CATHOLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS ASSOCIATION OF NEW SOUTH WALES 2007 TRIAL HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (CHEMISTRY - MARKING GUIDELINES The sample answers indicate features that should be found in a response that receives full marks. For the extended response questions, a set of guidelines is included rather than a sample answer. Section I Part A - 15 marks Questions 1-15 (1 mark each) Question Correct Response | Outcomes Assessed Targeted Performance Bands 1 mn HO 23 2 D H9, H10 45 3 B H8, Hi4 34 4 c H6, H8, HI4 34 5 c H6, H13 4-5 6 A HI 23 7 B HI2 34 8 D H10 45 9 A HB, H14 34 10 B H6, H9, H13 45 il c H3, H8 45 12 B H4, H6, H8 56 3 ic Ha 34 14 D H6 45 15 D ‘H4, H12, H14 5-6 SCAR Te reension corned is comand oe festa sss of ong sf on nt cs ais alent Fuel benno CSSA © prov spate marr ccs fr al possi Tel HSC anova. ahr Ye pune eo pov aches wh aman 9 ty can bbe spine spp HSC ang requtonan, oe oalerey fo NSW Bao Se. No guarnec wren nae a eset be apleain a us CSSA Mek Ges in rae ny apstc al eam usin a ar The CSA Scimes olay cera re sorry canon sles ly rng Gielen pia fob Til HS mp0 3501-2Section 1 Part B— 60 marks Question 16 (2 marks) (a) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria Mark ‘Draws section of polymer chain of poly(vinyl chloride) with THREE repeating units Sample answer x a a Lo root i HHH a i “¢ 4 zh (b) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H3 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria ‘Mark | * Describes ONE use of PVC in terms of ONE property Sample answer PVC can be used in drainage pipes because itis rigid. [BSCLANER ty HSC mang eer, sonic te NS Boro tudes. Sets oy omaha cpa seins ry Mar Gees poe be Tis HSC pepe. ‘Te nomslon cntvedin is omer edt or be fen seacoast dos ot cnt zx suis Furte ts al anon of CSSA {Epebespste mara elcome pose Tl FS anwar Rah prone bss acs wn romans at ey can er eo nena end ‘tines warts mde ce nped wh pet fe pletion ruse f CSSA Maing Gules tin ony sal etre ques rns. Tho CSSAQuestion 17 (5 marks) (a) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H9, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 [ Criteria Mark ‘© Writes a correctly balanced equation Sample answer H,S0, CHa= CH2(g) + H0(g) ———» CHs-CH:-OH(g) (b) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H9, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria Mark + Writes a correctly balanced equation Sample answer yeast Cotli2Os(ag) = ———» — 2CH3-CHp-OH(ag) + 2COx(g) [DSCLANER ‘The nomen oxen is una sind re etree fag st rot crs af srt Fates at eon of SA ‘prove spel arr ues a posal Trl HSC ewes Par be pupae po others wih oman so hs ey oer ele, ws and py HSC mang rourono as nablnesy Be NS Beate Suse ‘ure naany mateo fh rept oh spent CSSA Mating Qian nt ay spc al exam ution rane, Te 2A sts no tty cepa sy, cole or wets ny Nar Gs pred x Be Trl IS paper.(©) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H3, H4, HS, H9, HI4 Targeted Performance Bands: 4-6 Criteria Marks ‘© _Justifies the increased production of ethanol by fermentation by discussing the advantages and/or disadvantages by comparing with alternative production 3 methods Discusses advantages and/or disadvantages of fermentation Describes ONE advantage of fermentation Sample answer Ethanol is a significant industrial chemical which can be used as a fuel, as a raw material in industry, as a solvent, for consumption and as a source of ethylene to produce other ethylene- based products. Currently, the source of ethanol for these uses, other than for human consumption, is mainly by the hydration of ethylene. Ethanol produced from fermentation is said to be renewable as it is produced from carbohydrate-rich crops such as sugarcane and thus does not depend on a supply of crude oil. Supplies of crude oil are limited, because it is a fossil fuel, and are increasingly expensive. Production of ethanol from fermentation is said to be more greenhouse neutral than production from crude oil. Although the agricultural, transport and refining processes associated with fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, the process of photosynthesis to produce the carbohydrate-rich crops takes, carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. ‘The burning of ethanol made from ethylene, which has been derived from crude oil, is releasing into the atmosphere carbon dioxide, which was taken in by plants millions of years ago, Hence the nett effect on the current atmosphere is much greater when fossil fuels, or products derived from fossil fuels, are burnt. ‘Thus it is important that ethanol from fermentation is available to replace ethanol from crude oil. However, alternative methods of ethanol production from fermentation which present less environmental impact and are more efficient should be developed to make fermentation a truly viable source of ethanol. DSCLANER ‘roman contarein is oem be fessional esac ofeach sf des conte ie a sais Frais a bien of CSSA "epi spate marr oem ra pie Til FSC anes. Ra be pues pees win oman a tty can ere ses srs Spy HSC mang enue, ace by e NS Bout Suds. quis e wire emate engl weer! lca us f CSA rig Glin eon ony pci an aes rane. Te SSA sures nay ermperably ere ona, compen er elutes ay Marg Gude eves tre Tis Sc pape.Question 18 (4 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H1, H4, HS Targeted Performance Bands: 2-4 Criteria Marks ‘Identifies the raw material and process or organism from which a recently developed biopolymer is produced a ‘* Discusses the benefits of the biopolymer by comparing the properties of the biopolymer with alternate polymers derived from crude oil ‘© Identifies the raw material and process or organism from which a recently developed biopolymer is produced . OR © Identifies advantages of an identified, recently developed biopolymer ‘© Identifies a recently developed biopolymer OR © Identifies the raw material or organism from which a recent biopolymer is fl produced OR © Identifies an advantage of a recently developed biopolymer Sample answer Many possible alternatives, check sources. For example: PHAs (poly-hydroxy-alkanoates) are a group of biopolymers, the simplest of which is PHB (polyB-hydroxybutanoate). PHB is produced by placing Alcaligenes eutrophus in a medium in which it can multiply. A nutrient is then restricted and the micro-organism no longer multiplies but produces the biopolymer to be stored and used for an energy source in the future. The organism and the biopolymer are then separated. PHB has physical properties similar to polypropylene (strong, water-resistant, etc). However, PHB is biodegradable whereas polypropylene is not biodegradable. Thus, itis useful for purposes such as disposable nappies, plastic bottles and bags and wrapping film, and packaging for medical and hospital supplies. DSOIANER te norsen condi i oars rhe perl asitn f atin at ous rca aco srs, Fata i ab nore OSA {© prove sponte mar olconos brat pons Ti HSC saws Rar Vs poe eo pov utr it Fan oy ct bet egy as a Spy HSC ag eens eatetedty te NS Bead Sues. ‘Noguera nade np’ wh pet te paso a we of CSSA Maing Gos rita any saat il exam quson ex sourTo