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Exercise 11.1
A 0.100-kg, 40.2-cm-long uniform bar has a small 0.080-kg mass glued to its left end and a small 0.150-kg mass glued
to the other end. You want to balance this system horizontally on a fulcrum placed just under its center of gravity.
Part A
How far from the left end should the fulcrum be placed?
ANSWER:
d
= 24.4
cm
Correct
F = 0
and = 0;
that is, both external forces and torques sum to zero. You have the freedom to choose any point as the origin about
which to take torques.
Each of these equations is a vector equation, so each represents three independent equations for a total of six. Thus to
keep a table static requires not only that it neither slides across the floor nor lifts off from it, but also that it doesn't tilt
about either the x or y axis, nor can it rotate about its vertical axis.
Part A
Frequently, attention in an equilibrium situation is confined to a plane. An example would be a ladder leaning
against a wall, which is in danger of slipping only in the plane perpendicular to the ground and wall. By orienting a
Cartesian coordinate system so that the x and y axes are in this plane, choose which of the following sets of
quantities must be zero to maintain static equilibrium in this plane.
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The motion (or possible motion) is confined to a plane, the xy plane in this case, when there are no forces
acting out of that plane (e.g., all Fz = 0 or all z-component forces occur in pairs that are applied at the
same points). Recalling that torque is defined as a cross product, you can eliminate the need for two of the
three equations for the components of torque since they will equal zero.
ANSWER:
Fx
and z and Fy
Fz
and x and y
Correct
Part B
As an example, consider the case of a board of length L and negligible mass. Take the x axis to be the horizontal
axis along the board and the y axis to be the vertical axis perpendicular to the board. A mass of weight W is
strapped to the board a distance x from the left-hand end. This is a static equilibrium problem, and a good first step
is to write down the equation for the sum of all the forces
in the y direction since the only nonzero forces of
F = 0
What is
Fy
ANSWER:
Fy = 0 =
TL + TR W
Correct
The only relevant component of the torques is the z component; however, you must choose your pivot point before
writing the equations. This point could be anywhere; in fact, the pivot point does not even have to be at a point on the
body. You should choose this point to your advantage. Generally, the best place to locate the pivot point is where some
unknown force acts; this will eliminate that force from the resulting torque equation.
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Part C
What is the equation that results from choosing the pivot point to be the point from which the mass hangs (where
W acts)?
Express your answer in terms of the unknown quantities TL and
TR
TR (L x) TL x
Correct
This gives us one equation involving two unknowns,
TL
= 0
to
Part D
What is the equation that results from choosing the pivot point to be the left end of the plank (where TL acts)?
Express your answer in terms of TL ,
TR
TR L W x
Correct
Part E
What is the equation that results from choosing the pivot point to be the right end of the plank (where TR acts)?
Express your answer in terms of TL ,
TR
W (L x) TL L
Correct
Part F
Solve for TR , the tension in the right rope.
W
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ANSWER:
TR
x
L
Correct
Part G
Solve for TL , the tension in the left rope.
Express your answer in terms of W and the dimensions L and
in the solution.
ANSWER:
TL
Lx
L
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Correct
Part H
Solve for the tension in the left rope,
TL
x = 0
intuition.
Express your answer in terms of W and the dimensions L and
in the solution.
ANSWER:
TL
Correct
Only one set of forces, exactly balanced, produces static equilibrium. From this perspective it might seem
puzzling that so much of the world is static. One must realize, however, that many forceslike those of the
tensions in the ropes here or those between the floor and an object resting on itincrease very quickly as the
object moves. If there is a slight imbalance of the forces, the object accelerates so that its position changes
until the object has adjusted itself to restore the force balance. It then oscillates about this point until friction or
some other dissipative mechanism causes it to become stationary at the exact equilibrium point.
Precarious Lunch
A uniform steel beam of length L and mass m1 is attached via a hinge to the side of a building. The beam is supported
by a steel cable attached to the end of the beam at an angle , as shown. Through the hinge, the wall exerts an
unknown force, F , on the beam. A workman of mass m2 sits eating lunch a distance d from the building.
Part A
T
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Find T , the tension in the cable. Remember to account for all the forces in the problem.
Express your answer in terms of m1 ,
m2
gravity.
, d,
m1
m2
, , and g.
ANSWER:
=0=
m1 L
2
+ m 2 d)g T Lsin ( )
ANSWER:
g( m1
L
2
+ m2 d)
Lsin()
Correct
Part B
Find Fx , the x-component of the force exerted by the wall on the beam ( F ), using the axis shown. Remember to
pay attention to the direction that the wall exerts the force.
