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    A history of Spain by Raymond Carr. It focuses in the monarchies.

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    Spain a History

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    A history of Spain by Raymond Carr. It focuses in the monarchies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    618 visualizzazioni43 pagine

    Spain A History

    Caricato da

    jlopez454
    A history of Spain by Raymond Carr. It focuses in the monarchies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    di 43
    A HISTORY RAYMOND CARR, OXFORD CONTENTS nt of Contributors Introduction RAYMOND CARR Prehistoric and Roman Spain ACTOFEAR Visigothic Spain, 4og-711 ROGER COLLINS ‘The Early Middle Ages, 700-1250 [RICHARD FLETCHER ‘The Late Middle Ages, 1250-1500 ANGUS MACKAY ‘The tmprobable Empire FELIPE FERNANDEZ-ARMESTO + Vicissitudes of a World Power, 1500-1700 Flow and Ebb, 1700-1833 RICHARD HERR. Liberalism and Reaction, 1833-1931 RAYMOND CARR Spain from 1931 to the Present SEBASTIAN BALFOUR 2 9° 6 152 Oey 243 vi CONTENTS Further Reading Chronology Hiusiration Sources Index LIST OF COLOUR PLATES Siac psee Mosaic fom the tomb of Optimus (tied century) Mosca Nacional Arguedlogc de Tarragona 4 Votive crown of King Reccesuinth (seventh century) Muszo Agueolieo Nacionl Madrid 5s “The Creat Mosque of Cordoba (eighth century) ronan 86 a Virgen dels Reyes Caicos Painting on wood, Anon Rights Resereed ©” Muico Nacion fof the Catholic Sovereigns) ispano-Flamenca), 149° Prado, Madeid| ’r ‘Aran in honour of Charles Va the castle of Torys 1544. bby Lucas Cranach RightsReserved «° Musco Nacional del Prado, Madrid 182 The Crockery Vendor, by Francisco Goya, (778 RightsReserved ° Museo Nacional del Prado, Made 183 Poster celebrating the proclamation of the Second Republic, 1931 ag Cass Balls, Barcclona (1964-6), architect Antoni Gaudi Paul Rafery/Atc a5 LIST OF MAPS and Roman Spain Medieval Spain Modern Spain LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS STIAN BALFOUR Reader and Assistant Director of the Canada Blanch re for Contemporary Spanish Studies at the London School of Economics RAYMOND CARR. Former Warden of St Antony's College, Oxford JER COLLINS University of Edinburgh 1 Lecturer in Classes, University of Manchester 1 FERNANDEZ-ARMESTO. Member ofthe Modern History Faculty, Uni ty of Oxford, and Union Pacific Visiting Professor atthe University of Minnesota NIGHARD FLETCHER Professor of History, University of York ICHARD HERR. Professor of History Emeritus at the University of California at Betkeley MuNaY KAMEN Professor, Council for Higher Scientific Research, Barcelona ANGUS MACKAY. University of Edinburgh 172 HENRY KAMEN 7 Flowand Ebb 1700-1833, RICHARD HERR ing role in the experience of western civilization HE history of Spain under the first five Bourbon monarchs — erdinand VI (1746-59). Charles HL relative splendour of the reign of Charles Itt, Thereafter the wars, pas- ions, and suffering introduced by the French Revolution and the imper- fons of Napolcon Bonaparte consumed the country, brought on st experiments with democratic monarchy, and led tothe loss of Flow ‘When Philip, duke of Anjou, accepted the realms of the Spanish monar- -doon him by the will of Charles II, he had to defend bis claim 1¢ Habsburgs of Vienna, who could not brook the transfer of the main part of the family estate to the grandson of tl XIV. The leading elements of Castile ratlied aroun: hope to preserve intact Europe ’ counterparts in ly accepted hi when war began they transferred ance to the pre les, for they Feared Phil inand the Netherlands and gal, who feared possible dynastic union of Spain and ly the support of France. Philip was twice driven fhnsen tool peta inert the rowmet Faron 17s wicuat ips or crews as pod r pin protected ils position, for F Joss of Florida. (Spain would return Li point. Afier 1748 Brita Spain's wars were fo sd the Spanish forces. er operations. ey recaptured Menorea and Florida in bri Spain’s wars were fought to defend Gibraltar and Menotes The Bourbon roles ‘but they recaptured Menorca and Florida in briefer operations. 