CSSA| sss olay erect rm oar, compos tures Ma Gates pod he Ta PSC papsQuestion 19 (5 marks) (a) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H4 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria Mark ‘© Identifies a radioisotope used in medicine Sample answer Technetium-99m (b) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H4 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Mark ‘Identifies a use of the named radioisotope AND explains use in terms of a : chemical property Sample answer Te-99m is used for diagnosing tumours and irregularities throughout the body. Te-99m can be combined chemically with a tin compound. This binds to red blood cells and can therefore be used to map circulatory system disorders. (©) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H4, H14 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria Marks ‘Assesses the potential of the THREE isotopes by considering the type of 7 emission AND half-life * Assesses the potential of TWO isotopes by considering the type of emission AND half-life OR 2 «Assesses the potential of the THREE isotopes by considering the type of emission OR half-life ~ _ Assesses the potential of ONE isotope by considering the type of emission and half-life fl OR Explains the relevance of the type of emission or half-life Sample answer Elements X and Y would be suitable for medical purposes as they produce gamma radiation which can pass through human tissue. Element Z would be unsuitable as alpha particles cannot travel through even thin layers of skin. {As it has a short half-life, element X would be suitable for injection into the human body for diagnostic purposes. Element Y would remain an active source of gamma radiation for many years due to its relatively long half-life. Therefore Y would be inappropriate for injection but appropriate as a source of gamma radiation for therapy. 6 DSCuNIER Fe cman crane nhs cunts nes te ree sadn cigs oot con oe outs. Ft irc he enn CSSA pers wetc rang oatmeal ate Ta HOE roves Rebar he paps pro hates wah main sal Pay cn ber whe ws nd vo HSC nrrgraqtsnan elses by be SW Seo ol Sue, Hiequoaris wry dering wt nape plain uso of CSSA Narr Guise sno ry pct al ea queen arse, Te CSSA Ssumos oly cteporsa re stay, comptes a asus ay Mat Gadees ov te ral IS peesQuestion 20 (4 marks) (@) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H7, H8 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria Mark ‘© Defines the term correctly Sample answer ‘An electrolyte is a substance which in solution or when molten conducts electricity. (b) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H3 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria Mark Identifies either electrolyte correctly Sample answer Dry Cell: ammonium chloride paste, including zinc chloride and manganese dioxide Lead-Acid Cell: sulfuric acid (©) 2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H4 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria ‘Marks © Compares cost AND practicality, making TWO clear comparisons ‘* Compares cost OR practicality, making ONE clear comparison 1 Sample answer (Note: TWO only from the following comparisons needed) Dry cell _ Lithium cell (lithium ion type) ‘© Cheaper to purchase ‘¢ More expensive to purchase «Low voltage ‘© Higher voltage ‘© Good for low current appliances Suitable for high current appliances * Non-rechargeable — one use only © Rechargeable — multiple use which offsets the high initial cost ‘© Can leak causing corrosion of electrical Can become very hot and explode ‘Must incorporate many safety measures Loses capacity to store charge with age Heat sensitive Disposal should be to a recycling centre to components. © Robust, easy to store and use ‘* Disposal causes minimal harm to the environment avoid explosion and damage to the environment © Heavy mass in comparison to electricity | ¢ Light mass in comparison to electricity output output 7 re amaon corned i ecard be ufos cas of tng i on lea ac Sorts. Fuh 8th nn of CSA [pronase marin canes a prt Wal iS sewers bere pes nf prove nes wih beso uy i are, son ar spy HSC aning eee oot by te NS Bo of Sde. No puvarioe cr wrens rae pew eet be elon a une CSSA Mr Gls in ison ay spc vil exam qusion ean, The CSA| esimes ro ahora ee sory casas lua ay aur Gules ped he Til MSC ersQuestion 21 (5 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H18 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Gritel Marks ‘* Writes an appropriate equation to show H2PO, acting as an acid © Writes an appropriate equation to show HPO; acting as a base Explains the term amphiprotic © Explains that H»PO, ions release OH’ ions by reacting with water Relates a pH >7 to basicity ‘© FOUR of the above © THREE of the above * TWO of the above * ONE of the above Hrofola Sample answer The dihydrogen phosphate ion (H2PO«') is able to donate a proton to a stronger base (OH) and hence act as an acid, or accept a proton from a stronger acid (H3O*) and hence act as a base. ‘Thus it is termed amphiprotic. Asan acid: HPO; (aq) + OH (aq) + H20() + HPO? (aq) Asa base: H:POs(ag) + H3O"(ag) > H20() + HsPO«(aq) A solution of KH:PO, contains H:PO., which is a stronger base than water, and will accept a proton from water producing OL. The formation of hydroxide ions in the water makes the solution basic and hence the pH will be >7. H:POs (aq) + HO) —= OH (aq) + HsPO«(aq) DISCLAMER ‘he romain ond is omer de or be fern sac bch af. dos ot contin suis, Frt ts rat nan of CSSA ‘Coronas saute rar ose apne Trl HSE anor, Rae pons be pons aces win oman et ey Gr ber exe des end py HSC mang eaberons, este by he NSW Bowel Sues. ‘Nguoi ar our mode ce nped wy pet fe peo rue of CSSA Ming Guna etn ay pet tl ram que rar, Te A suas no ety ores re aa, ones rales ay Wang Guelas oie x be Ti FSC page.Question 22 (3 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H4, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-4 ____ Criteri ‘Marks ‘* Writes an equation and describes the industrial production of an oxide of sulfur ‘* Writes an equation and describes the formation of sulfurous or sulfuric acids from the appropriate oxide of sulfur © Links the presence of HzSO; or H2SO, with the formation of acid rain and hence to a decrease in the pH of waterways ‘© TWO of the 3 above ‘© ONE of the 3 above Sample answer The industrial production of oxides of sulfur may result from an intentional step in the production of sulfuric acid, or as an unwanted waste from the smelting of metal ores. S() + Ox) + $Ox(g) OR 2ZnS(s) + 302(g) + SOx(g) + 2Zn0(s) Sulfur dioxide, $Os, released into the atmosphere can react with water falling as rain, according to the following equation: SOx(g) + H20() + H2SOs(aq) ‘SO> is also oxidised in air: SO2(g) + O2x(g) + SOs(g) ‘The resulting sulfur trioxide can also react with water falling as rain: SOs(g) + H2O() + HeSO,(aq) As both HzSO; and H,SO, are acids, the rainwater is now acidic. The groundwater may become acidic as a result of the rain, and hence the pH will fall. DRCANER he nomtinconsndin is namie he plein of tng at don lx 9 tases. uta ict non of CSA 3 prove epeate mar vooes rl pase Ta WSC awa. ater Popup pov eters it aon