4.

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL

BENDING
4.1 Exact Solution
™ Pure bending of beam of symmetrical cross section

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Assumptions
σ x = ky k = constant
σ y = σ z = τ xy = τ xz = τ yz = 0
Neutral axis (N.A.) z σx = 0 y=0

Equilibrium ∑F x =0 ∫ σ dA = 0
A
x ⇒ k ∫ ydA = 0
A

k ∫ ydA = ky C A=0 ⇒ yC = 0
A

C centroid N.A. passes through centroid

∑M z =0 ∫σA
x ydA + M Z = 0
MZ
− k∫ y 2 dA = M Z ⇒ k = −
A IZ 2

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

M y
Thus, σ x = − Z where I Z = ∫ y 2 dA
IZ A

M y max M IZ
σ max = = S=
IZ S y max
S: elastic section modulus
Geometric relations
Assumption: plane (normal to
neutral axis) remains plane

x
dx
y
Neutral layer
3
deflection curve of neutral layer

1
 BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

σx M y M y
∈x = = − Z , ∈y =∈Z = ν Z
E EI Z EI Z
ν xy = ν xz = ν yz = 0
EI z : flexural rigidity
Curvature
d 2v 2
1 dx d 2v
= 3
≈ 2
rx ⎡ dx
⎛ dv ⎞ ⎤
2 2

⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎦⎥
<<1, small deformation
ds dx
dθ = = Why ds=dx?
rx rx
4

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

∈x =
(− y + rx )dθ − dx = − y dθ =−
y
dx dx rx
1 ∈ M
=− x = Z
rx y EI Z
d 2v M Z
= Bernoulli-Euler Law
dx 2 EI Z

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

™ Pure bending of non-symmetrical cross section

Assumptions
Plane remains plane
σ x = c1 + c2 y + c3 z
σ y = σ z = τ xy = τ xz = τ yz = 0

Equilibrium

⎧
⎪⎪ ∫A
σ x dA = 0
⎨ ∫A x dA = M y
z σ
⎪
⎪⎩− ∫A yσ x dA = M z
6

2
 BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

s.b. σ x:
⎧ c1 ∫ dA + c2 ∫ ydA +c3 ∫ zdA = 0 (1)
⎪⎪
A A A

⎨ c1 ∫A zdA + c2 ∫A yzdA +c3 ∫A z dA = M y

2
(2)
⎪
⎪⎩c1 ∫A ydA + c2 ∫A y dA +c3 ∫A yzdA = − M z
2
(3)

If y, z axes pass through centroid of cross section A. i.e., O

is centroid
∫ A
ydA = ∫ zdA =0
A

From (1), c1 = 0 ⇒ σ x y =0 =0
z =0

This means neutral axis passes through centroid.

Let I y = ∫ z 2 dA I z = ∫ y 2 dA I yz = ∫ yz dA
A A A

Product of inertia 7

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

From (2), (3)

−1
⎧c2 ⎫ ⎡ I yz Iy ⎤ ⎧ M y ⎫
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎨ ⎬
⎩c3 ⎭ ⎣ I z I yz ⎥⎦ ⎩− M z ⎭

σx =
(M I + M z I yz )z − (M y I yz + M z I y )y
y z
(4)
I y I z − I yz2

Equation of N.A. (σ x = 0 )
y M y I z + M z I yz
= = tan ϕ (5)
z M y I yz + M z I y
σ max locates at a point farthest from the N.A. Why?

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Special case 1 - considering principal axes of inertia y, z

I yz = 0, I y , I z
2 I yz
tan 2θ = −
Iy − Iz

I y + Iz ⎛ I − Iz ⎞
2

I y , Iz = ± ⎜⎜ y ⎟⎟ + I yz
2

2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
M yz Mzy y M yIz
σx = − = = tan ϕ
Iy Iz z MzIy

Generally, N.A. does not coincide with any of the principal

axes of inertia, which is true in symmetrical bending.
9

3
 BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Special case 2
My I z tan α + I yz
If = tan α tan ϕ =
Mz I yz tan α + I y

Py = P cos α M y = Pz x
Pz = P sin α M z = Py x

My Pz
= = tan α
Mz Py

10

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Deflection of straight beam subjected to non-symmetrical

bending
Assumptions
1. Transverse load in one plane
2. Moment vector normal to this plane
Deflection perpendicular to N.A.
3. Plane remains plane

dx ∈ dx 1 d 2v
=− x ≈
rx y rx dx 2
∈x σ x
=
y Ey 11

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

d 2v σ
=− x
dx 2 Ey
d 2v M y I yz + M z I y
=
s.b. Eq.(4) with z = 0
dx 2 (
E I y I z − I yz2 ) (6)

w = −v tan ϕ Why?

