Module!1)!Gears/Power!Screws!

Gears&
!!"#$#%& !! !! !!"#
!=
=
=
[!"#$%&#'(]!
!!"#$%&
!! !! !!"#
!
!
!!
! = !!!!!!!!!!!!! = !!!!!!!!! =
= !"#!$%&#!!"#$!
!
!
!
!! = !! cos(!) [!"#$%"]!
Spur&Gears&(705)&
! = !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!![S.I]!
! = ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!![!. !]!
60,000 !
!! =
![!!!"!!, !!!"!!!, !!!"!!"# !! !!"!!]!
!!!
!
!
!! = =
[!"#"$, !"#!!"#!!"!!"#!!"#$%!&']!
! !!"
!!!
!"
!=
![!!!"!!", !!!"!!"# !!!"
]!
12
!"#
63,030!
!=
!!!!!!![!!!"!!" !", !!!"!!, !!!"!!"#]!
!
33,000 !
!"
!! =
![!!!"!!, !!!"
, ! !"!!"#]!
!
!"# !!
Bevel&Gears&(709)&
!! = !! tan(!) cos!(!)!
!! = !! tan(!) sin!()!
60,000 !
!! =
![!!!"!!, !!!"!!!, !!!"!!"#]!
!!!
60,000 !
!! =
![!!!"!!, !!!"!!!, !!!"!!"#]!
!!!
Helical&Gears&(712)&
!! = ! sin(!! )!
!! = ! cos(!! ) cos!(!)!
!! = ! cos(!! ) sin!(!)!
!"#$%%&, !!! !!"#$%!!"#$%!
Worm&Gears&(714)&
!! ! = ! cos(!! ) sin!(!)!
!! ! = ! sin!(!)!
!! ! = ! cos(!! ) cos!(!)!
Spur&Gear&Bending&Stress&
!! !! !!
! = !! !! !! !!
!!!!!!![!". 766]!
!
!
!""!!"#$!!!"" , !"#!!! !
Spur&Gear&Contact&Stress&
!! = !! !!! !! !! !!

!!
!! !

!!
!

!![pg.!767]!

!""!!"#$!!! !"" , !"#!!! !

Power&Screws&(Can!find!f!from!pg.!422,!if!not!given)&
!!"!#$ !"#$% = !!"#$% + !!"##$% !
!!"!#$ !"#$% = !!"#$% + !!"##$% !
! ! !!"##$%
!!"##$% =
!
2
! !!
! ! !! + !
!!"#$% =
!
!!
2
! !! ! !
! !!
! ! !! !
!!"#$% =
!
!!
2
! !! + ! !
!
!"#$ !"#$%&': ! >
!!"!! > tan!(!)!
! !!
(!!"#$% !!"#!! = 0)
!"
!"!"#"$%#& =
=
!
!!"#$%
2 ! !!"#$%
ACME&Threads&
! = 14.5!!and!sec!is!1/cos!
! !!
! ! !! sec!(!) + !
!!"#$% =
!
!!
2
! !! ! ! sec!(!)
! !!
! ! !! sec(!) !
!!
!!"#$% =
!
2
! !! + ! ! sec!(!)
!
!!"#$!!"#$!!$!!!"#!!"!!"#$%!!"!!"#$%&!1!!"#$%!

Module!2!!Belts/Flexible!Drives!
Flat&Belts&(all&in&imperial&units&here)&pg.883&
!! !!
!
! !
!! ! !
= ! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!! = !
!! !!
32.17 = !
60
!"#
! = 12 ! !"#$ !!"#$%&&![ ]!
!"
! !! + 1
! = !! ! !!
!
!
1
2!
!! !! = !
!
!
! = (!! !! )
!
33,000
!!!
! = !! = !"#$!!"#$% = ! 2 sin!(
)!))!C!is!center!
!!
distance!
!!
!! = ! + 2 sin!(
)!
2!
!+!
! = ! + 2 sin!(
)!
2!
1
! = !(4 ! ! (! + !)!) + (! + !) !!
2
!! ! = ! !! !! !! !(!". 888), !""!!"#$!!"#!!!
!
!!" =
!
!!"# !!
VNBelts&pg.898&
**Pg!903!for!F1,!F2,!delta!F,!etc!
! + ! (! !)!
!! = 2! + !
+
!
2
4!
! = 0.23 !!!!

!
(! + !)!
2
!

+ !!!!

!
(! + !)! 2(! !)!!!
2

!! = !! !! !!"# !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!![!". 900, !""!!"#$!!"#!!! ]!

!!
!!"#$% =
= 1,2,3, .&
!!
!! !!
!!" =
!
!!"# !!
Timing&Belts&&pg.906&
Lifetime:!3)5!years!
Roller&Chains&&Pg.&907&
Chordal!Speed!Variation!
Lifetime:!8x10^6!cycles!or!15,000!hours!
Replace!sprockets!every!third!time!chains!are!replaced!
!
Criterion!