ol hey can br ere, a | uy HSC mang oer, sexed ye NSW Bod Ses. Garo c warty made mplad wh pet fo splat wef CSSA Mang Guns in rian ay epic sm uence. The CSSA Enero ay orespnl fre snray copies lus ring Gales prover Ti MSC perQuestion 23 (4 marks) (@) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H10, H12 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 ez Criteria * Calculates the concentration of acetic acid Marks | © Calculates the correct number of moles of sodium hydroxide Sample Answer Moles NaOH = n=cV = 0.125 x 18.7/1000 = 0.00234 mol ‘Moles CH;COOH = moles NaOH = 0.00234 mol ~ Concentration CH;COOH = n/V = 0.00234 / 0.025 = 0.0936 mol L™ (b) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H10, H11, H12, H14 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Marks ‘* Describes that the pipette should be rinsed with acetic acid instead of distilled water Explains the resultant dilution of acetic acid results in a lower concentration ‘© Describes that the pipette should be rinsed with acetic acid instead of distilled water OR «Explains the resultant dilution of acetic acid results in a lower concentration Sample Answer The pipette should be rinsed with the acetic acid solution to ensure that the correct number of moles of acid is transferred to the conical flask. Ifthe pi directly before pipetting acetic acid, the solution will be diluted within the pipette. This will result in an error in calculation of the acetic acid concentration; i.e. the value calculated will be too low. 10 tte is rinsed with distilled water DSCLRER {pi HS nating riven renin ye NH Bese Sade. sues nant cspnaiy rb scary, comptes a ves ay Mating Gace vie! or be Teal HS aes. The Mornin eid is coumarin ohn a. dus at eee sino sus Frist son SA > pou spate raring ovo al ose THRE sre Rar papas leaps eases wh cans al Pay alr ere, usd ar | Hzguarisertancy ose ot ith npet 2 e aplasia us of SSA Marke Ces n sn ry peti xa qs or rsa. The CSSAQuestion 24 (8 marks) (a) @ 2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H12, H14 Targeted Performance Bands: 3, Criteria Marks | ¢ Describes TWO trends or relationships ‘¢ Describes ONE trend or relationship ‘Sample answer The boiling points of both alkanoic acids and alkanols increase as the molecular weight increases. ‘The boiling points of alkanoic acids are higher than the boiling points of alkanols of similar molecular weights. (a) (ii) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H6, HI4 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria “Marks © Explains ONE trend or relationship in terms of intermolecular forces, including - the type of intermolecular force(s) involved ‘ Explains ONE trend or relationship in terms of intermolecular forces only ; (without correctly identifying the type of intermolecular force(s) involved) Sample answer (Note: other answers apply if other trends/relationships selected) The boiling points of the alkanols increase as the molecular weight increases. This is due to the greater mass, greater number of atoms and electrons and longer chain length as the molecular weight increases. As a result, there are greater interactions between the hydrocarbon chains for long-chain alkanols than for short-chain alkanols. These increasing interactions are increasing dispersion forces. (The effect of hydrogen bonding does not increase as the molecular weight increases.) () (i) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H11 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria Mark # Identifies the water condenser (Liebig condenser) Sample answer Water condenser ul DSCIANER ‘remain tnd i doen nde rte ests ac shot cnet avin os. Fut a inn CSSA ‘pce eae mann aes ape Tl SC ate ae he pups poy nae wih mao sal bey cn tree, undead and Spy HSC mat rere as eihedby he NSW Bx Sus. Hogue wore aac rp i eagle er wa et CSSA Mating Gaines aon ay sp tl igus rane: The CSSA eeumes oat ersposhy soy, selene ote ay srg Gus ped Tal HSC bos(©) Gi) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H8, HI4 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria Marks ‘* Evaluates the appropriateness of using this method AND explains at least TWO a reasons for heating under reflux ‘ Explains TWO reasons for heating under reflux 2 « Explains ONE reason for heating under reflux i ‘Sample answer Heating under reflux is appropriate because the refluxing apparatus prevents the volatile reactants escaping before the reaction has reached equilibrium. Refluxing also prevents the flammable, toxic organic reactants escaping into the laboratory. The volatile reactants are continually cooled and returned to the reaction flask allowing the reaction to take place at higher temperatures. The reaction rate is faster and the yield of ester is higher at higher temperatures, since the equilibrium reaction is endothermic. Evaluation Without the use of reflux, the experiment would be unsuccessful (as little or no ester would be produced or retained in the flask), and would be potentially dangerous, as volatile, irritating and flammable materials would escape into the laboratory. 12 ‘Te noson conedin i bce oe eins ecg af. oe a conten sues Fras rth Hanon of CSSA {Dp speste marry cdcones fal prsbe Til PSE anwar, Re pupere ope acon wn oman oa! ey a et eer, nce er ey HSC mag eae, ots by be NSW Bow of Sue. ‘roc rey ene cemplad wh pet th pleat us of CSA Marg Gs nin io ny pce eam questo ere. The CSSA zero ayo ees re sry capioesr sles ry Marg Genes poe i Teal SC peersQuestion 25 (4 marks) (a) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: HI, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteri ‘© Writes a suitable hypothesis which is able to be tested in an experiment (hypothesis does not need to be correct) Sample answer ‘The molar heat of combustion of 1-butanol is greater than the molar heat of combustion of ethanol. (b) (I mark) Outcomes Assessed: HIT Targeted Performance Band 4 Criteria Mark ‘¢ Identifies TWO variables which should be controlled Sample answer The mass (volume) of water, the distance of the beaker from the flame, length of wick, the air turbulence, the equipment used (beakers, the spirit bumers, gauze, tripod, thermometer) should be identical (©) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H4, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria ‘Marks ‘© Identifies ONE problem 5 © Outlines ONE way the reaction can be managed * Identifies ONE problem OR # Outlines ONE way the reaction can be managed Sample answer Carbon monoxide and/or carbon (soot) are formed during incomplete combustion of carbon based fuels. A person inhaling carbon monoxide may die of asphyxiation The problem can be managed by ensuring an excess supply of oxygen during combustion (increasing the oxygen:fuel ratio) B DSCIAMER te roestincnsnedin is onesie re pre cf acting af os ot xe ace sus Fut isan CSA 3 prov spent mir oon tral Til HSC sewer. ater De pupae eo pos bachs wren so Pal hoy can bt es ws a | Sy SC ing eaierr, tes by NSH end Sass. Nogaro or arent) made npn wth napa ee pana wo CSSA Marg Glos in son any epi ial nam usin e sew. To CSSA eee no ay ores say, Copulation rng Gules pode tr Thal MSC paQuestion 26 (3 