vll

q{rIff
q{rl:l
qcE

g<--'
(

la.r:{
F{{
--

\fiIT 3 qtqqfffi(I[fr-{r$ qsG

'

)---reo

1cf
{-curlft - ). $ffiq&{ qqlo Sq|q}"fi6-o,'qfiq6ns-c, 4{cflff{,{sE y{F-s 6ftfrsp-6,
q{a]lry
<l(a-[q-rr{
TETIST
fu{Kfn-b, <t(qrcqr.r{ {r{cr{,irtn6{= "{fru's-:\,

l15-)l'

qr,ryB-tc, (qn\o s q<rq$o ccTB-rv, <T'fs u q-{q4s c(Tts< Y"Fj3Y:q'

qrqilR< q--t-6-ic. t<{q.tr-)q, q-o.lsl->u, c(TG s q-slsl-?t {cil 94{-5b^, 3(EIfIIK {I{({<
qq&G-\o, <tCqfmT.R iIf<< ntafuo ftffi{'e,r< R{., 6fiq(,qc-fln s lsl* {C{< qq<-Q.e'
ra1ffi-1a, {qrffiE ffl-tc
r

eqWR+Tt
q(Et-e), quffi

s)--Yb

ffisw{r[s

e'q $-sl, qE{ errsi{ {tt.eo, m1ft*

fqqlaq-o),
E*srg<
q
u
Air<<'erE qffis qtd-{Nl&--s flrarJ-es, BE{'t-e8, gl6il'l-Y8, $oK 1(TYT YU
qlsc1i-ec,
cl('uTfss
qtq5ifus
Cfrq('t<
Cfrq'i-e6,
Er< ?<fi&Ffr-ss. GIqIIC{< o,6{sfi
qd'r& s i44

qft*q{rEr

ffirffi-ec,

qrfi-q

w{ftEfr-o1, >lw+fto q{-et

eb-ca'
B<t<qrrr-r'Erqqst-q+:p{Eqq
qq;q1{{r^-"<
qffi
qq-m

effi eqffi-wur<r'rr-8o,
aqtwt6tg-eb, {qlqFrfcs-{
q{l;I E{f{ q-H-sIRs K(cf{r'f{-8q, ffi-{Ill\ii {5Ifq-q1EEIF{$
xs{I{GT
mq-ar,'Ts{FG-8),
elrqrgtr{d q{r{ q}r{
1N:8rD, fnqrgfi-88,
'qrM-A1frqF1-E ulqqi-8s,
rT1:ile--$ E&q1cca S"ttff{ <l

"1wB*1YtrI-91'-Yr{r:jq
atffi-<

ffi:B;,
Gqq-8q,

"6qi9"tr.
w1ffi-65, {qrft{ f{-at

s$'rrqrmrtd<tft{{Efst
(K(q|{rrFI-C'c,

ug{qtll'{

Go-<'b

p& r-q"f< qcftg E&E1-q-as. FnX {'r< csIglil

fid{ qslq-{-T{rq, rtafu
ftf,8 u rnqq'f{-66, qeffi ft+q-4.4, q.|.lil&-s C$ft-cre, qff-{ ftfi-C'v,^TfeiffisQ <Ft5EI-cs,
fu-av, kqdq <I-dqr{,q<rcT{ft-cs, frq CsiE.fd et.{F \e qsf<-cv, FaK Wl-sT{ 'fEq-cq,
wgffi-qq, 1w+fto El-ab
{s{ q{rr{ r<lqqkqrRottst s qfiPNlq
{(qlfi-Cfr,{lit s ntf{JFrffqa Yq-{Tf,-s G@-c'4,'q-{rl(rBl-ab,
I

,n?fe{q$

cb-18
ftfi-so, ryea

q'f<
ft<n-'b), Fm e'q<TB-v:, <l(EImT'EIqE s^{5f{re(kfl-q-se,
J1t6fi{
qu'
rqx< q51
.<MftF.tit'fri-{-su,
ry-<Rq,d-vs, QI{ s a{-q ryrrnot."* oltnt-sq, E-ft{
q'qir q:rrq-r), q1ffi- ro,1wfte qf,-c8

ffii:,

qnfu

qt q{rf{

<tgfcqur't-d

qfr{fd, frqR e

u.|ftrqa#

lc--$rr

ffirqrc<.< OV" * slbmt-1c., <l(ETfcq-fi-{ "rfr{rrf,{ <-a+-+fe e-ffif&l-qc, qsm&Rrs

frirq <I ftn cq{itffis 1Rqlu'
ffilqc, ur(ErcE-crr-?r caq "lfi{< q<( q qsrT^TFl-qs,
rqglffi-{ "tR-<F-qs; ft-{R-E"s? TiKrr4< ft&Gfu'+ "tfr'{r{-1b, a('f T$qI yrsl

4k{K-be, {fr{fffi{ <qfi'\B qqqft-b}, <t(qffi,ff{ {sfcq elff{fc<{ lffi-u\'

rftrilnFE*bv,
6a;q-ua, <I(qf&-C.fd q$d frffiq< r<-l ef1&-u^a, <I(ERE-rfi Infm 6ffi '{<q
rx-$ffi<tq
qX<lq|s
ITfCq<lcsEc"r.R
q1(qfcq,r.Rr {$-r,q
;"i ocTt6r ffi-uv,
's<s
q-{eFeft-$ Er{
<iffi-;o, ?"iR- fra6qq-y1, i{qert-uq, {Rr { c[{-cqlq.d-bq,
ql$ol-u,
gQf<-gqrA-oq-yb, TG1{ cfip-s qtft-b,u,
r<-+-er1ft-ub,
ft-b\
w1ffi-5q, 1n-+fte

ffifr-s

61ffi

@*
elffi<

vlll

:Ts{ q{rH r <fFrlmr.F

wEq

"Et

qiBrs{ e Frilrrrqa epn

b8_))o.

nmTrqq qqEt-b8, ffiE q$rffisG"m?<FfSI-ts, <t(qfrqT.K fiATH< ls-r?-bs, {(Efrqr.l

FlEr-m< wcatx ql <t$lTE-xl, <lqqftiffiF irl-$3;r-)od, Tlqqf6Tc,f +|{|T[{< crs{-er@-roa.,
<l(Ercq, .t m-?flT-{ tnK SR6t-)oe, <lqqrfi-crR rr{l6w 'rd 4rfini61 FrflI{rfd ersr<-)og,
qrfr{< qNIErs qvrrfi-)oc, w1ftEft-5ot,.1w+fto efi-)ob
r

ffi

q$q

qtfJlg s qfEqffi?R EIiFTt, rltcrt, theroFr s 1fr"{ft

ql(qrcccr'l-d

<Icqfcc'rfi

fltrfi q{rq-)5),
rft1ft

r$q

.5*s,

d(EfccTrR DrgTl

\tr{m-:lu,

rNlq:))g,

1w+fto ft-)qu

<l(ETEEc.l-{

)))-.,)r.b

fiesn

Titrq-)l8,

+N q{rlfl s tsqflqT 6+rq e qNI&-r "rk{6{

)eo-)cs
Eqonqq cfi{e q'{fq flffi1-t.ro, Eilfrr qfryTIft T{frq-d Bsffi-{ E"Ifi-).rQ., EEEfr.{
cTfcqi Bg<:xrQ.,'qI,I&fr-s Jf4fcq{ EqefiEq gffi-r\e\e ffig rwffffi EtsE-)w, rfl:q-$ Bq,ftfi
qEG')\ee, '{ffi T{fffil Bg-4-).?s', {ffi
$qo1ffi qffi->ec, qrfq-stfr-6 qxtfsTi
qffi-}es,
Bg<-llc, nrrq-qfu$ 6q"Ifq-{
<t(qrcqrr{ Gqtma effi fii t\{rqr q'q-6-).?u,
ql$e-{
Bs"fifi drrq s stsqrcc?.k
tffii-lal, <t(EEqTB ilrq qfr-{6n-)8s
ir1.ffi-56c, 1wrfto s{-)cv
r

ffiT rrrflt

::

ErF \[ltJIS S SNll(EC.lit

)c1-t)g
rTl{l&s -q{cm {(Ef-16q, qifi&-{ rT:l'qJF S
s ?<Ff$r-)cu, {n{E-{ {{qiE
qftfrstot-rso, qF[&-<t
slfra
fr14'et-rur,IrrrG11H? R)w,
1r+ryK
lffit-5s5,
fr{ct'lTvfrF&-rvc, nfrtrl-)qq, <r(Eilq?.t qtR@j< or<q->rG, nm acirrra g{rs r-rrd
qofR+-rrv, frst-<s'f-:qq, fr<E$ok qq?r-)lr, fim<-sR sB6t-)1b, iltrfta gFt-)uo,

mT

q3m$fi'irlllrl[-)b.{,:6[6q1641-)t^e, s.EIq-dpl{{Jt sq-)]8, q-+qc{rl

{egatrlq-)w, qFrt&-s
E"nqiq-lug, qqc(fi qrfiR yqFrq-)b), wrq(qil clrqlT{ qqt${-irl, 615f1 q54[-)be,
<I(qrcrrmt fiTK {srTII-?t {tFI^ ifl<q-)b8, ffig+ w+n-lag, c{yrg qst-)bg, mtgr{
eEf{-)b1, cfiErs< IFet-qBqfi-lta, cfrgre qtR< edq-loo,
emlr+l.I+t-tor,
qr-qr fifirr{d q-q] <r&"m {"ItRt-lorr, {lc.<irrrFl66,
qEFf
a"-t(q
q-{IFi ql$&s.ry{ild rRct-\ol, qlq.-qg s qIqsEB{ q& ,rqrffi {c{lER-l)o, {qrorcffi

TRIct-{!o; rf$fi,{? qTI {"nfr.Fq5e,

1w+fta,oX-ltc.r
qTtli-f \TtOIfr s ?Tt$Tlfirt,{tftGt Eqfq

&c
&o
<t
ffi
ffiT[-ig fu qt{, )bbb-{)8, qt:ilqil-L)c,
Q,)1{eo

P-Cfi4r qffi *{-o Bffi"B-Q.)1, <t(sl(qr1:,|fr B$c.B ,ltrER-l)r, <tcERE-r.f

"rqBryc-{Qffi Brm]l{-l:u, qftq $ ftfl B-ss{ dIG-{)b, <r(ErEEr'fi ,tfr ETI-{ c{f66?
qre\o "rfr ETfi q{1fi-qqo,
$gi qnmril{-ul, ?ffi< Erct,,t@ fuj-tlq, Ifig(l
\ryrqm6+d 6y(pq-qqo, orrq< Rfrrr< {Iry a{$-eq q{Fr gqn er6-118,
'fft tr-{{ri<
rfiffiR Ecqfiut-\te, ffiq axqq-\t8,,flftq <ilsmr Bm-r-l{a,qTsq Tnqr+< orfoq-\.\c.,
c!sal-l)q,

qHR qsi <I B[q.B-rtb, qHR

sFro6 <ird<rq-\tt, wqffi-qso

srr$-ltu, $Ird< Btrr.rijil.g, <]rrfi q;dfu-1qv,

ffirn-qqs, etFrot-{ta, qft6,6

fr{6"erq"&'

ETsFI-Q.tb,

qFfl-Q,Q.b,

e.e)--ie\

q{jr \Tqlrs

FRqrcErErftr{ s q(:"1&
The People of Bangladesh and Their culture
T6{F qqXt<R IF qfrqIE-I frv* qq {(smr.fd rEs e W1& I <t(stcq?t-?r {Wq-{
1z'fff"ru
ffitr {errdqrr[E-{r{ 13dqtrrdl qffi atrff< {r{$ q<( ttq-< qt&< q{rl q{n Tflrff rr'rd

esE qrftg qzfiE{t frf}r{q

<lqETrcqr*r

rrffi

F+q

q<et-d <tssrrqrrBr

x<1fr< "R qrFr{r'ils

o<-< r

sEqfr,

q$Irt q-u(s

e-$ {r< I wrr.fc{ {(Efch-r.fd rl$Ti

,{<t.FrqF qd-< ersF {erc<(qoftg qfrflD-{I s-<l-{ |

<6:{F{

qvte qlffl
TgIR-s "tRE{
q<( qs'Jst q.a{ffi \$c6ttE{l\e

rr{rffi

x1&

;TRTB-$

ftrql

el< R,f, 6ilrE, &,&1=t

TLffe
RacO

tqr{& cfi (race) .FnE<lr{tfio cR"fcstrf <REt ifrq$ T'ff& r pffff qercs e<rQ b?-Rs
srrg& e iEFrfi {eq <lR<rfr-s 6{Rrr{- qrccr eQ f<FtSj'est;$ rffiam fu
m umu
qfGF I Gfiry-q< <|(6it qt& <t q{.w qtG
.E<rir
r
rtqiTl 1frEm r {Ss
W Qccg& r+F{ (Nation)
Elft "itm m c< B"rrc'r{ fi-fr crc sl? \l.n'.c-rr qs6 Enrqn {rdt r GI{6t, qrfu qryr,s qr{ q<s
q-fiEfr"<: 6{itrm Trm? vcvl
l"nfiuru frq EMe afl-rs cl{rf,{ vm, ntafuo Afrq, 6$crnfi14
t+$Br, TEfrs e qEsrt'Fo (dfi q<( ct{qfr srm-{ {c$ qmo &ron q{-qB e wownor 1e
Sense of unity and nationality) r t(trq, qrfr, qtffi, d(qrcqFr qo q<r6 qtB< ;rfq r
"rsnrcr
vrufrarars, ft{rcre fgltfr r e+ cefrgtrff< m
qFri{ 6fri-q< <I<q-T <{s r{ r 6t$Fil, <.f <t <t effie $FIEI (color) rnq'{ TFngrE r <go +f
w 6{rr { Tn&-< qsF E,tlqrq nIe I 6pqq, :rrutFrmv anft q{rqq <Iafi qc.fa r irc<
r

Trpfiqrsm< q-{inl ct{r{q f{Frel T6rcR

\{G[sE 6tr{ (race) n
<qfu esQ <(rrwv nt{<ct|rfiro eRm qfmr r vn 1frwrca c*r
(race) Tetn,a er? ?qfrs itrTG e a<proqqe 6{rr$<r rr{6r$ trr$r <ss ctr{ a
!
1ctff wcu
qH< erw&r er{ qrF qc-rcs c<nm qrcm :rcs qot qrr+< }aRo ?.fi&
RqT{lq {t srcr <q"t
qireEm W{gR
,r*-<tr
wia
<rcr
c-{
I
61
tqRs
R<F;S'I
<(6q q&fu qT q-?r
ffirrq* 6o
1m
:rcro {t{t, Il?ntfr, rfiB, qrr$-d rFF{, qs, cE[rt s
lrdrir q, SwEt e ?rnRo aEa qft{l{c{Fr,
r

affi

!l,

d
d

*)
sl

t)
4

rt

6l
I

lr

wm

iR

il Jon M. Shepard
SociologtsC6ct Race-et t**in <Cq{, "Race is a distinct
category of people who share certain biologically inherited physical characteristics."
(1981:477) r q{q TCnff qcq q-{c(?UE 6qf q+ frcm qcq qr* fuqRa Ee-*rfi+r<
{rq q|s
ss-$rIrEI fiffi6 ?Tfu f{Ffe, {irct FGr r"

Etqt{,ft-sryrqfurq

{a6a s
Major r

q544 '[ags is a group which is set

Race-(( c(E.t fi-N f{m Schaefer dF .Sociology E[i{
<efS
apart from others becuase of obvious physical differences." (1983:543) iq{q'{Ctff
ofmq q-{Wffi{ Ccrr+ lers r"
qqq ..sTE c{ffrrs c<rylT IIfl

1r'r6fqR

E.B. Tylor

ry*

iirla Dictionary of Anthropologt-Ci ((q;1, "Race is a major division

kind, with a distinctive, hereditarily transmissable physical characteristics." (1991:445)

q(EIE frrxq s-?rcq fi{t sIi cs, t{cflff q6q ri4q qtB< '{sF qqH frglq srd ?L{cq EE-{fk$l<
1ro

<ft

effi FrffiS ?nk{

lqfiPffi

frca &-tF r

of man-

()) Trs|
(s) o'afi!
q{FI {

1"

({) smft{

Wfrl eT{ .q-sB E'rful't qBr q'itrrm {C$ E-g-flftsl< {rq ql

1cfff
qfrs I qsq<,
s\Foflrqt fi{R.! (common) m-$' lt] Frqfitr
1tfff <uA<arrs CqRrm Tffi

('r)$rl{B

(E) q(q-d q

(s) T[fi qtfr-< esB E"tkstq (A subdivision of mankind);

(rt) A Bqfurcrm rT?lqrq-{ T[{rftqfiql{"t?nR+ ?<Fffi qrrst

({) A lttm"t ?qfts mr$fittlfll ?qfr{ Es{LfAaK {ro et

<crl(rffr qcqr<ffrr arriF;
(s) .{IiG pme wtarfrft

ccfrs

Trs

T,ad
,s<q

.l t<Frffi Bqf {rs

rtrnott itmcq{

6--*

Tffi

fiffi

c{ffi }fiT f<ffi,< ffirs T'fIff< OftR'st"t ?Fil qr c{'Irq qE $efl, {qrtfr, 6{Iq, d;tE
fl61r rtv-{ er{fu, m-cca Bo6r5t, sq-{, n& e [ffi{ rq T{q s tfv{ +1&, EItrgR <i cE'rFR ?( s
e

qr{G,onffi
q{RUg mr@g
I

\i,K Bfr st! j5q xrrq qtft-r+ ocs-sfr

e{1.a

qg ({:FI
T"gfts vH ?6il I

()) QsrE (Caucasoid)

(i) dqfi {t xor&{ (Mongoloid)

qqv.t

rnff{

6fic'frft-s

c{ffiq{e ail

(D) 6fi0 qrt

(E) sr{

GIffi, Gam, Coon,

cml{
Titff 1.Rd
qrs 6{rttf6{ q{ G, {Hfff qts qT{ 'seB
Mayer ;frffltr" T{fff.{fcq q<58 qv1x qr+q6 <trfil I
qEr$m qlTB<t ft6uq qftFrm ftfi $qFra qftq I
oqtnqqlr <t s-ffi6i{f{l csl{Frcrtq cfttfif{s
qn;t qslrq {f{q {rgq-{ ffi,
m{IIFir TCs TTrff qq 41ft{ {frfum <l eT? qqFFF fiq1q-51ft
ct{R"t i&s t<Fr6, frqT{t{ ,s<( sFil wtlnrcfil 6q-64 7qR<tsrn ffis<
r -6.-d.s l{t{fdq
,sqt.sITQ ffi{r{ s'rit1 qtli[ qa?
ct{dqg qs{ cqq{r ffir6&I? q!1s ,{iFF
q{
,q?TrEH ft{fi-{ <q-{rd{d srq 6sF qr('ffftd q<Q?cR{ffi.J? Iffi
rrrfi fiq.f
1twft*

(s) o-r+fu

{H

(q) qrnrl {
(<r)

{r{td

.fi
'l

{d
(e)ore#
G) qmil,
E'q,

qditi
,:

(q){o'il
(s)

qlr{ r
qr{fu

(rl)

{pllil

rc{il
(rt) .cmr t

yE-{Ei
(ry
qrscq

| frln-

o.,t*lriF*t{, Co-Ey6{F1aF, ofG[FlFlsI{, $a6qR-iFFr, \flfircH e qffiGfs

t$56l;}fl, EEg1.a, qftq,

I

ap61

TErSi

(s):rertl
qFEEI'!

