Biology

Unit 4
Feb. 25th
LP #21

Welcome back!
What are we doing today?
1) Review some of what weve learned so far.
2) Examine prokaryotes and eukaryotes
3) Look at cell organelles

Specifically, you will compare and contrast

characteristics of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells. (An)
And compare and contrast the activities of
an organelle in a single cell and a whole
organism. (An)

 Why are we learning this?

The history of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
contributes to the theory of evolution,
showing how science builds off of itself.
Understanding the functions of organelles
helps us in determining diseases or
disabilities, thereby increasing the
possibilities to help individuals with
dysfunctional organelles.

How are you being evaluated?

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Quiz on Friday,
February 27th (Matching, 10 questions)

Looking back, we have

covered
1) Cell theory (Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden,
Schwann, and Virchow)
Who was the first to observe cork cells?
Hooke

Who described living cells as Animulcules?

Leeuwenhoek

Who said plants are made of cells?

Schleiden

Who said all living things are made of cells?

Schwann

Who said all cells come from pre-existing cells?

Virchow

Looking back
Cell theory:
All organisms are made of cells.
All existing cells are produced by other
living cells.
The cell is the most basic unit of life.

http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wacky-historyof-cell-theory

Looking back
All cells have:
1) DNA
2) cytoplasm
3) cell membrane

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/dna

http://www.edupic.net/cells.h
tm
http://www.plantbasedpharmacist.com/2013/01/cell-membranes-gatekeepers.html

Cellular Transport

Cells transport materials by using:

Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Active Transport

Quick Check! (#1)

Name the process: either: diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active
transport, endocytosis, or exocytosis.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion

Quick Check! (#2)

Name the process: either: diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active
transport, phagocytosis, pinocytosis,
or exocytosis.

http://www.yellowtang.org/images/endocytosis_1_c_la_
784.jpg

Quick Check! (#3)

Name the process: either: diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active
transport, endocytosis, or exocytosis.

http://iws.collin.edu/biopage/faculty/mcculloch/1406/outlines/chapter%208/812.jpg

Quick Check! (#4)

Name the process: either: diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active
transport, endocytosis, or exocytosis.

http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/prostruct/

Quick Check! (#5)

Name the process: either: diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active
transport, endocytosis, or exocytosis.

http://porifera.com/what-is-forward-osmosis/

Review cellular transport: name the

term
1) The diffusion of water molecules across
a semipermeable membrane from an area
of higher water concentration to an area
of lower water concentration.
Osmosis

2) The movement of dissolved molecules

in a fluid or gas from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower
concentration.
Diffusion

Review cellular transport: name the

term
3) The diffusion of molecules assisted by
protein channels that pierce a cell
membrane.
Facilitated diffusion

4) The release of substances out of a cell by

the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.
Exocytosis

5) The uptake of a solid particle into a cell

by engulfing the particle.
Phagocytosis

Review: Properties of water

http://water.usgs.gov/edu/adhesion.html

And this
property of
water provides
stability for
the human
high specific
body:
heat

http://bio1100.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch02/cohesi
on.html

Review: the pH scale

1) Describe the relationship between
the hydrogen ion concentration and
the pH value.
The higher the hydrogen ion
concentration, the lower the pH.

2) Cells have a higher hydrogen ion

concentration than blood. Which has
a higher pH? Why?
Blood has a higher pH because a lower
hydrogen ion concentration means a
higher pH.
Nowicki, Stephen. "Properties of Water." Holt McDougal Biology. Orlando: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013. 40-41.

Review: the pH scale

3) Will an acid increase of decrease
the hydrogen ion concentration?
Increase; acids release H+ in a solution

4) Will a base increase or decrease

the hydrogen ion concentration?
Decrease; it removes H+ from a solution

Nowicki, Stephen. "Properties of Water." Holt McDougal Biology. Orlando: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,

A little bit more on pH:

buffers
Buffers: compounds that can bind to
an H+ ion when the H+
concentration increase, and can
release H+ ion when the H+
concentration decreases.
Buffers help maintain homeostasis.
Buffers in the blood help prevent
large changes in blood pH (Blood pH
is slightly basic 7.35 -7.45)
Nowicki, Stephen. "Properties of Water." Holt McDougal Biology. Orlando: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013. 40-41. Print.