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H8, H14 Targeted Performance Bands: 4-6 - Criteria Marks « Justifies the need for monitoring in order to achieve a compromise between yield and rate of production by explaining the impact of changing temperature on both | 3 the yield and rate of production of ammonia ~ Explains the impact of changing temperature on the yield of ammonia 2 | Explains the impact of changing temperature on the rate of production of ammonia ~ Identifies an impact of changing temperature on the equilibrium Sample answer {As this is an equilibrium reaction, using Le Chatelier’s Principle, we can predict that increasing the temperature would push the reaction to the left, toward the reactants, as the forward reaction is exothermic. Thus low temperature produces the highest yield of ammonia, Increasing the temperature increases the rate of reaction. Increasing the temperature means more successful collisions as the particles are moving faster. Hence, high temperature produces the fastest rate of production of ammonia. ‘Therefore, the reaction vessel must be monitored to ensure a moderate temperature as a compromise between the highest yield and the fastest rate of production of ammonia. 14 DSCIANER Fe nomen craain aamentisient ore pfoinl sxunc osaching af dos ot conte ae oss Frise een SSA epee mating ozone fra pose Til PSC anon, Ra he upset prs aches win aso at hey on br kre, rend ers Sey HSC mang eguenens, atl to NS Dot Ses. Soe er rants made engl we apace pletion we of CSA Marg Guanes ein bo ry pec era qe rns. Te CSSA oxalate Besa eaptaee ota of ay Marg Celts pve he Tal SpeersQuestion 27 (4 marks) (@) 2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H11, H12 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria Marks ‘* Correctly identifies TWO procedures * Correctly identifies ONE procedure Sample answer Wash the precipitate with distilled water to remove any soluble ions. Dry the precipitate thoroughly to remove any water. (Both procedures will ensure that the mass is solely due to the CazP20;(s).) (b) 2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H10, HI2 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria Marks * Correctly calculates the %P in the detergent * Correctly calculates the number of moles of P present Sample answer Moles of Ca:P307(s) = 0.232/ (40.08x2 + 30.97x2 + 16.00x7) = 9.13x10% mol Moles of P = 2 x moles CaP20; = 0.00183 mol Mass P in detergent = 0.00183x30.97 = 0.0566 g ‘%P in detergent = 0.0566 x 100/4.42 = 1.28% 15 DSCIAMER ie nomston ones is naman ae rhe preteen tg si ora ot se ais stots Fura tothe inn ol CSSA 2 poe sponte mire uoaes lpn rl HSC severe Rater be pupee eo povce aches wh Fema ol oy cat tte ploy, unde | Ss HSC marron, atts y be NM esd eS RE gus er unto mde ome wt pet toh epson eee of CSSA Mang Gales rn ay apa es une aos Tho CSA tener ro aty openly fe earanyconearess taf ry tn Gules poe yh Tal SC apesQuestion 28 (3 marks) (a) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H6 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria Mark * Defines allotropes Sample answer Allotropes are different physical forms of the same element. (b) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: 6, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Marks ‘© Draws correct Lewis diagram for ozone AND Identifies the co-ordinate covalent bond Draws partially correct Lewis diagram for ozone but identifies correctly the co-ordinate covalent bond OR Draws correct Lewis diagram for ozone Sample answer 35 FOQ 080, age ‘The bond indicated is the co-ordinate covalent bond. On ae te ” as ® 16 te roman contained a i oats be lon sass leach sf dns ot cont so us Fut nt etn of CSSA {2 prode specie nary acon ea pos Til PSC sneer. Raa he pues spon wach wh Mans ut ey an er expo, understand and 0 rSC erg aque eosblred te NSH Bows of Sen. ‘NS nario cr wey ema ar mgd wth rapt elton se f CSA Mang Gui tin to ay seal etn qa rn. To CSSA "Sete aye etpoty fr he sory, carlos tines Marg Cuelns poied he Tz WSC pve.Question 29 (6 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H4, H11, Hid Targeted Performance Bands: 2-6 Criteria Marks * Evaluates the use of BOD with respect to the monitoring of the possible eutrophication of waterways e * Describes the test for BOD AND describes the role of BOD in eutrophication AND the importance of monitoring BOD ‘* Describes the test for BOD AND describes the role of BOD in eutrophication e AND the importance of monitoring BOD ‘* Describes the test for BOD AND identifies the role of BOD in eutrophication AND identifies the importance of monitoring BOD OR Identifies components of the test for BOD AND describes the role of BOD in eutrophication AND describes the importance of monitoring BOD ‘* Describes the test for BOD OR a * Describes the role of BOD in eutrophication AND importance of monitoring BOD ‘© Identifies components of the test for BOD AND identifies a role of BOD in 5 eutrophication * Identifies components of the test for BOD OR i ‘ Identifies a role of BOD in eutrophication Sample answer Collect two identical samples of water from the source to be tested. One is tested for dissolved oxygen (DO) immediately and the other is tested 5 days later, after being kept in the dark at 25°C. DO is determined by either the Winkler method or using an oxygen-selective electrode. The difference in DO between the two samples is the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the water sample. BOD is a measure of the demand for oxygen by bacteria in the water as they break down organic matter which may release nitrates, phosphates and carbon dioxide as by-products. ‘A high BOD indicates a high level of organic matter and thus a high nutrient level. A high nutrient level encourages the growth of algae which may lead to an algal bloom. When the algae eventually die, the organic content of the waterway will increase and thus the BOD will increase (more aerobic bacteria) resulting in the depletion of all DO. Organisms depending on oxygen in the waterway will die and eventually anaerobic bacteria will take over the system. This degradation of the waterway is called eutrophication. Whilst BOD is a significant indicator of the factors that lead to eutrophication of waterways, itis not effective enough on its own, Determination of the nitrate and phosphate content is an additional valuable tool in the monitoring of the possible eutrophication of waterways. Therefore the use of BOD in the monitoring of the possible eutrophication of waterways should be analysed in conjunction with other techniques (such as nitrate and phosphate content). 