LATEX Mathematical Symbols

The more unusual symbols are not defined in base LATEX (NFSS) and require \usepackage{amssymb}

Greek and Hebrew letters

\alpha
\beta
\chi
\delta
\epsilon
\eta
\gamma
\iota

o
!

\psi
\rho
\sigma
\tau
\theta
\upsilon
\xi
\zeta

z
"
{
'
$
%
&
#

\digamma
\varepsilon
\varkappa
\varphi
\varpi
\varrho
\varsigma
\vartheta

LATEX math constructs

abc
xyz
0

f
p
abc
p
n
abc

\kappa
\lambda
\mu
\nu
o
\omega
\phi
\pi

\frac{abc}{xyz}

abc

\overline{abc}

abc

\underline{abc}

\sqrt{abc}
\sqrt[n]{abc}

c
abc
f
abc

\widehat{abc}
\widetilde{abc}

|
\vert
\|
\Vert

{
}
h
i

\{
\}
\langle
\rangle

b
c
d
e

\lfloor
\rfloor
\lceil
\rceil

/
\
[
]

!
abc
abc
z}|{
abc
abc
|{z}

Delimiters
|
|
k
k

/
\backslash
[
]

*
"
+
#

\Delta
\Gamma
\Lambda
\Omega
\Phi
\Pi
\Psi
\Sigma

\Theta
\Upsilon
\Xi

@
i
k
j

\aleph
\beth
\daleth
\gimel

\overrightarrow{abc}
\overleftarrow{abc}
\overbrace{abc}
\underbrace{abc}

\Uparrow
\uparrow
\Downarrow
\downarrow

x
y
p
q

\llcorner
\lrcorner
\ulcorner
\urcorner

Use the pair \lefts1 and \rights2 to match height of delimiters s1 and s2 to the height of their contents, e.g.,
\left| expr \right|
\left\{ expr \right\}
\left\Vert expr \right.

Variable-sized symbols (displayed formulae show larger version)

P
Q
`

\sum
\prod
\coprod

R
H
RR

\int
\oint
\iint

U
T
S

\biguplus
\bigcap
\bigcup

L
N
J

\bigoplus
\bigotimes
\bigodot

W
V
F

\bigvee
\bigwedge
\bigsqcup

Standard Function Names

Function names should appear in Roman, not Italic, e.g.,

arccos
cos
csc
exp
ker
lim sup
min
sinh

\arccos
\cos
\csc
\exp
\ker
\limsup
\min
\sinh

arcsin
cosh
deg
gcd
lg
ln
Pr
sup

\arcsin
\cosh
\deg
\gcd
\lg
\ln
\Pr
\sup

Correct:
Incorrect:
arctan
cot
det
hom
lim
log
sec
tan

\tan(at-n\pi) ! tan(at
tan(at-n\pi) ! tan(at

\arctan
\cot
\det
\hom
\lim
\log
\sec
\tan

arg
coth
dim
inf
lim inf
max
sin
tanh

\arg
\coth
\dim
\inf
\liminf
\max
\sin
\tanh

n)
n)

Binary Operation/Relation Symbols

\ast
\star
\cdot
\circ
\bullet
\bigcirc
\diamond
\times
\div
\centerdot
\circledast
\circledcirc
\circleddash
\dotplus
\divideontimes

=
6
=

'

.
=
/
|=

\equiv
\cong
\neq
\sim
\simeq
\approx
\asymp
\doteq
\propto
\models

u
s
v
w
,
$
l
m
+
t
;
:
_
)
*
P
6
=

\approxeq
\thicksim
\backsim
\backsimeq
\triangleq
\circeq
\bumpeq
\Bumpeq
\doteqdot
\thickapprox
\fallingdotseq
\risingdotseq
\varpropto
\therefore
\because
\eqcirc
\neq

5
6
/
n
l
.
0
w
b
j
@
4
2
J
E
C

\leqq
\leqslant
\lessapprox
\lll
\lessdot
\lesssim
\eqslantless
\precsim
\precapprox
\Subset
\subseteqq
\sqsubset
\preccurlyeq
\curlyeqprec
\blacktriangleleft
\trianglelefteq
\vartriangleleft

\ncong
\nmid
\nparallel
\nshortmid
\nshortparallel
\nsim
\nVDash
\nvDash
\nvdash
\ntriangleleft
\ntrianglelefteq
\ntriangleright
\ntrianglerighteq