Gear!

Efficiency!

~98%!

Flat!
Belt!
~98%!

Ma!speed!
(ft./min)!
Relative!life!
(hrs.)!
Power!
Range!
Centre)
center!
distance!
Ease!of!
maintenance!

)!

6,000!

~70)
96%!
6,000!

30,000!

10,000!

Best!

V)Belt!

Timing!
Belt!
~98%!

Chain!

15,000!

~91)
98%!
9,000!

6,000!

10,000!

15,000!

Low!

Fair!

Good!

Good!

Worst!

Very!
good!

Fair!

Good!

Good!

Poor!

Good!

Good!

Good!

Fair!

Module!2!!Bushings/Bearings!
Bushings&&pg.&664&
!! !! ! ! ! !
!=
= !"##!!"!!"#$"%!!"#$, !"#!"!
3!
!
!!!
!!"# =
!!!!!!!!! =
!
!"
12
!"#$!!!!"#$%!!"#$!662!!"#$%!12 8!
!"#$!!! !!"#$%!!"#$!663!!"#$%!12 10!
!"#$!!! !"#$%!!"#$!663!!"#$%!12 11!
720 !! ! !
!! ! =
, ! = 778!!"#!$%!!"!666!
! !" !
**Sometimes,!iteration!needed!for!L!given!temperatures,!and!
w,!use!Table!12)7!(pg.!661)!for!operating!limits!
!
!"#$:!0.5! ! 2!
!
Hydrodynamic&Bearings&
!"#$!!"!!!"#!!"#$!!"!!"#$%&'()!
+no!contact,!high!speed,!low!friction,!low!wear!
Hydrodynamic&Bearings&
!"#$!!"!!!"#!!"#$!!"!!"#$%&'()!
+No!contact,!high!speed,!low!friction,!low!wear!
)Only!for!continuous!operation,!needs!clean!lubricant!
Hydrostatic&Bearings&
!"#$!!"#$$%"&'#(!!"#$%!
+Reversing,!intermittent,!static!operation!
)High)pressure!oil!
**BoundaryNLubricated&Bearings&
!"#$%"&!!"!!"!!"#$%&'(%)*!
+Easy!to!support!axial!or!radial!loads!
Bearing&Equations&
!! = !""#$%!&$'(!!"#$%&, !""!!". 583, !"#$%!11 5!
!"#"$%&&', !! = 0.02, ! = 1.483, ! = 4.459!
!!" = !"#$%&!!"#$ = 10! !"#$%&'($)*!
60!"#
! = (!"#$%!!"#$) (!"#$%!!"#) (
)!
!
1
10
! = !!!! = 3![!!"##!!"#$%&'(]!!!!! = ![!"##$!!!"#$%&'(]!
!
3
!
!! !!! = !! !!! = !! !!"!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! = (!! )/!!"!
!

Combined&Radial&and&Axial&Load&(Roller&bearings)&
!! = !! ! !! + !! !! !
! = 1!!"!!""#$!!"#$#%&, ! = 1.2!!"!!"#$%!!"#$#%&!
1. !"#$!!! !!"#!!!" !"#$%!!"#$%!11 2!(!". 581)!!
!"#!!"##!!"#$%&'(!!"!!"#$%!11 3!(!". 582)!"##$!!!"#$%&'(!
2. !"#$%#"&'!!! /!! !
3. !"#$!!!!"#$%!!"#$%!11 1!!"!!"#$!580!
!!
4. !"#$%#"&'
!
! !!
5. !"#$%!!"#!!! !!"#!!! !!"#$%!!"#$%!11 1!!"!!"#$!580!
6. !"#$%!!"#!!! !
!
!

!!" = !!

**Remember,!!! , !, !"#!!!!"#!!""!!"#$%!
Module!3!Shafts!
1. Determine!critical!sections!(corner!radius,!shoulder,!
grooves,!splines,!keys),!highest!stress,!highest!
moments/torques/forces!
2. Select!failure!criteria!
3. Determine!material!properties!
4. Determine!stress!concentration!factors!
5. Determine!required!safety!factor!
6. Find!minimum!shaft!diameter!
Material&Properties&
!!" !!"#!!! !!"#$%!!"!!""#$%&'#(!20 24!
!!! = 0.5!!" !!!!!"#!!!" ! 200!"#$!(1400!"#)!
!!!!!= 100!"#$!!!"#!!!" > 200!"#$!
!!!!!= 700!"#!!"#!!!" > 1400!"#!
!! = !! !! . !! !!! !""!!!!"#$%&'!
Stress&Concentrations&
!! !!"#!!!" !!"#$%!!"!!""#$%&!!15!))!!Used!for!static!
!!!"#!!! !!"#!!"#$%!!"!!". 295!!"!!". 296!
!! = 1 + !(!! 1) !"#$!!"#!!"#$%&'!
!!" = 1 + !(!!" 1) !"#$!!"#!!"#$%&'!
Failure&Criteria!
!
! = !!
[!"#!!"#$#]!! ! = !!!! !! !! + !!! + 3 !!"
!!"
!"!"#!!"#$!!"#!!"!!"#$!305!
Bending/Torsion&
!"
! !!
!"
! !!
!=
!!, ! =
!!!!!!!!!!!"#!! = !, ! =
!
!
64
!
32
Shaft&stresses&
!!
!! = !! !!!![!"#$!!"#$%!!"#!!! ] = !
!
!! = !!" !!![!"#$!!"#$%!!"!!!! ]!
&