Express your answer in terms of T and other given quantities.
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The beam is not accelerating in the x-direction, so the sum of the forces in the x-direction is zero. Using the
given coordinate system, is Fx going to have to be positive or negative?
ANSWER:
Fx
T cos()
Correct
Part C
Find Fy , the y-component of force that the wall exerts on the beam ( F ), using the axis shown. Remember to pay
attention to the direction that the wall exerts the force.
Express your answer in terms of T , ,
m1
m2
, and g.
ANSWER:
Fy
g(m1 + m2 ) T sin()
Correct
If you use your result from part (A) in your expression for part (C), you'll notice that the result simplifies
somewhat. The simplified result should show that the further the luncher moves out on the beam, the lower the
magnitude of the upward force the wall exerts on the beam. Does this agree with your intuition?
Exercise 11.5
A ladder of length 20.0m is carried by a fire truck. The ladder has a weight of 3000N and its center of gravity is at its
center. The ladder is pivoted at one end (A) about a pin ; you
can ignore the friction torque at the pin. The ladder is raised
into position by a force applied by a hydraulic piston at C.
Point C is a distance 8.0m from A, and the force F exerted
by the piston makes an angle of = 40 with the ladder.
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Part A
What magnitude must
Correct
Tidal Forces
Tidal forces are gravitational forces exerted on different parts of a body by a second body. Their effects are particularly
visible on the earth's surface in the form of tides. To understand the origin of tidal forces, consider the earth-moon
system to consist of two spherical bodies, each with a spherical mass distribution. Let re be the radius of the earth, m
be the mass of the moon, and G be the gravitational constant.
Part A
Let r denote the distance between the center of the earth and the center of the moon. What is the magnitude of the
acceleration ae of the earth due to the gravitational pull of the moon?
Express your answer in terms of G ,
, and r.
Hint 2. Find the gravitational force exerted on the earth by the moon
If me is the mass of the earth, what is the gravitational force Fg exerted by the moon on the earth?
Express your answer in terms of G ,
me
, and r.
ANSWER:
Fg
Gme m
r2
ANSWER:
ae
Gm
r2
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Correct
Just as the earth accelerates toward the moon, the moon accelerates towards the earth. These are the
centripetal accelerations that cause the earth and moon to follow circular orbits around their mutual center of
rotation.
Part B
Since the gravitational force between two bodies decreases with distance, the acceleration anear experienced by a
unit mass located at the point on the earth's surface closest to the moon is slightly different from the acceleration
afar experienced by a unit mass located at the point on the earth's surface farthest from the moon. Give a general
expression for the quantity
anear afar
.
, , and
m r
re
Hint 1. Find the acceleration at the point on earth nearest the moon
What is
anear
, the magnitude of the acceleration due to the gravitational pull of the moon of a unit mass of
water located at the point on the earth's surface nearest the moon?
Express your answer in terms of G , r,
re
, and
Hint 2. Find the distance between the center of the moon and the point on the earth's
surface closest to the moon
If you draw a line joining the center of the earth and the center of the moon, you will see that the point
on the earth's surface nearest the moon is shifted toward the moon with respect to the center of the
earth a distance equal to the earth's radius. How far is that point, then, from the center of the moon?
Express your answer in terms of r and
re
ANSWER:
r re
ANSWER:
anear
Gm
(rre )
Hint 2. Find the acceleration at the point on earth farthest from the moon
What is
afar
, the magnitude of the acceleration of the same amount of water at the point on the earth's
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, ,
m r re
Hint 1. Find the distance between the center of the moon and the point on the earth's
surface farthest from the moon
If you draw a line joining the center of the earth and the center of the moon, you will see that the point
on the earth's surface farthest from the moon is shifted away from the moon with respect to the
center of the earth a distance equal to the earth's radius. How far is that point, then, from the center
of the moon?
Express your answer in terms of r and
re
ANSWER:
r + re
ANSWER:
afar
Gm
2
(r+re )
ANSWER:
anear afar
Gm
2
(rre )
Gm
2
(r+re )
Correct
If you simplified your answer, you found that
anear af ar = Gm
re
4re
r3
(1 (
re
r
) )
On the side of the earth nearest the moon (near side), water has a 7% greater acceleration than on the farthest
side (far side) and bulges out, causing a high tide. Water on the far side is less strongly attracted toward the
moon and thus another tidal bulge occurs. In total then, the earth experiences two high tides. Note that these
tidal bulges of water do not appear from nowhere; instead they are formed by water flowing away from other
areas of the planet, where low tides are observed.