<fqfim-c.R

'ItleFr rflRr-< et{t=r eFflT

Major races of mankind

frra mm om

rqs

cqfB

*,rrrfr

1tffis ?<Freqg qrmr6s qq ,

tor orofiia-cqr <rrr,tn q{Fto QEdilot, qrffiot, Fs-{ qGrot, {$etru., e<( q.frq qtkfl< frq
\{sE
}

<nft

${R qrfB Errrs aETTCR I

a
(4) T{rtB cr{rr6tg r1-{ .rqr{fr<
({) q[eK nFr s{r{s EF, frs-{, Ertt q<( {{ r 4rcFT Bqfrsrq {s6rl o<( ,IIffi ,{qrsli $qc
("1) o-6sftTm-<

Trn Sts
(s) +-rs'+scr-{

curcrl< <(

(D) Chi q{rf,s 'fts-El

Erfi crro orcan <naft

(q) qrhin {Es<

<s,

rfr ftq

Fl{ qrrtla tr{rilil EII

(E)

I curni<

er.B

Ttrrt s qtql-qrd[D

(rI) nF[r ltr{lr <( <tqTfr e 6{rffi, qlam I-q F<q e c{lBI Bsr s{,r.q-{e {c{ eltc< r qcq3 {l?Irn
lq, {BR nt& q<s. 'irm fircqir org{<zrre
I

1<e1oroft*-*r Uao

Wqn

qfffi

qil'mt

Er{t CErq1
"fgq

<k$ e .tm

181 vmm nr6rl TF ft<tq< qrEE wrt sr'r <r(in r {qr : Td srirfts,
'qrffid-s, iff<', ffi{,
q1q qfrrqft{

T{<t6{

(e,)

Trunft{ q{crn&{

(T) qlqrr {rryqr{

qrgkot

v{{Ifl{ft{, qr'rrri\,

f{Frt,

rqi, Eb{ q<c td eFrfi, cfrq "5{ eFm, ffilfl,

te< *

qfr"t

1-.i) Tr@rifrrrE-d

qpfr6ffim{

({) -{mr

N?tr<
qlefi

w1& oroftvcq{

@T qTrfft"

y=T{t{ et(r{s Dvt

(ffi I rg({ qrcqkor{

*i

Dvl, Ctrrryfra q<( sHt errfi { c:rwr (flat) r :rpnfts-cE-<

sl rroftncn<
rr@<
usgt
e<(@T
r,
Ys-{r
qro
:rrpfraTcqa
(q)
fifirsfud <t Tf{ta ffi-rqa r qm< qls srqTo[i qrroa
A5'f1fra, oEt

e<(qfls

v,q-{rfl

sf<ftAaffcqn Eq-{m

F{, V{s "fl\sqt

@l

(s) Irrtrft{m-{ 6Ic{-< <(<t[Fll-<fnfr cqrm':KT'(ir csr{ Tnm T[.fd | 6rc{Nii

'flst ,{q'r m|EI
qFFrr1 wrrl;tr
qsE
atff< orBEr p-e-fi
T5 |

qtryfr+ qmqR'wn

Er

$rffi

(D) q[q-< cfiE l1-$ft

CulDtig

qS

I qdiq o.5+,fuCqd

df$a qs {sqt qr t qni<

fr6{fgE<

:rs qE

Australoit

(q) T[EtIArm<T,FIE{l s

(s) Tpnftffi<

q-{,

<rffi

rflcfit <( E(l;ts

<l

fifrfift--Em r

qq {{n<

E{rdE <itFI r orrfl-qrqifr Esr<s srcq r Fr.:lM, cqtE q<\

[q

(<r):nu{rftscq< TRrd

ovn 1r"n& a

{c?t fim cqrF< tRqlqT{

(qo)qu'ir Goq e{ws {$'{ Trr+{ r qrCqk<T{ Wutrfiam< Eu-W
Cqrq( {-gle <frS

ftd

uo[

w6tqmv wl

irykocq? fifu-r q

\rdIl{s-fl

C<ft r qroTftrcq<

qlr

of a mixture of Tl

G) {rqTftTrn-{rs o-R-{E src{ strt a-fi {lr

fil

q'tm-wcE"
qsft ffq-d-s 1fe

()) qft{:rptmms
(q) emftr {rutrnw

Tylor, Dictionary

(o; vrmfr-on A&THI

qfrr+,{Hm Tqs <rs-im {Flrqcrecq< qRrrqrfu
"rry

[.

L- tt

(s)ftr{t<tT+ffiT'frfuhfitI
(F) qrq-< <llrqn q{Fs vt&<:I frr.rq or< qErfi T{yfr< Efr(i q<( cfqrmft{m
(q) ftGfirii< ntcfi {{r{q\o q{r{Er r $rll Bq q<(seflFl Eqiil (vertical) erlG< I
(rt)

fudfcrr {{ Er^ut16rou?I--?
T{t1C< q<(l-Em

Vq-{lR

q-<

arqfg&< I

sr{

Fr<Frffssm<

(R) ft6{rcq-{ qrrfir Buosl {3':c'n r qrq< Tr$ \tr*{g, cttot e<s. ef'E r <qo

qg{

C{IEI,

f.E s nilgl

mfi

<t

fi

{rr

cqrco cAts

(q) ftcil[q{ TH @lE q<s.Frg

(q) ft6$rrc< Dtrgm
(<I) .slqir llrqa <(

.<.

T{trl

Eu.sT

r<< qcr

ft;

q6s

{rro

{s

qIil

fcrrq-{

rfrql

ac'rIe{ q

'fF(

qt orrqt-<tnft I Isfl!il

r{EB e t@<

at& wrr6l

>bco {16{

6{{ GilTq{ Cq{F ,tlsrt :I'B t'

(*)ein-<

qrfir irs frq, qr(nt<

*, + *

srrfi

qlgDl cqfq'l,

(s) ftGSftq< cErc{rd <(sftFll-<rflfr c{rs rrrElt r ofFF qwsrs,{r*-u[Eir

(D) ,swiil diB

rs

cq"r$

c$a r lrq< srqs 6rt q<( c<5lavlr{ I 'lI[T

othlele

fiS

G) Tq, {fd e <tdrfq (Coon, Gam and Birdshell) frc{lrm rrs-sB.e-l[1st'l r6{cq1 I {EtFraB ftctt, mqrffifu ffifrl, {lrryFt, <rf e mftr I qm[s qnr< qFErq ftcem,
emftr ftcn e crQ'fi qrm qQ c1ft fuIE srtr{
r

q-<.r

CE"II;I

fl

"r<-+fi1

'
il
qBFsrrsir

r rlBmFts
(s)+s?-qftr

({) EtsE-t{t&sl
(tf)

qleffi{, r{d

(r) cr&dafrm:

<fiEgq-rrR rnT{ s >ICTG

qrqcTg.
Australoid
ern 1trff .FIr.

qFE

fifta-q* ,'fi

orofts, Trsfffir *u, fto TI

ry
Em etrra r qgq-{rcq
Tssr{rc-d
c'n&rocoo *u
t**u ctftw # or; ,"efrq qE s{-sr{crs
6ar<t1.5*r

qtr6rc{u qe s-m+{ <r 'cx-',".|irmr

qkoc'rt fifu-+ qcr c'rrq I q?r{s *aeam uoB E1-1Crnff (White sub_race) | q< {r,"rcq-{
*u",* fi.{re ,frsrf sr{
w{{lq <t{l qT c{, \{tr6Tc-3s qTCrffff qcT[ftr
e<( e{s-<rfscEn csfrrrcq

ft

of a mixture of Tasmanian and White types)

qFmrsct< rrcr oq? ctE EEuT

r
qpft Sq-om (feebte chin) r srs

$.qrsaq

(the result

qr<trfl r qfr"rFi O1m<

,m

uovl *u* r{?lrlsq

,q&-{
Tylor, Dictionary of Arnthropologt lgg0 : 50)

q$E'c<.t

cfi

nntotc< r qf,q-{
1qq-rslrsd (ca$- p.t.

*'ffiil

1rffi

eqRe ?<FTSJCR<F cifrRs.Fr

nq.5Y:ay

qm f[TIa;I tfu{ Et<{at

<sil qe

<m a"nfi-< qr1fr-o dftfrorq, sr c*cfltus

,

qrqr{ &tu+, sr

fr",-'F'il q<sG qT{its effra,rot"t

)bco TIC{ F{, fl-d_e

try

<tuTc-q

6ft{tP{s \ltrqfq&fu.+

*flTff<
esB eftft-W"fs ergr< Tfr{F
l1d src{ qrm uE to".n."*-,8r,* firftF," #;#}"'ffi'*o -*
I

) rQB'5*tqu:(T) +sr-qfu{ tU,=t1,

ql-{i<Eirrs< q-.rrnfi

a1q6-6qfta.r, Be-{

sln e qtdfi, frr q+m{ cq-.r, Qi46s \e

({) EE?-T{QBrilft{: t{.,Bs,'<rFrfi qr{fi-s

q_{.{fi
",tr<fir,u
(tt) vrla{Qq : r{BFr, rfrq qffi,
$siliq1s e Bs-< iFtqr s-rl-cuffff

(l) clBrffirn : qfu qt+< s grrm"rfla

qerEr<rft
r

BuqK,fr$ qqfqfi'eT{
q
(T)

rsfefts

?frT

v 1q1sqp3

: ef3[e,
'flfrF-sr{,

{(q[q-.t 6 &swrd \dtfffr

({) Wfrg: fficls,Krsn$ffi

,e r

(+)

({) Wtftn

Esaffi

xr{fr$ s E-e-d frr+{

qfffi

(c) <rq

'

tfrt{

(s) rFrFR-edd
:!
(D) fltt5il E6.r
'
(q) cft.r Eilmrr

W, otFo'q fi-l s gffen+<fi

(r; firffir, &<re.< qfk<rftr
(rf)

(6)

, atQFt

(t) vrrs frrtt , i

eft{:

(T) Ttulfftfl : 6{rtfr{I, qIRFr, TprdTsr lttr<fr{rd qqcun&

({)

T{qkn:t

i:

ql.rcrr1ff

Eft't-6 qft{ : qftq ftq, {lEqlrs, {Rrrfifi,

ftfr,fR{

{"ErsFlsi,

fffitrqFrflr s{catr&

".

rqdFrfil
(T)t{tln, Efl
b

qfur{r,Es<qffi e,ftiqlrrs<qfffi
(q)"rl ' ry1ffim e frq-{ts .cn qfm
(R)

'ii

(<)

Lqttdr+fu , qfti q'nd:wcrrilB

16rye954ft9,

TE TE ft"Rrfr

(T) tr"IgH : f{Gi{fu{,ndsiqq6m{ q-{[rnfi

1t) cmfaFmn: frBfifrn q16 ffir{QF-(T<

s r tFrnfts
1oi

llr'

qfffi

:*

.*
r

, Esfrqq

s frc.f "isffi< qfrr+ft{,

tBrilft{ s qqxrq-{ frg s-{c"rff

1q1ffiEg
(T) Es'{ qrnfir+n GB'ilql : ?DFn-er s {R<rrg< qrfrq qfffi
({) ccsn qrrffi+lt ft&'sn) : qfuq-nfu{ wrcaksr, dfuroi, 6s-ir \flzlfr-ot
1

.*"

't

w<rroftq-+c"n&

Grrs ET&q

fl{g

qrr{

(tt, Err6r qnqtrsn tEreml , Fgr*rrsq IrFcil {-fi'qt? q< qT$q

(!) C{&il : EltrrTt'ffr{, Cs-ft( e qfrq \nmfiTl{ EBsf{, <-{Jfr6fl e <ftCq? fig {F*.Hfff frrT

qitBqqrqfr-s,mqfffi

(u) Eis{ qaBs|r.{ : q$pp cqr$

q-+cun&

:
'.
rl

"rffir*raruffi

({) T{-qtiiltflq

etr"ffifim;l
FEftFrrcffi{

frs{-ffi

qd6 E-s<-qfu

tBrfifts qtFoEr <rr{|T{s fid

"

<REnrck $T{ s

c(TB

b IqIKFlrt

(o

"Xf

qkdT

; q1Qsilfiqr

{qr{, Qftef}rn

"g{wffi

({) {Effu : aftpffia eM qlrl-{ {rrfu

(T) qrr$frcEfl : $(rerr e tFm w&om q-{wB

G) <rt
(s)

ffiq

yr&o, e

fErfi-qEtffi

t-+t-<qks?qr w+r:nff r
: gt!5fr1ft-a 1'r ,r<-+ffnftq qfror< frg q<tqrft
"1{ wg-+r<

lit!fr : {s-sF frgm$

(R) EFr"r qG'ilq , B<i<-rfui

I qrc-d ,Littt'e Negro,<-qt

(D)

sq'C{rff

QErflER,

E{

<r{ e gmr+< cfirqBBJrr frmq

qfrq
"rts

*rt&-$t*

{fitsl{ : rfr+-';{sqfrfrsn qfr-qtfi

("{) iFIc,FfAsF , atfri e BeE Er6efr{ s-{crfff r fffffiT qffiIff
(T)

fiBFtFE\o

;tl

frftqsIc{ qem

<LsrE r qrc-r60 q<rB

fiffis

Efr"t-,fd,iFrsf,

qqfam qrn

11rfffi"ffi

q<FFqr{tscffifurr

ffiFI

.t{ <rc{ mqttfrr fr.<, Et<

Bw qmfi-s

qrtqfig.F

<6ftTTrrr<tq-

ffil) {gIq c{E

frr$ 6rq fuq*

.1.

Racism

q&rS, fu

c?rrs BqTS qqq vR c-{i

e<Fm
9e-+ fruvtT*t e<( $5mst {E
q.ftq{Tnfcq-{ {ry sqrl r ers-Gl ,{sE a"ttff wriF{I m rffure 6qs EG"q s-tr q<q frE vrt or<
frq6a< w<l slftrr p'tm esB \l.qfr+.rmq

affi

\r-flq<

ltre

eRlftrt6t

46sa

ql|g<qc{ "r6fl

<6ffifr

1ffi

<.f.<ffi

q.ffi

{t!T r ctfrrqt

(Gobineau), ETftqM (Lapouge),

qSl

q6q|?I

cri

1gtt6

c.{sslT

fr'

qfffi

qle

gr.qf cqgrl qc{cq | Tlft

T*ff

Qgqratll w{qf{

{<t

q*-

qe

ffi

c*lrrq Tr& {rr*i

,fi*cq qft{

7q<

{m

q.f{ffiffi-{ TF qil &Tt, .[sFF, qE,1frf5rn, 'nTqqf .e

r fi['Ttft<
\{A-<tR sC< qs{E
1 q{<
{f{c<-fi fr16, 'flfrs, qlq, T{, qEF:I s
"fft'5qffi Esr{fs
/'tQas r<Frr6JT e"r<? t{.e- qlGnl ?FrT{ I to'16ffi6 :rCqI C(si{ct etfusl 4s ?F.GI \5Btl
7qq
E(s{ efsI.t sr<n q<( <mq hr,
Ttff sft sfm< rGi< ftprsf TEFI T-{Cs cr{ ql sGI s-lsll
6t{-fu6{< qef{f6Er FrRrn qVrE r sTmF {re xlrffr< FB{-gI {IIIrqT q-*E qqq r te<-\Tq5rE.f
qryftr-{ e Ets1frs r,qqs3tcctit van ne< R1<ury qrfi Ec< q<('Bw'qe clcTfr-s q$sf.on
s
nn FGn c<
EEF t TGFI }
{f6{ I yFI, q-vjq qcd{ qE$n \rq <Cq \5m
q.fiI<l
qFFsrifr
q*,
vtr
fr[.<e
E{&r sq frr:f( t*ge *trff"rs ?<Fr&F nrft r Eq'S T'lTff sfr
fto
.$trc ffi{ft s fl{sR
srcn< sut6 rrr {c< q1 I \re6r'1gs, fiq6 Tffi {is
ql
rl-\,T,9-F
EIfi-{
ETEE (finK, firqfts, ft+,
sl rfi gl3il cslsm cqfq w{q'Ft n=n"- "ffrr< r
q"f*
uKF 1ft+t, TIlkof+, c"fqBtF s
6(T{F[, frB&f*, qfFr-fr{) e{sTlscq< qF(.tt{I
{e r

f<Ff6Bl<

Bssfut

Iffi

"fffi

lffi,
ffi

ffi
qffi

Acm c< tl
cq q-gFq{AEi,

q{l
F,rfimr

fr

g
3

aqo a'tfff"tv i

). Gobineau, The tnequality of Human Races. (Translated by A. callins. N.Y. l914)

Lapouge. Les selections socials (Paris, I 896); L. Aryen son role social (Paris, I 899)

Otto Ammon, Hoistoire d'une idee.

gl-6q-a

I
d
d
d)
d
a
p
d

"f.

fi-qttr

cqr{ T{r E.[ !

qkotfrEatrsfi

t*'

{ffi

1Ct*l]

qrsTfrns t#

fi[' TffiW r sn-

t s13lcl, e<ft Esge

I
${

qFiaffii q-ql

qrrc s6q c$ootfir<

Torfi
fren, +1fufrn'n serr crelrcl-r 'Ui'

ro

Tsrm

qtcTB-s q'$sK
frm qr++
$IG,rft +Ecurffr< fr.Iq\ol s T{f& cs[q
"l<"\?-{i
BF-<IE 1l-Grcql q<( tfuqfcry< frC{ 'rd 6115g i5{I Ergal s1< ?-? Iv-r$ Efrft.-s Tir6o qTf{
(rfcffR{ t'
.
Ammon) el{rg

tr*i

,.iw

ffi1

1fo

ffi{t$q
"rFqHqm {

at&.Crna
.rsfftrs q"stF|E e qilRs

vqR I qlz"Irffi

<cfr<TflJ<Irq-'r

qffi

A;

rqrs'm( {cqFl.!

