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Lesson 1
Earths Position and Movement
Through Space
(You Are Here )
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://casswww.ucsd.edu/archive/public/tutorial/images/mw.jpg&imgrefurl=http://casswww.ucsd.edu/archive/public/tutorial/MW.html&usg=__
http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/
http://www.astropix.com/HTML/D_SUM_S/MILKYWAY.HTM
rotating, interstellar cloud - a nebula collapsed (as a result of gravity) to form the
Sun and planets
http://solar-flux.forumandco.com/t349-moa-2008-blg-310lb-planet-in-the-galactic-bulge
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-astro-nebula.html
Lesson 2
Keplers Laws and
Earths Orbit
Think About It
Focus Question
How do Keplers laws
describe Earths orbit?
Unless otherwise noted, the info on the slides on Keplers laws was taken from the
following website: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kepler.html
BackgroundOrbit Eccentricity
The eccentricity of an ellipse can be defined as the ratio of the distance between the foci
to the major axis of the ellipse. The more eccentric an orbit, the more of an oval it is.
The eccentricity is zero for a circle.
Of the planetary orbits, only Pluto has a large eccentricity.
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=175
.206
Venus
.0068
Earth
.0167
Mars
.0934
Jupiter
.0485
Saturn
.0556
Uranus
.0472
Neptune
.0086
Pluto
.25
http://www.mathacademy.com/pr/prime/articles/kepler/index.asp
i.
ii.
of mass between a
planet and the Sun.
a. The law of universal
gravitation states that
every pair of bodies in
the universe attracts
each other with a force
proportional to the
product of their
masses and
inversely proportional
to the square of the
distance between
them.
d. Draw this!
See next slide.
http://www.barewalls.com/pv-605547_Barycenter-Diagram.html
Modeling Barycenter
http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/barycenter/
Lesson 3
Earths Rotation
Day and Night
Earths Slightly Squashed Shape
Think About It
Focus Questions
Earths axis is
a.
o
b.
What is actually
happening when we see
the Sun rise and set?
At sunrise, we spin
towards the Sun
and see it rise and
at sunset, we spin
away from the Sun,
we see it set.
d. Draw this concept!
o
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/images/pathofsun_40deg.jpg
Earths rotation
b. What force causes the
centrifugal force
http://www.cleonis.nl/physics/phys256/equatorial_bulge.php
bulging at the
equator
and a slight squishing
at the poles.
d. This causes the
circumference at the
equator to be slightly
larger than that of the
poles.
Simulation: http://www.cleonis.nl/physics/phys256/equatorial_bulge.php
Lesson 4
The Seasons
Think About It
During which month is Earth
closest to the Sun?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic
is 23.5 degrees.
http://republicanredefined.com/2010/03/02/chile-quake-shifted-earths-axis-and-made-days-shorter/
http://www.exploratorium.edu/ancientobs/chaco/HTML/TG-shadows.html
orbit
http://www.onlytoptens.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/top-10-documentaries-march-of-the-penguins.jpg
Seasons
f.
Lesson 5
Changes in The Seasons
Precession and Nutation
Think About It
What would happen to the
average temperatures during
our winter if Earth was tilted
MORE on its axis ?
Focus Question
8. Precession
8. Precession is
the wobble in Earths
rotational axis.
a. One full cycle of
precession takes
26,000 years!
b. The force that causes
precession is
the sideways pull of
the Moons on the
Earth. (See next slide)
http://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/what-is-the-ecliptic
8. Precession
c. Our current north
star is
Polaris
In about 12,000
years, our new
north star will
be
Vega
http://www.wwu.edu/skywise/a101_precession.html
http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter16/precession.html
http://www.cgrer.uiowa.edu/people/carmichael/atmos_course/ATMOS_PROJ_99/bilskemp/natural_variability.html
9. Nutation
Nutation is
a change in the
angle of tilt of Earths
axis
a. Present tilt of Earths
axis is 23.5.
b. The tilt can vary from
22.1 to 24.5 .
http://www.cgrer.uiowa.edu/people/carmichael/atmos_course/ATMOS_PROJ_99/bilskemp/natural_variability.html
9. Nutation
c.i. If the angle of tilt
decreased
there would be less of a
temperature difference
between seasons.
of Earths axis
increased
there would be more of a
temperature difference
between seasons.
d. Draw
Nutation
p. 373
Lesson 6
Tides
Focus Question
Tides
10. Tides are caused by
the gravitational attraction among Earth, the
Moon, and the Sun. (Write next to Q #10.)
a. Tides are
the periodic rise and fall of sea level.
i. High tide
Highest level to which the water rises
ii. Low tide
lowest level of the water
http://www.amusingplanet.com/2012/03/tides-at-bay-of-fundy.html
High
Tide
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/ocean/fundy_max.htm
http://mail.colonial.net/~hkaiter/Moon_Phases_Tides.html
Tide Simulation:
http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/lunarcycles/tidesim.html
Lesson 7
The Suns Energy
Think About It
Is it possible to make electricity
by using the same process
that powers the Sun?
Focus Question
What process powers the Sun
and what forms of Energy
does that process produce?
109
http://www.solarviews.com/images/VSS00031.jpg
the
photosphere
2500 km thick
Very hot! (30,000
K)
several
million km from the top
of the chromosphere
Very low density
only visible during an
eclipse
Extremely hot! (1 to 2
million K)
5. Fusion
b. Fusion occurs
in
5. Fusion
c.b. The mass that is lost when two
hydrogen nuclei combine to form helium
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html
What??!!
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15043462/
http://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/M.Higgins+And+D.Lazerev+Reaction+Wiki
d. Electromagnetic energy
is
e. This is the
dangerous side!
http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/EMSpec/EMSpec2.html
http://mmedia.pl/ozone-layer-diagram-for-kids
a. Solar wind is
A supersonic
slide
Solar Wind
http://www.redorbit.com/education/reference_library/space_1/solar_system/2574610/van_allen_radiation_belt/
The Auroras
http://www.lovethesepics.com/2011/02/24-amazing-auroras-aurora-borealis-aurora-australis/
Lesson 8
Energy For Earth
Think About It
What would happen to Earth if
the Sun were turned off today?
Focus Question
How does the Suns energy
warm Earths surface and
atmosphere?
http://virtualskies.arc.nasa.gov/weather/images/2b1.png
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/cascade.GIF
http://ossfoundation.us/projects/environment/global-warming/earths-radiation-budget
Differential Heating
a.iv. Which heats up and cools down
http://ossfoundation.us/projects/environment/global-warming/earths-radiation-budget
the transfer of
energy by the flow of
a heated substance
i. Warm air rises.
ii. When the warm air
gets high enough, it
cools and sinks.
iii. This creates a
convection current.
http://avstop.com/ac/fig5-9.jpg
b.
c.
d.
During photosynthesis,
solar energy is
transformed into
chemical energy.
This occurs in plants,
algae and some
bacteria.
For this to occur, there
must be water, CO2,
and sunlight.
In plants, this occurs in
chloroplasts.
http://abhsscience.wikispaces.com/Photosynthesis+TD
http://wowk.images.worldnow.com/images/19108684_BG1.jpg