Part C
The earth is subject not only to the gravitational force of the moon but also to the gravitational pull of the sun.
However, the earth is much farther away from the sun than it is from the moon. In fact, the center of the earth is at
11
an average distance of 1.5 10 m from the center of the sun. Given that the mass of the sun is
30
1.99
kg
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1.99 10
kg
Hint 2. Find the acceleration of the earth due to the sun's gravitational pull
What is the magnitude of the acceleration ae of the earth due to the gravitational force of the sun?
Express your answer numerically in meters per second squared.
ANSWER:
ae
= 5.90103
m/s
ANSWER:
The force exerted on the earth by the sun is weaker than the corresponding force exerted by the moon.
The force exerted on the earth by the sun is stronger than the corresponding force exerted by the moon.
The force exerted on the earth by the sun is of the same order of magnitude of the corresponding force
exerted by the moon.
Correct
Although the sun is much farther away from the earth than the moon, it is much more massive. As a result, the
gravitational force exerted on the earth by the sun is about 180 times stronger than the corresponding pull from
the moon!
Part D
The occurrence of tidal forces on the earth's surface is not limited to the gravitational effects of the moon. Tidal
forces are produced every time different parts of a body are subject to different gravitational forces exerted by a
second body. Therefore, tidal forces due to the gravitational effects of the sun are also present on the earth's
surface. What can you conclude about the relative effects of these two tidal forces on the earth's surface?
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= 1.00106
m/s
ANSWER:
The moon exerts a stronger tidal force on the earth than the sun does.
The sun exerts a stronger tidal force on the earth than the moon does.
The moon and the sun cause tidal forces of equal magnitude.
Correct
Even though the gravitational force exerted on the earth by the sun is about 180 times stronger than the
corresponding pull from the moon, the differential pull is smaller. In fact, the difference in the sun's pull on
opposite sides of the earth is about half the difference in the moon's pull. The effects of the tidal forces caused
by the sun, however, become particularly evident when the sun, the moon, and the earth are aligned. On this
occasion, the gravitational effects of the sun are added to the gravitational effects of the moon and the highest
tides are observed (called spring tides, although they have nothing to do with the spring season). When the
sun is at an angle of 90 with respect to the line joining the moon and the earth, instead, the gravitational
effects of the sun partially cancel the effects of the moon and the least difference between high and low tide is
observed (called neap tides).
Exercise 13.5
Two uniform spheres, each of mass 0.260 kg, are fixed at points
Part A
Find the magnitude of the initial acceleration of a uniform sphere with mass 0.010 kg if released from rest at point
P
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P
and B.
= 2.1109
m/s
Correct
Part B
Find the direction of the initial acceleration of a uniform sphere with mass 0.010 kg.
ANSWER:
upward
to the right
downward
to the left
Correct
Part A
Find an expression for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity,
Express the acceleration due to gravity in terms of ,
, and
g(R)
R
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Suppose the object has a mass m. Find the magnitude of the gravitational force acting on this object when
it is located a distance R from the center of the planet.
Express the force in terms of m, ,
, and
(4/3)R
, and
ANSWER:
M (R)
4
3
Fgrav = GM m/R
ANSWER:
F (R)
4
3
GmR
Hint 3. Finding
g(R)
from F (R)
According to Newton's 2nd law, the net force acting on an object is given by
a = g(R)
and Fnet
g(R) = F (R)/m
= F (r)
Fnet = ma
. In this problem,
since the only force acting on the object is the gravitational force. Therefore,
Note that in this usage, both F (R) and a are magnitudes and hence are positive. By convention,
g(R)
(or
in this case) is the magnitude of the gravitational field. This gravitational field is a vector, with direction
downward.
ANSWER:
g(R)
4
3
GR
Correct
Part B
g(R)
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Rewrite your result for g(R) in terms of gp , the gravitational acceleration at the surface of the planet, times a
function of R.
Express your answer in terms of gp ,
, and
Rp
= g(Rp )
ANSWER:
g(R)
g (
p
R
Rp
Correct
Notice that
increases linearly with R, rather than being proportional to 1/R2 . This assures that it is zero at
Part C
Find a numerical value for earth , the average density of the earth in kilograms per cubic meter. Use 6378
the radius of the earth,
11
G = 6.67 10
m /(kg s )
m/s
km
for
g(R)
ANSWER:
earth
= 5500
kg/m
Correct
Exercise 13.11
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Part A
At what distance above the surface of the earth is the acceleration due to the earth's gravity 0.620m/s2 if the
acceleration due to gravity at the surface has magnitude 9.80 m/ s2 ?