!! !
! !!"#$!!"#!! = 90%!
!!"
!
!
!!
! ! !!!! > 90%!
!! )(1 !! )!

Therefore,!!!" = !! !! !

!! + (!
Select!a!bore!based!on!obtained!C10!value!using!pg.!581!
Recalculate!Reliability!
!! !!
!
! = exp !
(! !! )!
!

!! !! !
!
! !!
!

!!"
!
= exp

(! !! )!

Reliability&of&bearings&
!"!!!"#!!"!!"#$%&'!!!!"#!!! !"#!!"#$%&'!!!!"#!!! !
!"#$%&&!! = !! !! !
!

!
!

1
! + (! !! ) ln ! !
!
!
!
!!" !
1 !
! = ! ! (!! + (! !! ) ln ! ! !
!!
!
! = ! !!"!!"!!"#!

!! !!! = !! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!" !!!" = !! !!! !

!!" = !! !! !

Module!3!!Shaft!Deflection!
Fatigue&Strength&
!"#$!!!!"#$!!". 285&
!"#(!)

!! = !!" ! ! !!!!!!!!"#!1! !! 10!!!

!! = ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#!! > 10! !
(! !!" )!
1
! !!"
!!
!=
!!!!!!!!!!!! = log !
!!
3
!!
!
!!"# !
!=!
! !!!"!!"#"!$"%!!"#$$!!!!"#$%&
!
Generic&Shaft&Deflections&
For!a!given!force!between!bearings!A!and!B,!at!a!distance!a!
from!A,!and!b!from!B.!Xo=0!at!A!
! ! !! !
!(!) =
(!! + ! ! ! !)!
6!"#
!"
!"#$% = !(!) =
(3!!! + ! ! !)!
6!"#
For!a!given!moment!and!force!acting!between!A!and!B,!at!a!
and!b!
!"!! !
!!! !
(! + ! ! ! ! ) +
!(!) =
(! + 3!! 6!" + !! )!
6!"# !
6!"# !
!"
!
(! ! ! !) +
!"#$% = !(!) =
(3!! 6!" + 2!! )!
6!"#
6!"#
Compare!deflections!to!allowable!deflections!on!Table!7)2!
(page!379)!
Singularity&Functions&
!""!!!"#$%!!"#$%&'!3 3 !"#$!77!
Hollow&Shafts&
See#module#3#notes#
Critical&Speeds&(General)&
! !
!"
! !
!"#
!"#
!! = ! ! !! ! = ! ! !
!!!!!!![
]!
!
!
!
!"
!
30! !
!"#
!"#
! !
!! = !
!!!!!!!!![
]!
!
!"
!"#
A=Area!cross!section!
G=gravity!
! = !"#$%&%$!!"#$!!
Critical&Speeds&(no&point&masses,&or&lumped&masses)&
!! = !

! !! !!
!"#
!!!!!!![
]!
!
!! !!!

30 ! !! !!
!"#
!! = ( )!
!!!!!!![
]!
!
!"#
!! !!!
!!"!!!! !!"!!"#$!!!"!!, !"#!!! !!"!!"#$"%&'()!!"!!!
!
Module!4!!Shaft!Accessories!
Setscrews,!Pins,!Keys,!Retained!Rings,!Splines,!Couplings,!
Collars!
Setscrews&
*Depend!on!compression!to!develop!clamping!force!
!"#$%!7 4, !"#$!389!
2!
!"#$%&'!!"#$%!! =
< !!"# !
!
!!"# = ! !, !"!!!!"!!"#$%!
!
!