c(61 frF ftrs <ffiq, <ft<T{r<rm-{ cs-rq

Trq s-{l q{ q<( cqt cqg Fryefi< sfi qsl?to<16 a'rff \srjt-{r c< T"rrffro qaila ,e<<
qBqfr
$EIRq-TI efs<5l-rr aaffiro TrqIftR
e<( Er[c'3r etnq o-<t E{ I TgeqE fr'T q<( c{ETls{'R c EqTS q<( \trdIrK
q<(
frt.6 6ltt qfi< slrcs
Te<rKcfit sffi
* c"rns
ulr r q<.rI srcq-{ q qtR "rr{{qB E{fi\5 q*ft e<( <6frfi{r$a gt&-$-sIc< C.l\ "Fio
q< qnFID{l w{tsF(
<tg< Bi<rl q< TEsr{ c*rro e{as c-ffi Ts r{ r 6{ T'K(R
<cf<Ift 1M<t <-re< fufrirr< o?[ qTR s-r+{ q<( mq ${< erwers eF e{rc alHfrs
t6' s tI'-Cs viltt s-5g qfrrs sfq11 q{rc6c11 s6a6q{.t q c?r v6g< v{Q'OqrIR

cflsFru.tfr <-{fcn (Robertson)

qr{td

6 atril

L. Nesturkh.

7'k

e. .... "The Blad

are more like th
hair of the body-i

g Nesturkli, I&ai
c. Karuzina, Biol

qrftq'ffir rr{s

:Ilil)

qsro't

xalt

1fr +rrce I stt

Tcs {(ffiq iTffsi {sJsI[s K(r{ir

ql$&-{
ft'60 drcq ftp r at[,flq
srflqq m EoqS T{$5I!qt
fi{tF{ qeflr Esr{ a'trr E{te q'[r
ffiqt1t, frur< enqrq e <mft.Ca'ff<l r{drt* tsg61 Erm eIr+'F ellfea.l; qq-wqft qAfu
enIfl'rct qrflr+R ft gr* *rrcr" ,n r 6{r5rrd rrHfri sftK{r qqr< srccr E-s<-Ks 6{c.r crrp
eIIcr;r rt; UqO
anff< qr+rs fr{ cfi e hBr \{rqc,ft qr{ rst e-*cs fifrg @ yrtffa
cElirrqr WTH-${I frcs c{ft <rg elrFq r 6rcszn-< ft{ffi q-FT {ft Frixs Wcqr E+t +arrr- q<l
Eqq-{.r qft'mq? {c. BqTS
T{$ lssfm s"foa< @ qirIrc <rrrcq; :{f$&-{ Atf& e B*e qt
qtrgt qGI
q rK \o-cql qr{lirsl eNrcqrr s{, frqseri Frc{ q:KI q{6q qBilETt orre uQ
"frFce r
\c-{ITr rHf.F.fl"eIt
ETiF

<"f{rft lFrcr?trt yr{ $Gn cq cfrrmr igrnrs{ <g E66r ntra&-o Eq,st Gft qr< r $ft{
fr{frr<} E-fs rspm q-{ fim&E qrs roFr wy-< R r qtfq 1Frqrft E. Schmidt-er v1rTfifr
q<(
fip{ft{ t$ frGwFt q'frqd e< {frTFt qen@trq r\rla
r ffitcc< q'frurd q
q.-{crntm nrrcsm curg iFrr r c<t'{ I,nq-d qr-q-fiir qrgs stifi ffirrcq'? {iK
"naqrq srcq?
,rsjstit r+sn qErF {-GrFt I qcrs Filtqs qr c{ rmrd qlflsi c(pt cI(TtrT Gs+'ssl-{ Cs.F{ {.DtiF
cQ rr

ffi

qffir

)tclffi

Tarm 1r-fr- {Es 3Emftr,1,qft< ocr i<<rffi q$ Rrrs c<ft fri .* r vEorfr, qEr*tfu
eF-sl{ Tcfie< cqftaiil wq-+ currE 1mw, of c{6rfm Iq, tt&, c'tt$, {fdr ffifir? cwco) r \meftT

{I(TIsr qtsr qdrq T'rfi"r. f<FnsJ< cs 6sq TN {r gf{-sr 6{e sr qrfr+ar wn <rrmi
61{E rE' q?H BXB< tu ryrn E=F qtfr*{wm "Ft6at T{r ,i.nr fu, 1ca. utffit \{Tqn

{ffi

snftfizq

'nrnBo

cwrq bso{ur? qftbr ftReq r qrd-qrfl&-{ c{FfA cl(T&-s

qp{
r :n++s1&r T{i w{e6
T'Ifffl1v f{ffir<

qq{

{Vt1ffi

Bss{st frq"t"t oc<; ara&

csro <{< Ertt q<t rot' c{GF

qfrtl REII r'

F{crd r< mlr+{ {r{F(

T.q qftr E-ds wrqrs cftercs anrft'rv

f<Frr6,r firrt

l6"t{

rgq[*r ,rf{E{ Fnq r fifuX 1caTSK {c$ q(s-?rcq< Ftrt

s 1q 1c q< q&< qt(TBs q'sq qftrfl EKR ffi

vrqlQ Erd e[<rm

c{ rfiil;r q-serqct Tr* r5t' <s ,T-Tf qlsrfus

q{t

ffiErqm< frffi wlt&-s vrqrffi frcrncq< T{r(T 1r.q.1 t?rm r-c< q Fr<ns
qtcfi crl T{f&"ls f<FfeJ +<, {fr'r<rc,t< qsffi first e *<afro crgk e,m c<Ff ffi
T{s a'rffav t<ft$r qrt cqr+ {t 6<r{, ryq{-1cil't e {fr'r{r.k qr{qryit 6{t{ qt& {t T$t
o'mrfrrl

9$

.g

a,
6l

p,d
-9

6l
I

\. Nesturkh.

The Races of Mankind. P. 97

e. .... "The Black race-have Progressed'fartherq from the ape ancestor than the Europeans-Europeans
are more like the Australian aborigiirs, in many respects, in having wavy hair, beards whiskers, and
.l
hair of the body." Karuzina, Biologt For the Nurses. P.255
a Nesturkli, The Races of Mankind. P.98
c. Karuzina. Biologt P.355

Bo $flfi-$

qqffigtq

ataB< ffi@ Brg?llqffi wF?It il{F ,frcr r etrNrs.qrcqfrffi

$u.ril @Fkr (Kroeber) anr or*r
qB-oT T-dfu, ffiBt s=m afs6fi q1ftm *drrq rrm,
c{ fr'St s!tr wlsfd ETs
"t6R
ffisl
T{q E-{er tsE Tfcd cficqfg ffi$ffi| s"Ft csr{ frq q6{ s.trs^
"fIm R; fr-q r.H crjrFrdt qsT6k
B6 FHrfr c{qe Efi ftBdrqil (sr$ frq,ftr
"16 EqGr *.rir.n nfrffi TFr {r{ sr{Cq) \${rT{rqrfir eT{ olfifrq ro

1Mtr"t qBrqH <'-Gr <[FFr c{, q{ilft Iffid

lr&ry
qNI&-$
qal
Gft ?<w$?

EEBo e iq<-t<Frxslr *r$mr nft

gffi

elqfir; 4tE-ir qs rcr sm qrf$lE r

ql$&-<r e
qldrs
qqrq
ftrc?.K
Tl"R
{6 csft qq,{rcm <grenm rGio

ffi

:nn rq R urqr xrqF sfffi't"t

ffitt
otfr{
qr <Tql I q3fu{ rflnks <tRirrc
e<R.

arff

BsT.6 q<(

qlril&-s w<tQ5ffi6q-<
$'rdr .c$ft e
r

ft<Rw"nqr q.rf r src!iln rrs

c(qlr sr{r fr[Rs omft+ qs
r

qft r cTrE qrefi< c{rm-{r

ccrc s6< {rR cqqt FRTcq m qft e qfrq Esr

* a*l*.,

qrryrc-{t ffiFrfus e+csq

q+t q.ftHr fi"fl firsp .a *qfrru
ry1gr{ I
cry.fr. cIRE]i cErls 5t' >rr.t cq.fr. r .lvfg ,nefrst< or<q Ev-mt rc{I qIcq-r{
Tr{rrs

q<-\9-:R

EEt fr-6< crs qktrrrfi e'm r G<-?<ffir cg.T{ ftE o-*m nQ ; 6q q|{{cffi
qqu'{
sGF
e rRmrm fri-qq <r<r- iTN srflR frrt .ogq fttr qrrrm rb

ffi

"tm

{at{sa
cqm

qfumrq qqi{-s

r{s ftrs enc< r GsrFnsN (chromosome) <( fri (Gene) <.f

TTRts m Uftfr-o t<Frffi frftq s'R, E'RF qtsk oG qrtrcrrfltsr lqg"qqrof ;rtrqrysqlorlc) "rRrfiR T{-q gnq <5Gr r {rsF fir&r$5 ilsfteT EeIF-,t\rcffi crc{ qrcq
Erfzc(IsBqzn< E.em iu{ RE qftu I
"t1t1F;-E ffirI <(I'tB? s,m qpl-{ t[q- Cqft cr6{
crtfus"- ffit
sst{ ftN <t& qq r'
v-fi, qfrIG-s E{qt m rr< ftq fuaq om qaef ffifR 0-+ .ra r qsfft< qr .rsfft rnr
frfr{ q{r <t nrtrK qatt{B'a wr{flir x1-16sTI Et <r 1qB{ sf afq{ qrq{ T.Gr qq(q I \nr{F
esl qffi-$, st ImR w<l Bs< <mrq frfr re frifturfr fror{rfi 1)o qffqqft ftq c++o r*rre
"rffi{< "fffi,<ll.RF q{frct Ersr ocr e frm qfi Eqrr e lffi otq| etrslrt T-rd

qrrs{ | qvrCil s-{

(John Lewis) Tr$t, "Man is partly determined by his environment,,sde, TE{ qtcFr$ul-r< sR
'fRr<.t Etsl @tfrs r))

^ry

{r<

p+a affar

q';6"16+,

1t{
<n"fF {q c{rl

X*
qrrffilltd

q-r<t-+cn-l

t{l"t Trit

rq

qtk

E-sT

rlTcqt JleIfr
FBil NordEf

qrd6F rGl
ry1s

Trtrff'frR e{

Em

frmffd

cttl

1Frelffi

a{

Xffi'r"

qfr:rrr#

ft fr-s r{

ctr'l

())

tEt

"refi <t

s't{l6r

T{gt

eIfrd |

st<-.stl ,sE C{

qRr{rr

E!
d

)bCo
sem 6{

frGj

fffil
Ees'fu e {f

.frftfr-{
T{FFF

"ll{$

Tme'lg

Hf

R-q{ qGtul

1. Nesturkh, The Races of Mankind, pp.9g-99

b. Markham, Climate-and Energt of Nations, London, 1942,p.24

t. ds1tofr'q, ryvqqT affqX )bll

)o'

e{8

1o-1)

<.f<tfi1.i
orymu

FA

Peoples at ve(y different economic levels have accepted and practised

for centuries the Christian or

Muslim religion while the most diverse and opposed system of thought developed
within the same
economic structure- Gisbert; Fundamentals of Sociolog- p.254
)5' As quoted by Gisbert. from John Lewi$: I Texr Book of Marxist Philosophy. prepared
by the Leningrad

Institute ofPhilosophy. 1946p. 14

)\.

Jacobs

ad

)9. Hoebel,,t
)8. As {ud
(American

Jc

<l(EEc'r'R

IH{

))

c(Te

'

fr.6$Fr$-slfi?{tglE{listftqr+'mFtRflIGcfuFrr{CqR<$t{&T{?cts.w{flqffi<
qrpcqit
sgnqt q1(:1ft--s q{"fft rrgr1 q-{ r qfrq qqelflxl fu (Southern Negro)-fi-{ Ors E-g1
qR5q"f e qrrFt 'fl1 <CE Em 6{Ft
FBfll (Northern Negro) ft1r1 C<ft \fid x1I1@-$ s F6;6
1ft{:{EF

{frm frmcq r)r

qfl\5, T'trtG q<(qrrs< {v{ {stl q<-.fiIffi TrqlTIa <C< *ra&-o

6s.rqgfq69sBtfr'rfuftq.nffi{q-{-sqFg'tglGq'f0sl\{Hs{,5T(<qqrrs-{tRFq,
(Most ape lik'e)
qfsfd{E fro cer66 q
1-<q ffi
{cq< ?<FrSi s ETr
a1'*R
qB F|aE<Y I ftE rrqK
i***, 1nq< 7qA, fir{< 6f{ q<( Ey< qFFrcI QEr$ftr-{t .rfil{lffi
qfsf{, 6f6< <( 'A E-{F fr<ql
il{f< qq CqTIfrq ?afuqa, Iffi{ <<Ft, IIffi ?n6, Cq-rq< CqE, m-<
qIIlEs[o
qr{rs {r{ sGn

diKFrGK
qrrrF*

qer

qr&omcq< fr-q

r q"F'rcqF, {'r6s<
"ra r{6ti (Liast ape like)

ctrm {<rd"rr{d {pt EpTTtfufi{ fi-q ?ra $'{ r E{RBe

cq qrForqcq-{ ors S[fi+,--rfl 'r-a<ir{[q< <l Frcffia-e '

?5N-sq- q

f{t6t +,GI

cq'r{{

ffi

ETK <(

E{i

-s

Fqlt

fMIft-Cm\{fuNq[q(si{<Tjff&Q{l(Tfu{*"-*?eTtT{E'rKrqfe<txa&
q6s ellcr
s'Rr fig< qt tcr frrcrsta-rm orq q< ,"
t, Ttttel:ffir8l
*n6* t{ffil<
Y
qrtfi-s
qR
sfi <r{ {RGsr '{El
{cl srq tp-rsrffi rT
iA rrr,tru-* ,rqgr{ {IqT|ff
T*I
ft 6.{ m o tErilffi Ef{-fuc{ qfi-$s< q{qf{ 6{FIcqa ry trmfico ffic< cqal c{cs

q{rq s c($1nr dFr$-sTF eo r fiEE cq{cs qc< *trye-o E-48-Cs -ron Tqrff ron
'Irc{ I (})
qRFfi (s{, Eq|lq.GK B"fsr"t) sr{q-fi6t sfd <ldqcscq
{aft <t EftFfl q<6r{r <'** 1 nft'E Aq1<1
scql .IlfrR.$ s mfr--+
coq FrRm qTrA r (l) eTt
sr3rr 6q T{((IFI 6qrs
ffi Ie1qr< qa w1qa
gtrecl' .1., .opt m vfoclcurffi-< "ttdo.rrr cf{ Tf{fs r (o) eoE nr."m

T*ry^***
a qtr{Frp1r
46We
smt
w<q6 6ffiq I "1* lq*1
{fr*.c"r Ess {qst{
ry lsxm
"r*.i
qr qst{ $Er{ s q-{ \5rq r*Y* 1'ttfi-<
)bco rrc{ 'mfrrc ?sr{qrst GTNESCO)-q<
'rd c{ fte cm q' e"rrq c(rt.rq Eta{ ilil qcs T{ I T'IrSr{ "rldrl fi{m **ry." 'du
q6s qlrs-{
s{rlfr c{64 qTafi q$ftg qrr[q cs alFqnslK
r

EI
?.Ftfifr, e,r<t fi-6<
qf-ft'- ,{ {K6ttE frs r{{ I qRSrT'Ir&3 6Efs'm<
Eqo{-sf e flCTfu ri$sfd q-{] T{fftAv E"ffqlq
E rBro
oorcn ,rtd- ;TE nrc"r< fcffilFwcq< nrrsr{ "ttdr+J< cu.m aft Trttqy TG"
corq

'ttfrR-s

i
r

**

t<S\q
T,ff51q" ?upt&
qntfi
qs
qeCF$
t"
r-{f
frfl

qsfr I qi4-{c66 o.cq Tfig-{ o.{I 6,<

fto

cqrco

urnre
fllBq \{fmfir<{, GfrsFlTt e
1{+l
srrG uEcq r EFnrcvof< cqnql qr$s fr&f,

qlfral,
<cf<Ifi-fl cq urqorq, q1s 6aFI xrq-q cQ I

L
!,

ffi ffi

wu g*o-**

sqs

qffi fi{sq ryB"

ti.

lr

)t.

)e.

'r:

f;.
t

)8.

Jacobs and Stern, Genbral Anthropolog, P'70

Hoebel, Anthropologt, 3rd, edition, PP ' 225-226 (see the Table

I
I
i
li

l40l)

Statement on Race"
As {uoted by Hoebel from H. fr. Shapiro, "Revised version of UNESCO
363-68)
PP'
1952)
10'
Journal of Physical Anthropologv' vol'

:O**t"*

EE qt{rfr'tr q$qfrwfa

){.

qrry irq-ryff <"f<Iren Ana v1<o rrrct

I fr-q w @ rt cqfi r is?nsfis frq,

q-{;t
E'rd
cs tlff{, c.mtcl
ft{tvc Dcnq ist ernrqrfie \B 6tq;[R.fss r
TsF,l'mcr
1fr.wfcr*
<.fqrftrq( vqc13 \{t${rg frrmFrs qrrcq r sm qnq ft{H r$"fB?
ersn

116{

il

qfqf+Q qfrr<{ s <Slflfu{ q'g{fr-s e1gp TefG(

qpr

+rrfiftr

nQ eoql qt
.1-gf+{,T{Jv-trt q6g ,fr{qotl

6s

ffiS.t

*,ti

qfr eBE t
e1q.Rtft( tcft{ rt
,?.