176 RICHARD HERR id them from wartime his would not recur, lencia, reducing these tice, and form of gov- ue fueros of Aragon and laws of C: the added provis language ust be used in all levels of justice. The Cortes of these tained thet fueros. Vhese cause: but would be a thorn in the si Basque and Nava the parlements and pr Louis XIV. The government of Cas to make it more effective. PI FLOW AND EBS 177 became purely honorific. n his way the eighteenth-centuryculers paved the way fora contemporary suture of overement fas how to strengthen the nal competitors for coin reed from the fuerosof the kingdoms of ded FLOW AND E88 179 the Jesuits, became knowin as Jansenists afier the Prench group, papacy had condemned, The issues were fought out im Spain as they were elsewhere, The Spanish Jansenists objected to ornate church embelish- were deported, of Spain'sbsshops, ae As Ho RICHARD HERR course banned the works of the ie, Rousseau, and others, yet FLOW AND EBs 181 c founding of similar bodies in Madrid a puin and America. The mo: the Economie 4, did much for cheir regions, publicizing new 's holding public mi , ests, and aristocrats rubbed elbows ings, and Charles Ill ordered the society of Madrid to admis is Spanish women headed commercial the inclusion of women in a chartered ‘apestey al agents to 186 RICHARD HERR ‘these ports to trade with all colonies in America except Mexico, which re- mained the preserve of Cadiz until 789. Spain and its empire were pro- smpting, to protect itself through Spanish ports were of colonies spurred a growth of domestic industries. The Basque provinces were turning out iron and ‘copper wares, Valencia was known for and the traditional Cata- Barcelona also responded -gant cotton cloths by estab- ce driving the economy was court and government, of abser tions. Unlike other European capital ‘The government to improve the economy of Castile. Reflecting French it created a number of royal factories to pro- es for foreign luxury goods, notably porcelains, fine woollens in the hope 1 ‘Spanish woo! woven i easy access to the sea. Here grain prices fluctuated sharply depending on the impact of the weather on harvests. In the peripheral regions ‘were part of the western maritime economy. could be fed by grain from France, Sicily, and North Africa at world prices, and the FLOW AND EBB 187 Mediterranean coast exported wines, nuts, and dried jorthern nineteenth-century politics: the underdeveloped interior; oligarchic, agrarian Andalusia; and the prosperous periphery ofthe north and east. ‘of most active reform ended after a brief six years. The ‘count of Aranda aroused the ire of the king, removed him from the presidency of the Council ted him ambassador to Versailles. The reformers jn protector, and Olavide became the sacrificial who resented his university reforms and strict control of inthe agricultural colonies denounced him to the Inquisition. The Holy Office arrested him, and after keeping him two ‘years in prison in 1778 pronounced him guilty of heresy, in penitemt's garb, on his knees with a taper in his hands, before an audience of royal offical, aristocrats, and Clerics. Although sentenced to eight years confinement, Olavide soon escaped to France, apparently with the con- fhe sympathetic Inquisitor-General. France gave him a hero's, ig also made Campomanes a count and raised him to governor of the Council of Cas 11 took Floridablanca into ‘ordered the various royal cy. This Supreme Junta inet and gave Floridablanca idablanca and Campomanes dominated the last years of Charles III's reign. They continued to support reform and ightened thought, but without the aggressiveness of ich harvest from seeds brought on a decade of economic pro ture supplied growing demands in Spi chica and ebro Tho mana of 76 fecing th the Indies FLOW AND BR 189 ciety; Tomas de Iriarte, poet and playwright critical of the values of the e much sought-after young poet and court judge, a protégé of Campomanes and former Juan Melendez poet of the century, whose social philosophy esa the University of Salamanca, and who ic duty and enlightened virtue. ions of Don Quixote, El Cid in economy, Periodical beyond the main cities to priests, not away in provincial