Module!4!!Shaft!Accessories!
Pins!
!"#$!!"#$!!"#!!"#!$!!"#$%$"&$&'!!"#!!!"#$%&!!!"!!"#$%&,!
!!"#$, !"!!"#. !"#$%&!!!"!!"#$!!"#$%&'!!"!!!"#!!"#!!
!!"!!"#!!"#$%"&!!"#!!!"#$!!"#!!"#$#%&!
Keys&
!!"#!!"#$%&':!
!
2!
!= =
< !!" !
! !"#
2! 1
! ! !, !"!!"#$%&!!"#$%&!!!!"#$%!!
!
!" !!"
!"#$%&''(")!!"#$%&':!
2!
!
! < !!" , !!"!!! = = ! !
! !"
2
Keys&(continued)&
!"#$%&''(")!!"#$%&'!
4!
!
!
!" !!"
1. Compare!L!values!from!both!failure!modes!
2. Using!given!diameter,!find!possible!key!sizes!for!w!and!h!
!!Table!7)6,!pg.!391!
3. Find!largest!L!possible,!based!on!w!and!h!
Woodruff&Keys&
Table#717#and#718#on#page#393#
Retaining&Rings&&axial&loads&
2!
!! = ! = !
!
!! = !!"#$%& = !! tan!(!"#$!!"#$%)!
! = !!""#$!%"& /!!"#$%& !
!!"#$%& !"!!"#$%!!"#$%!!!!"#$%!!"#$%!(!"#!!"!!!"#$! ! !)!
!"!!"!!"#$%!!"!!!"#!!"#$%&%'!!, !!"#$%& = !!! !
Couplings!
+s:!precise!alignment,!no!movement,!high!torque!
transmission,!high!critical!speed!capacity!
)s:!shafts!must!be!well!supported!by!bearings!
!
Module!4!!Springs!
Helical&Springs&Constraints&
4 ! 12!
3 !! 15!
! 0.15!
!! < !!"#$ !
! 1.2!
!
!"#$%&'!!"#$%#&'( < !!!!![!"#!!"#$$%!!"!!"#$%&'(&]!
15
!
Helical&Springs&Calculations&(pg.&529)&
!
!"#$!!"#$%&%'
! = !"#$%&!!"#$% = =
!
! !"#$!!"#$%&%'
4! + 2
!! =
!
4! 3
8!! !
!! = !!
!
!! !
8
!! = !!"# = (1 + !)!!"# !
7
!

Module!4!!Springs!
!

!
!!"#$ = 2.63 !
!
!!!!!!!!!!"#$!!!!"#$!!"#$!522, !"#$%!10 2!
!!"
!! =
!
!!
!" = ! + !!
!" = ! !!
! !! ! !! !
!"# = !"#$%&!!"!!"#$% = (!"#. !"#$)
!
4
!"#. !"#$ = 1!!"#!!""!!"# !"#$%!!"##$!!
Helical&Spring&Material&Properties&
**Find!G!and!E!from!page!526,!Table!10)5!
!!" = !/!! ! !!!!, !!!"#!!!!!"#$%!!"!!"#$%!10 4, !"#$!525!
!!" = 0.67 !!" !
Helical&Spring&Deflections&
!!"# = !"#$"%&'()!!"!!"#$%&!!"!!"#$!
! !! !!"#
!! =
!
8 ! !!!"#
!"#$!!! , !! , !"#!!! !!"#$!!"#$%!10 1!!"!!"#$!521!
!!"#
!! !
!=

!
!!"# 8 ! ! !!
Helical&Spring&Fatigue&Loading&(Page&5628)&&
!"#$!!!" !!"#!!!" !!"#$!!"#$!536!(!""#"$!!"!!"#$$"$%)!
!!"
!!" =
!!!!![!"#"$%&&'!!"#!!"#$"#, !"#$!!"!!". 306]!
! !
1 !"
!!"
!!" = (!"#$%&'() !!" !"#$!!"#$%&'(!!"#$!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%!10 5, !"#$!526!
!!"# !!"#
!! =
!
2
!!"# + !!"#
!! =
!
2
8 !! !
!! = !!
!
!!!
8 !! !
!! = !!
!
!!!
!!"
!! = !"#$%&'!!"#$%& =
!
!!
Helical&Springs&&Spring&Surge&
1
!"
! = !"#$%!!"#$%&'#(%)!!"#$%#&'( = ! ! ! !
2
!
! !
! ! !!! !
! = !"#$!!!"!!"#$%&!!"#$ =
!
4
! = !"#$%&%$!!"#$! = 0.284!!"#!!"##$!!"!!"#$%!&'!
Extension&Springs&(Page&542)&
!
! = !"#$!!"!!"#$%" = ! !
!
8! ! !
!
! = !! + !
!
! 1
!"#!!"##$: = !
! 3
!! = !"#$%&!!"!!"#$!!"#$%!

!
!
!