17 DScuAMER ‘The oman abot sds ante fr be efson sete ig ll Nes olson ao sets. Fri a barton of CSA ‘Drv sete man ctzanes or a psd Tal Saran, Rat es pve bie ae wih ean so al By cr ar ole, Ueas ard spp HSC mang enone, ett te NSW Bart Sues. Na quart ewer mato ote wl ep Deepen ou of CSSA Mating Gaderer ay seo tal xan guste rans. Tho CSSA esaznesno lateral fr escola or setup ef ay Maing Gaels pede Teal HSC apsSection IT - OPTIONS Question 30 - Industrial Chemistry (25 marks) (a) @ (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: 119 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria Mark *_ Identifies the TWO reactants ample Answer Sodium hydroxide and glyceryl tristearate (2) (i) (4 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H13, H4, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria ‘Marks Explains how a cationic detergent is chemically different to soap Relates ONE use of a cationic detergent to structure Explains how a cationic detergent is different to soap AND States ONE use of a cationic detergent OR «Partially correctly explains how a cationic detergent is different to soap AND correctly describes ONE use ofa cationic detergent © Partially correctly explains how a cationic detergent is different to soap AND correctly states ONE use of a cationic detergent OR Explains how a cationic detergent is different to soap OR «Correctly describes ONE use of a cationic detergent © States ONE property of a cationic detergent OR «States ONE use of a cationic detergent Sample Answer While soap has a negatively charged head, a cationic detergent has a positively charged head and both have a long carbon chain tail. Both heads are hydrophilic while both have hydrophobic tails. The positively charged head of the cationic detergent is related to NH,Cl except the four hydrogen atoms are replaced with alkyl groups. eg. CH; + | NN cr of | ees CH3 The positively charged head is attracted to the negatively charged surface of objects, creating a “coating” and hence they are used as fabric softeners and hair conditioners. 18 DSCLAMER The cman corned nis ound re prea aac tech tf. des ot con ae sets rts ol in of CSSA 2 pov spte mang cae eal posse Tiel HSE rer: Rae he papse ls prove were wh oman 9 ay can er exo, dean snd ely HSC mergraquernts tele by Be NSM Berd Sues, Ne gverce wares ra arg wih spa fe apsonon rt CSA Maing Gielen tin to ay sue il era qust rane, Te CSSA ‘ees oepnatily foi sara, compos vars fy Mating Gates pod he Ta HS pe(6) @ (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H10 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Crite Mark + Writes a correct expression for the equilibrium constant Sample Answer _ _[cH,oH(@)) [cog)[#,(@)F (b) Gi) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H10 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Mark ‘* -Calculates the equilibrium constant Sample Answer [2.ofi.6F (b) (iii) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H7, H8 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 0.078 Criteria Mark ‘© Identifies that K would increase Sample Answer As the reaction is exothermic, a decrease in temperature would shift the equilibrium to the right, thus increasing the concentration of CH;OH(g) at equilibrium and increasing K. (© @ Ci mark) Outcomes Assessed: H8, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria Mark ‘¢ Writes an equation for the reaction 1 Sample Answer 28O2(g) + O2(g) = 2803(@) 19 DSGAMER ssp HSC marry eaters oocyte NSW Bat of Ste, Troms cxtied hi acannon sae bach Sf. ds conn sce srt Ft eal Han of CSA [Gproce remain ete a paste Ta FSC atone. Rae pups poe ates wh Hama ol ey on blr xls, nen a No guararn cr wares e ngewe pet pleat use cf CSA Mung Gr en bo ry pi a er gan are. The CSSA Sarvs nolo eaporly fre azva, cries owes ary Mk Cus rode Be Tal Spar.(©) (ii) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H7, H8 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria Marks ‘* Identifies TWO conditions ¢ Identifies ONE condition Sample Answer Any TWO of: Increase the oxygen concentration, lower the temperature, increase the pressure, etc. (©) (iii) (3 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H7, H8, H11 Targeted Performance Bands: 4-5 rite Marks © Justifies at least TWO safety precautions in terms of range of properties of sulfuric acid ¢ Explains method of dilution of concentrated sulfuric acid in terms of exothermic nature of the process © Justifies at least TWO safety precautions in terms of range of properties of sulfuric acid OR © Explains method of dilution of concentrated sulfuric acid in terms of exothermic nature of the process Identifies some safety precaution when diluting sulfuric acid Sample Answer Sulfuric acid is a very strong acid, oxidising agent and dehydrating agent and can cause severe damage to eyes, skin, clothing, etc, if contacted. The acid must be handled with protective clothing, safety glasses and gloves. Dilution must be carried out by very slowly adding acid to water as the reaction is highly exothermic. The reverse (water to acid) is a safety hazard because of the possibility of boiling concentrated acid, 20 ISCLAMER ‘Th omfon cna ni noun nand for fein asia techy if dos ot cant ain bss Fr atte an of CSA {Dp spect mary ccs fal pe Trl HSE anor Raa he purposes prove aches woman 0 at ay can er xl, dese and ep HSC mera eae, oss a NSW Sona Sule euro erry eae ce nged wn expect linen we f CSA Marg Guise tin ory sow err ques rane. Te SSA saree ro bly orepenbiy be ray. soleus russes fey Marg Gases owed te Ta HSC pce.(d) (6 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H3, H4, H7 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-6 Criteria Marks © Describes thoroughly the mercury cell process and products - ‘Evaluates the environmental issues and technical considerations * Describes thoroughly the mercury cell process and products * Describes thoroughly the environmental issues, 5 Describes thoroughly the technical considerations © Describes soundly the mercury cell process and products AND environmental 4 Describes thoroughly TWO of: the mercury cell process and products OR environmental issues OR technical considerations © Identifies limited components of the mercury cell process and products AND environmental issues AND technical considerations OR 3 * Describes soundly TWO of: the mercury cell process and products OR environmental issues OR technical considerations * Identifies limited components of TWO of: the mercury cell process and products | OR environmental issues OR technical considerations ‘Identifies limited components of the mercury cell process and products OR fl environmental issues OR technical considerations Sample answer: The mercury cell is one method used in the production of sodium hydroxide. The main products of the process are sodium hydroxide, chlorine gas and hydrogen gas. ‘The mercury cell uses an electrolysis reaction with an inert (platinum) anode (2CI'(aq) + Ch(g) * 2€°) in a solution of sodium chloride, and a mercury (1) cathode (Na’(aq) + 2c" + Na(V) into which sodium metal dissolves forming an amalgam. The Na/Hg() amalgam passes through a decomposer (graphite/water) where sodium hydroxide is produced. 