NI"{grvr<

ags q qxDE
qtffiJt rrm{d qq

flTtrcl.ffi (Karl Pearson) Nature and Nature (1990) qr.{ EF< Iln tscs{ Tirt mrg {r< r tlfrr
Tr{ <'GFI *
6{ mr{ "rfr{tT sB\rrltlq {srr{ir q-{ W
"nrs s{If"rB-{s ${$ot< qfffi qttu
<FR Tq ey{E- $1-6 q6q{.6qFt I +{r<-{crd rF fiffi6 {frr<rq q<,{
Trffff< 6{r{rfi< setir
qsrq

rf fqr<t $ft 1Mru8" 1B e qfft qsqlEssrm Ev,r.fis qrrcq I esq:1q* a6f{rft2ft<

cqfq c+ro ,r{8 {s;H r <tg,< T$q'ft{c{ qr ,4qtq {rRr TC{R ,ltTt {Rr ,
<cfqfh frmrft rnq"B
{l!rqfl_<emrd G qDTT qrSM{

q(rfi

<({{B{

{fr'Gc{E,qsIrrd yrNi ul.t r)a

<tqryrcnef*r:tr{c{rd Iltfffu
Trfi qt&* er{ qrB BffiEl'tc-s
t{Frsi qrF <'{t snr q<( cq uR+

^-&oE
(frfir)

q{E

Iffi

<ql E@ qR {q-{I(rd r[{i sq' &{t ctqBq ?qfrs

<$FrB<
*n-.qura -oa

**

tE FrFrrrxs (ffi<Ftr) T&flm{u (<ffi <t.:rzwrfu) e<( fr6drrss

<t(srcqrm

lr{s

c<pFra"nff<

q-gftl frr* e fffc{

\{rmru-{t dt

{fl

rtrI-* qrq?{raiT*.rn*ter -IfrET

3!fficclil q-fff&< Trfffi{s 1frUx cu:rq 1r1t Tr t,qt rFR"t :

). swq q<< ft<r"lkclrqr tffir+rq ccfts <Eil rrR 6q, q wFrE qr{ corq Tr+<ff<m ,nesr
affi lrtr{{cfts Fqq. q{ fr) qtrs r6{tT q-{[fl& $"m <6a1 qfi6 cqsrt E-trr, *n *rr_
Trsflcrc{rs'f.t ffi( T[T[.{{ t-s<
r Tfr qa s-dt rrH qtrEruc-+fl mn
"mq <rq ffi
T{trrs? Es{
qcdr
q-<m
Erd -r&
clt
T$ st
<t(Efrr-rt

r. r{rq efirt fiftq.-${q' {{rffi 6sli ff<f.X "nem qrsfi q<q ffiiU ttirqtq
"nd cffi {T
erc"'r"t frfr{ {trrt fiq
{ror qr,r <*rr{ T-{rq Etq
slr <fqEfrTr,{ <c-{rriFtftrt mrr qF6 '

lc.

g'ffi

q-${e 4{"rou
I <Rq qlq-ir

qtqpffiq, 7affiqry

qfrr,ct

vu

=mr

<RstrFo

)bqt,1rsb

rtd,l

{
{c$.1q

erq-d ersF{

qzq-r{<

qfftr

nfra *rffftu rrrmft

e,s-R ?[MR

*
'j

6r $ 6qrs
rrptffir--{t Ess

c
werlBcu c<6c
EEqBr

smrnxu<i solq. QUGilot, o(Elr'rcrsil s{Ft. eFm qT(

ftgtl.w,il etqfd' qlEsH <T{q
qr{ rEr<qflrtlqsrts frfrX16t11e1 qN Cq'3fcE
fl$ {E I

fo.n

qE Ertr{B-d

\n-{rqrrq cs .ere

<tR?rrc

{rqfcqrR S
q Erptr{d q-qrsc.i

E{ vls o16 * !

'.fffiET

rrft

#rirn

tr'q

cFFl, cDltl

frwrq srg rH
erq? qfi-+trr

{
lcsifiltr<[ a d
ffie<Rd{
Trf{tcq? :rc$ oil
rrrElrq

qw suQ

cft{ qs frrsrqo
Elfr-s-ersrr{{t EIr
<RErccr.rr

qrR wfrv-@fuq
cEt{, <fslfr gFH,l

w+nrefu.c-<qt
{(sfm'c.B

{{

<tE qffiRrcnav{
s aq{.lErc q(EB

T{frlTcq-d elgrirq
I

<t(qEqrtilTl{{ s.Rafr

q{E E'@"rcrHr s<'t <kFtio q<e'

e. sft eB& {{ c{ ifl(qrcsrR qft<Tft:m t{-"f$qa
ynff<
.qmfiffi< kQs {96q {F{1 1tr$eT eFf{ Frq-JrF q[q ef{ qe <tcqfcnftcqr fi'rq rtq cOa
NI-{

grsn "rrgq?

q.I1r6 qfu

wvR <IreEqft w46ry$6 pR-+ "rr{ET fiR- t \5-C< s

q|{r{lR fllfictt qrs[q q<( tET{6nd rFI'{l ',llsTl {tcrreEfiFe N-csrr'6't E<EI
qrrq( q{r{ <Et qs agfus r^e<E ilft
<|(EtCq-r,K qtffim wql \fift-w6sfr{ esr{ frflnta
qQ
t<Frei
* *,*-;r* qftr q1ffq o+c'tt& r frsE6< cow1m< nv cc'{F 6swfcc< ?qfu
qq 4xqc< {ql, Dsvt qr<5 q<R. {rcq< <( rFrm 1g6a r<ct a rqJ:rEk
erB
qlq-<
e<( Grls&a {({I {s s;rt {lr t oa-l ft,"muq<rft acEr&ft(6-d
<.qs

Efrnr< Bw-<<

Esr{ fies'Fr
Ffu',u E9ftqr{ {r$Cq<ffi {61STI q{

q(rfi {r{I,4R

q<q Etkg sB{"ilft ea

.{fi"H< qrftR $A{ q-{cElff Aq EFV q,fl-slft s-{'corrff | csfus
e&sm<t '?Iqrltls I
Crcrrw1 c+
ot-t q* r c$ql, Aql<<q4 BF
G{
"*q
Brg.t
q-{,:alrc{ 9 q<(wfrgrn< q.rqfi'I -n-rr<e

ry
ffi

.te
fi

{t ({-s qft

qtcqrcFft <uq

sfts

*ps-qlfrgFi?

Tt*

e"r< E.ptr&a' erer< +pre r

G-['f

"
qrttlfr-{^qTl.AtAqc"f
qrp1ffir-fi B-s< e t6tee Carmt \nIrF51<ry fto< 6qm6rq1 qs(q?
*qTfr* cirCET{ & eo C{c+cq <rq ft-<rrdcf{ rI{ {r* TGFr I lryff* As3{' icallE {Ht'
WtO=

cflrrrqr s[ al-s< +sr< a<5rrm q+c{rfr< w$

'frq-ff,"ro,
6f<

]c<Fl

TT

fr1s ftr* <ffiq m'

friDes and Cas;tes of Bengatdcq[ <tslft[q< 11ffff4io {fru{
qfo ffiIflTfu srrs uevl, ET:1 ,RF r s6{ q{Il{I 6q?r{ <Mfrfla{
elq-< qftslCrq< nFtl C'fl61,
fts i qtcqrffi"r'rd
q[{, ftid|<E a td+m c{rs E1q
t aslfrrm''f[rf< <('RFI,
qqsF 6ffi{ ,{elfr{ !r{sm{ rPKfc scl \5ICs3t ${ts ctflq | frirt\ t'C{ tfsrl s
q<(
"f{E.I
m +$fr
qtfk<t, EEF s.{l sm r ftq?4 q c{rs
Tf{TfCm lrc{i c'lcrFntit qtqR
q&{'im{'eE'( e CEIRK rlgq

rflilq

o*t fffrq

ffith

-ry"**

T*ff*

&ql1 efsn q6?r6 {Grcq I F< &fr sftn< 'fiR <s, nt[sa "$q, {c'l
sE ffil $s sl {c<tr
mrt.:{-s frrtrcqq fi qrc-d vcu urfu +9,5rr Rql{t{ r er{t Tlelrr cR't<Fr&I
qr
{sa--{ q-+cunff r
<t$frfl rylqqFq gvfio
WfrV ef\rlrfrR r6t rfsq'rq $ {drco El{ 9
i
<n t&s {{r4? {f{+t | {Es
<11nftnHu qlorgpc, qf{sitt ft 9$E {rfi era Qi.T< *gqa
e rnt
q<( sl-{-s-<d <cflln q{K 1ffi +r< I qr{ffiae eT
eTR EfiV-Ffug.cq< 'tEiFts Tr{
qfffirq( Tc$
q< *Yl".T.Ft fi'tl {r{'
oH, {slfr g6ot, t<n-r sEretcq-< {[u
qs I
6<fi slit"tFrE qF( EsT{ qeft w[q El Eta{ffifi
w{.rr 6sfu e<( :q,.m{
q<( t<lfrffi ersr< -qcrrq
{34, qr<R, qftfrfts
<t(6TEq-rrd Xcfrn q-{cuIIfo" W,
ot<1w$r
rm gm 1rm*r" {cfitaftl<Rd' tsrs n\5 em arU= r 1<
pm<f ef,{&rtr{ r &
<R<t'F5
"m
;"'{ {s.fs efir{ ,hffi fi.{ Ccfrs ft<-qtefr$ Efm< qt"ffft

*:IYT

&A

***,

T{ffiq.CEi<

qsr<\K{i1s c<Ftq*

)8

Eo qtTJft-s ryrqRe.rq

rs-fir- qrtrrir :rF qrcr.t frE Em. TC.fr R{ q<t 6fr8{ cerr$
c+i<t <c+1, fiE{c.f( RTffi q+E q<.r {tr-<-s Ec{ {carrmr qmcqq

{ffis

{rqrFr

Ecs

ER-cq{

ftqm<q{ TRi sRI qtvtfu{GqrrTgm fq{:f e xafu< Bqqfu:rpfn6

qfr6aq-a
[6rJq1q sefl
q6++
Fr(CA i
q,ri-Gi "rfus-.friT q$frcr qrfr-E[68frT . WnV pnft* wr+o qrum
furq
qTfrq \ryfr+{ TrTC{ I qfs {qfrR-{mT
,fry
qffi-d
crfl
,hq-{
\fifr_
r
T"fffrfs ifrns
TfItff "fbr{
qc&frr e ntfrV ersm frT qs urs+(1.f

kt

qf{

sC{

ersr<s qrsirrm Bz"rq

q'rnr[F Es<-or<-rw ffi{

qsq<,

.I5T q<

s{t {t{ qtr frq

:rcqIs c+r

w(

<"f-Rrch.n :rcrl eR qsrc

ersK ,Ifirqfus

q{

qs

<-et{tlr <t(qffi-c{< y"nfi-< ffiDt{F cu-{ril

EIa[, rrs e tqRT rrg{ EetI Er,qT Er<fift
r 4fcn-< <( q{Fr "om-ffitfr | Er$rFrq qrril +G"rs lRrs q-rrcflfi-{ cult
auryG<
c{Efirrq" olcq< \TrgB \n-{.8 qq cst qs I \or{ 6e-.fi Tg ,rr 1 qrrfiIfrn crrcrR nR qql;tg
r

s{m

<t

rfi

sr< s'r +'roftrrq-d us ftelg T{

<lcqfcqq< {f{Cs<

())

$x[r

rrr<116r{

<l(qEq?E q-et&T

tr*

{rs qrr

$.

w1+-ttr

o.fS

qeB6q

Bz"rq s'c( qr;IBt

())) <lcqlcc"t
fu1-qrHffiEq({
<ttc<e frcs qr<

s
:ryqT'&:{

qrr

<5<t

T*
qrerq

se5

ffi

q6q

(u) wHlul "IIrfmt{ Cfir<

Wfr 1"ttff< rrd{1-a ettTl {m sfm< {H<<
qfr+
:i'er<f
aa1;q
r-q; r'-eR sifl | qm-R 6<rti q(n w<s Eqr{-cq-fi qrq qFF-rE q
6T-vtt{ ercrqE

m.m o-gt

ftfi qffi
rFI c:rr s

ffi

(8) Wrd, TCEFfl6[, qlEr"tR{, FGErA

<Cq +Rs qrq-ffiff< qF|tr{ e sTrffi Tfirrqir
eam frfr{q irifi q<( qfi-{ TCql qEF{s ft-<n-eql< ftBftfr frersq e-fl
r

e<qrctafu +l{G-clcls<fu ermrq sfl fi(E RI-GI

(c'1

EBFts atffi-< Affis "rft'rfc'm qR{ rmrwr r

q{In

yaT{lTr$

neTfrrr qc

Atos qfiq

frtfrr {.iER
ftq cc Bsr+l Frffi
6o<q

{r$

(Culture)

ffi 1c9 ,nem ft<Ffl {ftfl T3il efcrrq{ I ottsr('.r{ T]Er qftErs ffierzqT

qfue-*I

c<{

(lo) <lsfrq
T-dl ERrq{ I qls

sfr{

sE<

RersqTr< ftqBr'

ftns{6fl fr63

s xttr< <l-q frfs s-{r r q-d"ff&s slar er6F e q-.fcg-d {pt 6sr{
fi-{ffi s{"r69-d ffirr{E &q Et 6ird o-<l I T{il Tffircrr< u"nmft {frR.t qqr6{ ss <ffi 16{
mefl vt {rs cnrtrc {trr

(\)

(b) <isfi {fl|

qBqfr
"kq cq-{F!
(p) fic{

T'l[&"rs tfrm qf+co {rq 'fcfiqfd

ITsa{

(r1

EgrJr(qr{

_
sFr6o {6{

-.

sr{ alqffiqcK wqez.o- TF{ <rar{{ IC{reT e&T{.frflTr{ I q< T[$ wr{I.
nf,wlrfir e<( F&eu er\r-Rt c<Ft r l-+Ign qH {r-fir ur"n *u* rqjenrun <R*r$r1aFrrcTT{ ssm
c<qff{

srrqJ q<(

ffiq*t I

tln

s-{t Tts

cn"lI

*tE

(u) frGA q:m

qtrrcqsfcc-<TrffA

Tt

sR

m,I

frqBqrffi
-. .a

ft+ns d

{+rct crurrr frTs

q<q-dtrta%

freaaqeru
Robertson

ff

comprising its tri

(1980:562)

1qtd

<t$'rcq-r'k
(ru)

ffia

qr{Rsfcc<
fr{-ro-n

Trrl mqq rrq{fud, ?ffiFrc

atff

{E< e a<a&

)c

{FFF-cll.'trs, \nBFKI-ri-{r<.f, <r<Tlft Es-ltfr

qfir{

"tfrun.qrn s :rqqtnfr-$ +trq <}RFrstft.;qrftx w*tnff< rnq srcc< ag ao1-{

{Rq ,{qfi-s {Hffi< vlfl frc:rtq sil

(u) <tffi T{ffirl e <lvtfr kt qsJo mq< {d< Fl+ q?[r{ T{<rl
(s) c:nsft{ stslfr e w{rdi
qB-W

r-GI isrzq<

Affio

"kq cc"r-cs {r<

(b) FrB{ rrfi("ffff ei eB x'aBr &Gq <q{ +r< r <tstfr qqlq s sR xaB< xet frrq
${ qr{ qlT{ ccT&T qQs e ."fu" qqr<, 'rrfitt errsrw I ct(Ts-I{-{, trafu+ TfB s
frersq +r<e @t pttff"ts {fru{ 'It\Brl 6rp6o efIr<
I

ffi{

(lo) <tvtfr crlrq fr<Trq{ ftB-ftfr frr.m ocr {rq-?rr& fr{run qtrt&-s e qff-{ ffi-frm< c+
Trt rrsrq-{ r qrs 6$Fr a5gq sq-6fti5 fr$rst ffir{ rtrfrd cutl E-{rq Fnfr frfifrmc<< <mt
Ec"rq sr{ qr{trF qos s <-6flT{ fr-<n <"q-6{ qrffi Ecrcq
I

()))

rtt(sf(q-cfi wrc'ffff<

fuFq <IrfrE E-6rr<

Ttffff{"

,6* aoffi

qt r fiGX {Iffi{RrF rr6q

If6"-G{ {tcEfcET'K {&F

,qrE-{
IEteT firtEslot,{g'cs q. dpmFrs ft$r{"rF

(Culture)
qqCE rTI @efinition of culture)
qr{rrs ffif

tf6t{ctlr qqpn<

efu

q+att Eqt.rrrlfr{ qrr* <l <t{lwr+o

Aqft?,{c{TF qF {rftq 1 ,ar{ tfrftG mrorr<il Tircs frcs lt1t 6qfi fi$-stfi sz{cq q<q <l
qr-rq {EI qn c(T&
frq cq Bwfi a'r+rq sr<

1ftfu" qrft6a<

e1-6

ffi

sR;rg, efqfu e c|qt&-s qfr'r{rR rypt

"["Htm uEcs fttr
qcTfu
{r$ lt foq trvrfi <r wfrqm orrcqrcfie sN
c+-<e

..{<(

ftfi{fqK {fmqrr{

<Eq 6-{G<

Wq c{lq fr'ta

&1 unqtc{q Tsqlx{ e<(,w{ifi Tr$ EEr w[ qnr,+< ?riRo e nt{fr's EIful
lSuUject

qir{<BRx1G<\!s6

Abstract entity) q<( Tq (Object or material entity)

Euffi

Fr{(q.

frBacrfqffixlGr+n1n1s15qq1u1froTgqa

Robertson '6fA Sociolog.{fa[ <rdFI, 'Culture is all the shared products of human society,
comprising its total way of life. Culture includes material & non-material products."
(1980:562) r :TcEIS Frrfsq

erm

cq"ll

sF, ccafr

<q

q:rm

16

nq{q r-F

Eqrnfrro fics-{q

Eo':$Trfrs qqtsfut1

{t qrrq<rft< ,r{l qrra ffiH T'rE .{<( qt .rmB.1flq 6<T{F{t qffiT {u-{
T(TE rqqs w{E'ts qrq frqr+Q rry-sfri qrr

<t E-{I iTBft

s'c:r

(it

Elr

qrfqffi

physical objects

&

M.

TE q<(

crrrqr {qrrcq<

qIFr{ <I{qICffi q{-& {6q

c(a&

T?IU

c(TGB 6q qqurB <-{q wrrqr6-s

Primitive Culture .{fdq

r*
*cri

qqffi fufq"t io-{rq m{ fr *, or*

,l;r.qirH
Tc{I <(rt
<6rs elr6a qr{ Tr Fgr sr+* srl-+-qlrrcfi q<q

to generation among members of a society." (1980:473)

1e r<

tu

Shepard tifi< Sociolog qrq <rqq, 'Culture is all humanly created

patterns for thinking. feeling & beh.aving that are passed from generation

Jon

r ffi

lmfr

Gfi.I Iffi dtqr (E. B. Tytor) ii.trr

TfdF[, 'Culture is that comptex-whole which includes
6ryBI fr-cTrcqq

a<Su
lrtqrFl{'

knowledge, belief, art, moral, law, custom, uni uny other capabilities and habits acquaired by
man'as a member cif Society.'- qdlq, "ciirq3 qo* ric*cu qffis qrE?-qfEqq, 3r{qr{, Er{,
qqTG r"
frgm, fiE-sql, ftGqt, qrqa
sBq cnTm{q

ffi

<Qatv s

).

