tapi WIRE COMMUNICATIONS Pulsed Dialing "Tone Dialing/Dval Tone Multifrequency om Subscriber Loop Design Design Limitations Resistance Limit, Via Net Loss, “Telephone Trafic Fal lang. Grade of Service Handling of Lose Calls “Traffic Formulas dB Calculations in 2 Voice Channel Molkiplexing ‘TDM ia Telephony FDM Frequency Spectrum10 WIRECOMMUNICATIONS 10.1 PULSED DIALING =a dialing technique where the telephone set has a rotary dial, which closes and opens the tocal loop circuit at a timed interval. The total ‘number of dial pulses that results from one ‘operation of the dial is determined by how far the dial is rotated before releasing it. How long does it take to dial the number 761- 4832 using pulse dialing with 0.5-s interdigit time? Example: In dialing the number 735-7333, the following pulse states will occur. (considering the digits 7, 3, nd 5 only) ‘make ~ the cigcuit is closed/off-hook break — the circuit is opened/on-hook SOLUTION: t= Zal0.t)+(a~1h, t= (74641444843+2)04)+(7-1)05) pymmake jnterdigit delay one, Hibreak 10.2 TONE DIALING/ _ =e DUAL TONE MULTIFREQUENCY Dig Di Dig 'S* TMF) - a method of dialing where the telephone sets ‘employ a combination of audio tones in sending the telephone number wire communicationsDIME Frequencies 1209Hz 1336Hz 1477Hz 1633H2 OOTHz 1 2 3 THz = 4 5 6 852H2 oT 8 9 OMe + 0 # How long does it take to dial the number 735- 7333 with tone dialing where digits push buttons are held down for 0.25 s and the interdigit time is 0.25 =? SOLUTION: pean Ay (0.25) + (7-10.25 258 10.3 SUBSCRIBER LOOP DESIGN Switch ‘Subscriber role Subscriber Loop Unit ate e se eungateceteh SUBSCRIBER LOOP DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Telephone Sey Rn Rae Roe i T Le) av Rra > | i He Rr = the total resistance of all the ‘components of the subscriber loop wire communica SSS IERa = resistance of the telephone set Rn = resistance of the cable wire used Rye = miscellaneous resistance Ree = switch resistance 10.4 DESIGN LIMITATIONS. Normal QB Hes ccomuntontionsCABLE DIAMETERS AWG] Diameter | Diameter (com) | Gnches) 19 O91 0.036 22 0.644 0.025 24 0511 0.020 26 0.405 0.016 2a [0302 —[—o0i2 LOOP RESISTANCE FOR DIFFERENT CONDUCTOR GAU! AWG | _2/1000ft of loop 28 132 26 835 24 519 22 324 19 6.1 ‘BXAMPLE: If we want a 20-mile loop, allowing 200 2 rile of loop (for the 1700-2 limit), what ‘wire diameter should be used? SOLUTION: 0.1095 wire comminications G2 = 21095; 200 4 =0,0234inches of about AWG 22 10.6 VIA NET LOSS ~ the loss introduced between the transmitting, and receiving ends of a telephone connection, used to avoid the phenomenon called singing. ee ‘minimum required via net loss time delay in ms EXAMPLE: (ECE Board Problem, April 2003) Calculate the via net loss for 11.8 ms. SOLUTION: VNL=02¢+0.4dB VNL = 0.2(11.8)+0.4dB.VNL=276¢B T= 1067eall —he 10.7 TELEPHONE TRAFFIC 10.8 ERLANG = the total number of telephone calls over a ~a dimensionless unit for traffic intensity. One group of ciscuits or trunks with respect to the erlang correspond to a circuit occupied for one duration of calls as well as their number. hour. 3 aes ayaa Leena ‘where ‘T = the total traffic flow ‘ces = lnundred call second the number of calls originated during the period of one hour +H = the average holding time 10.9 GRADE OF SERVICE (GoS) = used to express the probability of meeting blockage during the busy hour. With a grade of : service of 0.01, an average of one call in 100 With an average holding time of 2 minutes and a Nallbe blocked or lost during the busy hour. calling rate in the busy hous for a pasticular day of 212, calculate the traffic flow. ° wize communicat ist {BEDEXAMPLE: Ina given network, there are 360 lines co for service and 7 