2NalHg(1) + 2H,0() > 2NaOH (ag) + Ha(g) + 2Hg(). Overall nett reacti 2NaCl(aq) + 2H,0()) — Ch(g) + Ho(g) + 2NaOH(aq) Environmental issues to consider include the safe use or safe disposal of mercury (vapours are toxic if inhaled, it can be absorbed through the skin, in waterways it is a poisonous heavy metal which bioaccumulates, it affects the nervous system causing brain damage). Most of the mereury is recycled or converted into Hg,S(s) and disposed of in cement in landfill, a [DSCIANER The fomaton conn nfs documents nade fr rosin edt! wang sl rs otc oso suns Furi rot eset SA 'cprtae sade mrg aes al pst Tal SC ase, Rae pups pov eae wih cman co Wal Boy cn alr ole, Lesa ar py HSC mating oro sabes ye NW Bra ef Sue Ne que wary mate rele hepato eps ore of CSSA Marrg Cares alo ay spc el xm cut raat. Te CSSA ses oa cmap ee eo) crplanent reef ny rk Oude one rt al paper‘The release of chlorine gas into the environment is another issue as it is a poisonous gas and there are regulations controlling permitted levels in the atmosphere. NaOH itself is corrosive and must be stored in plastic containers. Hydrogen gas and chlorine gas react explosively; therefore leaks, sparks and flames must be avoided. There is a need to minimise the effect of the general running of the plant (noise, light, emissions etc) and transport operations on the surrounding population. ‘Technical considerations include availability of transport facilities, workforce (and appropriate accommodation for them) and proximity to electric power (a major issue) and raw materials. The staff needs to be skilled in the handling and disposal of toxic substances (chlorine, mercury, sodium hydroxide) and explosive substances (hydrogen). A very high level of plant safety must be maintained and constantly monitored Most plants are located in areas which meet these technical considerations and as long as the appropriate safety standards are maintained the process is a viable option for the production of sodium hydroxide, especially as the mereury cell produces high quality sodium hydroxide. However, the use of the membrane cell is a better method, as it requires less energy and does not involve the use of toxic mercury. Very few mercury cell plants have been constructed in recent years and many of the older plants have been phased out and replaced by plants using membrane cells. 22 Se romain cried nth cars een eae of shige cata abe sus Further at taro OSA ape spre marary cco eral ose Tt HSE anne Ra he pope oro aches WM oman at ay an eros, under and Sy FSC rehire esulsed ye NSW Bord Ses, ‘Eikisanioe roo rats ar mpd wih eps be apnten ruse of CSS Mating Ges ito ay su al een quest rarer. The CSSA] Sstmesno ayo epost fx oar, conpoees or ress Man Gur oied re Til HSC pape.(©) 6 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H2, H6, H11 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-5 Criteri ‘Marks © Describes the procedure used ‘* Identifies the difficulties associated with the modelling of the step 45 Describes the risk factors involved in the modelling of the step ‘* Any TWO of: describes the procedure OR identifies the difficulties associated with the modelling of the step OR describes the risk factors involved in the modelling of the step OR © Describes the procedure AND identifies some difficulties associated with the modelling of the step AND identifies risk factors involved in the modelling of the step © Describes procedure OR ‘* Identifes difficulties associated with the modelling of the step 1 OR «Identifies a risk factor involved in the modelling of the step 23 Sample answer Many possible answers. e.g. Ammonia recovery. 2NH,Cl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) + CaCla(s) + NH3(g) + H2O()) Equal volumes of ammonium chloride and saturated calcium hydroxide (lime water) solutions were mixed in a conical flask inside a fume cupboard. Moist red litmus paper was held above the mouth of the flask (the litmus paper turned blue) to indicate the presence of NHs(). The difficulties associated with the modelling of this step include the fact that we were unable to qualitatively identify the recovery of ammonia in the laboratory fume cupboard. We were only able to identify the production of a basic gas. We were also unable to collect the gas generated. In the industrial process, this is done in a closed system with no loss of product, hence the NHs(g) is able to be re-used. Ammonia gas is toxic by all routes of exposure. It is a highly lung, eye and skin irritant and is corrosive. Any experiment involving ammonia gas needs to be conducted in a fume cupboard with the use of eye and skin protection (goggles, gloves, lab coat, etc). Care must be tdken to avoid any contact of ammonia with halogens as they form an explosive mixture. The risk factors involved in this experiment are minimal if these precautions are taken. 23 DSCIAMER te nemser cond is bares vee re tess asian cf whinge oa ae sts Furor sol he inet of CSSA roe spate mari oon ra pssble Tal HSC aswrsFarhe pure lo hers it haan so Pa ey et bet eines nd Spy HSC marry outers ext a NW ear Sus. Nour er werent snags eed wh eset wo aplesoneuse ofCSSA Mating Guts nso ay speci wan usr cane. Tho CSA] snes ro ly pert be sna coors ruses ary Mating Geos poe eT HSC popesQuestion 31 — Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation (25 marks) (a) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H6, H14 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-4 Criteria Marks ‘Discusses factors that influence the solubility of oxygen in the oceans «Discusses factors that influence solubility of oxygen ‘¢_ Identifies an appropriate factor = |ro]us Sample answer As temperature decreases the solubility of oxygen increases. ‘As pressure increases the solubility of oxygen increases. These two factors would predict a rise in [Oz] with ocean depth but lack of available oxygen at depth prevents this predicted rise in [02]. Salinity also affects the solubility of oxygen, with solubility peaking at a salinity of about 4% (w/w) which is approximately the average salinity of the ocean. The concentration of oxygen in the oceans is affected by all the above factors as well as the rates of photosynthesis and respiration and the amount of wave action and turbulence and the pattern of ocean currents. These four factors vary with depth from the surface, resulting in a peak in O2 concentration in shallow waters except where cold ocean currents bring oxygen rich waters to great depths. Hence, the varying concentration of oxygen involves a complex relationship between temperature, pressure, salinity, available oxygen, rates of photosynthesis and respiration, ocean currents and wave action. (b) Gi) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H2, HII, HI2 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-4 Criteria Marks ‘* Outlines observable changes and the recording technique ‘* Outlines either observable changes or the recording technique Sample answer Iron nails placed in saline agar jelly (also containing potassium hexacyanoferrate indicator) of varying pH were inspected daily for five days. The amount of blue resulting from the colour change of the indicator was recorded photographically. 24 DISCLAMER ‘re romon conned ni acannon! aac techy sift os not const ano susan Frte ts att ttn OSA ‘pov speste mating wdc eal posse Tl HSC rower Rt he poss ls proves ech wh oman 2 ta ey a er vee, ndrsrc an| ny HSC mang reader beable yo MSA Sead Sade, Nuwar rato maar mgd wth apa appear of CSSA Maing Gens ino nay st al xan gen aro. The SSA] {Scum lly oper fh soar, conden rena fy Mag Gases oid Te HSC pape.