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    Exposure (Photography)

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    JJG
    expsocion

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    Exposure (photography) From Wikipedia, the fre eneyelopedia In photography exposure isthe amount of ight per unit area (the image plane ituminance times the exposure ime) reaching a photographic film, as determined by shullr speed, len aperture and scene luminance. In digital photography "film" is substituted with "sensor". Exposure is measured in lux seconds, and can be computed from exposure value (EV) and scene luminance in a specified region, In photographic jargon, an exposure generally refers to single shutter eycle. For example: a long ‘exposure refers toa single, protracted shutter eycle to capture enough low-intensity light, whereas a ‘multiple exposure involves a series of relatively brief shutter cycles; effectively layering a series of ‘Photographs in one image. For the same film speed, the accumulated photometric expasure (Il) should be similar in both cases. Contents ‘= 1 Photometric and radiometric exposure = 2.Optimum exposure = 2.1 Overexposure and underexposure = 3 Exposure settings © 3.1 Manual exposure = 3.2 Automatic exposure = 3,3 Exposure compensation = 4 Exposure control = 5 Reciprocity = 6 Determining exposure = T Latitude = 7.1 Highlights = 7.2 Blacks = 8 See also = 9 Notes 1 10 References #11 External links Photometric and radiometric exposure ‘Along exposure showing tars ‘tating around the southern and northern celestial poles. re European Southern Observatory ‘A photograph of the sea afer sunset ‘with an exposure time of 15 seconds. ‘The swel from the waves appears as fog Photometric or luminous exposure!!! H, isthe accumulated physical quantity of visible ight energy (weighted by the luminosity function) per area applied to a surface during a given exposure time, It is defined as: *= His the luminous exposure (usualy in lux seconds) ‘= Eyis the image-plane illuminance (usually in hox) * is the exposure time (in seconds) ‘The radiometric quantity radiant exposure!" H, is sometimes used instead itis the product of image-plane irradiance £ and time, the accumulated amount of incident "ight" energy per area! Hy = Bet where = Hy isthe radiant exposure (usually in joules per square metre (I/m?)) Eq isthe radiance (ually in watts pe agquare metre (Win?) = Fis the exposure time (in seconds) It the measurement is adjusted to account only for light tha eacts with the photo-sensitive surface, that is, weighted by the appropriate spectral ity, the exposure is sill measured in aiometric units (joules per square meter), rather than photometric units (weighted by the nominal sensitivity of the human eye)/©I Only in this appropriately weighted case does the H measure the effective amount of light falling on the film, such thatthe characteristic cure willbe corest independent ofthe spectrum ofthe light “Many photographie materials are also sensitive to “invisible” light, which ean be a nuisance (see UV filter and IR filter) ora benefit (see infiared photography and full-spectrum photography). The use of tadiometic units is appropriate to characterize such sensitivity to invisible Tigh In sensitometric dat, such as characteristic curves, the log exposure is conventionally expressed a logi(#. Photographers more familiar with base-2 logarithmic scales (such as exposure values) can conver using log,(#) = 3.32 log. Table 1. SI photometry ui Quantity Unit Dimension won Name Symbol) Name | Symbol | Symbol ones Luminous energy (0,02) men second —m-s —TO*3) Units are sometime called eto: ‘Luminous lax Luminous |p job2 = (3) eam 9,071 amen od-s) im J “Luminous energy per unit ime, “Luminous intensity % candela =Imist) ed JT Luminous power per unit soli angle Luminous power per nit solid angle per anit Luminance by amelie edi? L7-—_projected source area, Units are sometimes called Square mete pra luminance Bue imm) kL Luminous power incident on a surface Luminous exitance = Heaninoe onic M, lux kx Ls ‘Luminous power emited from a surface. Luminous exposure Hy ux second ers I lumen seeond pet ao ‘Luminous energy density More reene ens “Luminous efficacy 11092) lumen perwatt—IvW —[MPI-172-19.J Ratio of luminous fox to radiant fx Luminous efficiency? 1 ‘Luminous coefficient ‘See also: SI Photometry + Radiometry - (Compare) ‘Table 2. SI radiometry units Quantity Unit Dimension Notes Name symbol” 4] Name Symbol [Energy emitted, reflected, ‘transmited or received by @ Radiant enerey 2.5) joule J M-L2-T? surface in form of clectromagnetic ‘wave, This is an ‘hemispherical quantity. ‘Radiant energy per ‘unit volume. This Radiant enerey densit We joule per eubic metre : play isan energy density poe Ps " im eT hemispherical «quantity, ‘Radiant energy per unit time. This is ‘an hemispherical quantity, ‘Radiant power per ‘unit wavelength or frequency. This is ‘an hemispherical quantity, Radiant power per Radiant fux/ Radiant power (0,05) watt Worsts M2 FF att per metre Wim Spectral flux / Spectral power or or lor ‘B,,{071 watt per hertz will ‘Radiant intensity a5) (watt per steradian Wise MLS ‘unit solid angle around a direction, This isa directional ‘quantity, Spectral intensity ensl?