Module!4!!Springs!
Extension&Springs&Stresses&
!"#$%&"'!1: !"#$!!"#$&
8!"
! = !!
!
!!!
4! + 2
!! =
!
4! 3
!!" = (!"#$%&'() !!" !
!!!!!!!!"#$!!"#$%&'(!!"#$!!"#$!545, !"#$%!10 7!
!!"
!=
!
!
!"#$%&"'!2: !"#!!!", !"#!"# !"#$%#&!!"#$%!
32!!
4
!!
!! = ! !(!)!
+
!! ! !! !
!
4!! !! 1
(!)! =
!
4!!(!! 1)
2!!
!! =
!
!
!! = !"#$%&'(!!"#$!!"#$"%!!"!!!"!
!!
!! =
&
!"
&
!"#$%&"'!3: !"#!!!", !"# !"#$%"&!
(!)! (16!!!)
!! =
!
!!!
4!! 1
(!)! =
!
4(!! 1)
2!
Module!5!!Thread!Fasteners!
Bolts!
)Designed!to!pass!through!holes!and!secured!with!nut!on!
opposing#end#
**All#relevant#equations#on#page#4261onwards#
!! = !"#$%#&%!!!"#$!!"#$%!
1
!! = 2! + !"!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#!! 6!"!
4
1
!! = 2! + !"!!!!!!!!!!!!"#!! > 6!"!
2
!! = 2! + 6!!!!!!!!!!!"#!! 125!!!
!! = 2! + 12!!!!!!!!"#!125 ! 200!!!
!! = 2! + 25!!!!!!!!"#!! > 200!!!
!! = ! ! ! !
!! = ! !! !
!!!
!! =
!
4
!"#$!!! !"#$!!"#$%!8 1!!"!8 2!!"!!"#$%!412 413!
!! ! ! !
!! = !"#$%&%'!!"#$$%&!! =
!!
!! !! + !! !!
!"
!! = !"# !"# ! ! !
!
!"#$!!"!!"!#$%!"#!!"!!"#$!!"#$%&"'!
!"#$!!, !!!"#!!!!"#$!!"#$%!8 8, !"#$!430!
0.5774 ! ! !
!!"#$%"#& =
!
(1.155! + ! !)(! + !)
!
ln !
(1.155! + ! + !)(! !)
&

Module!5!!Thread!Fasteners!
1
1
1
=
+
+ !
!! !!"#$%"#&
!!"#$%"#&
!
!
**Many!usable!equationscheck!page!429!for!this!
Tension&Joint&Loading&(Page&436)&
!! = !"#$%&'()!!"#$!!"#$ = !" + !! !
!!
!!
!!
!=
=
=
!
!
!! + !! !! + !!
! = !"#!$%&'!!"#$%&"!!"#$!!"#!!"#$!
!! = !"#$%&'()!!"#$!!"!!"!#"$% = !! !! (1 !)! !! !
&
Tension&Joint&Loading&N&Continued!
!! < !! < ! + !! !
Static&Tension&Joint&Load&Factor&(Page&440)&
**Find!!!" , !! , !! !"#$!!"#$%&!8 9!!"!8 11, !"#$!433!
!! !" !!
!! =
=
+ !
!!
!! ! !
!! = !"##$!!"#$%&" = !"#"$"%&!!"#$%!!"#!!"#$!!"#$!! = !! !
!! !! !!
!!
! = !"#$!!"#$%& =
= (!! !! ) !
!"
!!
(1 !)!! !! = 0!
!! = !"#!$%&'!!"#$!!"#$%&'!!"#$%!!"#$%$&'()!
!!
!! = !"#$%&!!"!!"#$%!!"!#$%&!!"#$!!"#$%$&'() =
!
!(1 !)
Fatigue&Loading&of&Tension&Joints&(Pg.&444)&
!!"# !!"#
!"
!! =
=
!
2!!
2!!
!!!" + !!"#
!"
!!
!! =
=
+ !
2!!
2!! !!
1
!! = !! !! !!! ! !!
!!
!! !!"#$%!!"!!"#$%!8 16!!"#$!444!
!"#$%&'#()$"*, !"#$!!! !"#$%!!"#$%!8 17!!"!!"#$!445!
Fatigue&Criteria&
(!! )(!!" !! )
[!""#$%&]!!!!!!!!! =
!
!!" + !!
1
!
!
[!"#$"#]!!!! = !
! !!!" !!!"
+ 4!! (!! + !! ) !!"
2!! !! !!
2!!
!!
[!"#$ !""#$%#&]!!!!!!! = !
!! !! ! + !!! !!! !! !! !!
!! + !!! ! !
!!
!! = !"#$%&!!"#$%& = !!"#!!""!!"#$%&'!!"#$%"#&!
!!
Bolt&Patterns&and&Shear&Loads&
*Member!and!bolts!have!opposite!magnitudes!for!forces!
Centroid&of&Bolt&Pattern&(Page&455)!
!
!!! !! !!
!!" =
!
!
!!! !!
!
!!! !! !!
!!" =
!
!
!!! !!
Primary&Shear&
**Assume!that!Load!V!is!shared!equally!amongst!N!bolts!
**Assumption!requires!that!holes!are!correctly!sized!+!placed!
!
!!! = !!! = = !!! = !!
If!not,!use:!!! =
!

