2

7
Derivatives of
Algebraic
Functions

Prepared by:
Midori Kobayashi
Humber College

CASE STUDY

27.1 - LIMITS

27.1-EXAMPLE 3-Page 788

3
(a) lim5
x

x0

x
(b) lim
7
x0
2

7
7

27.1-EXAMPLE 3-Page 788Continued

25

(c) lim 3 2
x0
x

(d) lim 3 x 2

27.1-EXAMPLE 3-Page 788Continued

x
8
4

5
(f) lim 3
x x

(e) lim
x

27.1-EXAMPLE 5-Page 789

3

The highest power

of x

4 x 3x 5
Evaluate lim
x 3 x x 2 5 x 3

Dividing both numerator and denominator by x 3

4x

4 x 3 x 5 lim x
lim
x
2
3
x 3 x x 5 x
3x
3

3x
x

5
3

x x
x lim
3
x 3
1
5x
x

5
x

400
4

5
005
1
1
1
lim 0, lim 2 0 , lim 3 0
x x
x x
x x

ANS:

27.1-EXAMPLE 5-Page 789Continued

3
2
4
4 x 3x 5

Evaluate lim
2
3
x 3 x x 5 x
5

27.1-EXAMPLE 6-Page 790

x2 9
Evaluate lim
x 3
x 3
As x approaches 3,

x 2 9 (3) 2 9 0
lim

x 3 x 3
(3) 3 0

Limit may
exist!

Factor the numerator:

x2 9
( x 3)( x 3)
lim
lim
x3 x 3
x3
x 3

Simplify the function:

x2 9
lim
lim( x 3) 3 3 6
x3 x 3
x3

ANS:

x2 9
lim
6
x3 x 3

27.1-EXAMPLE 6-Page 790Continued

2
x 9
Evaluate lim
6
x3 x 3

27.2 THE DERIVATIVE

27.2-EXAMPLE 13-Page 798

Find the derivative of f ( x) x 2 .

dy
f ( x x) f ( x)
lim
dx x0
x
dy
( x x) 2 x 2
lim
dx x0
x

f(x)=x2
Expand using
(A+B)2= A2 +2AB + B2

dy
x 2 2 xx (x) 2 x 2
lim
dx x0
x
(cont)

27.2-EXAMPLE 13-Page 798Continued

Find the derivative of f ( x) x 2 .

dy
x 2 2 xx (x ) 2 x 2
lim
dx x0
x
dy
2 xx (x) 2
lim
dx x0
x

x(2 x x)
lim
x0
x

Factored by x

x cancelled

lim 2 x x
x0

2x 0

2x

ANS:

dy
2x
dx

27.2-EXAMPLE 14-Page 798

(a) Find the derivative of the function y 3x 2
by the delta method.
(b) Evaluate the derivative at x 1.

Step 1

y y 3( x x ) 2
3[ x 2 2 xx ( x ) 2 ]
3x 2 6 xx 3( x ) 2

Substitute x+x
into y = 3x2
(cont)

27.2-EXAMPLE 14-Page 798Continued

2
(a) Find the derivative of the function y 3x
by the delta method.
(b) Evaluate the derivative at x 1.

Step 2

y y y 3x 2 6 xx 3( x ) 2 3x 2

Note:
y = 3x2

y 6 xx 3(x) 2

(cont)

27.2-EXAMPLE 14-Page 798Continued

2
(a) Find the derivative of the function y 3 x
by the delta method.
(b) Evaluate the derivative at x 1.

y 6 xx 3(x) 2

Step 3

Divide by x

y 6 xx 3( x ) 2 x(6 x 3x)

x
x
x

y
6 x 3x
x

(cont)

27.2-EXAMPLE 14-Page 798Continued

2
(a) Find the derivative of the function y 3x
by the delta method.
(b) Evaluate the derivative at x 1.
y
6 x 3x
x

Let x approachs zero.

Step 4 dy lim y lim (6 x 3x )

dx x0 x x0

6 x 3(0) 6 x

ANS:

dy
6x
dx

(cont)

27.2-EXAMPLE 14-Page 798Continued

2
(a) Find the derivative of the function y 3x
by the delta method.
(b) Evaluate the derivative at x 1.
(b)

dy
dx

x 1

6(1) 6

ANS: The slope of

the tangent line
at x 1 is 6

27.2-EXAMPLE 15-Page 800

3
Find the derivative of the function y 2 .
x 1

Step 1
Step 2

3
Substitute
( x x) 2 1
3
3
y y y

( x x ) 2 1 x 2 1

y y

x +x into x

Taking the common denominator:

3( x 2 1)
3[( x x) 2 1]
y

2
2
[( x x) 1]( x 1) [( x x) 2 1]( x 2 1)
(cont)