v
δ = v 2 + w2 = (7)
cos ϕ

Total deflection

12

4
 BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Example

A cantilever subjected to M z = 11 kN ⋅ m . The cross section of

the beam is a slender angel as shown in next slide. Find
(a) the bending stresses at points A and B;
(b) the orientation of N.A.; and
(c) the maximum deflection

13

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Cross section of beam

14

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Solution
(1) Location of centroid C

Z C = YC =
∑ AZ i Ci
≈ 45 mm
∑A i

(2) Moments & product of inertia about y & z axes

1
Iy = Iz = × 20 ×1303 + 20 ×130 × 402
12
1
+ ×150 × 203 + 150 × 20 × 352
12
= 11.6 ×106 mm4
I yz = 0 + 130 × 20 × 40 × (− 35) + 0 + 150 × 20 × (− 35)× 30
= −6.79 ×106 mm4 15

5
 BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Solution

(3) Bending moments

M z = 11 kN ⋅ m My =0
(4) Stress
A(0.105,−0.045) B(− 0.045,−0.045)

Applying Eq.(4)

M z (I yz z A − I y y A )
(σ x )A = = −144 MPa
I y I z − I yz2

M z (I yz z B − I y y B )
(σ x )B = = 103 MPa
I y I z − I yz2
16

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Solution
(5) Neutral axis (N.A.)
I yz y
tan ϕ = = ϕ = −33.72o
Iy z
(6) Principal axes of inertia
2 I yz
tan 2θ = − =∞
I y − Iz

θ = 45o

z or y does not coincide with N.A.

17

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Solution
(7) Maximum deflection
d 2v M y I yz + M z I y
dx 2
=
(
E I y I z − I yz2
= 7.21 × 10 − 3 1 = C
) m
( )
dv 1 2
= Cx + D v= Cx + Dx + E
dx 2
dv
Boundary = v x =0 = 0 ⇒ D = E = 0
conditions: dx x = 0
1
v = × 7.21 × 10 − 3 × 22 = 0.0144 m = 14.4mm
2
w = −v tan ϕ = −14.4 × tan − 33.72o = 9.63mm ( )
δ = v + w = v cosϕ = 17.3mm
2 2
18

6
 BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Bending of a narrow cantilever (narrow cross section)

t<<2h plane stress

σx = −
Pxy
σy = 0 τ xy = − (
P 2
2I z
h − y2 )
Iz
∂u σ x Pxy ∂v νPxy
∈x = = =− ∈y = = −ν ∈x =
∂x E EI z ∂y EI z
19

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

∈xy =
2(1 + ν ) ∂u ∂v
τ xy = + = −
(1 +ν )P h 2 − y 2 ( ) (*)
E ∂y ∂x EI z

Integration
Px 2 y ⎫
u=− + u1 ( y )⎪
2 EI ⎪
⎬ (**)
νPxy 2
v=− + v1 (x )⎪⎪
2 EI ⎭
Sub. into (*):
dv P 2 (1 + ν )Ph 2
du1
−
P
(2 + ν ) y 2 = − 1 + x − = a1
dy 2 EI z dx 2 EI z EI z

function of y function of x

20

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

u1 ( y ) = (2 + ν ) y 3 + a1 y + a2
P
6 EI z
Px 3 (1 + ν )Pxh 2
v1 ( x ) = − − a1 x + a3
6 EI z EI z

s.b. into to (**) & apply B.C. at fixed end:

∂u
(at x = L, y = 0 : u = v = 0, = 0)
∂y
PL2 PL PLh 2 (1 + v )
a1 = a2 = 0 a3 = +
EI z 3EI z EI z

21

7
 BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

(L2 − x 2 )y + 2(16+EIv )Py

3
P
u=
2 EI z z

P ⎡ x 3 L3 x 2 ⎤
v=
EI z ⎢⎣ 6
( )
+ + νy − L2 + h 2 (1 + ν )(L − x )⎥
3 2 ⎦

u and v do not obey a simple linear relationship with y and x

Plane does not remain plane after deformation

“Warping”
(may also occur in torsion)

22

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Discussion
Deflection of N.A.