!
!"!!

!!

!!
!!!! !!!! !!!!

Secondary&Shear&
**Force!taken!by!each!bolt!proportional!to!distance!from!
centroid!
!!!! !!!! !!!!
=
= !
!!
!!
!!
!!!
!!
!! = !"#$%&'()!!!"#!!"#!!"#!!"#$ = !
!
!
!! + !! + + !!!
! = ! (!"#!"$%&'()*#!!"#$%&'(!!"!!!!"#$!!"#$%&'()!
Total&Shear&Load&
*Add!primary!and!secondary!shear!loads!vectorally!
!
!
Module!5!!Welding!
*80%#of#all#welds#are#fillet#welds#
!"#$%&'!!"#$%&'!(!"#$!!"#)!
If!a!symbol!is!outside!of!the!line!and!the!weld,!it!refers!to!the!
OTHER!SIDE!of!the!weld.!If!inside,!refers!to!same!side!
Stresses&in&Butt&Welds&(Page&478)&
!
!!!!"#
! = !!!!!!"#!! =
!!!!! = !!"#!!!"#!!#
!
!
1.414!
!=
#
!
Shear!in!Weld!From!Torsion!(Page!482)!
!"#$!!!"#$ !!"#!!"#$%&'()!!"#$!!"#$%!9 1, !"#$!484!!
!
! ! = !"#$%"&!!!"# =
#
!!"#$
!"
! !! = !"#$%&'()!!!"# =
#
!
!"#$!!!!"#$!!"#$%!9 1, !"#$!484!!
!"!#$!!!"# = !"#$%&!!"##
Shear!in!Weld!From!Bending!(Page!487)!
!"#$!!!"#$ !!"#$!!"#$%!9 1, !"#$!484!!
!
! ! = !"#$%"&!!!"# =
#
!!"#$
!"
! !! = !"#$%&'()!!!"# =
#
!
!"#$!!!!"#$!!"#$%!9 2, !"#$!488!!
!"!#$!!!"#!! = !"#$%&!!"##
Approach!
!!""
[!"#"$%!!"#$%&']!! =
#
!
!!"" = min !(!"#$%&'( !!" ), 0.4 !! ! !"#$%!9 4#
[!"#$%&'!!"#$%&'] !"#$!!! !!"#!!! #
!"#$!!!" !"#$!!"#$%!9 5, !"#$!490#
!"#"$%&'"!!!" !!"#!!!" !!!"!!!"! !, !"#$!!! = 0.59!!"#!!!"#!
Weld!Material!Strength!(Page!490)!
!"#!!"#$%!9 3!!"#!!"#$%!9 4!!"!!"#"$%!!"!!"!#$%&'!!
!
!

Additional!

1!"# 2 !!!"# 1min rad

=
!
!"#
!"#
sec
sec
!"#$%#&'()!!"#$%"#&: !"#$!306!
!
!

Gears&
!!"#$#%&
!
!!"#$%&

!=

!
!! = 33000 !
!
!

!! = !!! !
! = !"# 12!!ft min!
!:!in!
!: rev min!
!:!hp!
!! :!lbf!

60000!
!! =
!
!"#

!:!mm!
!:! rev min!
!:!kW!
!! :!kN!

Spur&
!=
!=

!
!
!

!=

!!
!
cos !

!
!
!

!=

! ! = ! ! tan !!

!"
!
!

!" = !!

Helical&
!! =

!! = !! cos !!
!! = !! tan !! !

!!
!
cos !

cos ! =

!! = !! tan !!

!=

tan !!
!
tan !!

!!
!
cos !! cos !

Planetary&
!=

!! !!
!
!! !!

Worm&
!! = !(cos !! sin ! + ! cos )!

!! = ! sin !! !

!! = !(cos !! cos ! sin !)!

example'p.'718,!more%relations%pp.%695!6,716!

Bevel&
!! = !! tan ! cos !!

!! = !! tan ! sin !!

! = tan!!

example'p.'710!

&
!

!!
!
!!

! = tan!!

!!
!
!!

Stress&Analysis&
Bending'
! !! !!
! = !! !! !! !!
!
! !
!! :!p.#766!

Contact'
!! = !!
!

!+ !
! + 200!
!! =
=
!
!
! = 50 + 56 1 ! !
!
! = 0.25 12 !! ! !
!.!"#"

!! =

1.6 ln

1
!:!p.753!

2.242
!!

!!""

!! :!pp.#748,#749!
!! :!p.#763!
!
!

!! !!
!! !! !! !!
!" !

