
N 1
h
ydt = y0 + y N + 2 yi
a
2
n =1
57
Example
T
i
0
1
0.1
2
0.2
3
0.3
1
0.4
2
0.5
3
0.6
1
0.7
2
0.8
3
0.9
1
h = 0.1
N = 10
N 1
0.9
idt = h
0.9 2
i = 1.9
N 1
i dt = h
i 2 = 4.3
0
58
29
2/11/2010
The End
59
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2/11/2010

Review of Basic Concepts

Average and RMS Concepts

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Single-Phase Power Concept

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Single-Phase Power Concept

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Balanced Three-Phase Power

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Balanced Three-Phase Power

Balanced Three-Phase Power

Three-Phase Power System

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Three-Phase Power System

Three-Phase Four-Wire Systems

Series Losses Consideration :

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Fourier Series Representation

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Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

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The same definition applicable to current

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Transformer and inductor

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Balanced nonsinusoidal quantities

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Balanced nonsinusoidal quantities

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Voltage and Current across the inductor

Average voltage across the inductor under

Voltage and current across the capacitor

Average current through the capacitor under

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Hubungan Berikut Harus Dihindari

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Reverse conducting switch

Reverse blocking switch

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Sw=1 IF S1 ON and S2 OFF

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