27.2-EXAMPLE 15-Page 800Continued

3
Find the derivative of the function y 2 .
x 1

Step 2

3( x 2 1)
3[( x x) 2 1]
y

2
2
[( x x) 1]( x 1) [( x x) 2 1]( x 2 1)
3 x 2 3 {3[ x 2 2x (x) 2 ] 1}
y
[( x x) 2 1]( x 2 1)
3 x 2 3 [3 x 2 6x 3(x) 2 3]
y
[( x x) 2 1]( x 2 1)
6x 3(x) 2
y
[( x x) 2 1]( x 2 1)

(cont)

27.2-EXAMPLE 15-Page 800Continued

3
Find the derivative of the function y 2 .
x 1

Step 2

6x 3(x) 2
y
[( x x) 2 1]( x 2 1)

Step 3

Dividing by x gives:
y
6x 3( x ) 2
6 x 3x

2
2
x x[( x x ) 1]( x 1) [( x x) 2 1]( x 2 1)

(cont)

27.2-EXAMPLE 15-Page 800Continued

3
Find the derivative of the function y 2 .
x 1

Step 3

y
6 x 3x

x [( x x) 2 1]( x 2 1)

Step 4

Letting x approach zero gives:

dy
y
6x 3( x ) 2
lim
lim

0
dx
x x 0 [( x x ) 2 1]( x 2 1)
6 x 3(0)

[( x 0) 2 1]( x 2 1)

6 x
2
( x 1) 2

ANS:

dy
6x
2
dx
( x 1) 2

27.3 RULES FOR

DERIVATIVES

27.3-EXAMPLE 21-Page 805

If y 2 2 , then

22 is a constant

ANS:

dy
0
dx

27.3-EXAMPLE 22-Page 806

(a) If y x 4 , then

dy
(4) x 41 4 x 5
dx

ANS:

dy
4
5
dx
x
(cont)

27.3-EXAMPLE 22-Page 806Continued

2
d (3 x )
(b)

dx

d (3x 2 )
3(2) x 21 6 x 3
dx

ANS:

6
3
x

27.3-EXAMPLE 22-Page 806Continued

3
(c) If y 2 , then y 3 x 2 and y
x

dy
21
3

y 3(2) x
6x
dx
6
ANS: y 3
x

27.3-EXAMPLE 27-Page 808

x2 3
Find the derivative of y
.
x
Rewrite the function:

x2 3
y x 3 x 1
x x
dy
y 1 3(1) x 11 1 3x 2
dx

ANS:

dy
3
1 2
dx
x

27.4 DERIVATIVE OF A
FUNCTION RAISED TO A
POWER

27.4-EXAMPLE 30-Page 812

Take the derivative of y ( x3 +1) 5 .

n 5 and u x 1

Dont forget!

dy
5( x 3 1)51(3x 2 ) 15 x 2 ( x 3 1) 4
dx

ANS:

dy
15 x 2 ( x3 1) 4
dx

27.4-EXAMPLE 32-Page 812

Differentiate y 3 1 x 2

Rewrite the function:

n 1 and u 1 x 2
3

y (1 x

1
) 3

Dont forget!

dy 1
2x
2 131
2 2 3
(1 x )

(1 x )
(2 x )
3
3
dx
ANS:

2
dy 2 x
dy
2x
2 3
(1 x )
or

dx 3
dx 3 3 (1 x 2 ) 2

27.4-EXAMPLE 33-Page 813

If f ( x)

5
x2 3

, find f (1).

Rewrite the function:

n 1 and u x 2 3
2

f ( x) 5( x 3)

Dont forget!

121
32
2
2
1
f ( x ) ( )5( x 3)
(2 x) 5 x( x 3)
2

(cont)

27.4-EXAMPLE 33-Page 813Continued

If f ( x)

x2 3

, find f (1).

f ( x) 5 x( x 3)

32

5x
2

( x 3)

Substituting x 1 into f ( x ):

f (1)

5(1)
2

[(1) 3]

5

8

5
ANS: f 1
8

27.5 DERIVATIVES OF
PRODUCTS AND
QUOTIENTS

27.5-EXAMPLE 34-Page 815

Find the derivative of y ( x 2 2)( x 5).

y ( x 2 2)( x 5)
u

So

u
= 2x

v
=1

dy
u
v v
u
dx
dy
( x 2 2)(1) ( x 5)(2 x)
dx

dy
x 2 2 2 x 2 10 x
dx

ANS:

dy
3 x 2 10 x 2
dx

27.5-EXAMPLE 35-Page 815

Differentiate y ( x 5) x 3.

y ( x 5) x 3
y ( x 5)( x 3)
u

1
2

So

u
=1

v
= (x-3)

dy
u
dx

1
dy
12
1
( x 5) ( x 3)
( x 3) 2 (1)
2
dx

dy 1
12
( x 5)( x 3) x 3
dx 2

ANS:

dy
x5

x 3
dx 2 x 3

27.5-EXAMPLE 38-Page 817

3
2
x
Take the derivative of y =

2 x3
y
4x 1

u
v

So

(4 x 1).