® or Teas \watt per steradian per metre |watt per steradian per hertz MeL ML? ‘Radiant intensity per unit ‘wavelength or frequency. This is a directional quantity, Radiance Lagi) \watt per steradian per square metre Mer ‘Radiant power per unit solid angle around a direction per unit projected {area along this direction. This isa directional quantity. is ‘sometimes also ‘confusingly called "intensity", Spectral radiance Lena Lesagl®7 |watt per steradian per square metre, per metre ‘watt per steradian per square metre per hertz Mehr Mer? Radiance per unit ‘wavelength or frequency. The former commonly ‘measured in W-sr “Lem? This isa directional quantity, Imadiance pee) wall per square metre Win? ‘Radiant power per unit area received by a surface. [vis ‘sometimes also ‘confusingly called "intensity". This is ‘an hemispherical quantity, Spectral iradiance Bib 0071 [watt per square metre, per metre ‘watt per square metre per hertz Inradiance per unit ‘wavelength or frequency. The former commonly ‘measured in W-m “2mm, the later in 10 Wem Hi", known as ‘solar flux unit >] “This is an hemispherical quantity, Radiant exitance gio] watt per square metre Win? Radiant power per unit area leaving (emitted, reflected land transmitted bby) a surface. This hemispherical «quantity. "Radiant ‘emittance" and “radiosity” are old terms for this quantity, Spectral exitance Maal or (M97) |watt per square metre, per metre ‘watt per square metre per hertz Wim Wem?! Meats Mer? Radiant exitance per unit ‘wavelength or frequency. This is ‘an hemispherical ‘quantity. "Spectral lemitiance” and “spectral radiosity" are old terms for this quantity Iradiance times ‘exposure time, “This is an Radiant exposure He joule per square metre im? M-T? hemispherical ‘quantity. Is ‘sometimes also called fluence See also: SI- Radiometry « Photometry « (Compare) Optimum exposure "Correct" exposure may be defined as an exposure that achieves the effect the photographer intended") Amore technical spproach recognises that a photographic film (or sensor) has a physically limited useful exposure range/7! sometimes called its dynamic range_' 1, for any part ofthe photograph, the actual exposure is outside this range, the film cannot record it accurately. In a very simple model, for example, out-of-range values Would be recorded as "black" (underexposed) or "white" (overexposed) rather than the precisely graduated shades of colour and tone required lo describe "detail, Therefore, the purpose of exposure adjustment (andior lighting adjustment) is to control the physical amount of light fror the subject that is allowed to fll onthe film, so that significant’ areas of shadow and highlight detail do not exceed the film's useful exposure range. This ensures that no ‘significant’ information is lost during capture. Itis worth noting that the photographer may carefully overexpose or undetexpose the photograph to eliminate *insignificant” or “unwanted” dota; to make, for example, a white altar cloth appear immaculately clean, of to emulate the heavy, pitiless shadows of film noit. However, it is technically much easier to discard recorded information during post processing than to ty to re-create’ unrecorded information, Ina scene with strong or harsh lighting, the ratio between highlight and shadow luminance values may well be larger than the ratia between the film's maximum and minimum useful exposure values. In ths case, adjusting the camera's exposure settings (which only applies changes to the whole image, not selectively to parts of the image) only allows the photographer to choose between underexposed shadows or overexposed, highlights; it cannot bring both into the useful exposure range atthe same time. Methods for dealing with this situation include: using some kind of fil lighting to gently increase the illumination in shadow areas; using a greduated ND filter or gobo to reduce the amount of light ‘comming from the highlight areas; or varying the exposure between multiple, otherwise identical, photographs (exposure bracketing) and then ‘combining them afterwards in some kind of HDRI process Overexposure and underexposure ‘A pnotograph may be described as overexposed when it has a loss of highlight detail, that is, when important bright pars of an image are "washed out” or effectively all white known a "blown out highlights" or “clipped whites".!