And now, prokaryotes and

eukaryotes
Remember:
Prokaryotes
Do not have a nucleus
Have DNA suspended in the cytoplasm (loose)
Are usually microscopic, single-celled
organisms

Eukaryotes
Have a nucleus
DNA is inside the nucleus
May be multicellular or single-celled
Nowicki, Stephen. Cell Theory." Holt McDougal Biology. Orlando: Houghton Mifflin
Harcourt, 2013. 68. Print.

Which is which? Prokaryote or

Eukaryote?

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/com
mon.html

Prokaryotes
Are the simplest life forms.
Were Earths first cells.
Prokaryotes exist in two major forms:
1) Eubacteria (also known as true
bacteria)
2) Archaebacteria

Eubacteria
Eubacteria can be found almost
everywhere and kill thousands upon
thousands of people each year, but
also serve as antibiotics producers
and food digesters in our stomachs.
We use Eubacteria to produce drugs,
wine, and cheese.

Reproduce asexually, through

binary fission.
http://faculty.college-

https://micro.cornell.edu/research/epulopiscium/binary-fission-and-other-forms-reproduction-

Eubacteria
Have circular DNA called plasmids
Have cell walls composed of
peptidoglycan
Move with the use of a flagella and/or
pili
Are classified by their shape:

http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/microorganisms/monera/section1.r

http://biologos.org/blog/bacterial-flagellum-appearances-can-be-deceiving

Examples of bacteria you may be

familiar with:
Strep throat (upper respiratory tract
infection).
Middle ear infections
Pneumonia (lower respiratory tract infection)
Tuberculosis (TB)
Salmonella -2nd most frequent cause of
bacterial disease in the U.S.
E.coli transmitted through contaminated
hamburger meat, fruits and vegetables.

http://www.lef.org/Protocols/Infections/Bacterial-Infection/Page-03

MRSA a bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus ("staph") is a bacterium
that is carried on the skin or in the nose of
approximately 25% to 30% of healthy people
without causing infection -- this is called
colonization.
Staph bacteria are one of the most common
causes of skin infections in the U.S. Most of these
skin infections are minor (such as pimples and
boils), are not spread to others (not infectious),
and usually can be treated without antibiotics.
However, some staph bacteria are resistant to
certain antibiotics -- one type is called MRSA.
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/athletic_skin_infections/b
acterial.htm

Archaebacteria
Live in very hostile environments
May have been the earliest life forms
on the planet. (Archae = ancient)
Many are chemoautotrophs -produce
their own food from chemicals found in
their environments.
Classified into four groups:
methanogens, halophiles, sulfur
reducers, and thermoacidophiles.

Video
Kingdoms Archae and Eubacteria
4:06, start at 0:24
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BM2
Zl6U7aB4

Which is which? Prokaryote or

Eukaryote?

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/com
mon.html

Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes in their
1) size
2) genetic material surrounded by a nuclear
membrane,
3) and the addition of membrane bound
organelles such as a mitochondria and
chloroplast.

Eukaryotes arose from prokaryotes, and

developed into larger more complex
organisms.
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0/endosymbiosis_03

Endosymbiosis
Evidence supports the idea that eukaryotic cells are
actually the descendants of separate prokaryotic cells that
joined together in a symbiotic union. In fact, the
mitochondrion itself seems to be the "great-great-greatgreat-great-great-great-great-great granddaughter" of a
free-living bacterium that was engulfed by another cell,
perhaps as a meal, and ended up staying as a sort of
permanent houseguest. The host cell profited from the
chemical energy the mitochondrion produced, and the
mitochondrion benefited from the protected, nutrient-rich
environment surrounding it. This kind of "internal"
symbiosis one organism taking up permanent residence
inside another and eventually evolving into a single lineage
is called endosymbiosis.
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0/endosymbiosis_03

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0/endosymbi

Your Turn!
Briefly, write down what
endosymbiosis is in your notebook.

Eukaryotes
Have organelles
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
And so on

The advances in microscopy allowed

observation of cell organelles and
ultrastructure.

Reminder
Matching Quiz on
Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes Friday
Feb. 27th
Tape notes into
notebook.