Em{ats'q(-rB

'

u*mf,

Material and-no[.mlterial culture

q:rtsffi f{frq.s ftfu p.;. Gillin and J.p. Gi[in)-<:rco rrlG <qF qr frro m-r
<q1io vffr'wfrr+ 6{RE rsrfr w{Jfrr<r & <flv qft'rq66 cqffi frTIih F$*g1wt, cfr.rq ql
EFICS mmm (5'5" Koenig, Sociology 1968:43)

1H
fficett

o.k
rmtr cEitl

qR c'iEiF qrFnrs rEolE .w{g'rE

l<ars ryrrs

qIreIE-{t

srt ffiF

flIGr

"i{

c(Tfr ],fle <.lsil T{ (Concrete object) 6qird1 Td-<t&, il"rg-ot"rg, <Fta[ iil b-q-q,rq,
*, EFr s flrrl-qmqT a*t*q ** * _"q-* *t
1su,Td;ttb W,a,. c<r.r- 6".EgnE<qq$
=rE
{s cnile rqls tqTBr fir* "td ,
<Ett {F a, eo{fi alqt q e<r6 fa i aA
qfts
"q*
r(TG,
erq <r-ql s fr-qrwrq< {t{rn xts sR 6$-srfit e ur6( (<t w{E tE rr4ruuy
<Erls'

<Rcer+H xBfcs DH (cf. Koening p.43)

aetfuqrt

{c#

aF*
*eTEw{

1FIEH, .3'=-{E tE q(TtE <ai-cu u-16ag {Iq-qi1l, fu-$tsl+{, E{d-<ryd-Tsr{, itBilG, Ee[
:Eir<t(,^\flr<'i-ugr, t-glrn-a. 6{t{rlr r \trfts-q rr{tTi a-< frqg (abstract)
c{{-+- st{r s
,rlRs.r,
qt{, il&, qq.f tgfifims q<q6rs qcT[cn v{i qsfr Tirt1ffi
Er i c.* sR qs,
\tr<g'lg

ar'g& <qcs rqtls xa&< c{qc{

ffiE

G$-srE+I, E'r{ q<( +qlrfi.Hc< e

sl qi-C{ t s<( EqTrtF-s qffi r 6{:tr-4- Cfrr-trtrrmFa, 6{-{-qlq-i[, rrr{t Qg-llfr< qffi
ft c{rq fitml sefi fffl&-s qT6I{ qB&H.s q{q'rs q(TBT {C{r errg
I

o.

r<{t.rqlq|
?
,
,8. Tl{tlt
mrafi{1il{
a
f, cqq.rM
a -tuEas#

c<r<rfrql

Er?f6r{fl <qt {EI 6q, esB {rG r{rs r(T&, frE q&m ?sR< er6Rn e Fst-sr++ e<(
ffi{rfid} T-dt E{'cxa w+g'rg,rqT& r'qr{ario cq&F qao qlro 6q-q fr.s{r{'.q-s6s +-*r ca q
r

er{

@.:

l. rrrqfrl

ffi,

allr

iEr(g r[Er

'

a
,,t

mrrqni*t{.r
'-$n

,::

d(ElrffiT.k

Ir
Ir
k

utf{retrqcqq?qtg'tsarafu

['
h
F

h
h,

qt{6.LT

ts
r

t
h

V,
I

E.

Ttv

ts

?fifr''s qcH

clfi

I'

i.

.?.

F,

F
F

tsr vt6k qq1&t

qffi

Td"t.

rfi.$ftq rr1t qir arafrr<-rcv tr+tg{ qGrl qlrs I wt{-

t. lrqmfrglft FI{-{GE{ rcs q-{E'ls ataG< Vr{l{ qlrs ata& qs rtB.cG qfi6s EF
c(TCa qryq qqqft{ Ftrr }Nrq< Gq w{6rl.a&-errt( q[$ swcwrfrTsrd Ifr <l
\. TE ls x1&-< urfirnr q1616t q{E'ls xa&< uRn e q6r6ffi 65f,T $i'FF
q{Qrrs
e. <Euts r<afr< B{rcrffi R 6iFFr ccn <r qrG qril 1tu <rs "nrf, fus &q orr<
r(TG \tr{, m'.t i qru Erfi {q{t "1fu qn n1 t cqr{ qITfl E{q 6+1i cc' .trr *mL"tr-{ <t Te"[&
{qfi qqq sifiat .h w mr.m <Effi-+ sxtc{, q.'-{-{ <l {qtcdq :rqfl Eq"t +R il
8. Tqq\o ICT&( qqqB-ro t{fl flfult s<l sl'{ t "IEFIIf,GI, w{qrrs q(afua VXfr < x'-+m
aitrqGt qfrfl{ ?Fin {t{ qI I Eqr.ITtt <cn stg 6s, q+EI^I.1\5 \;rrq< ocl'rB EI,?E .i'rq< srcfi.-l
qc{r rsHE
66t e<(fua Es41qs T:Isl=t xc$ "rtdo, Tqfi qs Fd {fs I frEEQ q65as qqfizu<
!keu? BAs qfcl? q fi,fr:m -.{q{ ftT" ql"R{S d I 6qT{ slrdf sftq fte sfcafi st'c$ qf<R
r

F)
I

f"t
lrr
F

{Ffr{

1ffi

fclrw oDm

ryftur<qcq;
Ur{rq-r

hi
bt

5-ry

trBFF

). {E'ro q{qflE Eox q-{cry< c(Te qlio mfta Iffi , qfm ergt q-+lcQll ellft cqe 16
a-65u ercr qt I c+<s qf$A ctTBrF qlft q<(Nils w{galg Eg's r*r+< rqa& {r{cffi 'rfifr
Se<-tm qrfl lt:il&-s ts-dtfq-st{ R6{-6( 1ev n < qs
qs r Ew qilcrd c(T& {r{rti
q. Ew r*r+* rra&
rqrl-d qcrrw*t qftcq

T<fl?Frfi

qrC{Q

h
['

q<( rr<$rffid \*-<q{s

q{E io
rTt q[Tlqq :rr{cc{ qit $rffi <Eqs Ifr"s <U,rs tafu q<( qqqs {Ec+
araft T{t rE I {q{s \B qTE1E Xa&< 1-Cq., cITrI e ?ang.R< rrerd <nrcq r fira e qqIl(
qrqrsqlg qd qq

i'

Fr

c(T&

TEls q{Errs qq'F'fi

tt'

qcua g.E TEt[o

{c{R sltv.r

c(Te {eEf, qqIqffi ffi.qE.ftfrn; m.Ft. ftB-q e< t{REg {laqm q$m qnrfi r|qa{
c{Fro -E-ts" e x1B< {c{i q-&r6frcfr{< ,u51 q<R

P
E.

)1

Epnfr <r<qxfre Er<q'rs c(TG<

cqq +qt{, Tr{[{Ir rm {d'rr< <qao wfrwr<

ts

qffi-{

6{r{ m?t{ rilfl&-s, rrsitqG-+,

{l$ s :r(TB

?
3

a
f,
a

t,

io
I

iEtifi TrcqsrFII qrcrr qt{lTs TH

)b

Et, xrqlk$ cfiqR'q.lq

,qqlst
Civitization
William P. Scott \ilT Dictionary

of Soctologlt-Cv Civilization-B c(Ef{ <fdH,

"Civilization ge4erally refers.to a highly complex, as contrasted with a relatively simple,
culture." (1988:a8) r qqulm frc.x.t Tilre ffi{t TI{ 6{r, rslst q[q eo EEEqd sfrq ctT& r w.p.
Scott qfict rr(mr 6q, qqtq q{qinr{ q<s. qfq c:rsfts ftt'T 1'6{
I

csrtrIl 6S|-r{I Gr{rS 1W.P. Scott 1988:48) qgI\5I rraTls qsr qs E-4uE mrwm 6{Rm ({{rr{
qq?, Ef}E $q futq, pns qIB e<r E-4s afsffi+, {ff-q, Efffis ,ea( FIssEI
cs{f{

6fu,

Efsoc-{rT{eftSnfrim

Arnold Toynbee TIaFI, 'Civilization is the institutionalization of a syslem of ethical &

religious tradition & ideologies that dominates a society or a number of related societies." (cf.
Scott 1988:48) l {(EI{ tT+fts cq, rrv-rsl TEus ft&, {th ,ieq .s<( q*qlr qsr qr gte-hfr's
e|glfrv T'r{
trrr$ C{r<rlg {l qs <| estfi-s

Iffirs

fiE zre Modern state (1966:325) E5q c(TB q<( cqrslil qc(, 'fltrfl Frcii-J
orcg fttr {[alt{{, "Our culture is what we are, our civilization is what we use." qd\
\Eirfqil c'(Trt 5 uFirii Tr sR <(qF[ilt rtt <Fq-{ TtR E'R qq qrtrpiir qslq rMaclver

qqe

,Igrstiil :rct$y.tqf

cqT&< rrcvt Ts,srd "ftr fiftm ott or< r qcu c(TG e rslEl q*r6f
qrn
a*r$ <c<
1tlm. {Erqr
>. rtaB q(q q{Ftg Tt-{N< q<fls 1fr, wm wrsr EE rEqg
16 I ,{ Tgl{,fr{ emt6r Rrcr{
qTlqfr-affta {(Et FEd.t Fil?t t crFr+\[Frdt <rGfi
1frETfr e
\
,
(6) E&Id E&fto 1frg[ft Tylor-qir msrt ft{ c(E'tE,6TiF Tinn cc'qr rtr{ ffi s'r{, fr.dE,
Fqt, ft&, Sltq, EQtt g<( qqrrs-{ wrqi R6rrc< Tr{crr w{il;il cqlrlq q{(. qFPrr$ c(Te
r

v.r{fr r ye{, qi frrfi

(q)

rfiqffi

we{

rtaB @ rr{rffi

q-{qG

16

{tl.olbns-{ qgu, "Culture is what we are and civilization is what we use or

have." q{it rrmd| qrdR r<aG I qEr \fi:{rcq< ql wrR <| Tt qtT{t ?rr{q|3r rfi c{ER wlst
qqudfr[s qrft{ m TEs Rt rlr q|TEEir t{FfS, <t \flrfcti? ff<Tqqfrq cq:EfB rfi @ I qA
I

TITCT{ q{{rlv

ffi.1.q.m
$ twfrq q<q ?Kqf{ ffi' dt <ir( \trr+$tl
f<Iq I sE(rr, cqTG {c3.iq{kc3 qfiD{,,Tsrst qs rr{c{d {fls 16 I

fi<FrsA

r \f,'Er?rm, qf{fm?

q{9 $r$ Frcrf.t

: t. Ef&$ ors (r*,t) Tffi{..qslgil
{rE xr*s?

EF $Trs?

{tfua

qruirq (outward behaviour) ifl<

xa&

fr$ llnward state of mind) r rslgr< er&Tqq ryrs r *6 Efra 31'4p4 6qF
frs'{ T{ rata& lfrs rfi;qlqfir'ql roettft qrrfi <Er\o'fifr mrorq ccr.|g {slst Ter6\5F <Ifu$
u1F-sr mcq T{ffiR ,{TBI qq'rq <ril rnt ftE x{e wq56 ttlc1 cer6o qF wqltQ vt {sr iir
fr[F@ Ee mrn Trycr{ FrR-v qq-rrf qFfi Gq r $ d EF & crrk TErs-d qlErd-qlE-dct
@E-cilr

il

mT.lit c-sJsR

crrm x1& @
etFelfGt{l t

rtlfi
re'fe Trdq{df
qrm r qtBil( at
TG $tre ?uR qd
Grs uRci 1lqr
u.

:l-v-Frt

a.
'rnRB
{s{t r .{Bt eafi{

Tsrt qR c*td
qA qc{F
11-gC?

c-s,

Frm st'r-*t

q-s(e

esrlt
qqB< efmlrlit!

TDrr6E',ts

crH<

ettd4l ETTi

{r$

q-{fr{

a. c-s:'rr+
utfi-s 6mbr grf{
Frsoqns qGxtt{

arTfr

rqw

<t

FF{.f

qs? \ns.ft

or* ry{qE eN {
gIFIr<FTI

qq{{d

i
o qspm til
{Titr<tl(, c{, Ef,
E{qr{ qls qG

mrsrrd {r{r{{
.
*o m'cq<

ard
11 i{R m, I

oqaFmn frSl
BEftqr-{ {q-{i
e rFr

fslrsfir rrTr-{
rcrq "le<Ta,${

{ffi<tryFd

lqrt "las {s d r'

<t(Efdq'rkrWq

If

t
!.
t
b

r
I

eaelB

{efrdulv qm trfi qrr aI r q o,Kc atrt"n qm c w1&'a rfrr{6t6 ffi "ff6qsq s \{({rrqct
,tElk frsfrfd qfifrq qdt q{ r q<iB ftq1 aqF{ Eq (Study Tour Group) qNT T{r{ 6$fd{t
(Ec*r :tsrsrd fimfircqc{ cq cqt.t<r frstr e q{B rq[-6 cllW-qBotl \Nf{ rrcs qlrrEe cq
cmrl x1fr (ry, qfuBqqt, {fi<trc, q{, \{'rF,{ stl fr<rq*{.tft) rr-116 cwq lqd qlstt \s6
iFltg'mTql

qsFl <rRrc <en gl stfrs r E,Efiaq <l Eim-r, T{rF aGrtT <t l'GTrrfirrq (cq"qsr\5t
rgfe T({lqfrcsir frc{ r $I{-{R.tte q67s6 frqs I TE6q{ \ssR t{cct i{qfr Ebrsglrq srM
qfrq r qB{fl< <l o,qnfr.rq <fre qq6qq gr,at,
Tfl.t <tr{s qt, stlfit ut MIqrsrr< +l | 6{rl-+qrd fi"rg ffi qem {fr"rm qFm qrq? wrriFi EqER sfr | qerd"rcs, q(fts qsls-\rrrQ qFrEq-<
\r.

a. qilRt qf{{6s< (Mathew Aamold) q(g, qs'T& qcq {tE qefl, <t qtffio qs$, Tl trFQ-q
qe$ r ,sil *461 a;afr+ qirqr I efi e<sB lfu <t Tr1rrs fiffi{ r'fi s.rrFrrc qsrg s-Gr r qR
:l-srsf @ 6st{ frq {fsl, csn
qI
"md <A eflat <| W{ <qt r qbt qq'E afts {R[E.t zil wr*fi
qfi Tc{d csFI\fl-{3t:rr I ,{ {r<.nB{ rwt qlrofum< {R.rkfrfra{ TrscE inta& Tsxrrd q
{irrK "[tr{t, ETIF :lt-C{ Clive Bell qrEcq{ 6{, 'essentialty the civilized.man ii artificial'
r

q{\

r
:l

I
n
a

i
i

!il
I

c-sr:rE{q-{.fFTfr{ }
. a. c-v'lsfrs qfrfl1 s-dl qR r erB Ef+, mfgf* f&< Vq.{fr qv{tfr I !$<l3r sqfifrE 6ts W
EIf$o \5rs{ yqqls qft-s ,{fu.trfr s gqe6q-{Tn 1'1ne1-s,r6q,rxa& frc.m ora zFTa qqT& Tt
FtE-{qrRr {fr{tcqr frrnn rpfi {I{ {t I .{{c{t lt"rls fiN,d1.pr-<r{qR Fir]<l erGrrffi qs irmq
r'(Tis <T fqas-{K {"r-i frur< TirF 6{rFr fr{fr'S rrrsr6 '[TI rrTs qt r frEffir qrfu-csrr{ cq<
qvs< sst \$brt$-{ TH 6{rs qt csT; stq:rqrr< TIcTfr,-s
{ry, qtG-qqq s{rr< ,rrraG-o qcm*
qffi
qfirs(
qss
qF,q-{
qB< IqTT< s qrnE, v1q& e
cm
orrq r<Ft <q "ffr'tFb qrq r
qnl<Ht glq'q{m ersH c,rcroE un
{ql Ru'rma $"ffi eHrsl
e; rfejsR FI dt qfry{c G 6sER ry<qe cf$ s-{C6 {Ird r g.r<, Csfm fiT .fd !TtqTE-$
ITitrTt(, q{, c"{4, Ersffi$ qrErf ffi \ffir cc.r.R mr$ a-* rrqrql $v <u at r nqF+
q-<n $,rcqt T(ncE,t
E"IF?F qflq eTQ l--{ffifrsw 6{rrg orqq Trr I q,llr"rm, q-g.JsB *.
i
ffirsrnt st${"f <lfu <I cort wqu q$q E-{v cq-r.|< rrdFfg !l ffisI| qe{& {sil qs Iq6t s'{cs
B-Cs cqrfi rra& sgBr qE Rq sH qt
.I1 s'tt a-s, rtfr'-{ csrcfr o-cil-&mfqt qfr srt ys-{Ws-qr< qEg <c61 qsq{ cT
6T'c{FKi{ ffin (E'fi E{rfr $r "fifv GEIr5rE <r 6ffirn c(Rrw{ {t assemble <r{cs efErGr,
fiF-q+tsrc{ 1-,R.'{ TrEa <r rfrsr {Fl rircs E{ c{A {qrsa q6s c.HE+t {rm lt
q <'Kcqq f-vqft-t (4.1. Toynbee) <rqcE{ cq,
q<q slrEi r{Qs qr{,
"rfo'rc6r* \-q-dfi TgDI
*'utaT Pr<l 'IIfu, ,ry {6[ir{l{ vdt xqffi qtEI \5r$rd6f Tirr{ qt r gfti fr6qs 6qy5a 66p6ag
mm "trffi e<( cqrq-qfr's 6qrrm Tds-ql-rdrrE-{q'r-s$etul EflT4rfr FrCq q<( o-*rs Drcq ftE
{ c{&-qfuo ffi e ffi qq6q aqq qrrs EH qt r q6S ,rs:sf }1-q{r "{As <ne a<aB
r

{{{t Ifu q{{t

lo

Bo ril$E-s

i. qqvrd cscl qrgFr qr{ qssair stq rca ftTs

r ata&n csrq q ,rsr r{ I 6{T{,
"n6
q6q ffi qry lrt* qtsrrdi sqt ,qFB
Bofr +r< frcs "mi I E-r{ c{ sm q{, ,fF crrm
ftre "m ql r Tr{q, Frft frffi -'ft{ cfllr"fuGfi
m ql+q ,[f{, ryq; sfr c"rm firua Frfi" erm c{ ql"rq
'tlTlqiFrT{

frclq

{e Effil{awl.R

6{Fir ?ufr 6<gt,'

qfia? ftil( EtEfr
csrtrfi 6srcil q!6[!l
qq< src.t <t&!