ANSWER:
1.90107
Correct
Energy of a Spacecraft
Very far from earth (at R = ), a spacecraft has run out of fuel and its kinetic energy is zero. If only the gravitational
force of the earth were to act on it (i.e., neglect the forces from the sun and other solar system objects), the spacecraft
would eventually crash into the earth. The mass of the earth is M e and its radius is Re . Neglect air resistance
throughout this problem, since the spacecraft is primarily moving through the near vacuum of space.
Part A
Find the speed s e of the spacecraft when it crashes into the earth.
Express the speed in terms of M e ,
Re
= 0
Me
Re
Ug
of a system of 2 masses
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is
Ug =
Gm1 m2
r
ANSWER:
U (Re )
(GM e M )
Re
ANSWER:
se
2GM e
Re
Correct
Part B
Now find the spacecraft's speed when its distance from the center of the earth is
R = Re
R = Re
in terms of M e ,
Re
, and .
ANSWER:
2M e G
Re
ANSWER:
s
se
Correct
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Part A
Find the orbital speed v for a satellite in a circular orbit of radius
Express the orbital speed in terms of G ,
, and
. (Note that
Express your answer in terms of m, M , G , and R. Indicate outward radial direction with a
positive sign and inward radial direction with a negative sign.
ANSWER:
F
GM m
F = ma
ANSWER:
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GM
R
Correct
Part B
Find the kinetic energy
, and
ANSWER:
K
GM m
2R
Correct
Part C
Express the kinetic energy
, and
ANSWER:
U
GM m
ANSWER:
K
U
2
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Correct
This is an example of a powerful theorem, known as the Virial Theorem. For any system whose motion is
periodic or remains forever bounded, and whose potential behaves as
n
U R
K =
n
2
U ,
Part D
Find the orbital period T .
Express your answer in terms of G ,
, and
ANSWER:
3
2R
GM
Correct
Part E
Find an expression for the square of the orbital period.
Express your answer in terms of G ,
, and
ANSWER:
T
GM
Correct
This shows that the square of the period is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis. This is Kepler's
Third Law, in the case of a circular orbit where the semi-major axis is equal to the radius, R.
Part F
L
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Find L, the magnitude of the angular momentum of the satellite with respect to the center of the planet.
Express your answer in terms of m,
, and
L = R p
, where p is the momentum of the object and R is the vector from the pivot point.
Here the pivot point is the center of the planet, and since the object is moving in a circular orbit,
is
perpendicular to R .
ANSWER:
L
mGM R
Correct
Part G
The quantities v, K , U , and L all represent physical quantities characterizing the orbit that depend on radius
Indicate the exponent (power) of the radial dependence of the absolute value of each.
Express your answer as a comma-separated list of exponents corresponding to v,
order. For example, -1,-1/2,-0.5,-3/2 would mean
v R
1/2
K R
, and
, in that
, and so forth.
(i.e.,
U = GM m/R
1
U R
).
ANSWER:
-0.500,-1,-1,0.500
Correct
Geosynchronous Satellite
A satellite that goes around the earth once every 24 hours is called a geosynchronous satellite. If a geosynchronous
satellite is in an equatorial orbit, its position appears stationary with respect to a ground station, and it is known as a
geostationary satellite.
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Part A
Find the radius R of the orbit of a geosynchronous satellite that circles the earth. (Note that
the center of the earth, not the surface.) You may use the following constants:
The universal gravitational constant
The mass of the earth is
The radius of the earth is
G
24
5.98 10
6.38 10
is
11
6.67 10
kg
m
N m /kg
is measured from
ANSWER:
F
GmM
R
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Calculate using the definition of a geosynchronous orbit; the angular velocity should be such that
the satellite makes one orbit per day. The equation relating the angular velocity and the time period
T is
=
2
T
Hint 2. What is T ?
Here the time period T is one day, but you are asked for the angular velocity in radians per second.
ANSWER:
= 7.27105 radians/s
R
R
, gives us
F = ma
GM m
R
= m R.
ANSWER:
GM
2
ANSWER:
R
= 4.23107 m
Correct
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Part A
The information given is sufficient to uniquely specify the speed, potential energy, and angular momentum of the
satellite.