towns. Luis Cafiuelo voiced the thought of 4s and economists through biting satie in EI Cewsor (1781 Val- is publicized the lat J news from abroad. cultured Spaniards would experience nostalgia 1g of progress, and the intellectual ferment that years of Charles Il. Crabbed clerics and refractory royal reforms, but no one openly resisted a respected rem the vast majority continued as ever earning their jous festivals and 1s of passage, and experiencing the joys, the rivalries, and the atalan weavers, Valencian shepherds, Andalusian rural 1s, potters, spinners, widows everywhere. TV has gone down in history as the inept successor to his father. n character, he does not deserve this harsh judgement. ies seriously and had a strong concern for the He took his respor PLOW AND E88 191 an upstart in th IV kept Floridablanca at the head government. Author and the news from France of a self-proclaimed Europeans, came to suspect act he stopped the publication of periodical journals, and and Jovel 1s of reform, removed from their key pos however, the French tide overwhelmed ious about the security of his throne, pressed his Spanish cousin to state publicly his approval of the new French cot chy. In February 1792 Charles IV responded by dismissing ishing the Junta of State that he had con- to support the ly made a grandee. Ara .. whom they accused of making him 192 RICHARD HERR ‘Godoy's first major challenge came ftom France. The French Conven tion, afer executing Louis XVI in January 1793, anticipated the res ‘of Spain and Britain by decta fought at both ends of the Pyr lowed in 1794-5 by French invasions of C: regions organized their own dete evacuation of northern Spain. Charles IV rewarded Godoy < of the Peace’. Two years later he permitted Godoy to marry m cousin, a mark of great favout. 1804. Seldom have wars that saw little open conflict been so disastrous for country. The British navy cut off most trade between Spain and America, ts The cotton industry FLOW AND EBB 193 ican Independence, of issuing interest-bearing notes called vales reales that circulated as legal tender. After 1793 Charles 1V issued new wales rales in larger and larger quantities. The public rapidly lost faith in them and ex- changed them well below face value. The king and his advisers were racked by the knowledge that royal bankruptcy had brought on the hi leaving others to find a solution to the fiscal secretary of finance, Miguel Cayetano Sol icy of profound consequences. In 1795 Jovellanos finished a report on agrarian nomic Society of Madrid. His Informe en el expediente de ley he masterpiece of the Spanish Enlighten responded to ‘occupation of Chatles II's reformers: the negative impact on ‘agricultural production of the vast properties in ental ofthe church and aristocracy. Jovellanos admired Adam Smith, and he argued that entail should be relaxed, if not abolished. The free play of the market would ‘give efficient small farmers control of the land and it would flourish, Jovellanos pushed to its logical end the notion of economic freedom that hhad marked Cl teforms and tied it to the small-farmer ideal Here in one theoretical framework were united the germs of liberal eco- ‘nomics and liberal democracy: The nineteenth century would show that they were unnatural bedfellows, for freeing the land market would benefit capitalist landholders more than smallholders. Spain's eighteenth century reformers, however, ignorant of the future, saw no inconsistency in the two aims, ‘These arguments provided Soler September 1798 the king decreed t the hands of the church that supported hh ‘one-seventh of the properties directly owned by churches an gious orders. The king also gave owners of mayorzgos permission to sell properties, but the response was very modest. The proceeds of all sales redeeming the vales rele, while the Crown would and buildings, perhaps a sixth of the 3d by the church, had passed into private hands. Persons id gain from ecclesiastical disentail, and those with mayorazgos—were discovering al property. The process did not alter the property who resisted social reforms it flourished. Spaniards the benefits of free mar 194 RICHARD HERR social structure