! !
!! = 1.192
!
!
!:!Face%width!
!:!teeth/inch!
!:!p.738!
!! = 1 + !!" !!" !!" + !!" !! !
!:!p.#760!
!!
!! = !!!p.#764!
!!
!! = 1!
!! < 1.2
!! :!p.#757!
!
!!"# cos !! sin !! !!
!! > 1.2
=
!
!!"#
2!!
!! 1
!! !!
!! =
= !
!! !!
1
(spur)
!
!
!! =
!
(helical)
0.95!!"
!! !!
!! !! !!
=
!
!!,!"" =
!
!! !! !!
!! !! !!
!! :!pp.#763,#764!
!! = 1!!!(T<250'F)!
!! :!pp.#751,#752!
!! :!p.#763!
!! :!pp.#761,#762!
!

Power&Screw&

!
!! = ! !
2

!! = ! !!

!!! !"!! !
!
2 !!! !"
6!
!! =
!
!!! !! !

!! =
!

!! =
!

!! :!engaged&threads!

!!! !"!! sec ! !

!
2 !!! !" sec !
4!
!! = ! !
!!!

!!! !!
!
2
16!
=
!
!!!!

!! =
!!"

Bushings&
!! , !! :!p.#663!
!:!p.#662!
!:!in!
!
!=
!!psi!
!"
!"# ft
!=
!! min!
12

! = !! !! !"#$!

examples(pp.(665,7!

!! !"
!! = !! + 720
!
!!" !

!! :!p.#662!
! = 778!ftlbf/Btu!
!:!in!
!

!"
1.710!! !
!

!:!viscosity((reyn)!
!:!rpm!
!:!psi!

Bearings&
!

!! !! ! = !! !! ! !

3
!=
10 3

(ball)
!
(roller)

!!const.!

! = !! + ! !!

!!" = !! !

!!" =

&
!

!
!! + ! !! ln 1 !

Combined!radial!and!thrust!loading:!

Variable!loading:!

1
ln
!

!! = !! !!! + !! !! !
!
!! !! !!"
!! !!

!=

!
!
!!"

!!const.!

!! :!p.#583!
!:!reliability!
1
!""#$!!"#.
!
1.2 !"#$%!!"#.
!! , !! :!p.#580!
!=

!! :!rotational(speed(at!!" !
!! :!duration)at)!!" !

Flexible&Drives&
Flat&Belt&
!! = !!"# !! !! !

!!

= !!! !! !! !

!!
!
!
2!
!! = !! ! !
!
! = 63!025

!
! !
!! =
!
32.17 60
!! =

!! =

!! + !!
!! !
2

1
!! ! !!
ln
!
!
!! !!

!!"# :!nominal'power'(hp)!
!! :!p.#902!
!! :!design'safety'factor!
!! :!design'power!
!! :!p.#899!
!:!belt%width%(in)!
!! :!p.#887!
!! :!p.#890!
!! ! :!allowable'tension!
!:!rev/min!
!:!lbfin!
!
! = 12!"#!!(lbf/ft)!
!:!density(p.(17!2!
! = !"# 12!(ft/min)!
!
! ! < !!
!:!p.889!

!!
!
2!
!
!:!center&distance!
!! = ! 2 sin!!

see#p.#881,883#for#geometry,#including#belt#length!!!
example'p.'890!
!
!

V@Belt&
!! = !!"# !! !! !

!!"# :!nominal'power'(hp)!
!! :!p.#902!
!! :!design'safety'factor!
!! :!design'power!

!! = !! !! !!"# !

!! :!allowable'power!
!! , !! :!p.#902!
!!"# :!p.#901!

!!
!
!!
126!050!!
! =
!
!"!!
!!

!! = !!

!! = 1, 2, 3, !
!
!:!ft/min!
!! :!p.#903!
!! :!lbf!

! !
!
1000
!! = 2! + ! ! + !

! = 0.25

!!

!
!+!
2

!! !"
!! = !! + !"
!
! 1

!! !!
!
!!"# !!

!! = !! +

!=

4! !
!

2 !!

!!
!
2!

!!
!
!

!
! !!
!
!! =
+
!!
!!
!, !:!p.#904!

!! !!
!
720!

!
!

!!
!
!

!
!+!
2

!! + !!
!! !
2

!!" =
!! = !! +

!!

!! = ! 2 sin!!

!! = !! !!
!! =

2+ !!

!! !!

example'p.'905!
!
!
Design!power!>!transmitted!power.!Design!belt!for!this!power!to!account!for!factor!of!safety/loading!
!

Chains&
! !
1
1
=

!
!
! sin 180 !
tan 180 !
!=

!"#
!
12

minimize&chordal&speed&variation!
! < 9000!ft/min!
15#000#h!
!! :!#"of"teeth"small"sprocket!
!! :!sprocket)speed)(rpm)!
!:!pitch&(in)!
0.0022 no.$41
!!" =
!
0.004
other
28 no.$25,$33
!! = 3.4 no.$41
!
17 no.$40!240

!!"# = min !! , !! !
!
!! = !!" !!!.!" !!!.! ! !!!.!"! !
!
1000!! !!!.! ! !.!
!! =
!
!!!.!
!! = !! !! !!"# !
!! = !!"# !! !! !