\nleq
\nleqq
\nleqslant
\nless
\nprec
\npreceq
\precnapprox
\precnsim
\lnapprox
\lneq
\lneqq
\lnsim
\lvertneqq

~
}

u
>

,
.
/

3
2
0
6
5
7
4

@
v
a
2

\pm
\mp
\amalg
\odot
\ominus
\oplus
\oslash
\otimes
\wr
\Box
\boxplus
\boxminus
\boxtimes
\boxdot
\square
\leq
\prec
\preceq
\ll
\subset
\subseteq
\sqsubset
\sqsubseteq
\dashv
\in

\cap
\cup
\uplus
\sqcap
\sqcup
\wedge
\vee
\dagger
\ddagger
\barwedge
\curlywedge
\Cap
\bot
\intercal
\doublebarwedge

C
B
/
.
E
D
5
4
\
Y
g
d
>
i
h

\lhd
\rhd
\triangleleft
\triangleright
\unlhd
\unrhd
\bigtriangledown
\bigtriangleup
\setminus
\veebar
\curlyvee
\Cup
\top
\rightthreetimes
\leftthreetimes

\geq
\succ
\succeq
\gg
\supset
\supseteq
\sqsupset
\sqsupseteq
\vdash
\ni

?
|
k
./
o
n
n
o
^
_
2
/

\perp
\mid
\parallel
\bowtie
\Join
\ltimes
\rtimes
\smile
\frown
\notin

=
>
'
o
m
&
1
%
v
c
k
A
<
3
I
D
B

\geqq
\geqslant
\gtrapprox
\ggg
\gtrdot
\gtrsim
\eqslantgtr
\succsim
\succapprox
\Supset
\supseteqq
\sqsupset
\succcurlyeq
\curlyeqsucc
\blacktriangleright
\trianglerighteq
\vartriangleright

7
Q
S
T
R
?

G
t
p
a
`

\lessgtr
\lesseqgtr
\lesseqqgtr
\gtreqqless
\gtreqless
\gtrless
\backepsilon
\between
\pitchfork
\shortmid
\smallfrown
\smallsmile
\Vdash
\vDash
\Vvdash
\shortparallel
\nshortparallel

\ngeq
\ngeqq
\ngeqslant
\ngtr
\nsucc
\nsucceq
\succnapprox
\succnsim
\gnapprox
\gneq
\gneqq
\gnsim
\gvertneqq

*
+
"
#
(
)
$
%

\
[
]
u
t
^
_

Z
f
e
?
|
[

A
w
`
3

q
/

!
&
'

\nsubseteq
\nsupseteq
\nsubseteqq
\nsupseteqq
\subsetneq
\supsetneq
\subsetneqq
\supsetneqq
\varsubsetneq
\varsupsetneq
\varsubsetneqq
\varsupsetneqq

Arrow symbols
(
!
)
$
,

\longleftarrow
\Longleftarrow
\longrightarrow
\Longrightarrow
\longleftrightarrow
\Longleftrightarrow

"
*
#
+
l
m

\uparrow
\Uparrow
\downarrow
\Downarrow
\updownarrow
\Updownarrow

\mapsto
\hookleftarrow
\leftharpoonup
\leftharpoondown
\rightleftharpoons

7 !
,!
*
+

\longmapsto
\hookrightarrow
\rightharpoonup
\rightharpoondown
\leadsto

%
&
.
-

\nearrow
\searrow
\swarrow
\nwarrow

99K

L99
W
"

\dashleftarrow
\Lleftarrow
\looparrowleft
\circlearrowleft
\upharpoonleft
\leftrightsquigarrow
\rightrightarrows
\rightarrowtail
\curvearrowright
\downdownarrows
\rightsquigarrow

\dashrightarrow
\leftrightarrows
\leftarrowtail
\curvearrowleft
\upuparrows
\multimap
\rightleftarrows
\twoheadrightarrow
\rightleftharpoons
\Rsh
\downharpoonright

\leftleftarrows
\twoheadleftarrow
\leftrightharpoons
\Lsh
\downharpoonleft
\rightrightarrows
\rightleftarrows
\looparrowright
\circlearrowright
\upharpoonright

8
;

\nleftarrow
\nRightarrow

9
=

\nrightarrow
\nleftrightarrow

:
<

\nLeftarrow
\nLeftrightarrow

}
\
]
^
{
O
4
M

\wp
\angle
\measuredangle
\sphericalangle
\complement
\triangledown
\triangle
\vartriangle
\blacklozenge