much, but it gave a chance for enterprising individuals of iests, and royal counsellors, to merchants, iequire land and buildings, thus encouraging, ‘economic development. However, it angered conservative clergy, shred ded the safety net of the poor, and established a precedent for later bank- rupt governments, ‘Acts of God added to the monarchy’s problems. Yellow fever, which ‘was sweeping though the West Indies, reached Cadiz in 1800 and spread spirit of Godoy’s government. The Amigos del Pais resumed their activities, Spanish letters continued to flourish, headed now by Quintana and Leandro Fernandez de Moratin. New critical journals came forth. In 1797 the Semanario de agricultra y artes di rgido alos pérocos, carrying useful information on farming and crais that parish priests could disseminate. Not even Campomanes had conceived 50 obvious a way to spread the light. ressionable, and not too bright, became the involved the remnants of Aranda’s party hey spread the story that the queen and her iminate Ferdinand and become rulers afier the appeared a incompetent to run his country. ‘Across the Pyrenees Napoleon, now Emperor of the French, anxious as always to squeeze as much as he could out of his Spanish ally, decided to exploit the dissensions in the Spanish court. He lent a symy toapproaches from both parties. In November 1806 Godoy negotiated a treaty with France to undertake the conquest of Portugal, with a share for himself. On his side Ferdinand responded favourably to Napoleon's confidential suggestion that he ask for the hand of a Bonaparte princess. FLOW AND EBB 195 Manuel Godoy, Prince of the Peace, wa ever the object of stories that he rose vo power lve of Queen Mar as. Rumours held that th ro planed to make Codoy furure Ferdinand VII, to be copied and distributed in taverns and ‘Que Doy’s) dream of a crown. A sexual corruption that emies, brought disredit 1 the in Spain the royal heir worked usage maker). Maria Luss reputed ad ‘Marie Antoinette of France was accused of by he int French-Spanish army the Portuguese royal ly over, yt French troops con- inued to enter Spain. Spaniards were suspicious, but rumours had it that they were coming to save Ferdinand ftom Godoy. Godoy, with the royal family at Aranjuez, suspected treachery when the French approached Madrid, but before he could act, Ferdinand’s associates incited a riot against him on the night of 7 March 1808. Godoy was discovered after 196 RICHARD HERR ‘wo nights in hiding, and King Charles, demoralized and fearing for the life of his favourite, abdicated in favour of Ferdinand. ‘The motin of Aranjuez marked the end of the Old Regime in Spain. At the news, crowds in Madrid celebrated by sacking the houses of Godoy and his relatives. All across the country people rejoiced on learning of the accession of Ferdinand ef Deseado (the Desired One’). The popular cele~ bration was the fruit of years land disaster that had discredited the court and awakened an interest in national e of the population Charles IV soon regretted his hasty abdication and declared it null, a8 signed under duress. By now French troops had occupied Madrid and Barcelona and were spreading out through northern Spain. Both claimants realized that Napoleon's support would determine who kept the Crown. With a plot hatching in his mind, Napoleon invited Ferdin- and to Bayonne in France, and had French troops bring Charles, Maria Luisa, and Godoy to the same place. ‘When Napoleon had both clai Ferdinand into returning the itto Napoleon, convinced that this was ng wide sectors ‘name of Ferdinand VII. By June all unoccupied Spain was mobilizing for wat Joseph Bonaparte, donning the mantle of an enlightened reformer, ‘urged his new subjects to reject the senseless acts ofa common rabble, and FLOW AND ENB 197 indeed the demonstrations frightened people of the better sort. Where French troops were in control many Spaniards co-operated with Joseph, former creatures of Godoy who sought to save their skins, believers in calightened royal authority, but mostly simple persons trained to accept royal orders who saw no purpose in resistance. They became known as

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