MeganLam

MsKrugman
Ms.Melaugh
AnnotatedBibliography
March13,2015

Bohjalian,Chris.
TheSandcastleGirls
.Toronto:Randomhouse,2012.Print.

TheSandcastleGirls
isanovelwrittenbyChrisBohjalian.Thenovelsurroundsthe
causesandeffectsoftheArmeniangenocide,aswellastheaftermath.Itiswritteninfirst
andthirdperson,wherethetimeperiodgoesbackandforthfromthepresenttothepast.
FirstpersoniswrittenbyawomannamedLaurawhoisthegrandchildofmaincharacters
ElizabethandherhusbandArmen,whoarewritteninthirdperson.ElizabethEndicottis
anAmericanfromBostonwhotraveledtoAleppo,Syriawithherfather,SilasEndicott
andRyanMartin,anAmericanconsul.AllthreetraveledtoAleppoinordertoaidthe
Armenianswhosufferedfromethniccleansing.WhileinAleppo,thethreeliveinan
Americancompound.AsElizabethmeetsmorepeopleinAleppo,theirjourneyisalso
told.Differentperspectivesofthegenocidearetoldthroughthebook,victims,
perpetrators,thosewhowerebraveenoughtointervenetoassistthevictims,children
whosegrandparentswitnessedthegenocide,etc.Learningaboutthedifferent
perspectiveshelpsthereaderunderstandthesocialandpoliticalcausesoftheArmenian
genocide.TheTurksbelievedthatThenovelrevealedopinionsonhowandwhy
genocideoccursthroughitsdetailedandwellorganizedplot.Thenovelansweredafew
leadingresearchquestionssuchas,HowdoesthepresentdayviewtheArmenian
genocide?,Howareraceswhoarelookedupon,dehumanizedbyanotherrace?,and
Whatactionsdidtheperpetratorsimplementintosocietytocarryoutaplanof
genocide?ThenovelalsoproposesdifferentperspectivesofpeopleduringtheArmenian
genocide,whichcontributestothemultipleperspectivesaspectsofthemultigenre
project.

Morgenthau,Henry."HenryMorgenthau,U.SAmbassadortotheOttomanEmpire."
Armeniangenocide.org
.Web.10March2015.

Duringthistime,theYoungTurksweretheleadersoftheOttomanEmpire,threepeople
whowereabletoinitiatetheArmeniangenocide.Asthetitlesuggests,Henry
MorgenthauwastheU.SambassadortotheOttomanEmpire.Morgenthauformeda
personalconnectionwiththeYoungTurksoftheOttomanEmpirewhereMorgenthau
wasabletorevealthetruthaboutthegenocide.Morgenthaustates,
Hemadenosecretof
thefactthattheGovernmenthadinstigatedthem,and,likeallTurksoftheofficial

classes,heenthusiasticallyapprovedthistreatmentofthedetestedrace,theTurks
affirmedtheGovernmenthadsparkedthegenocideandapprovedofthedesolationof
Armenians.Furthermore,Morgenthauclearlystateshisstanceofthegenocide.
Morgenthauwritesthenewspapersthatwroteaboutthegenocidewerenotaccurateand
didnotdepicttheatrocitiescorrectly.Theatrocitieswasmoreofasteppingstonetowards
thegenocide,theviolenceduringthegenocidewasbeyondhumansreach.Morgenthau
brieflystatesthesocialcauseofthegenocide,whichwasasystematicplanofthe
desolationoftheArmenianrace.Attheendoftheletter,Morgenthauwritesabouthow
therewasnthistoryaboutanabundantamountofhumansdyingasbadasthegenocide
thatoccurredatthetime.Theletteransweredquestionsabouttheeffectsofthegenocide,
suchasWhatkillingmethodwasusedagainsttheArmenians?andHowdoes
deportationplayaroleinothergenocides?Noticeably,deportationbecameanew
methodthatgenocidesaftertheArmeniangenocidecarriedout.Deportationbecamea
warranttoeasilykillawholerace.Furthermore,theprimarysourceisvaluableforthe
multigenreprojectbecausethereadercancomparewhatthenovelwroteaboutwhat
happenedversuswhatawitnesssaw.WhattheTurksdidinthenovelwasexactlywhat
happenedinduringthegenocide,ashardasitmaybetobelieve.Humanswerecapable
ofsuchatrociousactsagainstotherhumans.

PhotosofArmenianGenocide.
Genocidemuseum.am
.Web.10March2015.

ThesourcedisplaysvariousphotosfromtheArmeniangenocide,particularly
surroundingthelivesofthevictimswhoareArmenians.Thephotospreciselyrepresents
thehorrorsArmeniansfacedduringthedeportationandthefactorsofdehumanization.
ManymarchesofanextensivegroupofArmenianswereheldregularlyinorderto
massacreArmeniansthroughstarvation,dehydration,andsimpleruthlesskilling.Pictures
ofbeheadedcorpsesandmalnourishedwomenandchildrenseemedtobethetrend
throughoutthephotos.Thephotoscanconveynumerousconjecturesaboutwhat
happenedduringthegenocide.Also,thephotosdefinitelyrevealthephysicalstateand
possiblementalstateofArmenians.Similarlytotheothersources,thephotosareableto
answerHowdidtheperpetratorscarryouttheirplanofagenocide?Theimagesalso
serveasavisualaidtoshowreadersofthemultigenreproject,theeffectsofthewar.

Beecroft,Rachel.ArmenianGenocide.
W
orldwithoutgenocide.org
.6August2013.Web.
10March2015.

In the 11th century, the Armenian homeland was invaded by the Ottoman Empire. By
1890, there was a clear ethnic division between the Muslim Turks and the Christian
Armenians. Armenians had to pay extra taxes and suffer from severe marginalization.

Eventually Armenians demanded for a constitutional government, which the Young

Turks provided in 1908. Although, the Young Turks overthrew thegovernmenttocreate
a new empire consisting of one language and one religion. The Turks wanted to unite
their empire and strengthen it. Which led to a systematic plan of a genocide of
Armenians. This suggests that this was a social cause because of the desire of an all
Turkish community. The Ottoman Empire decided to violate human rights by ethnic
cleansing. For many decades Christian Armenians and other minority religions were the
backbone of the Ottoman Empire. They were treated unfairly and thought of anything
other than human. Now that the Ottoman Empire was crumbling and Armenians were
rebelling against the empire, it gave the Turks the perfect excuse for a destruction of a
race/religion. Eventually Armenians were looked at as a threat. There were many
atrocitiesagainstArmenianssuchasmasskillings,labor,concentrationcamps,etc.