Factor Analysis

Overview:

The "what" and "why" of factor analysis

Factor analysis is a method of data reduction. It does this by seeking

underlying unobservable (latent) variables that are reflected in the observed
variables (manifest variables). There are many different methods that can be
used to conduct a factor analysis (such as principal axis factor, maximum
likelihood, generalized least squares, unweighted least squares), There are also
many different types of rotations that can be done after the initial extraction
of factors, including orthogonal rotations, such as varimax and equimax, which
impose the restriction that the factors cannot be correlated, and oblique
rotations, such as promax, which allow the factors to be correlated with one
another. You also need to determine the number of factors that you want to
extract. Given the number of factor analytic techniques and options, it is not
surprising that different analysts could reach very different results analyzing
the same data set. However, all analysts are looking for simple structure.
Simple structure is pattern of results such that each variable loads highly onto
one and only one factor.
Factor analysis is a technique that requires a large sample size. Factor
analysis is based on the correlation matrix of the variables involved, and
correlations usually need a large sample size before they stabilize. Tabachnick
and Fidell (2001, page 588) cite Comrey and Lee's (1992) advise regarding sample
size: 50 cases is very poor, 100 is poor, 200 is fair, 300 is good, 500 is very
good, and 1000 or more is excellent. As a rule of thumb, a bare minimum of 10
observations per variable is necessary to avoid computational difficulties.

EX1are those equation are Factor

Analysis , why or why not

1 x 2 y 2 1 x y x y 1
2 x 2 x 1 x 2 x 2
3 6 x 2 y 3 3 xy 2 xy 2

4 x y y x a 2 x y 1 a 2

There are 4 way is the factor analysis .

1. Ex.

ma mb mc m( a b c)

all of them are not

2. Ex2 a 2 b 2 (a b)(a b)
Ex3 a 2 2ab b 2 (a b) 2
Ex4 : a b c 2ab 2bc 2ca a b c
2

3. Ex5. x 2 ( p q ) x pq ( x p)( x q )
Ex6.

a 2 p q ab p qb 2 a pb a qb

4. Ex7. Make all the 6 way together

(1) 2 x 3 8 x;

2 x ( x 2)( x 2)
(2) x 4 y 2 6 x 2 y 2 9 y 2 .

y 2 ( x 2 3) 2
(3) 3a 3 6a 2b 3a 2c 6abc;

(5) 4a n 1b 2 16a n 1

3a (a c)(a 2b)

= 4a n 1 (b 2a )(b 2a )

(4) 4b 2 c 2 b 2 c 2 a 2 .

(b c a)(b c a )(b c a )(b c a )

Ex3
1 x 2 x 4 7;

( x 2 4 x 4)( x 2 4 x 5)

= ( x 3)( x 5)

3 x 1 x 2 x 3 x 6 56

2 x 2 4 x 12 x 2 4 x 3 56;

( x 2 4 x 4)( x 2 4 x 5)

( x 2 4 x 4)( x 2 4 x 5)

4 ( x 2 7 x 6) x 2 x 6 56.

1 Why we need do this

left =

right

Polynomial Monomial or polynomial

Exercise
1 9m 2 25n 4 ;

abc 2 abd 2 cda 2 cdb 2

(3m 5n 2 )(3m 5n 2 )

(abc 2 cda 2 ) (abd 2 cdb 2 )

2 8a 4a 2 4;

ac(bc ad ) bd (ad bc)

4(2a a 2 1)

(bc ad )(ac bd )

4( a 2 2a 1)

6 3a 2 x 2 15a 2 xy 42a 2 y 2 ;

4( a 1) 2

3a 2 ( x 2 5 xy 14 y 2 )

3 x y x y ;

3a 2 ( x 2 y )( x 7 y )

[( x y ) 2 ( x y ) 2 ][( x y ) 2 ( x y ) 2 ]

7 a 3b 3a 2b 6ab 18b;

(2 x 2 2 y 2 ) 4 xy

(a 3b 6ab) (3a 2b 18b)

8 xy ( x 2 y 2 )

ab(a 2 6) 3b(a 2 6)

4 2ab a 2b 2 1 c 2 ;

b(a 2 6)(a 3)

(a 2 2ab b 2 ) c 2

8 4a 1 b 2 4a 2 .

( a b ) 2 c 2

( 4a 1 4a 2 ) b 2

(c a b)(c a b)

(2a 1) 2 b 2

(b 2a 1)(b 2a 1)

5 ab c 2 d 2 cd a 2 b 2 ;

9 a 2 1 a 2 8a 15 20.

(a 2 4a) 2 2(a 2 4a ) 15 20

(a 1)(a 1)( a 3)(a 5) 20

(a 2 4a) 2 2(a 2 4a ) 35

[(a 1)( a 3)][(a 1)(a 5)] 20

(a 2 4a 5)(a 2 4a 7)

(a 2 4a 3)(a 2 4a 5) 20

1. make it easy

x 1
1

( x )2
3 36
6
9 2
4 2
3
2
(2)
x xy y ( x y ) 2
16
9
4
3
(1) x
2

(3) a 2 14a 49 (a 7) 2
(4) 36 36b 9b 2 (6 3b) 2
(5) ( x y ) 2 16( x y ) 64 x y 8

2. Calculate
(1) 9982 9980 16

9982 10 998 16
(998 2)(998 8)
1006000

987
987
987
987
264
456
525
1368
1368
1368
1368
987
(123 264 456 525)
1368
987
1368
987
1368