(b) (ii) (3 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H14 Targeted Performance Bands: 4-5 Criteria Marks collected AND the method of © Evaluates the appropriateness of the type of di data collection ‘* Evaluates the appropriateness of the type of data collected OR the method of data collection + Explains an aspect of the data collection Sample answer In acidic conditions the oxidation of iron will not result in the production of orange rust due to an absence of hydroxide ions. The use of the indicator was appropriate as it produced an intense blue colour in the presence of Fe** ions. Using the sequence of photographs of the nails and the blue indicator, the relative rate of oxidation at various pH levels can be determined. Photography was appropriate for the comparison of qualitative data over the five days as it showed a clear sequence of colour change. (c) (4 marks) Outcomes Assessed: HI Targeted Performance Bands: 2-6 Criteria Marks Describes the work of Galvani and Volta in relation to electron transfer reactions Relates the work of Volta to the work of Galvani Explains the implications of Volta’s work Describes the work of Galvani and Volta in relation to electron transfer reactions Relates the work of Volta to the work of Galvani ‘© Describes features of the work on electron transfer reactions carried out by Galvani or Volta Identifies a feature of the work on electron transfer reactions carried out by Galvani or Volta. Sample answer Galvani observed that animal tissue, when touched by two different metals, was capable of producing electricity which could stimulate muscle movement. He concluded that the tissue contained “animal electricity” which activated the nerves. Volta was not convinced and developed an alternative explanation for the observed muscle twitching. He believed the metals were responsible, not the animal tissue. He succeeded in demonstrating this hypothesis by making electricity using two different metals in moist contact. Thus he demonstrated the correctness of “metallic electricity” rather than Galvani’s “animal electricity”. Volta’s success enabled him to produce the first direct current battery using a combination of metal disks interleaved with cloth soaked in a salt solution. Whilst Galvani’s work laid the foundation for biologists to investigate the physiology of nerves and muscles, Volta’s work had enormous impact on the scientific community, encouraging scientists to explore the interactions of metals and solutions in their investigations of “electricity”. The phenomenon ‘was shown to stem from chemical reactions rather than from biological systems. 25 OSCIAMER ‘ne nertoncontarecin is cama noo eee tetragonal. Fate i oth iran o CSSA ‘Spo spent rrr ocr pnb al SC ames Ras pups poe eater ih Fan Soh oy cat bir ee, ina 2 Spy HSC mang urennis as tttey he NS Soxde Shs. No qurior waranty mace orm tmp onion ows of CSSA Mag Gos rst ay space wl nam quien eae Te SSA ses oly espn fe ez, Spores ruses of ay Maing Guces poe real SC pape.(@ @ (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H3 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria Mark ‘_ Identifies the composition Sample answer Steel is composed of iron and carbon and possibly a range of other elements, (@) Gi) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H8 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Mark © Writes a correct equation ‘Sample answer Fe(s) — Fe”*(ag) + 20° @ (ii) (4 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H3, H8 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-5 Criteria Marks Predicts the relative rates of corrosion correctly Justifies the relative corrosion rates, demonstrating a thorough knowledge of the chemistry involved Predicts the relative rates of corrosion correctly Attempts to justify the relative corrosion rates. Successfully justifies the different corrosion rates between TWO of the metals 2 Predicts the relative rates of corrosion correctly OR Identifies a reason for slower or faster corrosion in ONE of the samples Sample answer Ranked in order from the slowest rate of corrosion to the fastest, the steels are Z, X, Y. Sample Y will corrode rapidly as the steel surface has been scratched, disturbing the metallic lattice structure and producing an oxygenation differential. The iron at the base of the crack will be an anodic site whilst the iron at the top will be a cathodic site due to the greater supply of oxygen. The steel in Sample Z. will be protected from oxidation by the presence of zinc. Zine is a stronger reductant than iron and will therefore oxidise preferentially instead of the iron. Consequently the iron in the steel will be protected from corrosion. The rate of corrosion of the steel in Sample X will be slower than Sample Y as there is no disturbance to the metallic lattice and no scratch setting up an oxygen differential. However, Sample X, without the cathodic protection of the zinc layer, will corrode faster than Sample Z. 26 SCAM Fe amo cried nhs carts nr rool setts lacing ss sot cons do tars Fate i tron of CSA ‘proce sone mark ooaes tr al posse Trl SC anor. Rae De pupse bo preachers win oman ty a eer xr, end ar Spay isc arg eqns se tatlene by beNSH Bont of Sex ‘equi a wantyrderngld wi pct fe plete use f CSA Mung Gus tin ory pec era quan rare. The CSSA Semen oi oepray Tp sarc, completes ruses of ey Marg Guise pov te Te SC papers.(2) @ mark) Outcomes Assessed: HI2 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria Mark «Identifies the products Sample answer Chlorine and hydrogen gases (©) Gii) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H8, H12 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 _ Criteria ‘Mark ‘* Identifies an appropriate method Sample answer Moving the electrodes closer together OR increasing the size of the submerged electrodes (©) (ii) (l mark) Outcomes Assessed: H8 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria ‘Mark ‘© Writes a correct half-equation Sample answer H,0U)+ & — %Ha(g) + OH (aq) (©) (iv) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H8 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Marks ‘* Describes a new reaction occurring at the cathode onl! ‘¢ Identifies a reaction involving sodium ions Sample answer Instead of the reduction of water, sodium ions would be reduced at the cathode to form sodium metal. Na) +e — Na) The anode reaction would be the same (production of chlorine). 27 DSCIAMER Tefen ond nhs ocaerts tere reser asses tics bso cont aso er Furt ts ct inet of CSSA 2 prov sponte marry cones past HS sews ar be papne poe os in ao oh oy cn betes nar 2 spy rSCrenng eaters oats NS Bad Sse. ‘Gpurance ec worry mato crs wth epost se of CSSA Marg Gunes etn ay soil na ques rane, Te CSSA SesEnes no ayer minal forte say, oops eras of ry Marin Gules po er Ti HSC pes(©) (v) 2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H3 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria ‘© Outlines TWO appropriate uses of electrolysis ‘© Outlines ONE appropriate use of electrolysis, Sample answer Serious problems can result from chloride ions remaining in the pores and cracks of metal artefacts recovered from marine wrecks. The chemical process of electrolysis can be used to remove these chloride ions by drawing them out of the cathodic artefact towards the stainless steel anode. Electrolysis is also used to restore artefacts by placing the artefact at the cathode; e.g. silver artefacts are restored by reducing silver sulfides back to metallic silver. 