fkcqz-qcq rqr*rd
glg, UIEI, nFF
qr$ sF5, ETr{

qqBs

q<( q\5

rtfrr effi fir.F qrdr{ eftr{ D-m I \T'lit'm, ttaB<

qftqwil

*fta
ftq6}e
firfrcr "f6g I q<.frfr? qfts mqwhitehead, :rl Hobbes-T Tru, xtraB-o E"rtcr* q{ q<( ffi{q qqB-w utBrc e{tm E-F
st-{.B' {{ sefu-
qftrl
}dfrc,lrl rrrnr-qt{i wHlg En r 6s;Frl, qrqrst q{
't&-F
'rfi
'6rcqs
\rr{
Trtr{"<6,
r{&<r {BF FT{ {ft${ <s <dq{ r twt<aB-+ TFr{F Cq'$l
ro. x'J&< 'rB r{t< <t qo <tq 6{Rt ql c<r+ ltaG< eoB xeryr <r o{ qirmR$\st TCs[q
c(1frro "r{f&s s-{l TH {I r 6rFf6il t"f.[Es qrsrrcq sejEl Ksffig qF qfrd, ftE fi"{Tst{
ata& rrqrq K(rI $g q{ { r q e|ir6qt Cq$rc1{r ftfrq ,{Ierrrr$ q-41frs Tr-{Rq {6, ft-E
EqTr{ iTtcT&-s e]q(na eq-{ qffiFtro fuft ftfrq sh
qrrtrrGtrslGrir ftFs Rrqr{ fiR
"rq
q<(
qrroqtor<Q
qmft{
erq&rfi
avlBr+ "IRA, w{imi rtTcr< cqTEAgE- crrRrqq
"rm
eatsim qffi{ q.r& 6{r{rs "rfles F<rFr slfi c*Er-d qqt, sm, d, E{ti{ .{<i.q&&rq oR"t
<rr{frq r uft qqt D-FI ({, cstEl ,Rlil <me ta& ,ffig q{ Tf ;
TaIII I qEI s?k{t-<t

q6s

q5g

<lftrs'rt qfi<r.rq{ ffi?F ?Elq rGFr

il

[.mTTf$65s4 rff
Tsfrc {Ei"1.glfi,

<RqTcErc.rir {r{6T{ q<.Te

wq-+ rrnf X$ qq ffT{ tt{(Elit t<B lWay of life) r srR a1cqrghT.R n1Trffi lT(afu
ql;t[g'qrq qqr{Q qI{i ciRrr{ erhT
"k Trs{r fi-qa qr{c.li +<& r qtr fffr {r{c1T "r"rg rr*ir6
ql{rs qm et q,{c'ffff? vc-st&? rr+; i{.nT-qfrErc< fr<<.r, .mlr*,-rc, qf{Frqt c{r{r
T{ Ttr
sEq-i snrl, q{, Tfqft&, fr{rc e EsT{ qtH?-q{tf{ M r*nf sFrcu qrq
I

sfts=r

+<EI{
{FITffd TRM{ d

st&, I
qf<ErTq{Gr[Er'

rrq

q-<&,

q,rrf,{

frrrE

q<( wfir{, {lE,

E&Gre, j

Tt(wfirt{ anr<sr"t (erm "tirf<t ba vl't) TE{ qm <rrr sGH I wq< <t(qgcr.Er rr{rffi
cqffi \{ttr
<l(qfcqT.k effftct ll{rsr Qqa {-fick e6ft q64641 rFirrc qr<
ryro {itv
<l(qRErEr qi{ qrrrq {ss es6 Offi ftrqqm q.F[ {q${, qFmtftd r{E rwq ftqffi{
qft q.Re q?s F{t qm r aIIF-d q{l{ qdTrr{I
1ft r wo< * otto<|ffQ qg,is <t "fr<fwfz< fRa
q&v
Tl?q
r @ \rrcm ftfr-sfr asn Esq r Ersq<
vftq-< q{r{ c"f.rt r vlQ rFil st's 6{
TR
rlaFt ilqt$ qfrmm qH "rcil Try rfd urtss Etqt({t? "tqqsB fi$dct
{.rr
TB r Sr< ffir "ltesfr
&t? q<q Et-{rt-{ 1R <rm Tr<<n rfr rrqr{ r q"rrd qmrG-ff{fstR qefuq ur<iR e<( qr{fi-

il

?Fm {fm-q r

w1$rtr
fi{ ql

q{Fdf(g,cvi Td-<|

qslsl qcq q:H esB qrqrq q fiftA rl-*r-G 6{tst <qr6o

qqsr{ft
'frc< r
qRIs wrcrd'td es( tffrtft{t fiftq sfls etI6r r fr-q vrl-*t 6fi;r @i'Gr.q?rs-dct rFiFr <I qflmrr$
sffi'{ {rqFr-{Rr{irn (cw+- wil triml conqmr FI'r sim sr lt@ frrfl,<q sr6r I 6rFrr,
6{rtcnT s:rq s3lir <I q:[[Et 6sFr {IE't rqq a<< Et qFmc<, 1G e lta&< sna frfr*ftq | 6K :rrs,
rrs',st qq ,rym {frfiGm? lfu priving Force of Society) vm
xa& {E qrd fr-s fu.rs rd
u'. :ur<q&R Trqq,

tr. qs:,sl fl{rdqs

frrt{

iR{rq T-{F

(Steering wheel)

q&

{Rqftrcfd

{tcErfficfi il!
ffi q<(q.rFH

{qqTlrT{I :r{
qqn eQ wrre ltll
TGr errrfi qrl\ {

^.-,

r<FrsoFr

tr{s

qil

{6 "fl.Il"llft{m
<rCErCqf.E

aff
ffi
8fr-aq r)ctd
e-Isf'ctRsl c
EIq-E{T{r atq

el

6qrra

tnri

fis frs qrfir q

qffi,m,{
cqt FTsI,

qfi, qfi

i
I
I
!

i
i

I
r
!F

t
F
I.
h

L
I

r
t

F
n

h
F
p
Ir

r
ir
r

r
h
F
i

q-5 s rr1fr

dsTrccr{ir

r.)

ql{s E&t,
qEfi qftqr{ qd(
"IlqT{r-"ttwa s
'fIqQ.<Kqrd a-GF{
fu{s frrR q-{6rn qrqw <I ElbF {rcet
c'r$ q<( fgr "rr-firr fri(rq.<ro {B nwa
',rE{F +;rF cq{t rfs r ;Irt6{.flf-"rri ea <F{rfr c<ft
qrFrrwri v*.<tF< GXE.I ttrome ctsF.ls tH, c<o q{ !3r bR< ofcq <Kqf{ qr I ,{Tq-l'ft.i
crrtiir M c<gl, tq{ {F q<( fi <t ?rqd eEft mert qcq-< qtftol Err qfi frLTzq I w<rator{
{B-{B Er*< EIEBF <t frrq{ qcr r{<rq s-(iFr I s:6q !ffir. Ed< "nor <rfr-rg mrlr w r cqtr.Br
c{rtril 6src{t qqc6q fr6.;q <rc< Ew&re fiE{ mrrFr ${ cqql qR r qrrrqterl e<( {lfrd rl.["&q<
fuF <iRrc.t <t& scrd q mrm HElr 6TsF T{t sF r B@{i G QFIfr( {ffid q-srm frfi? <r<-{r<q
ffi5s Epffi:ffif tr$ "rmt <t&R qtft$i<Gne
1ft ctrrrt r smraq \fl{t{r+t qq Fffiq
<REIcC?fir qfE-olsf q?FFEr

"m,

ryea

Itrs-il-{& <tcqlcqTlir rlziH" q{F

I ciy{ qF Ba 6{qr? qs ?r{ | {srr{ hgt <l
"IIq',
qr$ q\0, ETcr \e <rrs Tr{r<r-fl slE rT[q *]q s.fl-s-{{ffi c.np ft+lqr<q strfi I q-a$qrcE-{ J{qffi
q1zq qfi slcw qfc{ {tq, ql(q c{Gr Efr$;r r Eqqm-w{&fcq F6l, crffflts, Ttqc e {fcTRH-?r qI[T[qq
Frd qfr${ r r<tA qf$n ,{fis {fflT :F?l E{ q?R q< i{Ic{ FF{fr, qQ <t ,rfffi{ s q-{rFri v,lrdrl
{Frrc<-d \{rcffwr rrdt q{ r Ggt, XS s ryfre er6-q{ qrqs wlce 1 qrs-{ corcq <l <t&? Bthrq :rtB{
eat 6s{
Irqlr <lEt 51sq qaqwhd frefs + mr<rF <rq
aB s fiar I q'rr{ qr{rsq
qr$
TsnF trE/{r1il, T{& <t frr fira
TGFI I a-"rR esF cl{rd"t I.f't qqfg EIF s rfts sfrq{
{r6t T<G, wa&, $q/q$r, slEI qfm r Eq:n<,c"rlqls,
6ffS, s'I{r{, Tt(rt, 6$ffift, qQ e

sls,

\516[,

fi

ffis

frffi,

wfl< errqqircrcq
qrrnir

ftrr<

q{( qTrf{, qfr,

ct&Ts[q

\e

{E rwrrq=r q+F q(.t, .qmfr q$ Tsft[q{ qmrs 116 TE, {l1'c, utfrq, ert

RcGt

$ft-flfr ctr<?fi

st[Eq{

I efi cnr r'ltt'6{t e Gsfrr{fqrffi q({

E(-<

<t(EEqrrd qm .ts-s-dt bc st't cer+ iq-qm

c{@ qq(s{-{Jrt ciloq e g'6r{ {Cf{ qT{rft

ffi

c{r<r

q(rlir{ <rft qm )q

q{.RT

vq&'04, RTfl {frK, S6llutot af e<( 6nE{-dI fi'trcrrs Eflrfl sGFr I 1a-dmtl
qrrffi
eQ
{qqll+cm {tr{ qBfi{ nq&n I otT a.{qt cqlt {H 6q, ,{ i{< EFettT iem {d+.{
T'5q ems-{ e<( {fl-{ qffl<-q{$1-{ 'tfdp F-C<-{ r sr< rd< n1.6q 6ffifiS $ .csB-t o:tt rrl-s "rt
cFtret"t rt-{q vT'ffi r .ct T{rrs fre{ s6f{ cEInr-dt frr.rs rr{ R-t {ryqqr{ ffirq-ffSr{ yf $l
{5g "ttq1"ilfi "ftfrF TtrrFr rri6q1 r eBt qt wfrq
{qqaM {ls-, ?rq{ TGt
'qfffu
at(sEcrEr qR-ott t {l{c sl{t <tcst r orfl et sl{m scfi FCE {r{d s1-1 et+t t T'rtr{ | <t(qf

{qffirffiI

q{r{

r,
I
l-

F
F

F
F

r
i

It

cqftne( T6s[q lqa ft{ Aeq I )bcQ. qrrq <t(qfcs

+-d< qtftF qt ffi.K
"rts|ql
gITl
fiir,{&rfi{ I \tr{rrfc{ {l(el
Tf& slsR vfiqt Els 6[ir I sFt qfffiFrffid
Elo-tr.,{{{l eH
.rftc ft<c l)ct cKstfr e.rq qtsql&s vt{il ft-{{ Rc{c< {tfrs qrq

snl'crfu'e

ffin

qt cri-c.K rryfi-ocq 6Er{r <t(EI q{rsrft qF qsrrpm seft ?rl(Et<r &*sr qs o-<t sta r q{\
fu fis trtqsGrs sr{It fiq fim cqrr<F-$t ilrqt <rq, {H {m r ffi rar+< qfift&, qr6n ft&,
eflffi, IFA, (+E e qsr{E ffi qrrc.t< c(Tfrr ?<fit] I qqfgte frftn ffirq< 6qt-<Fft8,
6qrw, q,lfr, ffi {rrl< fi',I qQ <t(Errm'{ r qiil q&rs q<( fiGH ryrsi c{jn EF[n[, Trfif, rff{Kl,

r.r.

BuTKfiT ffiqtwrt

qtqtcErc.t

ffi$ toira crT[q< afuqi<Ta flo o T.i qnlrh-< qdffi,. firr.i ts araGr+:rr+c<
qslg
I
ctqqrfi; ffiq< Eqq-<, ffi fiqt,{tfr,f TmB qffi<til oryrn< qrrm 116$ qrrdr ffiq

QS {c{r q{

{revrq,

qq
quk

ft{5t\e eT{ Brw{ s

CI6ffi q16fq-{

m'l;1 q@ t ({:l;t-

FSf EeCq, ?q"fn}

mfl

ffi

r( c(TG? q

{=rI{ (Way of lifel

eaF 6qrk Fr+.r{rqqr cIqTfu ftqa-qcfifrra Erg{rsFrq(< ersrfrs rEK I <t(qrm-r.Er

crBq FFt<r "ftffi's qfus'm nq re tffi-+, rfl':fifr-{' e qfl-r qvnil( wfift q+1T6tfus
FIFI qls +rr r coB rsB ffi.t 6qrq qqRr T{flEr, ffirn-rwr< qtrT Frfis cr{cr T[rr
ql,Ri qiqiiErs ;nu <Et <tra qf'1Ts-qIEErHR Frer effgR qry sff qs q?K
I
fi<r{ c<slfr T-fffi

fi<G1o ,q[Tcq

ryqNk{ fiE

,fdg

Q dqqrcq'c.F

qFfi"ilft

1a
I

qirinT 8s6l& {t{rc{ir Ffst qefi{ <rffiE I <{R"fA *

Fst<"fld{ e<( rffitrstR
fn&*
ftstB-$rt s iflffi q-q fi151 qFrqq T1.fs{ urfrm we | {ifu
aog{ csft.ir$nryrtqt qm r Frwn Ren flEqG s ?]irqM{q "K-{efF firFrfi< fi-{H
fBoqg-K rIEilftr
qT{ qclrfrF ?<fu qrn I
q<(st
qrr&-{r
e{
<rc{

ffi{

Trl"rs.qlorrf, fr'S
qbrs; qrd qrslR3

"m

{Rffi

frcvi,ft

cat-qtd

6rin-

<rl{tfta, citfu, fiB{r<r.q1, cefgrqB

qEG\5

EFr C{tF <t{, Es I

!

tr erfr qo'l

qiErChir

tqGrK tft* {{{

rm "rr<frrs em
,f

qrst{<rcq-{

qrft.t fi-ql e qom ft{r+d rcql

"fidor rme r "nfol rcrqqFr q"Rr qq1& vtt
q![&r
+{-drt@I
rc$r sr<,flfrq 6-ffin &ftq sctt ftqqqdfi< eK q'r{ fi-{rffi upr<],tgcq,
+G, lrK TrnrsFil :l-s .{rrqs clTt&-<5 flcftq-q
c"nrre r qror fr[n cfiqR vre dfrfuI{,
ffis, frfr6qn s.q;riw, TGF Wrpt-$<r ffr qiq, vm, qrcq-{
ata& qq ms<
ef6{:1 gfi e qrq ftqffid
qFrcq
quqrqs
adfi 6ry.16g{
r
<ql EFT qf* s irlir <l(Err,ET.l-{ crrq e
at1&rs esfr ESq t(ffiq r N{qE.TCTzq q-+lFr ccr.t< lT qercT{ tr@ I
<I(ETrch-rrR

fn

Affi

afrfil
:

fiCfl< "lqtr,a

R{6<-*ld

frqow{qt{

o<i

r,SffiRt Nafuro **-6 {IT[e r $frq a1(Enq"r6 5q\9_l ofilfCqr 6;r-y[q-{ ftmil
nz{r {Gr6q $6 <.zq r i+trq s*Il effii ,r*rrn wrtii s$rc{r cs6s errv(q ,
w+ ogq
\Tqrq {r{qFr v6fi c"II& s'Tsf qt<rq r qk q?F B]B
"l{J
qvIItGr
Erflt
"rq VTIfra ctft rqEI <Enrir
sil'R I EiR< {ffr--srdl, (;[rra,iq, canff qrqlq, e rr{6, <lq?i6T cr{< mdq ffi
fie EN
qnEq sqqT aql;I tRc r amfrG< 656 rlctrelk$ <lqF eft
<ry{ qrq, fu{c e wdr Ifu "me
{El&-{r aftcsrq fi<q qcfrfrrs @t "rtdoJ ornp ?qftr {Ml, con.tre, !ffi,
tr6, qrn<q{fuq qi
qwq crle-tffis (egalitarian) T{ I q {tgq Ei frg, oor
"nd-oi aa'r& r {(qrfir.Er
fr's, fra fr ffi oft< qr$ <tc +-c<r* r q mrrd-?r e,ft ft-"tqr qrr i'rir c'f@ Es .* * i *ru
{ rrqt ,ad frfrizu Oft{E erltrr, qfgt s:rst s Efrq6 Efuree "ntroi <mfe r qp1, .1.q{, T{EI
qd"qt wqq qlTqq'm <ffis r <fre qq"p1s T{n
@tac c"rmrE u$a eBr{ 'I{q ,{T-{16 cEI,i
q{
ltloGc"r6{ sr{fr r <6nrca Fnw,
s c,Fft
&fr-+ircry frrF qfr-st ilrr[e r g{-csrh e-qa qfifrru
frqil "[dor q$ft{

qqd

Qf{a1q lFrt $l-n=r crEIR cl41-qt

a6qTilco e<(frraB rr6fks q-qfu{

QE <.f

tr.'+f qq?
ccr r enfi qtrrl I
qTfift[qR q qqq

ffirr-T,fr qFt.o-i-rl cqqrsq e fi6-qw q"ftfrcoe rsfrq mtt v{ r lrrg, ts, qf<rq, cq.r{t EI<l cilrt
cerm qtCfl1'I qfcs< ffi5n {llfq q{r sil {l{- 6rc-{fr, rflq-{tqvt, 9rsl-'tFq EiTI6frs{R aarl qq|{l
;1-{ 1 qatr$Q <sftilff ffisw 6fi,
csB mE cqfre qm? q[dr$Q qFl,rjfRs Gftqar cRcf ircrq
rqd;'rnvl
fit$;
{rD-sqs-t sm fr(Rs En 6s 6fl-a erq{fu6o ffiqrrr 6*qrqffiRe qofko
onfuas crq!'qI6fi I
<isEi-rq-r'K

ErqlT erEfrffi BffiI

t'

q;PI(?BT{ E<FEfr-{l

qgrgEI I (rI:H-,I
{r{csi qfr{&s

fl

sttels qgr< qgcs

iF-GFI

!t-FI

16S1-q

E[q fir<{E

qs r fttr ftcr

qfir<tvF

,6g'{1

ara

T
I
<ICEITMT{iI TTN

<tqlrrcprc:ra {rqc rrtqTfrrqs

fg'iD rfCf< efist<t I

I
i

fr<rrr* ts'l=t Rq, ffiqrf,

**ry

t
I

ryrl

<tqslr16rm

qfi l{ fr{ d r qt r{ <tsEim TI{r<-{ TCfl

qrffi cf4&fus R-{ <4 Eafl< qlfut{
'ta c{c<F r

q-{c'ff&r .{$E Elfffrfl'f, q(r{-{

?ut"r$.qrsI[r frqe E1F 1;6 qffsqq,ql4n6+<

qBIr; qf{ qfig-iQs q-ffi frF{ \$Efd 9 qfE-<Gl fr.li?

{K.fftfu<.fq{rdftfrI r:.,,

h
i

..,.:,,:j

tr.<{ E{fd

I
I

i.-

Cq-s

!t

qqscq

qFI{.r

erufrs Rtft<-+rurcq

ltrq

qsq

ii

EGt

6W<l{'

1rr< r

q<( {frq\rfd
'ttfts qqfrqst

:i''.,tt,
:.

,.

..

