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Terms:
Gamete sex cell (sperm or egg)
Haploid (n) - half the # of chromosomes that a
species has in its body cells (in humans, n = 23)
gametes have this haploid (n) number of
chromosomes
Diploid (2n) the FULL number of chromosomes
in a body cell for a species (in humans, 2n = 46)
Zygote cell that results when sperm and egg
fuses together
More terms
Homologous chromosomes when sister
chromosomes have genes for traits located
on the same place on the chromatids ex. ll
Synapsis when two pairs of homologous
chromosomes moves towards each other
to form a tetrad llll
Occurs during Prophase 1
Tetrad formed by two pairs of
homologous chromosomes joining
llll
Occurs during Prophase 1
Crossing over/recombination
when the homologous
chromosomes trade genes and
traits with their pair (an exchange
of chromatid segments)
This allows for genetic variability!
Occurs during Prophase 1
MEIOSIS
and Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis
Essential for sexual reproduction
one diploid (2n) eukaryotic cell divides
to generate 4 haploid cells (gametes)
genetic variation!!!
Steps of Meiosis
I pmat C pmat C
Note: there is no second
interphase
Meiosis 1 = reduction division
Meiosis 2 = similar to mitosis
Interphase
Interphase I
G1 Phase
S Phase
G2 Phase
Chromosomes are still uncondensed
Prophase I
Prophase I
Chromosomes are condensed (short
& thick)
Nuclear envelope disappears
Replicated chromosomes line up
with their homologous chromosomes
to form tetrads (4 chromosomes)
This is called synapsis
Crossing-over occurs here
providing for genetic variability
Metaphase I
Metaphase I
Tetrads line up on equatorial plane
of cell
Chromosomes attach to spindle
fibers
Anaphase I
Anaphase I - Disjunction
Homologous chromosomes of each
tetrad separate
Chromosomes move to opposite
ends of the cells towards the
centrioles
This is called Disjunction
Nondisjunction can occur here
Nondisjuction
Failure of homologous chromosomes to
separate properly
Sometimes both chromosomes of a pair
move towards the same pole of the cell
This would leave one cell with n+1
chromosomes (24) and the other cell
with n-1 chromosomes (22) instead of
the normal haploid 1n # of
chromosomes (23)
Nondisjunction
Telophase I
Telophase I
End of the first meiotic division
Cytoplasm divides in two daughter cells
Each of the daughter cells has half as
many chromosomes as the original cell
(n) = haploid or monoploid
Followed by Meiosis 2 (like mitosis)
Prophase II
Each of the daughter cells forms a
spindle
Sister chromosomes move toward the
middle of the spindle
(Note there are no longer tetrads, and
crossing over does NOT occur here)
Metaphase II
Metaphase II
Chromosomes become attached to
the spindle fibers at their centromeres
Chromosomes line up on the
equatorial plane
Each chromosome is still made up of
sister chromatids
Anaphase II
Anaphase II
Centromeres divide
Sister chromosomes separate
The chromatids, which are now
single-stranded chromosomes,
move to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase II
Telophase II
Both daughter cells divide, forming
four haploid cells
In each cell, the chromosomes
return to their Interphase state
Nuclear membrane reappears
CYTOKENESIS:
cleavage furrow develops
followed by division of cytoplasm
formation of the nuclear membrane
Chromosomes begin to uncondense, replaced
by the chromatin that is characteristic of
Interphase.
When Meiosis II is complete, there will be a
total of four daughter cells, each with half
the total number of chromosomes as the
original cell.
Meiosis Overview
2 unique Events in
Meiosis:
1. Reduction Division only one
replication of DNA but two divisions
Meiosis Snapshots
Meiosis
Creates 4 haploid
daughter cells
NOT identical DNA
(Daughter cells have
new assortment of
parental chromosomes)
Chromatids not identical
Crossing-over occurs
Meiosis Mutations
Disjunction normal separation of
chromosomes
Nondisjunction when the
separation does not occur correctly
Results in gametes with more, less,
or no genetic material in them
These can result in monosomy or
trisomy mutations
Klinefelters Syndrome
XXY, 47 total chromosomes
Almost always sterile
Rounded body type
Increased breast tissue
Small testicles
Low testosterone level
Treatment from
Klinefelters Syndrome
Hormone replacement therapy is the
best way to treat this disorder
Teenagers are typically given
testosterone injections to replace the
hormone that would normally be
produced by the testes
Synthetic testosterone works like
natural testosterone - it builds muscle
and increases hair growth
Turners Syndrome
Triple X Syndrome
XXX (47 chromosomes)
Extra X chromosome in each cell of
female
Normal sexual development in most
females
Possible early onset of menstruation
1 in 1,000 newborn girl
Triple X Karyotype
Triple X Symptoms
Tall stature
Small head (microcephaly)
Vertical skinfolds that may cover
the inner corner of the eyes
Delayed development
Possible infertility
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increased height,
speech delays,
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and behavioral
disturbance