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Nader Shah
Nder Shh Afshr or Nadir Shah (Persian: ; also known as Nder Qoli Beg or Tahmsp Qoli Khn - ( ) November, 1688[1] or August 6, 1698[2]
June 19, 1747) ruled as Shah of Iran (173647) and was the founder of the Afsharid
dynasty which briefly became one of the most powerful Persian dynasties in Iranian
history. Because of his military genius as evidenced in numerous martial encounters
throughout the Naderian Wars such as the battles of Herat, Mihmandust, Murche-Khort,
Agh-Darband, Baghavard, Kheibar pass, Karnal & Kars, some historians have described
him as the Napoleon of Persia[5] or the Second Alexander.[6] Nader Shah was a member of
the Turkic Afshar tribe of northern Persia,[7] which had supplied military power to the
Safavid state since the time of Shah Ismail I.[8]
Nader rose to power during a period of anarchy in Iran after a rebellion by the Hotaki
Afghans had overthrown the weak Shah Sultan Husayn, and both the arch enemy of the
Safavids, the Ottomans, and the Russians had seized Persian territory for themselves.
Nader reunited the Persian realm and removed the invaders. He became so powerful that he
decided to depose the last members of the Safavid dynasty, which had ruled Iran for over
200 years, and become shah himself in 1736. His numerous campaigns created a great
empire that briefly encompassed what is now part of or includes Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Georgia, the North Caucasus, Iraq, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan,
Uzbekistan, Pakistan, North India, Oman and the Persian Gulf, but his military spending
had a ruinous effect on the Persian economy.[1]
Nader idolized Genghis Khan and Timur, the previous conquerors from Central Asia. He
imitated their military prowess and especially later in his reign their cruelty. His
victories during the Naderian Wars briefly made him West Asia's most powerful sovereign
but his empire quickly disintegrated after he was assassinated in 1747.[9] Nader Shah has
been described as "the last great Asian military conqueror"Nader Shah was born in the
fortress of Dastgerd[3] into the Qereqlu clan of the Afshars, a semi-nomadic Qizilbash tribe
settled in the northern valleys of Khorasan, a province in the north-east of the Persian
Empire.[11] His father, Emam Qoli, was a herdsman who may also have been a camel driver
and coatmaker.[12] He died while Nader was still young. [13] According to legends, Nader and
his mother were carried off as slaves by marauding Uzbek or Turkmen tribesmen, but
Nader managed to escape. He joined a band of brigands while still a boy and eventually
became their leader. Under the patronage of Afshar chieftains, he rose through the ranks to
become a powerful military figure. Nader married the two daughters of Baba Ali Beg, a
local chief.Nader grew up during the final years of the Safavid dynasty which had ruled
Iran since 1502. At its peak, under such figures as Abbas the Great, Safavid Persia had
been a powerful empire, but by the early 18th century the state was in serious decline and
the reigning shah, Sultan Husayn, was a weak ruler. When Sultan Husayn attempted to
quell a rebellion by the Ghilzai Afghans in Kandahar, the governor he sent (Gurgin Khan)
was killed. Under their leader Mahmud Hotaki, the rebellious Afghans moved westwards
against the shah himself and in 1722 they defeated a force at the Battle of Gulnabad and
then besieged the capital, Isfahan.[14] After the shah failed to escape to rally a relief force
elsewhere, the city was starved into submission and Sultan Husayn abdicated, handing
power to Mahmud. In Khorasan, Nader at first submitted to the local Afghan governor of
Mashhad, Malek Mahmud, but then rebelled and built up his own small army. Sultan
Husayn's son had declared himself Shah Tahmasp II, but found little support and fled to the
Qajar tribe, who offered to back him. Meanwhile, Persia's imperial rivals, the Ottomans and
the Russians, took advantage of the chaos in the country to seize territory for themselves.