Aqm ffiq frw.f? Rqcqr qmle-s qEq e }<rw q66 ql&r{

Tf-{lft frC{ c'q-e-c-{fi(<

1-<l qfqs.Il{, r({{, fr6t
qrE q-F frffi"f{ RW cfinfidaRq sr<H r qld 6c qfcs {t(4f{

Ce[:r,

cfiqqcT&? wgmt v6

ftq e qEqt ft{frq Frofr I :Tr*I&-s'q-q'rtutd e frrml

qq 1 TE{F6g 6ilE{Cq<-qt{:rc? 'FR'qt w<F

Frcn. qcr

ftc{ qrrc

fr

T-{tffiil q!a.I

t
I

cqr9

tr efi qc "tfrrg \oeIt EffiT q.[Ttc.f '|vrfr< qaFr q.rrs3r qqN firq'q{af {cfr{

rw{ qlss

qrQ 1q
e{Gfl? Uffq {qf* T{f,g'rF qqfr <tqER c{{ R{ ?rql GTtFcrcffn{ Fiffi om* e<(
rm "rr<tcs qrr6"i frfrX {cfrn {ft-xtcrs rr{F Tr{r< qNI, sl5mt{ '{<( ErqE <d'sen
,{rs't{<toi-< qlft fir{ qfcrt

h
h

h
F

<{&-TR

I-

F:
h
h

qg

<rdr-{Er E6-Erfr

I .snfr "fdfrs qRcct, qin

q-{ctfoc< q

th

h
t,
h

4f{l $( s qtr{ frtlff, qf5'E-\q6t-{, effto-E II e<c.frfl-ftkd wlerr+{ v6?e;

qfi'<ffi.q1-rq Q-fir6qr e$E UE-a qr&-R;c6q qqp5q1'l.e frefpn eHFre ?rft cqrs
qrrs Q-T, 6fr"{, ft-of{ s ffS{c{< qsFr cq{l rr{ I
om q{eqtsG

itr

E:ryqf:r

{t=rE (Way of life)

C(T&

crsa es6 \trqlsr x3q1{ E{w{ I qrqrrffiFt cqT.<l(Erd EITC{< ci(T&-s fi-{{

<{

fi

qfi-r'l

{(dTI frqrr<
EF q,EI s xlEI "rcal frfr{ Tft-fiq$, 'qfr-q|Bfu
$ffi".f qFrgs qfs-{ q<( rq1fi-s6 fi{fq sTCs ql5qq I q T5rC{ .e"IfF fi-{f,rdft

"rq6<

t{ElT EEI6<<
q-f;F6q ro$ 14il{ qrc e<Iqr<q-g
w{q$tlfr qTE ffi \x$t tcq6 q{Sqq T6g{ q<( ffi
qffift ftBftea Frfi cq'{ r ,smrt?
qgirg qr | 6{rH- q-G11-d
'tir e6t nImtft etl w1$ft Tf{ {fcrt,
fr.stoill, <rqffi qtu-{ct, Frg,.fiffi, c(fts, trqoqrd csche inqrfr'sr{qTm
{r{cs< qffi
<I'rs e|sr{ "Mrs m{I {I{ r <rt{<s qr{cfrff slrs {M mqr frt irT {rtr{ q-$F qc\o-':K
iF-6iF[ 1 ftf6;q q6{ q1M qeffd :rc$ frry<{'fmf< \raqf{ q<( ?<rrrydrs 1ry qlr<t fff<
lwtffm
qg{ qlq -r4flrfi {E-d
EFr q'ffi frr-<r{< \trr{r+t t{q[q n( arqq F-{F lffts r qlgJfrs fuEmq
qr r ftrc ftc< <tsEt slfl, qlRsl, Eo+qI, {l1Ej q<< sl\',fu <'{or[s ?rqrtt :F]qts s s'r{{KR
afrr<tvF
r

Ew:nqrft-s

tr

*r1E-+ ft<rll &e{d E-<ffi ft{-{tuflfi q{er6rf q& 619..t csq.-.t .tg.rs
wn EB-crtfts <ft+, r{slq-{ e futTtft{q e-fo r Eqrsq{q <I$t{ E{frcr{
fr'glrff qlcsl rTfc{ q'Sv{ EEftr ilers Bmt ap.t T-c( I qfir.k TtTc< c-4s{ e .hffi e-aq
Tlq"il? qltrr<-d

qqercq <lFlsr r-{.'_

ldqfr ! Eq

{lm{ EI-<I "rffi< {DTI s'[{ r sRr qftq'R scn< B-cqq \BIT, Q(r<& Frqrs tr.n{ft Tr?rFIfiR
q5q{ FR I {{(Fl.f ${ Trsqt{ qffid
1ffi +r< q<( q< fi.fi{fi qrq-m Divide and rule-(t
.
{I{rF <rslfr< Affi <1 q;rrs4 C'fi6i-{E{ +0" of-nru ft-r-rq6<
1B or< I
{Rr{rs Tqt qr{, {cf{ frEn< qrqr*r {r{{ csB frq, csE {c,Frr6r, ffieq ftq<t E$t{ ftE
qrBrrsk
ql"or q-orq eri {R6r{
r qfrffi q-<r? qsQ ffi.t- <IqqrFi-rkr
rffrre'fcq

trt(r
"tR6-s
qflqr qftnote,ss t,q[qT.t<t s-{Ik6t qfr*t q-q|q frrE ofe T'Gr {l{

EB :Ilnr{

I
\r
eI
8I
cr
.

{fr q< l1s

$ae

il'tfrs,

{(srccr.Rt

{r$,

e,flfrq

4
I
rroftTcl< *d
\rrFIrE{t T:{Cs

\xE frE sql r#

ret-o TqFrrsrl

rrqrftma.{

qFrfi,

'fIrfi

trqr{f,f,

R srFil r eilqilE

I ltafr<

S(

ft

6<RtI{? <"F<lrq-{

w{r{sl emftffi qs] Efr

q eElglaQ

ft ft {B em'{r orc<7

<rc?F[,

c(EI EI I .4 effifq {r-yqs s q?58'tg XaG< a6g

"Xefq fiffi1 6s

q(frsBw +x:

"{Ers DqF

ftrri

T-{rffi c,n{r+tfiJ
6q-Tfi-T?R, {

lrla{
q($,{
ailq-5q 1R" d
-qtFFsr{, s&'l
qrtrtEr{ qrl {
u ut+ crqp +C

c<r,Erl

b't q(TG s qsjst TC{, EE E-crqcql"B {rd+.l E-m{ T<

|

t
t\
D
a
fl,

!o t <t(Errcqrrrdorft"t rna&< e+E 1,rm+t qqr{s(

55 I a{}q{Tr<Iq <.qr yfr ft c+<tl
51 I dlqrjrrrrq-d qfi-?ltrl Eqt6t sirm ftsrr<l

qr{cT{

e w1ft
rprts'

I T{tff" c$atEls
t I s-csrfrrs1"rfff<?<FrSiEt3'+nr
e I TEFrcrsltrff<r{Frs,Ergqq-<
8 I Fre{lrnfi<f{FtSiBmq o-<
c r q&st-res-+tqtff<kFr$jBtaqm
v r rra& <qcs yfr ft
q r TE$6 q<( \tr{E'ts ltlG< TC{i
'tt{sl M{ fi
b I csFI strs <mz EqR<q qls
)

q6

tq*r.
1fr crr<n I

n r a<r{ et{t{ frflffc{cq< f{Fre, \rrrqtD-{t s-d

atr8<
amff arc ft r<nrrsr <t(Erfi-r.l-?r {r{rs< T{rff"r" t{Flti qfFrE-{ s-{
xaG< ,REI !il r Eqr$"mqq<aG s c\r-rsr{ !rc$ {tefs-rfr[lf,.|$?
c(Te <qCE Yfr ff c<f<rr <t(qfffiT.R {r{rfr c(T&:ro,rrdqfmfu-{t T.r
wtaG q"TCs ft 6{tillt{?'<t(qrcq'Hir nr1fr-o fi-{lq{ o"tu
Fr, 6ilq{, effir{ Er6{d{
qlc6[E-{l

cn-<ru

q*r&q Trs qEJ

cqE.l

{q<9f(flIE-{lT.d
acf |q{Trs[q <-crzs

6!

+.frmq

aurffi a{:
)

<rJll's

t
I

al

s*d

E|TI,r{d

lftuff

. Rs,ei
{tffis m.p{

rRTfmTllsr,${it e

aq&

la
p

q$(rl qr:qrr vcaFoTN a rF

lqiqfr , Em' qtrtks cwqfr*tq :q
Erlr {EE <tcB c{gr6o qrcB r vpi orvqm rrmo <6narrqn
F-{fts qt(ffi Trq Tto'<& rl

frtr{s{rqrtB'iV $(q{tntefurqt :
". sr*
$ $fi< 6RrE E'w-xrqfr+ cltqfiw.F t? ?rGK ryfi cnaq 'trs r frE Frc" Fm cq

gqBr"- <l(Er[qr.R q:il-ffi-ir qr{ erirq rqtr c"rrfiql e1Bcg

<I(qrccnir {r$, {:ItEr, at 1Q, QBq'q, &B'q, q'Rfl{q;FIE[g-{, {Frt&ra 1ffii rTtl[tfu-<r {.ffii|
rGqq cE{cs {rr$ I c{

ETTF.sGI c<

cfrat< tq q{rHD "rry 6*1.l q<mQ e1ry

fr ftRBt ffi"t qF r-n.Td s,r< frE F{R

qfi-s
qFil<'wl
qR
<q mr
ftq fi{rs
yqa {c-s ed r e<,R fi TNF qcwt e fi'{rr
YEq
qrF$Dql T{F EIr I
Et@< tq< frm 1fr A<nrm'n< {r{s, qffq e c(aG q-qf{ n.!Ir .i'B corco
qBs frq ser qrqrs qprq er+nt Fr< I Ttfl <Elr6F[, Cq{,
"{RA3 T{,',q Tr$rS +GqA ?q,R+ w
hfffi ?<ffi< B&s fu-r{ mrc q-*r E{ r q'IsEI {c{t : orofti,. rrtuflAr e< gvrr<
sroqa&-T ttinm n( rIIEt Eildrcu-qTqr i qil s{HE Egrilot, vl'c{frst, E{IefIEl q?F(6t <H s'GI I
{rsttffgtF{ {ftlr< <s, eKlEIv <rnfr <t rf:r rqrnr irfrri.fi{'q{r{s tqr, Brm e .{t cFtrq cfr.t-f
srrFF I d(qnk''r{{ qmrffftrs Trqffrr ?<FfS,t ${Ft etm r
oFm,
@rO
1re$ffi{ {ffi
r( srrfl r qrr qrF-st firr.m or< crqrfl T{vfi< q'fr[q e<R ({qrr{ftffi <fiqnrsr< <q<pr F-c{
' e elJrrbf :{frrs q< qF[ qql?I
T'Irfrc{rqil \{qlqT'hRrrrffipSf{ Tcg ffir6H I qtg \fl]r\e
<6rFF[, {f{c{r 6-a*qmq{fa<'ffi qqT& | ql{I(r( AfgBoe {mf&-s
rfrq {t't'fR'C<r.tr
qtm Earrs firs e<( ft+qqTqlr ${ B-{T({ {E{ st ftE Egl-{.{ qf qIfuK T-r{rE srt s'n c(T&
rr{cs( cffi, q{il&, }wc,m 6+fi- aqtQ fry{sl cu'lfi rr{cr{ qtn-{F"n, ffur-ui<qt,
E H-Frq-Tcrr, ftG-ffi,itryrrlc ffie aq*f&1qir"FqGq(a&y r
:rnq
1ffi^o frHI'
e xaft rmce r wttaF+"?<trEr Aar qs c"rfi mfsl t:<t(Erfcrrrfd wm e aqT&
"t$'f6onr
,rrfq's x<a;B, ctro qEilfi I s6r qiF qqrrqr qqTfu qqj qqlcq I&aftffi fiB .rnd qm Tr{[.t
dHq[< Ifu <rce q<( @ r qile :rcl il{rs qF rq|q e ni$ ,fR{6,Tfur r wIq frW?
srfu'F, 93ts{ <Jn{r{n <r+il-qftql, fiamntt W oracq *qT -Fs kffir-{ frq ftE frs
qrEr{-qflT <cr qrrs I qrs 6str mrln.ry{rq \e cqT&Ts 1ffi-{ qrrry rxF rg qc-{ ,a fiTCs qrd\3
,

t-

t
i

lr
h

Ftrf{

i.

ir.

pc<?
F

fb

t
li
I

?
5
T

dn llnI<

EaF{c|+ qd

a
a
F.
L
i
I

r
:

I
I

-l
D
J

EI

6)

t.

ffi

{r{ E{ q<q Ew Fmm wfqfiqn

<tqm

cqce

6fik sqt E1-{F

'

qlT<i l'

::'

't.:

1Qfra c?Fr {E{ tqRr fqffirq efrE rFtrErcq f{w F{r

rrFq {r{Srs ?qRs r{Fnsr< trsF fu-a-st-cq
Eiff'
r

frq

fiftr

TMrfu q<(T*str

q{ q<\q fr f+r

sl1 Er r qrlrryr {csl srsfr{,

r.s

q*rqftffi

Eo:nqtfr+

v{tl<r{cl-+cfi:
r, r {Ifielrt{ et{rdl t(FI Ttrfic{t{{

Tre.+t Affi-{ ?cF|t,I cf{ T-{

Anft+ 6p6* cru c{?<Fq qlF ?mt rttfl stir frqsq qfs

q${t, el{f{ am

ptrft*
Es*' frcr qrfiwfu q{tr ercr{ If{fi<

qrfi r Qtfi a{F

Tr:r q<( s'rcc? TcR-sE qqFr q{r+

1qfu 666160,

<cn : t5i3Fft{, :rptra{ q<!, Tart{

5. <H{t{ 3 q66ftsgqq <rqqrq q{r{E lpril"r, \{f6rfr-{rt s Eqjqrcu]ir fr&X q66q r xrtrfts
r 'rsflI'r<, TETffiq-{ C<Ff{
TTff. rnq qrl,_Ess e "1{ ,eFnre, ffiq-e$ eFrfl e
T-{t

1nfug

ffiflr

q{t <mrr<qF<m
r..

fllrrl ?( : 6r{{l-rl-rn flrs{ it( s{Frs

rflrgn Bq sqrqs

qrrr$

qIEI I q

wr

qIqT ffi\e<rBl

<ETI

E{ r :rrtrfiigdrT

lpnqrrq< olrra ns o,nq, <rrril rqrr6 nrnql

\r. cEI{ : sroftfiq" (EIC{E n( qFFFf c{rs ofrn qlEIft I olR< Eft ftq r qcqfftrm< ofnn
7q 6IrqI <Iqffi c{rs T(sr{ cqE qq <c{< r
Tsofrcn< cErc{R ir(<{rfl <mfft carr+ sf6qt
r

\ryernRm

"

e. crE I TFEft*rE-d c,it! q{frc

qmtfi r q{q q6aftscrr rc qdt

eflrrefi r

'nsan 6{:Fr

a. qte ; $66'ilsam

ql?F

TssfrcE-d 6lE mfa I {rFl![f,{, xruffffsfi<

?ra

qqFtg B{s, frs'{,

qEfi cslBie m
Terl{cc"r re
q<( rq t.dstscr, frB$cq< Tfrffi E6sf

\qr{rd

flfi

d?

q&-{ {fs cfu q<( +fg I wufrr.F, :[pfffi]ffi?;n+ q${EGr r <rcofrrcc< {-s
cw{;Rr Fqfi TE?ETGa rc cftfle :rs

iFn I

St

$?
Gre-{

.{qV {rflTe,
qc{ qI6F

TFtl,

qlr,W{

q-{He ,irm

ErgFf{tTs q:[

Tmft

qGF

q'E

cqrm \flaflrit f<Ffr$r<

{ffiqr
ffigg,,qr
lqqlq T-{F{

c't[scq rfrrmg
qHa <rft

{@i
Y&{u, il

qrrne

frc.F qr+.{r*,l
dq, qld
Tr{ ql'g1ril {

'

e$r q{

stgtrcrrffi
frrm qn

cqrd-

qftdryfu eftq s{Te{ i'G,f{ hfi& qlrqFqt rEt I

,' EIfi, cqfr,{ \[trs REI TGrRE I lrq +{ts ata& <Grcu T{rs ftfiTrqt q.rfi (wai of
life) r c+E rmrs qt q'{crttff{ ftfi{ti{t qcfrfiq q(il A wrffi{ xaG r Q<rrqrcrE frGX fr-{
e rltsrtoErlir

:nqf{fr,-aIp,rtfr

eil sIfr 6s nrlG <tt-lv, 1Q erof*- <frls ataB q<q qrryi'ts ar=JG I T,gtrs'
Jl(a&< {c{r y{m, carf"f.ilfr, ?vsfia fgJtfr{ tr{ Br$N.[{l'fr l qFrR q-<rEirts ara& <arcu
qE-*f

ffirS

rNrrq{ qfur<-fr.{l{, q$-TIrGrl{, Dffi-q6H-Aet{, qIEE-<Frql?

C<FtrIn
\trsq< qtqqt&rrfd qIfrq ccTGa {mf Wcanu*f lt,fi
?Firt ciFr qR I q
"tfrryC{ <f+t <t ?rrFm
Trrcolt, qn<rl 6$-{E <ttqrcc'rrr .{lqq qqT&< r&"m kFrel gra q{r{
Tfi
6SH

ffi

et{trs, <Iq4-cq'| Tre, TftqqF cq,{ r fi'nir

\ftoqq {r{I Tfr" S't< epiqEfn 6r#hq
qqgirFslcr qrqe
$q,ItqGK Efit frffiE, qrr{ Tfr qfil1p <rB{v rtFr<flql
-rrfiI+d
<rsrq I rrrre {fr e qfrE Tro r coB<r
ufit nfrs r cfiE cxftd Tla TR rqa Rrcr{ {ft
qfrF
q6sa I affis
irrGFr I
s're
sc{r
ufs
<'fr
r
c+B{t
TTm{
Tfr{ <ttrd csB coB eF-?llB {r{fl
r

{rt

qr{{qtEl-{{
qgUr{

rTr,fi&-+,

s qapal errBi

qffi
-

<c{R r cw*- qcft{frF,

fBfrs{ <t E IGr

F+f{sromq r!
qr{$ mrrffi <F$
'nTkr frrF fta
+a cq6q bf{l

6ilrl

r*rr{
crrn trcm d

qfiq

e Enr+6
IE.qq.

ffil

E{sryTq

clu,
{c& qaroq{
iEGFI I

.SW{

Trr<H

cfu

fiI(E

CIFFH

iil til {rr t

T{'F, !
F$t {dor c

rtl(Ettq'rqir

rEs s c(TB

r.1

<t E"rcqqt "rfrr,T,6sB c{IE Er+fi iFcFT I rTq, {EIrfi q<q 6il$s 6stqtls scffi 'rfrm
fiFsst T'r<Fr I rffi?t c{s{.fl:l-{rfuq? qlr q-{R <t qfu(r+ilQ (Iqt RE Tfr e"rq TR eMo qr+co
qr*F {i[.K <rEcl e umfr o1Cm r qlcq frq irqq Efu qI6< qtss, q{e st Rlt <ensR EF
sIfrT E"flir$ T{1 ry{ Ss. T.6r{ftq wFit FT{ qr<rth {cE I qrrcs fr[EH 5FR
"tlnF frfi?
?Fct mrrt il"st q*fteq I <gpss \{tr6{fu{ Q<rt erc[E {&.ftret Tl frfi{lqfd flC{ ,{H[q

f$fi{q

h
r-

i,
h
!
i

h
t

f.
L

F
r.