®! A photograph may be described as underexposed when it has @ loss of ‘shadow detail, that is, when important dark areas are "muddy" or indistinguishable from black!) know as "blocked up shadows” (or sometimes "crushed shadows,” "crushed blacks,” o "lipped backs,” especially in video) (1121051 asthe image tothe right shows, these terms are technical ones rather than artistic judgments; an overexposed or underexposed image may be "eoret* in that it, provides the effec that the photographer intended, Intentionslly over- or ndet- exposing (relative @ standard or the camera's automatic exposure) is casually referred to as "shooting othe right” or Waite chair Deliberate we of "shooting othe lft, respectively, as these sift the histogram ofthe image to the right of le. cverexponre for aehte purposce Exposure settings Manual exposure In manual mode, the photographer adjusts the lens aperture and/or shutter speed to achieve the desired exposure, Many photographers choose to control aperture and shutter independently because opening up the aperture increases exposure, but also decreases the depth of field, and a slower shutter inereases exposure but also increases the opportunity for mation blu. "Manual" exposure calculations may be based on some method of light metering with a working knowledge of exposure values, the APEX system and/or the Zone System, Automatic exposure A camera in automatic exposure (abbreviation: AE) mode automatically calculates and adjusts exposure settings to match (as closely as possible) the subject's mid-tone tothe mid-tone of the photograph. For most cameras this means using an on-board TTL exposure meter. Aperture priority mode (commonly abbreviated to Av) gives the photographer manual control of the aperture, whilst the camera automatically adjusts the shutter speed to achieve the exposure specified by the TTL meter. Shutter priority mode (commonly abbreviated to TV) gives ‘manual shutter control, with automatic aperture compensation. In each case, the actual exposure level i still determined by the camera's exposure meter. Exposure compensation ‘The purpose of an exposure meter isto estimate the subject's mid-tone luminance and indicate the ‘camera exposure settings required to record this. as a mid-tone, In order to do this it has to make & ‘number of assumptions which, under certain circumstances, will be wrong. Ifthe exposure setting indicated by an exposure meter is taken as the "reference" exposure, the photographer may wish to deliberately overespose or underespose in order to compensate for known or anticipated metering ‘Cameras with any kind of intemal exposure meter usually feature an exposure compensation setting ‘which i intended to allow the photographer to simply offset the exposure level from the intemal meters estimate of appropriate exposure. Frequently calibrated in stops, also known as EV units) a "+1" ‘exposure compensation setting indicates one stop more (twice as much) exposure and "-I" means one stop less (bal as much) exposure 16107) Exposure compensation is particularly useful in combination with auto-exposure mode, as it allows the photographer tobias the exposure level without resorting o full manual exposure and losing the flexibility of auto exposure. On low-end video camcorders, exposure compensation may be the only ‘manual exposure control available, Exposure control An appropriate exposure for a photograph is determined by the sensitivity of the medium used. For Photographic fm, sensitivity is referred to as film speed and is measured on a scale published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Faster film, that i, film witha higher ISO rating, requires less exposure to make a good image. Digital cameras usually have variable ISO settings that provide additional flexibility, Exposure is a combination of the length of time and the illuminance atthe photosensitive material. Exposure time is controled in a camera by shutter speed and the illuminance by the lens aperture and the scene luminance. Slower shutter speeds (exposing the medium for a longer period of time), and greater lens apertures (admitting more light) and higher-luminance scenes produce ‘eater exposures ‘An approximately correct exposure will be obtained on a sunny day using ISO 100 film, an aperture of #116 and a shutter speed of 1/100 of a second. This is called the sunny 16 rule: at an aperture of f/16 on ‘a sunny day, a suitable shutter spced will be ane over the film speed (or closest equivalent) ‘A scene can be exposed in many ways, depending on the desired effect a photographer wishes to ‘convey. Reciprocity An important principle of exposure is reciprocity, Ifone exposes the film or sensor for a longer period, ‘a reciprocally smaller aperture i required to reduce the amount of light billing the film to obtain the same exposure, For example, the photographer may prefer to make his sunny-16 shot at an aperture of 15.6 (to obtain a shallow depth of field) As f/5.6 is 3 stops "faster" than f/16, with cach stop meaning double the amount of light, a new shutter speed of (1/125)/(2-2-2) = 1/1000 is needed. Once the photographer has determined the exposure, aperture stops can be traded for halvings or doublings of speed, within limits [A sttect view of Taks- TAO, Helsinki, Finland, during 2 vey sunny winter day. The image has ‘been deliberately overexposed by +1 EV to compensate for the bright sunlight and the exposure time

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