Correct
Part B
The total mechanical energy of the satellite is conserved.
Correct
Part C
The linear momentum vector of the satellite is conserved.
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ANSWER:
true
false
Correct
Part D
The angular momentum of the satellite about the center of the planet is conserved.
Correct
Part E
The equations that express the conservation laws of total mechanical energy and linear momentum are sufficient to
solve for the speed necessary to maintain a circular orbit at R without using F = ma .
Correct
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A planet moves in an elliptical orbit around the sun. The mass of the sun is
of the planet from the sun are R1 and R2 , respectively.
Ms
Part A
Using Kepler's 3rd law and Newton's law of universal gravitation, find the period of revolution P of the planet as it
moves around the sun. Assume that the mass of the planet is much smaller than the mass of the sun.
Use G for the gravitational constant.
Express the period in terms of G ,
Ms
R1
, and
R2
R2
R 1 +R 2
2
Ms
, and
2r/v
, where r is the radius of the orbit and v is the speed of the object. Note that this
acceleration acent
= v /r
Ms
G
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Ms
, and
ANSWER:
=
MsG
r
GM s
ANSWER:
(R 1 + R 2 )
2GM s
Correct
Exercise 13.26
In March 2006, two small satellites were discovered orbiting Pluto, one at a distance of 48,000 km and the other at
64,000 km. Pluto already was known to have a large satellite Charon, orbiting at 19,600 km with an orbital period of
6.39 days.
Part A
Assuming that the satellites do not affect each other, find the orbital periods of the two small satellites without using
the mass of Pluto.
Enter your answers numerically separated by a comma.
ANSWER:
T1 , T2
= 24.5,37.7 days
Correct
Exercise 11.10
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A uniform ladder 5.0 m long rests against a frictionless, vertical wall with its lower end 3.0 m from the wall. The ladder
weighs 160 N. The coefficient of static friction between the foot of the ladder and the ground is 0.40. A man weighing
740 N climbs slowly up the ladder.
Part A
What is the maximum frictional force that the ground can exert on the ladder at its lower end?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
Ffr
Part B
What is the actual frictional force when the man has climbed 1.0 m along the ladder?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
Ffr
Part C
How far along the ladder can the man climb before the ladder starts to slip?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
Exercise 13.4
Two uniform spheres, each with mass
and radius
Part A
What is the magnitude of their gravitational force of attraction?
Express your answer in terms of the variables M ,
ANSWER:
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Orbiting Satellite
A satellite of mass m is in a circular orbit of radius R2
around a spherical planet of radius R1 made of a material
with density . ( R2 is measured from the center of the
planet, not its surface.) Use G for the universal gravitational
constant.
Part A
Find the kinetic energy of this satellite,
m R1
R2
, and .
R1
ANSWER:
4R1
Fg
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R2
, and .
R2
, and .
m R1
ANSWER:
3
Gm4R1
Fg
R2
m R1
ANSWER:
G4R1
3R2
ANSWER:
2
3
R1 m
R2
Correct
Part B
Find U , the gravitational potential energy of the satellite. Take the gravitational potential energy to be zero for an
object infinitely far away from the planet.
Express the satellite's gravitational potential energy in terms of G ,
m R1
R2
, and .
1
R
remember that the potential energy of an object found at height h = B, relative to height h = A, is equal to
the negative of the work done by the gravitational force when the object is brought from A to B:
U (B) = WAB
where
W
In this case,
Fg
AB
B
A
Fg dh .
R =
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conventionally taken at
R =
WR
R2
Fg (R) dR .
(C /x ) dx ,
2
, and you will need to evaluate this between the limits of integration.
ANSWER:
4
3
R1 m
R2
Correct
Part C
What is the ratio of the kinetic energy of this satellite to its potential energy?
Express
K
U
ANSWER:
K
U
= -0.500
Correct
The result of this problem may be expressed as
(i.e.
F (R) = G M m R
K
U
n+1
2
where n
= 2
classical mechanics known as the Virial Theorem. The theorem applies to the average of the kinetic and
potential energies of of any one or multiple objects moving over any closed (or almost closed) path that returns
very close to itself provided that all objects interact via potentials with the same power law dependence on their
separation. Thus it applies to stars in a galaxy, or masses tied together with springs (where
the force law is
F (R) = k R
K
U
=1
since
).
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 108%.
You received 14.19 out of a possible total of 14 points, plus 0.99 points of extra credit.
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