blocked calls during the busy hhour, what is the grade of service? f SOLUTION: Gos = oc pa ar. 36047 Go = 0.0191 EXAMPLE: Five telephone trunks were occupied during the hout with the following duration: {st trunk ~ 53min 2nd trunk — 52min 3rd trunk — 44min 4th trunk ~ 42min Sth trunk ~ 58min Give the total traffic in erlang. SOLUTION: T=cxH the holding time is 53+ 52444442458 nS QBS Wie communications H=498min ot of hE H= 498: 2“) H=0.83br T=5(083) T= 4.5edang EXAMPLE: During the busy hour, the average calling rate per subscriber is 0.75. The holding time per call is 6 minutes. Calculate the total traffic handled by the telephone exchange in ccs during the busy out. SOLUTION: T=cxH ro(as( i #) T=0.075erlang10.10 HANDLING OF LOST CALLS first out (LIFO), fist in first out (FIFO), or at random ‘The following are used for the handling of lost call: = Lost calls held (LCH) = Lost calls cleared (LCQ} and = Lost calls delayed (LCD) 10.11 TRAFFIC FORMULAS A. ExlangB ~ it is based on the LCC assumption. A. LOST CALLS HELD a method where the telephone user is assumed to reattempt the call immediately receipt of a congestion signal and will continue to redial. The assumption in the LCH concept is that, lst alls are held or waiting a the users telephone, B. LOST CALLS CLEARED a method where the telephone user is ‘assumed to hang up and wait some time interval before reattempting if it hears the ‘congestion signal on the first attempt. ‘The assumption in the LCC concepts that, lost calls disappear from the system. C. LOST CALLS DELAYED a method where the telephone user is ‘automatically placed in a waiting line. In LCD ‘concept, the waiting calls may be handled last in2. A noise power of -45 dBm yields a value of where +45 Bac. Pov) = blocking proba dBao= the power measureme:t adjusted to 0 dBm that indicates what the power would be ifit were measured at 0 TLP (Transmi: ion Level point). ©. Poisson Formula Example: 1 it is based on the LCH assumption. A-+6 dBy signal m- sured at a—14 dB ‘TLP is +20 dBao 2. A-8 dBm signal me sured at ‘TLP is equal to +7 dBuo 15 dBa dBncy= the amount of noise corrected to 0 TLP. Example: 1. The noise of 28 dP xc at +6 dBm TLP gives a value of 22 [Brco- 2 A noise of 18 dBac 2t -24 dBm TLP yields avalue of 42 Buco pWp = picoWatt psophome’ ally weighted ISLA) = blocking probability 10.12 dB CALCULATIONS INA VOICE CHANNEL dBaac = the dB equivalent of noise with respect to reference noise with C-message weighting, 1. A noise level of -75 dB. gives a value of 15 dBc. GGBl Hive commstcattons wize cou steattons 1-4 \Given with a noise equal to -80 dBm (C-message weighting) and a signal of -16 dBq at -12 dBm TLP, calculate: i 2) the signal in dino i b) the noise in dBc ©) the noise in dBuco ) S/N ratio. f SOLUTION: 0aBa -12.dBy 68 dBm i ao{ oma BS soln Le 10 dBac (che reference (noise compared with ‘noise level) noise reference) D) Signal = ~16-(-12) Signal = 4B uo » Noise=~80-(-90) ee we communications 1013 MULTIPLEXING = the process that allows two or more signal to share a common transmission medium, FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (EDM) ~ a multiplexing technique in which a transmission facility is subdivided into two or more channels by splitting the frequency band transmitted by the facility into narrower bands, each of which is used to, represent a distinct channel wire conmunieat isan (@@iip‘TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM) ~ a multiplexing technique in which a transmission facility is subdivided into two or mote channelsfoy allotting the facility to several information channels for a given time slot (one at a time). 