28 DSCIAMER Hema contained nis cents tered te pr sane inching sf snot con aeons Frei ot anon of CSA poe pete nang ofan fr a este Ta HSC ooo Rabw" bu pupae > pes ct’ wih oat ctl ayn eer ere, vests ar Spy HSC ong ratenans eels yo NSW Boo oS. ‘poarce waranty a rtpld wh espe om pcan ose of CSSA Maing Ouse ay sei el eam con sew. The CSA sae oily etapa fb scares conploes er estes of a Mtr Gude over Teal FS popes.‘Question 32 ~ The Biochemistry of Movement (25 marks) (@ (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H9, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Mark © Correct answer Sample answer (b) @ (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H9, HI3 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria Mark ‘© Correct answer Sample answer Glycolysis (b) Gii) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria Marks ‘Identifies pyruvic acid (pyruvate) 5 Describes that lactic acid (lactate ion) is formed under anaerobic conditions ‘Identifies pyruvic acid (pyruvate) OR # Describes that lactic acid (lactate ion) is formed under anaerobic conditions Sample answer The pyruvic acid (pyruvate ion) can be converted to lactic acid (lactate ion) during vigorous activity, when oxygen levels are too depleted to allow complete aerobic oxidation to CO> and H,0. 29 DSCLANER ‘The rometoncnanadin th una ane f rotenal esitane of noi ea eset const son a oe. Fut iat he ron cf OSA {Eprois eate mar ues pr al SC mews ar pups poe ate wh Hema Soh De} Gxt bir ele, aes rd ‘pny HSC mary routers sels be NSW Boa Shue. Neuere wary mans rd wth peta tho epeon er wa CSSA Mang Gus nan see exam quences Tho CSSA sins ty eapnstily athe ray copltanes estos ry kr Gussie fr fe Tal paper.(6) (iii) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria Marks | © Outlines significance of ATP as the energy source for metabolic processes, A © Outlines the relationship of cellular respiration and ATP Outlines significance of ATP as the energy source for metabolic processes OR © Outlines the relationship of cellular respiration and ATP Sample answer ATP is the currency of energy production in most organisms in that ATP is the energy source for almost all metabolic processes. Cellular respiration is the process by which most of the foods that an organism consumes are broken down, releasing energy. This energy is stored in the ATP. (©) (i) (mark) Outcomes Assessed: H6, H9, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria ‘Mark © Correct answer Sample answer 1, 2, 3-propanetriol (©) Gi) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H6, H9, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Marks ‘Recognises the high viscosity of glycerol as its resistance to flow Relates the viscosity to the strong H-bonding between adjacent molecules because of THREE OH groups in each molecule @ Recognises the high viscosity of glycerol as its resistance to flow OR «Relates the viscosity to the strong H-bonding between adjacent molecules 1 because of THREE OH groups in each molecule Sample answer The viscosity of a liquid is a measure of its resistance to flow. Glycerol has high viscosity because there are strong intermolecular forces between neighbouring molecules, due to the presence of THREE ~ OH groups on each molecule. 30 ISCLAMER ‘Te raton conned nti aca ntnded fre fein acre isch Sa dos not tao eas Furs tt tana of CSSA ‘Spr spa mary econ fra posse rl “SC anew Raa puss roe nacheswih oman 3a ey a sree, unos end ony HSC mang eguean,esblsed yo NSM Bort Sues Nguoi ur ry sma np wh xp fe lon rue of CSA Mating Guin etn tay sa tl ranges rane. The SA sores noi eregeniy re aoarey,crceteese runes cay Mang Gubses onde tr We Ts MSC pape.(©) (iii) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H6, H9, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria ‘Mark © Correct formula Sample answer CH; —O — CO — (CHz)10 CH CH —O — CO — (CH3)io CHs CH; —O — CO — (CHz)10 CH (c) (iv) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H6, H8, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-4 Criteria ‘Marks © Identifies TAG as predominantly hydrophobic but with THREE hydrophilic ester groups per molecule Links predominant hydrophobic nature to insolubility in water ‘© Identifies TAG as predominantly hydrophobic but with THREE hydrophilic ester groups per molecule OR Links predominant hydrophobic nature to insolubility in water Sample answer The TAG isa tri-ester. Since the molecules do not contain any -OH groups, hydrogen bonding is not possible with water. The ester linkage makes the molecule polar, but the hydrophilic ester linkage is surrounded by long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains. Hence the overall molecule has a nett hydrophobic effect and does not dissolve in water. fy HSC ag saat aetna te NOW carte Ses. ‘ore wren ie mde rinsed wh net spline ee of CSSA Maing Guns ran way ssa id ena uston cane Tho OSA| soso aly opty fre ezrayenpoenes rumen ofan reg Gables pes the Te PSC pas(©)(¥) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H4, H8, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-6 L Criteria ‘Marks ‘* Assesses the importance of TAGS for humans Explains why TAGs are needed in terms of energy production 3 Explains why TAGs are needed as long term energy stores, ‘© Assesses the importance of TAGS for humans AND * Explains why TAGs are needed in terms of energy production 2 OR Assesses the importance of TAGS for humans AND «Explains why TAGs are needed as long term energy stores Explains why TAGs are needed in terms of energy production OR «Explains why TAGs are needed as long term energy stores Sample answer ‘About 25-30% of our daily energy needs should come from fatty acids - the rest of our dietary fat intake is stored. TAGs are stored in the cytoplasm of cells of fat tissue and when required each TAG can be hydrolysed by enzymes to give three fatty acids. These are transported around the body and each fatty acid is able to be broken down to CO and H,0, releasing energy which is used to make ATP in the mitochondria. In resting muscle cells TAGs supply most of the energy, whereas during exercise carbohydrates are the main source of energy. An average person of weight 75 kg should carry about 12 kg of fat, ie. about one sixth of body weight. This varies a great deal from person to person, but generally enough fat is stored to last as an energy source for about 2 months. Hence TAGS are extremely important to humans as they provide the long term store of energy needed. 32 DISCLAIMER ‘Th rometon conan is oan inane! re feral askance oooh af. des acti aso iets Frei att tan of CSA {pore saste maa cone fo ob Tl HEE spear Rar panes proce aches MM baer So ay on are, Ub ad fy HSC mergers bole ty Ne NS Sow Sues Noguera cr worry sae or ng’ wth eect sles cf CSA Marin Guin etn tay stot xan aan rev. Te CSSA] ears arepenbty rh nary, rls er stress oy ang Gade roe eT MSC rapes.