Miscellaneous symbols
1
r
@
g
|
}
~


..
.
...
..
.
=
<

(=
!
=)
!
()

7!
(
)

\leftarrow
\Leftarrow
\rightarrow
\Rightarrow
\leftrightarrow
\Leftrightarrow

\infty
\nabla
\partial
\eth
\clubsuit
\diamondsuit
\heartsuit
\spadesuit
\cdots

8
9
@
;
?

|
`
RRRR
RRR
RR

\vdots
\ldots
\ddots
\Im
\Re

]
[
\

\forall
\exists
\nexists
\emptyset
\varnothing
\imath
\jmath
\ell
\iiiint

k
F

`
a
~
}

\Bbbk
\bigstar
\diagdown
\diagup
\Diamond
\Finv
\Game
\hbar
\hslash

\iiint
\iint

\lozenge
\mho

\blacksquare
\blacktriangle

\sharp
\flat
\natural

\prime
\square
\surd

H
8
s

\blacktrinagledown
\backprime
\circledS

Math mode accents

a

\acute{a}

\bar{a}

\breve{a}

\check{a}

\ddot{a}

\dot{a}

a
`

\grave{a}

\hat{a}

\tilde{a}

~a

\vec{a}

A
A
`
A`
A

\Acute{\Acute{A}}
\Breve{\Breve{A}}
\Ddot{\Ddot{A}}
\Grave{\Grave{A}}
\Tilde{\Tilde{A}}

A
A
A

A
~~
A

\Bar{\Bar{A}}
\Check{\Check{A}}
\Dot{\Dot{A}}
\Hat{\Hat{A}}
\Vec{\Vec{A}}

10

Array environment, examples

Simplest version:
\begin{array}{cols} row1 \\ row2 \\ . . . rowm \end{array}
where cols includes one character [lrc] for each column (with optional characters | inserted for vertical lines)
and rowj includes character & a total of (n 1) times to separate the n elements in the row. Examples:
\left( \begin{array}{cc} 2\tau & 7\phi-frac5{12} \\
3\psi & \frac{\pi}8 \end{array} \right)
\left( \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right)
\mbox{~and~} \left[ \begin{array}{cc|r}
3 & 4 & 5 \\ 1 & 3 & 729 \end{array} \right]

f(z) =
\left\{ \begin{array}{rcl}
\overline{\overline{z^2}+\cos z} & \mbox{for}
& |z|<3 \\ 0 & \mbox{for} & 3\leq|z|\leq5 \\
\sin\overline{z} & \mbox{for} & |z|>5
\end{array}\right.

11

2
3

5
12

x
y

and

3 4
5
1 3 729

8
< z 2 + cos z for |z| < 3
f (z) =
0 for 3 |z| 5
:
sin z for |z| > 5

Other Styles (math mode only)

Caligraphic letters: $\mathcal{A}$ etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Mathbb letters: $\mathbb{A}$ etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Mathfrak letters: $\mathfrak{A}$ etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c 1 2 3

Math Sans serif letters: $\mathsf{A}$ etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c 1 2 3
Math bold letters: $\mathbf{A}$ etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c 1 2 3
Math bold italic letters: define \def\mathbi#1{\textbf{\em #1}}
then use $\mathbi{A}$ etc.:
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abc 123

12

Font sizes

Math Mode:

Text Mode:

13

f
f

(x

xa ) dx

${\displaystyle \int f^{-1}(x-x_a)\,dx}$

(x
1

xa ) dx
(x xa ) dx

1 (x

${\textstyle \int f^{-1}(x-x_a)\,dx}$

${\scriptstyle \int f^{-1}(x-x_a)\,dx}$
${\scriptscriptstyle \int f^{-1}(x-x_a)\,dx}$

xa ) dx

\normalsize = normal
\large = large
\Large = Large

\tiny = smallest
\scriptsize = very small
\footnotesize = smaller
\small = small

\LARGE =

LARGE

\huge =
\Huge =

huge

Huge

Text Mode: Accents and Symbols

o
o
o

\{o}
\.{o}
\b{o}
\o
\ae

o
o

A
s

\"{o}
\u{o}
\AA
\t s
\AE

o
o

a
s

\^{o}
\H{o}
\aa
\v s
\dag

o
`
o o

\{o}
\t{oo}
\ss
\O
\ddag

o
o

\~{o}
\c{o}
\i
\P
\copyright

o
o.

\={o}
\d{o}
\j
\S
\pounds

s.

s
s

\d s
\r s
\H s