10.14 TDMIN TELEPHONY DS-1 SIGNAL STRUCTURE (North American Standard) 24 PCM Samples at Bbits exch aig EEE _)_ Fee eee 125s(1/8 kH2) 193 bits In the T-1 system the multiplexer circuitry samples each analog voice signal ata rate of 8 kHz and digitizes each sample into an 8-bit representation. A group of 8-its times 24 voice channels is called a frame and contains 192 bits (24x8 bits). But each frame is preceded by a framing bit to help in the synchronization at the receiver. ‘Therefore, 193 bits ‘must be sent at 8 kHz and bit rate will be ey ae @ communications bit rate =193-— | Te Fame. bit rate = 1.544Mbps =) DIGITAL SIGNAL HIERARCHY : Number of | BicRave Carrier | Signal | Voice Channels | (Mbps) Ts 24 1544 TiC] Ds.1C ae 3:52 12 DS2 36 6312 13 | Ds 612 “44.736 14 [ ps4 3032 214.176 T5_| DSS 3068 360.16 E-1 SIGNAL STRUCTURE (European Standard) Tepe LL PPE 4 Taiys 256 bie ‘The bit rate isbitrate = ase bie (Smotanes) fame bit rate = 2.048Mbps DIGITAL SIGNAL HIERARCHY ‘Number of Bit Rate ae Voice Channels (Mbps) Et 30 2.048, EZ 120 3.48 ES. 480 34.368 4 1920 139.264 ES 7680 565.148 10.15 | FDM FREQUENCY SPECTRUM Chane 1 AAAS ALALAALAIAIAI GH 64 G8 72 16 80 8 8B 92 96 100 108 108 a ‘re communications 12. VF Channels 1Group 2H Channa ‘iti, SB ites TPF 10BKHx fae} |e (Channel? F skit $B Fier Ler i0skte Roz 2 BM pe Channel’ ¥ ‘ie SB iter Ter 100KFHz fee] on fee Channel 12 tie F SB Filter TPF Gfkile10 Supergroups 5 Groups 1 Master Group ‘1 Supergroup: Looe Le I elie |e ors F sp Fiter ie 3396kHz : za yaa Supergroup 2 Lof BM L-o|ae] T SB Filter - oo ° (3148kH ‘Group aut oe} zy remean T spFiter St6kdz cons He Soper 10 Lf mar Fafa Fs FitePRACTICE PROBLEMS: 1. During the busy hour, the average calling rate per subscriber of a 1800-line telephone exchange is 0.75. The holding time per cal is 3 ‘minutes. What isthe total traffic handled by the telephone exchange during the busy hour? (Answer: 0.0375 erlang) 2. Caloulate the frequency to which a 500-Hz baseband frequency will be translated, for channel 8 of a group. (Answer: 79.5 kHz) 3. A tone measures 75 dBac at the ousput of a four-wire central office. What will it be at a local loop that is at -10 dBm TLP? (Answer: 85 dBc) 4. Calculate the average time to dial the ## 971- 9022, using: a) dial pulsing with 0.5-sinterdigit time, and b) DIMF with each digit held down for 0.35 s and an interdigit time of 0.35 s. (Answers: 75, 4.55 5) 5. If the total traffic handled by a telephone ‘exchange is equivalent to 5400 ccs, what is the total traffic handled in Erlangs? (Answer: 150 cerlangs) 6. If there exist a total of 150 calls and the average holding time is 5 minutes per call, what is the traffic in erlang? (Answer: 125 etlangs) ep “¢ communications 10. 1 12. ‘During the busy hour in a telephone system an average of one call out of a hundred calls is lost. Determine the grade of service. (Answer: 001) ‘Caleuilate the load that can be offered toa switch of capacity 1500 with a mean holding time of 1000s if the fraction of delayed calls ‘waiting longer than 60 s is not to exceed 109%? (Answer 1462) ‘What frequencies would be generated by a telephone using DTMF signalling, when the ssumber 7 is pressed? (Answer: 852 Hz and 1209 Hz) ‘A telephone signal takes 5 ms to teach its destination. Determine the via net loss required for an acceptable amount of echo. (Answer 1.4 dB) Caleulate the via net loss required for a 7500- km cable circuit on which the average propagation velocity is 67% of the speed of light. (Answer: 7.863 4B) A est tone signal power of -65 dB is measured at a~60 -dBm TLP. ‘The C-message noise is measured at the same TLP at 5 dBc. Calculate the following levels: a) C-message noise relative to reference noise at 0'TLP (0 Baca), b) actual C-message noise power level wire comntcatiSas QED