u= 6x2
v= 4

dy vu uv (4 x 1)(6 x 2 ) 2 x 3 (4) 24 x3 6 x 2 8 x3

2
(4 x 1)
dx
v
(4 x 1) 2
2

ANS:

dy 16 x3 6 x 2

dx
(4 x 1) 2

27.5-EXAMPLE 40-Page 818

(t 3 3) 2
Find s(3) if s
.
t 1

(t 3) 2
3

(t 1)

1
2

u
v

u= 2(t3-3)(3t2)
v= (t+1)

So

t 1(2)(t 3)(3t ) (t 3)
ds vu uv

dt
v
( t 1) 2
3

2
1
( 2 )(t 1)

3
2
(
t

3)
(6t 2 )(t 3 3) t 1
2 t 1

t 1

(cont)

27.5-EXAMPLE 40-Page 818Continued

3
2
Find s(3) if s

(t 3)
.
t 1

(t 3 3) 2
(6t )(t 3) t 1
ds
2 t 1
s
dt
t 1
2

Letting t 3 gives:
3
2
(24)
(
3

3)
2 3
6(9)(24)(2)
6(3) (3 3) 3 1
2(2)
2
3

s (3)

31
4

2592 144
162

ANS: s(3) 162

27.6 DERIVATIVES OF
IMPLICIT RELATIONS

27.6-EXAMPLE 43-Page 820

d
dy
dz
3
2
(a)
(2 y z )= 2 3 z
dx
dx
dx

dy
2 dz
ANS: 2 3 z
dx
dx

dz
dw
d
(b) (wz )= w z
dt
dt
dt

dz
dw
ANS: w z
dt
dt

d
dv
(uv ) u
dx
dx

du
v
dx

dx
d 2 3
2
2 dy
3
(c) (x y )= x (3 y ) y 2 x
dx
dx ANS:
dt
1

dy
3x y
2 xy 3
dx
2 2

27.6-EXAMPLE 45-Page 821

x 2 y 2 y 3 x is an implicit relation. Find
d 2
d 2
d 3
d
( x ) ( y ) ( y ) ( x)
dx
dx
dx
dx

dy
.
dx

dx
dy
2 dy dx
2x 2 y 3y

dx
dx
dx dx
1

dy
2 dy
2x 2 y 3y
1
dx
dx
dy
2 x 1 (3 y 2 y )
dx
2

ANS:

dy
2x 1
2
dx 3 y 2 y

27.6-EXAMPLE 48-Page 822

dy
Find
, given x 2 3 x3 y y 2 4 xy.
dx
d 2
d
d 2
d
3
( x ) (3 x y ) ( y ) (4 xy )
dx
dx
dx
dx
Product Rule

Product Rule

dx
dy
dy
dx
3 dy
2 dx
2 x 3( x
3x
y ) 2 y 4( x y )
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
1

2 x 3 x 3 y 9 x 2 y 2 y y 4 xy 4 y
(cont)

27.6-EXAMPLE 48-Page 822Continued

dy
, given x 2 3 x3 y y 2 4 xy.
dx
2 x 3 x 3 y 9 x 2 y 2 y y 4 xy 4 y

Find

Moving all terms containing y to the left side:

3x 3 y 2 yy 4 xy 2 x 9 x 2 y 4 y
Factoring gives us:

y (3x 3 2 y 4 x ) 2 x 9 x 2 y 4 y
Solving for y:

4 y 2x 9 x2 y
y
3x3 2 y 4 x

ANS:

dy
4 y 2x 9x2 y
( y)
dx
3 x3 2 y 4 x

27.6-EXAMPLE 49-Page 823

If y =3 x 2 2 x 5, find the differential dy.

Taking the derivative gives us:

dy
6x 2
dx
Multiplying by dx, we get:

dy (6 x 2) dx

ANS: dy (6 x 2) dx
Dont forget to
place (

27.7 HIGHER-ORDER
DERIVATIVES

27.7-EXAMPLE 51-Page 825

Given the function
y x 4 2 x3 3 x 2 + x 5 :
We get:

y 4 x3 6 x 2 6 x 1
y 12 x 2 12 x 6

y 24 x 12
y (iv) 24
y (v) 0

First derivative
Second derivative
Third derivative
Fourth derivative
Fifth derivative

27.7-EXAMPLE 52-Page 825

Find the second derivative of y ( x 2) x 3 .
Rewriting the expression and using the product rule,

y ( x 2)( x 3)
u
So

v
u
= 1 = (x-3)

y u

1
y ( x 2) ( x 3)
2

y 2 ( x 2)( x 3)

u
1

( x 3) 2 (1)

x 3
(cont)

27.7-EXAMPLE 52-Page 825Continued

Find the second derivative of y ( x 2) x 3 .

Applying the product rule again,

y 12 ( x 2)( x 3)
u
So

u
=1

1
2 ( x 3) 2

y u

1 [( x 2)( 1 )( x 3) 2
2
2
3

v
= -(x-3)-3/2

1
y 4 ( x 2)( x 3)

ANS:

x2
4( x 3)

( x 3)

12

(1)]

2
1
2 ( x 3)

1
2 ( x 3)

1
x 3

1
2 ( x 3)

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