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Nader Shah
Peacock Throne
safdarjung
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Peacock Throne
The Peacock Throne (Sanskrit: : Mayrsana, Urdu: , Persian:
, Takht-i Tvs) was a famous jewelled throne that was the seat of the Mughal
emperors of India. It was commissioned in the early 17th century by emperor Shah Jahan
and was located in the Red Fort of Delhi. The original throne was subsequently captured
and taken as a war trophy in 1739 by the Persian king Nader Shah, and has been lost ever
since. A 2000 report by The Tribune, estimated the value of the Peacock Throne at $810
million USD (Rs 4.5 billion).[1]
A replacement throne based on the original was commissioned afterwards and existed until
the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Shah Jahan ruled in what is considered the Golden Age of the vast Mughal Empire, which
covered almost all of the Indian subcontinent. It was ruled from the newly constructed
capital of Shahjahanabad and the fabled imperial citadel Red Fort, with its marble and
golden halls bedecked in jewels and silk, perfumed water fountains and canals running,
surrounded by fragrant gardens. Sumptuous feasts, religious festivals, extravagant
receptions for state guests, with innumerous artists and musicians, a large zenana and
thousands of soldiers, courtiers and servants who ensured for a colourful and joyful life far
away from everyday worries. The focus around which everything revolved was the
emperor, where he gave audiences and received petitioners. The court and its ruler was a
mirror image of paradise on earth, in the very centre of the empire. Amongst the various
titles he carried, such as Great King (, Badshah), he was also the Shadow of God (Zilli-Allahi), making him the executor of God's will. The sovereign therefore also held a court
of justice. It was therefore necessary to have a proper seat or Throne of Solomon (
, Takht-e-Sulaiman) to underscore his position of the just king. Just like Solomon's
throne, the Peacock Throne was to be covered in gold and jewelled, with steps leading up
to it, with the ruler floating above ground and closer to heaven.
Since the imperial treasury at that point was full of precious jewels, Shah Jahan had ample
resources and decided to put the jewels and pearls into a more public use. Said Gilani and
his workmen from the imperial goldsmiths' department were commissioned with the
construction of this new throne. It took seven years to complete. Large amounts of solid
gold, precious stones and pearls were used, creating a masterful piece of Mughal
workmanship that was unsurpassed before or after its creation. It was an opulent
indulgence that could only be seen by a small minority of courtiers, aristocrats and visiting
dignitaries. The throne was even for the Golden Age Mughal standards supremely
extravagant and cost twice as much as the construction of the Taj Mahal. [2][3] The
appearance of the throne was in stark contrast to the older throne of Jahangir, a large
rectangular slab of engraved black basalt constructed in the early 1600s, used by the father
of Shah Jahan.
Siraj ud-Daulah
Mirza Muhammad Siraj ud-Daulah (Urdu: , Bengali:
), more commonly known as Siraj ud-Daulah (1733 July
2, 1757), was the last independent Nawab of Bengal. The end of his reign marked the start
of British East India Company rule over Bengal and later almost all of South Asia.
Siraj succeeded his maternal grandfather, Alivardi Khan as the Nawab of Bengal in April
1756 at the age of 23. Betrayed by Mir Jafar, then commander of Nawab's army, Siraj lost
the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757. The forces of the East India Company under Robert
Clive triumphed and the administration of Bengal fell into the hands of the Company.
Alivardi Khan
Alivardi Khan's father was Shah Quli Khan (Mirza Muhammad Madani) and his mother
was the daughter of Nawab Aqil Khan Afshar (Mir Muhammad Askari). Alivardi's birth
name was Mirza Muhammad Ali. He was a Muslim. His father was an Arab and an
employee of Azam Shah, the son of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Azam Shah also
employed the sons of Mirza Muhammad. But after the death of Azam Shah, the family fell
into poverty. His two sons Muhammad Ali and Mirza Ahmed managed to find employment
under the Subahdar (Provincial governor) of Orissa, Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan. After
Shuja-ud-Din was promoted to the post of the Nawab of Bengal, the two brothers' future
prospects widened
alivardi khan
Rana Sanga succeeded Mewar after the death of his father Raimal and his two brothers.
The crisis of succession led Maharana Sangram Singh to the throne, bringing forth another
mighty warrior son of Mewar who fought for his kingdom till the last drop of his blood.
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