F
F

F
F
v

I
I

l-

fu

'rfr<dq

cm kq qq-q,{kn \rfi6st.pa, fu ?gfi frqa ffi "f69fr qc< rf {q&rs

Ts6fq s1rpn r Err< q{ \$q "ffd { {fE1 <fq $ FG CtIc{{ rycq r ffir. {r9< {f,fd:{c$Uil-c
corrffiq r frr+< Eir w<t "rlot <I 'trol sit q< c(tll @ c'rcrce
q6{o <rS6Q ,sfi {ilffiffi 'm"m fi'{ tr[q ll qftri (s:l;{ qsBt Qaral 1 qmd qriwr{'rmil
q{Hs {ffi{ qrrftq r qffiq e({rq?qqq"r@ q<(qr"-\fltIsr{ I
fiifrss, eT{

qTEt

t{Ii {tc., erc r sIrsir {pl {rs-qq&, {l+vlq, srf{{ q{uLs

q?q66H {cs(Q I
fr6.1'q !trr$.rc{, Eefrr< <t c[qrH qrq {tqq <t s?t.ts {th-"{rm'f
: uy6o, cIf6{ frq !T|{I&T \{-{ffi "nffi T{| q* r frnfs sF frc{-,t|firc Ste qq !nfr$q-{
ql r6st rI,
o.cr Eilelrls{ rFil qn r{Icrr< firr.q-\r{hrq qfFr{lr ft{ csr$tGB{'<l frrsd BGs fu
efi q{ r a1aft, Iqft? qEffi q$t cft r rf$Trtrd He <rrq I qc6 <i t qi{fuf qffi{ {$
sM s'[ir fiffi-{ "Es s]H-&{tqrd st ilAA urfu 'n$ns $rl
frrrs qfufa-wttfcq am a$1&< qsf{ rtcgcq I qf{ qlFI qsfrcr wflv-qrEH q!41 6BBfi
e w*lFB eFE nl(Fr I s[,fi, {t{. cryg qIffis.q qrt.{ lRr{ dtrfrcg qlwlqq t skle q{? ft{ffd
gIFrc aGI nq-c{ cq'{ qBEsl$a[rr<F
qrsF qTDIit{$[t.flfiq 6T{tr frcs rnqa
y;&{s,llqrcqrrEr

rrtTCTd

$<

sNEr aI'trq e frflrc rr{cq I lBfrm stGfu ,{< ffiFrg

qlsffi{,
ewl
<I Tq$R 6{sl, m-wfi e<( FIfrE urtmmq< qIfi qs'l
trtlil- cbrri[:[JF[, qrfrq
.ilftq ryqrcq <t <rftiv-rn cW fiT r cetr{flB qffi-qe1-sy6c{ RErd-\sIDlt{ 6[c-{ qfr<Ff Tr{rq
.dlc{ tfcq-d sriFr s q.r{q ircrcq iffi ctqrdqs rNR ffiq6<pq r rffi "qtfr{ q{lTg 'ttfr-I8m
s ryryr+ orcq qfi-E1 Tfr{t;1 I qr1g <Rq lp;frrq, E rmr "lft6g lfqrfu T"1 <'SFdl,
q{rcTlt
tB.eq.s fr!flGs :rttfu c6-smflr{ q<( ulft{ cqxcftr rl;tft{ flll-il'tcts {lq e :(tft{
Esi1ts *r*.rrr" q "rcrnp qfrot Trurt
sts, <tcqyg86.F qlkEtct EITA EfFfl{ {cf{ q-{flft r mfri qMe e{fr{,fr% 6flrq s fffiq
q(& qsrs ffi{t,t srfi r T{ftT$ qq&f,q, R,{fdt {ft-rd, cnsrffit eflIffivr{ qqq &fiffiq uI[,6 E"nc-d
iFGFr I qEI$ qBfi qc{r Fro frq fiq qtfu qrfi<-q$F e Esc-{fr iff,{ s'rg{ r ry<tt I q {d(
qryr6qt( e frrq-ftfrm str-\,-K rtql orq-q I FX eA '{8fu frtc qffl r{rq\e <fwn'c'f{ effiq ftffi
ltf Tl {cr {trR T{ftC qs F{l ql.II
qfrstq.t {r{s <l(qt sFrI{ T$ <r6Fr I st< qqqrg.cq <t(qt slsR EsK[l
'Id{s, <t(qEq-c.R
fir$'r "t|f$i Ersfu I rt(qt sFil Erq\e frE ftT {{rq m${- rffil, ffi: um$, *te.cIE tqtfr
ot$c,g, <l\qEErrr onft"t ff<rc{

F
F-

V-

r
I
F

t'
3

'[

TNT 66IISCE3I{{gFII {T(TB-ST<ftEJTMCE

'tb

Bw $srfr-s

q:rrqfuF

ytru,

cfl"r<nftrs Gftqw cffi-qrgr wtl t<trq curtr{

'rrv r qrftq ftEn qrrqe <nv-.i+,
cEIs[ Eriil c{trf fr-{Trffi otr rcrcq r roBfl qst'flvt smr fifrieHK rolsi rGFr r qq{r
q'csrfoflq r c{fte e erry?rfiFrs
"rn{e? Fftefite rrrcq
fr"fi, F[st, rrrDs{sl,
srfl fr{ifrs qT 6o-ns!fr r6.f{ 6gf6 s6r s;rq frf}qcf{ q-{,
vlfrc6T{

qdM

{RIqI

cfi r

''

m,

frr'n or< TI<@ a ErEq effi

T:r rr r vr< trtfil ffi e< q{Rrsf
1R c'nrce
,.

q-{ft{

c46[{et

s vG<e q<

nl-q1 1 x}qq

<rq'-{s

ffiq

E{q\5,

AqE|[n-6rK a|1q ftEfrnnaf{{'q-{'c{Ert{-irfd

Irfi

"rm9flft rfr{

qE{? frHit

qwffl, mlqiilil <I{qRAI{ C'fcrcq r<6qfcd mGs, fretq qr< 6ffi9"n-fi qq&Bs-t
1fuC"fCmn
otfrq qnlk-s o-I,Tm
ecr* qltgag af xa&a ercFr"ngre I qvp
'rryrq
ry
fr{Trq{ r {Im< rBffi B-p qrq r frrn cftd qrq , t* *So ryr E{B <r(qrcq-rk qffiq qqlq
r

xafrru q" *!ffi '1fr$ Wn r wfi

E6rRr

{I

Frw,

r inFnzftr

c'T(s'GfilCrt(8

qqrcq<

l1r+ qmrqd ,hfuqlfr

I&qlc, Aftq, {Eim{ efie

ffiq

qq:T&-r.$

qlfr.1-{{rq..r<,

Vr{

c,rrE

&ei e qcq& q.rn

Bpu*q'Tsr{ErFqX:
s r ffir+rm {gtEqlilir ctsTRr-{ rfr{urEl 6qfi

qffiq

sgl:

rTt(TFs

Er$

T{t rrm rffiI ?FRH r[Itrryt

?FiT I

'

rfife? s

EsTe rr6Ffit,?tffi{,+q

ol aFr "rfirc6{FlrFs-df qI-{ |

r 6F.r{ ch-crm

ft+r

sqr xt(T&-o rfrqurq

qffi
@

frffi? firBn grum"r 6q{ ifr{fd Fr<n e qijnl qlTre-s Wur< v-16nn qffi{
{fr1rrrr {rq ,{<i?F {frqr{, T*ff fr-{r{r qf-<ffI{ esa fr<R ffin d@ iqtft* wrstrr

flrf&-s

<ffi
'

r qR<tL-sil

-ffiq

qfiK6{aer$

frirtFgEcct qtftdt wrcut*

qiuI{-q{firq

"';iffi

ors r<ft Efr+r aHre |

cr{t rii@ r wprn<rq

e< tt3FI, vq-1fi;5as

ffie

frS

ffiF

rmffi+ im'!6 ri$ qk-+s< qfi-$t( {cE-6-{ q-rq{ r arrslfrs qfl{-$rq|{ Tr_c{fi fr-s,Iq 6q.{.
qrm r rreft&rs qfut q-{et&fiftrt qprca{ |

.q?H

q{

qcan

qfrffi a-rb r Frtla cffif,(t qffi{ qrr[q r 6rfi- Frtrs computer irir{R

ffiq

<r:fro

qIFT{ ES Til T
qlqqrft-Te=Iftr:

q.

ftfi: t

Eers-{6t

qfqcq r 6

**1qftiopfr
Eq-c<q q? qFiFt

{. {FEfi{
6rg!rcq|rr, q$f

dq$|a

wtaGo A<r+{ frfu crrc

6qiK

flffi{ m{ qrcq s.m okq ftl

r.lrr
c+qlfi
cffi
ftFrfu'
aill

fuirrg
AE

I.
(TtiI,

ffi.

C{T A

-.

FNt ftrrqe

4. arqqL<tl
<tfters c{Ffrcfi
frcqn< q'r+{ ril

<I(nf(ftilir c(T& trefi qren R Tr{F< ftfis64 q.frft( fifrA wfrq qffi{ pr6 r q:mh1
'qffi-6, qlfl&-s, rm?qBo,fr{r+d.'frra E6 EFnF? qw {q{qq {<rr qE I qft1fuE 6ry6
rtB'ftqlfi trfr,efiR rlr4gq qnl&iurrm
g-ql< <rqqK qcq r Bw.qcr{ftE qygsr
Frq
1reqtrB
\g{tq {{BE I
fifir{{F{t ffircr( E\,lIq{iA <rffisn <Frfl <fftw m{t qIrq I Tq gIfrFr,
EC*I{ Arg
I q{rfl qFrpqir ft+q {q1q qH e s"Ifftd Bq< erv=R ilrf[qr
qrrrcq | 6fret

qlvygftq s I
Ti"m,{ql;t s3[ q(

*{ra

G*I

frc

t'B

Gt{tltr

{(srcczrl-d:rEs e

xa&

tb

qsr-$Aq e qfo+ n-{l sErcq mrafu+ 6-<r{ "rffi{ q'nq r f,TG o'rl?FB rmct Ecr<1fu ,e<
fi?BI qq.r{ s!il s[6il
$. qr{{|-{ftq, : :rt(qrcqtrl{ qrqf <Rkt< q|ftels Ufu <e I ir<rsfft. e ffi{<refft t{rn
<lftkrs c{t'trcqt't, trnfr4 s 1B nafu | q< T'reI qTqIfr-<T--sfi <lgc{ r 41-q{t-,{ftrqr W {c{

ffi{,

frcqr.{< q5aE aqTB-s S"nnrq q{Eq< mr{ .n-{{c<.J T-trR I mFI, c'tFH.GF fier-{-gr
qrlrt-{ ErF {t
r frcq.ft q.FBclEft \$'tt(e I e<r* $nro frg, q6rI krqT.i <qslfi qcq

fiq

qT{qrft-ir-s[A<

$$rl ft{r+d

"tc[

frBS <r<{681-sfft rfflrq-{ {cq

{. FITI'. 95 firq;q sril CqTrm {< {.Wfqir q<t6 q$l CqrK qt[< qrcq r frFi< ftq"-Ei
B,rfi"i qlrycq I cqrfi Tr{r e <tr< FrH q'qrffi {t{rc{ wA&< frGX C"ffq-lq qr qsqc{Co qqr
q< ,{Tfr ErH"lqtfl arr"t ftTI IG, Fffi
ur5q fuq-{ 5ts FGtr,r \Tltlc< ixqrylvs.. ft{c+r
E"r{"t q< qE|.{ qqfi

ffi

{ffi

{REf{-{ sfrsqrl q{q(rtrt : {(qlCE t qftq q<k aE 3ryqd{t{ Efm CqrK q-{{fg< qs6
SF.&strB q$ cqr.r< $f< ofq e-rcs fiq{ r qr{rs :qIfurc< Tr<Iq,.E{cs {fm{ | qrs
c'6{q{F s qffi-6 rym 't& 1ft "fm, AIqqIEK {r"{ qffi.qfm, sfm{ orl,qn EqIl q-q
-q{r<i{ s-cE ql(TF+ r{rd sr ffi o1frafia q16q
c. ffgt e "rrr1frr+ 6{trtEql't , qrsdrfuo frfrA qwrcq qnrrch< cqrr< mq-{r mrr< <rtr<
c?r{t{-{lr qq.t fi-(q{ | cE'rfi a1Q-6 6r66s {lrst:[c$ \{Hrs qm'fi c{H-65 qFicq{ ,,q9q qFfi{Er
q-<-fiEl q.frft< '
e frfu {t(TCs nfu" cq'{[ Tfcq I qr< c{tfim'{ lt\5mrrs? ntryc{ ,{s cfi.k
ftq frq fi-s q+l rqrq or c<Ft "1fu <l sI s'F cl(T&-s fta61 tRra5{ \rrn
s. qq.t : fisfr5amq EF{dT{? q-fl q*'{6t erB rrigTr ft1s rt<ir r fr&-{ cE-m ilil {{m{
ri{ftr qr{ TIT{r{ qr{.E s'r{ | qNrfi-?r crrq< q{fi{K(cBr effi'qct $4" frffi mIIt q{c{ {r{
fir6qq Grrs qcirs qrqT.t srcct qrrfi r ,s\,-rr{ s:rcfi {tqr6{ ,{$
Ttm. c(,TB{ fuE"rnn w{J
rt.

rqrcqo,rr<Fr

$s<*

, <6q|q {rtt {6f$Vrl-< frBg m-q {(TB-s \ilq'|;t qEfr{, qr$ q1;lIF qFIf<
6q6, 6;q-fr6p e.eqft q:qrd vrr+<. qqq qqrfi frrt< EfroI irq{ ffifq | 6{frs, ffi,
ffi, 6qEr (sFr, "r6-{frrot ffi< q{R lDH aqaBe ft<aqv 1ffinnxfta
q" fr'{tr{ :.\{l<fro $t frtlsrq<:{ft I qf{il utt <t 4t Ut, ..q< elvf< EF-{'6. + o&{iFs sR
ccrrs, kFXs \B:TlE-{rq c?rrs qtfiil frq Q r fr{frr+<' eQ.{c{ xtr:1t'm
6{FF {t csH ffi
t{r.rr m E,fffi{ qr {{rq cerr{ qfl qfiH frref{ slE <<Iq I qsrr{ <l(qrrq-c'rd cl(TBs
r<C{ "ftr.6l qr+pr<{rs-{ s{r<ft qtrot c{RI Ea{R
um
B"ns qnqtGg frfr{ o.rrcq <r(ryrq-rfir cr(Tko ffTc-d< frfu{ qwrcq <l c<Ft tffi
D. rt [d{FI

cilwq

{r{ <I?rF qGr, aqT&s qffica<:qfum q'FKI m{ q:rfm< fiqe WEfrt, frsi{ sl'fl e
aia&, &fuq e:Jitrc<t( <t qmlcrm qTil rretq', tt qtlrcE-< "rfrE]rrs rrit <rRI sl mr EIkc{ aI
ffi uIirfl sffi erqq <,-fi, {qfr q{' r qq{RE{ G.{ Vrq ql $q r EB qr Cso fi-qcq< Frog
s5q

eo

Bw.

{. FnE EXtlfaTI? Effi ET

ffi

e{rq a'nffa fiq fr'l

6fi (Race) <l T'frff <TF Efr fr r++r
g
fi<58-+ qTgI qftil T'Ire{g ?<ffi-,< Flq YfiTl qrrq ftl 4(E" {(T&-s.qsgF

tl

E"m-{firrffF qgr< ss+rfr

<cq

r <tcEfcqtf{ q={Crtlff< pffetfu

,e

fl$fi-t' c{rqfrqr{

<t(q1gq1fi q1fle-s 6<Cq

a'r

Pfr qc{ s<? Eqr$q

qfiuT

{efr6 FFE

fu lfrt* *

qF

[ ftl

qtiAID-{t' <t{

{Trc Eq-<!P-t1-s qlTfud'efsp s sls'ld<fi$l

<1frffi.cd

s<

(MCQ)

r qlcqrcqfi esF@orskTlx @qtB<;rnq, @atafr<m

I r or{ (Garn) frtfoXto otB <ryB {R'qrK frq 55sq7
@'aE
@ uE
@ qfr

dAry

"rlftn

liaG'

Ot-m

fi"INf

<-{rcq

@ lofr

(E-{l sGFi?
Ettcq es <l8q q< mE|e (Tribes and Castes of Bengal; crqiE Co
@ R'qra
@ Tdl;rrr<c{ @
@
"Our cuulture is what we are,.our civilization is'what we use" "Slffit {t 644?
qFriil <t {,{qrd <R sr cslsl-- Effi eml
@ ffo'E-q<
@
@
@

@T*ft<qm

r :rroffifs grnfir.o ?F.l-sE I i<W +-<t sml

@ {ru srrt
@ un orct
@ frq s'rcE
@ Gsrc{
qr6l qaB ryq elgrs
s I frct .lstQ" cfit{ {ril Trtff Terr6 ffcl.{cft sry wfi 6{11 1"nff

<FRfd TflrCE{?

C$rrfir{s1ttff

crfiFGil, qrce{Isi,

qt,EGsTfle O In"rfrI['Ire

irca rrcqr{ eEc{di 6sr{

'Hereditary genius'qq6<

.@

sdpffiqs

"ut1&

<ce

{E

Ttf-"t

<l

d?FG<

$6qffif
)lr{

@offi'ffi

T'it-

} a{Fm "rildq

$\ee+,"-

+rE-e<
)o r ,sFsrqKI CrFIcIroK qtffil
@ q"m.r<
@ q[6aTF
@

l{<.rfl,
c<il

"l{o6"
qs{t

qesr, etffiv

"fi$tq{[{I6t

$rr{dfrerftl

@ry-

@*",.'ft

r-e-E

st{r

@ $tRB qm-dr-qn @ sr?s

"ntrtfiEfifi(

cE-ql

@ E-s< qrnfr''{t s'ft5ar5g(

ltft

\, lg

8lq

crq

vtiF

lttl

brq

ar{ l)ot!