(2) 123

3. Factor Analysis
= ( x y ) 2 ( xy 1) 2

(1) x 4 10 x 2 9

= ( x y xy 1)( x y xy 1)

= ( x 2 1)( x 2 9)
= ( x 1)( x 1)( x 3)( x 3)
(2) 7( x y )3 5( x y ) 2 2( x y )

(5) ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)( x 4) 48

= ( x 1)( x 4) ( x 2)( x 3) 48

= ( x y ) 7( x y ) 5( x y ) 2

= ( x 2 5 x 4)( x 2 5 x 6) 48

= ( x y ) ( x y ) 1 7( x y ) 2

= ( x 2 5 x) 2 10( x 2 5 x) 24 48

= ( x y )( x y 1)(7 x 7 y 2)

= ( x 2 5 x) 2 10( x 2 5 x) 24

(3) (a 2 8a ) 2 22( a 2 8a ) 120

= (a 2 8a 10)(a 2 8a 22)
(4) x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 4 xy 1
= ( x 2 y 2 2 xy ) ( x 2 y 2 2 xy 1)

= ( x 2 5 x 12)( x 2 5 x 2)
(6) a 2 b 2 2bc c 2
= a 2 (b 2 2bc c 2 )
= a 2 (b c ) 2

= (a b c)(a b c )

( x 3 y 5) 2

(7) 2a 3 2a 2b 8b 8a

(12) a 2 a 2b ab 2 a b b 2

2[ a 2 ( a b) 4( a b)]

(a 2 a 2b) ( ab 2 a ) (b b 2 )

2(a b)(a 2 4)

a 2 (1 b) a (b 1)(b 1) b(1 b)

2(a b)(a 2)(a 2)

(1 b)[a 2 a (b 1) b]

(8) 3 x 3 6 x 2 y 3 x 2 z 6 xyz

3 x( x 2 2 xy xz 2 yz )

(1 b)(a 1)(a b)
(13) x 4 3 x 3 6 x 4

3 x x( x 2 y ) z ( x 2 y )

( x 4 3 x3 2 x 2 ) (2 x 2 6 x 4)

3 x( x 2 y )( x z )

x 2 ( x 2 3 x 2) 2( x 2 3 x 2)

(9) a 2 4ab 3b 2 2bc c 2

(a 2 4ab 4b 2 ) (b 2 2bc c 2 )

( x 2 2)( x 2 3 x 2)
(14) (a 2 b 2 c 2 ) 2 4b 2 c 2

(a 2b) 2 (b c) 2

(a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc)(a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc)

(a 2b b c)(a 2b b c)

[ a 2 (b 2 c 2 2bc)][a 2 (b 2 c 2 2bc)]

(10) x 2 y 2 z 2 2 yz 1 2 x

( x 2 x 1) ( y z 2 yz )
2

( x 1) ( y z )
2

(a b c)(a b c)(a b c)(a b c)

(15) ( x y ) 2 4( x y 1)

( x 1 y z )( x 1 y z )
(11) x 2 6 xy 9 y 2 10 x 30 y 25

( x 2 6 xy 9 y 2 ) (10 x 30 y ) 25
( x 3 y ) 2 10( x 3 y ) 25
[( x 3 y ) 5]

[ a 2 (b c) 2 ][a 2 (b c) 2 ]

( x y ) 2 4( x y ) 4
[( x y ) 2]2 ( x y 2) 2
(16) x 4 4 y 4

x4 4x2 y2 4 y4 4x2 y2
( x 2 2 y 2 )2 4 x 2 y 2

( x 2 2 y 2 2 xy )( x 2 2 y 2 2 xy )

4. We know the a (a 1) (a 2 b) 1 what is the Value of

a 2 b2
ab
2

Answer a (a 1) ( a 2 b) a 2 a a 2 b a b 1 so a b 1

a 2 b2
a 2 b 2 2ab (a b) 2 1
ab

2
2
2
2
5. If n =R use
Answer

Factor Analysis to show can (2n 1) 2 25

(2n 1) 2 25

Divisible with 4

(2n 1 5)(2n 1 5) (2n 6)(2n 4)

4(n 3)(n 2)
4 is (2n 1) 2 25 is part of Factoringso ir can be
6. This is a Six figures abcdef a=d, b=e, c=f this six figures can divisible with 71113
Answer abcdef=100000a+10000b+1000c+100d+10e+f
Because a=d, b=e, c=f,
So abcdef=100000a + 10000b + 1000c + 100a + 10b + c
=100100a + 10010b + 1001c = 1001(100a+10b+c) = 71113(100a+10b+c)
It can be divisible with 71113
7. We know a, b, c are the 3 sides of the Triangle it is fulfill a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ac 0
to show it is a Equilateral triangle
Answer 2(a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ac ) 0

(a 2 b 2 2ab) (a 2 c 2 2ac) (b 2 c 2 2bc) 0

(a b) 2 ( a c ) 2 (b c ) 2 0
a b 0 a c 0 b c 0
So a=b, a=c, b=c so a=b=c
So it is a equilateral triangle

Very very very hard

Calculate (22 + 42 + 62 ++20002)(12 + 32 + 52 ++19992).
So we can use Factor

Analysis to know the answer

So it become =(2212)+( 4232)+( 6252)+..+( 2000219992)

= 3 + 7 + 11 ++ 3999first add the end is 4002 there are 500 , 4002

= 4002500 = 2001000