(v )y = 0 = Px − PL x + PL + Ph (1 + ν ) (L − x )
3 2 3 2

6 EI z EI z 3EI z EI z
1 Px M
Curvature = = Same as elementary bending
rx EI z EI z
Deflection at free end
PL3 Ph 2 L
(v )x = y = 0 = +
3EI z 2GI z

bending shearing
For slender beam, 2h << L, Ph 2 L PL3
<<
2GI z 3EI z 23

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

4.2 Approximate Solutions

™ Elementary theory of bending beams
Assumptions
Slender beam with symmetric vertical plane of loading
∂v ∂u ∂v
∈y = =0 γ xy = + =0
∂y ∂y ∂x
σ x ∂u
∈x = = ∈z = 0 γ yz = γ xz = 0
E ∂x
∂u
v = v( x )
dv
=−
∂y dx

+ u0 ( x )
dv
u = −y
dx
24

8
 BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

At y = 0, the bending deformation vanishes.

u y =0 = 0 ⇒ u0 (x ) = 0

u(x ) = − y
dv
= − yθ u is a linear function of y
dx
Plane sections perpendicular to the longitudinal axis
remains plane.
But for exact solutions, only true for pure bending

25

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Deformation

dV
∑F y = 0:
dx
= −q

− (M + dM ) + M − V − (V + dV ) = 0
dx dx
∑M = 0: 2 2
dM
i.e. = −V
dx
d 2M dV
=− =q
dx 2 dx
d 2v M d 2 ⎛ d 2v ⎞
= I = Iz ⎜ EI ⎟=q
dx 2 EI dx 2 ⎜⎝ dx 2 ⎟⎠ 26

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

For constant flexural rigidity EI

EIv '''' = q , EIv ''' = −V ⎫⎪

⎬ (8)
EIv = M ,
''
EIv ' = EIθ = ∫ Mdx ⎪⎭

Eq.(8), together with B.C., is used to determine the

deflection of a slender beam.

Bending & shear stresses

Neglect shear effect on normal strain

My
Normal stress σx = − (9)
I

27

9
 BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Shear stress
Forces in x direction

Consider force equilibrium

∑F x = 0 : τ xybdx + ∫A* σ x dA = ∫A* (σ x + dσ x )dA

dM ⋅ y
Together with dσ x = −
I
28

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

1 dM VQ
τ xy =− ∫* ydA = (10)
Ib A dx Ib

where Q = ∫ * ydA = yA*

A

first moment of A* with respect to z (N.A.)

For rectangular section

V ⎛ h2 ⎞
τ xy = ⎜ − y 2 ⎟⎟
2 I ⎜⎝ 4 ⎠
vh 2 V
τ max = = 1.5
8I A

29

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Effect of Transverse normal stress

Consider forces in y-direction

∂τ xy
∑F y = 0 : σ y bdx = ∫ *
A ∂x
dxdA

∂τ xy
q ⎛ h2 ⎞
Rectangular section: ⎜ − y 2 ⎟⎟
=−
∂x 2 I ⎜⎝ 4 ⎠
h q ⎛ h2 ⎞ q ⎛ 1 3 y ⎛ y⎞ ⎞
3

σ y = − ∫ 2 ⎜⎜ − y 2 ⎟⎟dy = − ⎜ − + 2⎜ ⎟ ⎟
y 2I
⎝ 4 ⎠ b ⎜⎝ 2 2 h ⎝ h ⎠30 ⎟⎠

10
 BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

h q
At the top of the beam: y = − , σ y = −
2 b
h
At the bottom of the beam: y = , σ y = 0
2
Consider a cantilever subjected to uniformly distributed load

σx = −
6q
(L − x )2 y
bh3
⎡ 2
⎤
τ xy =
3q
(L − x )⎢1 − ⎛⎜ 2 y ⎞⎟ ⎥
2bh ⎣⎢ ⎝ h ⎠ ⎦⎥
q ⎡1 ⎛ y⎞ ⎤
3
3⎛ y⎞
σ y = − ⎢ − ⎜ ⎟ + 2⎜ ⎟ ⎥
b ⎣⎢ 2 2⎝h⎠ ⎝ h 31⎠ ⎦⎥

BEAM THEORY, NONSYMMETRICAL BENDING

(τ ) (σ )
2
(σ x )max = ± 3qL2 xy max =
3qL
y max =−
q
bh 2bh b

(τ ) h (σ ) 1⎛ h ⎞
2
=
xy max
= ⎜ ⎟
y max

(σ x )max 2L (σ x )max 3⎝ L ⎠

h
Slender beam << 1
L
(σ x )max >> (τ xy )max >> (σ y )max
Energy method for deflection
presented in “Energy Method”
32

33

11
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35

36

12
37

38

39

13
40

14