!! , !! :!p.#913!
!! > !! !
!! :!p.#902!
!

Shafts&
!=

!"
!
!

!=

!! !
!
64

!=

!"
!
!

!common%loading%deflections%pp.%1013!20.$Allowable$deflections$given$p.$379!
hollow%shafts:!

!=

critical'speed:!

!! =

!! =

!!

!
!
!

!! !
!"#
!
!"
!! !!
!
!! !!!

!! = !! 1 ! !

!! !
!
32
!"
!= !
!"

!=

!!

simply'supported!
!:!density!
!! :!weight!
!! :!deflection!

see#pp.#367!370$for$implementation$of$failure$criteria$on$shafts,$solved$for$n$and$diameter!
!

Shaft&Accessories&
2!
< !!"# !
!

setscrews:!

!=

square'keys:!

shear&failure:!

!=

!
< !!" !
!"

bearing(failure:!

!=

2!
< !!" !
!"

!!!!"# = 0.5 !
woodruff'key:!

!!" = 0.557!! !

!
!
!
!! !
2
2

!
!
!
!
2
2

!!!" = 0.5 !

!!"# :!!p.#389!

!
! cos !!
180
!
!=
! cos !!
180
!=

!!!!"# !

2
!
2
!

!
! !
2
!
!! !
2

setscrews,(keys,(retaining(rings(pp.(388!94!

Springs&
General&
8!"
!
!! !
!
! !
!=
!
8! ! !!

! = !!

!! =

4! + 2
!
4! 3

3 !! 15!

!
!
!
!
= !!
!

4 ! 12!

!=
!!"

!, !:!p.525!

Compression&
!!" = !"#$%!!" !

!"#$%:!p.#526!

!! = 1 + ! !!"# !

! 0.15!

for$compression$spring$design,$p.$529!

!!"
!
!
!:!p.#522!
!! :!p.#521!

8!"
!
!! !
!
!! < 2.63 !
!
! = !!

!=

Extension&
!!" = !"#$%!!" !
16
4
+ ! !
!
!
!!
!!
8!"
!! = ! !
!
!! !
!
!! = !

!"#$%:!p.#545!
!

4!!! !! 1
!
4!! !! 1
4!! 1
=
!
4!! 4

! = !!
2!!
!
!
2!!
!! =
!
!
!! =

!
!! = !! + !
!

8!"
!
!! !

!!
!
!!
!!",!
!! =
!
!!
!! =

!! :!p.#545!
!!",! :!p.#545!

Torsion&
! = !!
!=

!!!
!
!!!

32!"
!
!! !

4! ! ! 1
64!"
!
!! = ! !! !
4! ! 1
! !
0.78!!" music&wire&&&CD&carbon&steel
!! = 0.87!!" OQ&T%steel
!
0.61!!" Austentite(SS(&(nonferrous

!! =

static!load:!

!! = !! +

!! + !!
!
3!"

!=

!!
!
!

Fatigue&
compression*and*extension:!

!!" =

Sines:!

!=

1 !! !!"
2 !! !!

= 1!
!

1 +

!! =

extension(hooks:!

torsion:!

1+ 2

!! !!
!!" !!

!!",! 2
!
2
1 !",!
!!"

!! 2
1

!! 2
!!"

!!

!!

!! = !!

!! =

8!! !
!
!! !

!!"
!
!!

!!!
!!!
+
!!
!!"

Gerber:!

!! = !!

!! = !!

!!" , !!" :!p.#536!

!!" = 0.67!!" !
!!"
!!" =
!
!!" !
1
!!"

8!! !
!
!! !

example'p.'584!

!!",! = (!"#$%)!!" !
!"#$%:!p.#550!
32!! !
!
!! !

!! = (!"#$%)!!" !
!"#$%:!p.#555!

!! = !!
1 !! !!"
!=
2 !! !!

1 +

32!! !
!
!! !

!! !!
1+ 2
!!" !!

Surge&
!! <

!
!
15

1 !"
!=
!
2 !

!
!

1
! ! ! ! ! !! !!
4
! = 386.2!in/sec 2 !

Failure&
Static&Loading&
Plane&principal&stresses:!
!!,! =
Maximum!shear!stress:!

von$Mises:!

!! !!

!! !! =
+ !! !!
2

!!! !! !! + !!!

!! + !!
2

!!
!
!

+ !! !!

!!
!
!

!
!!! !! !! + !!! + 3!!"

Stress&concentration:!

!! + !!

!
+ !!"
!

!! !! !! !
!

!!
!
!

!!
!
!

!!"# = !! !!"# !

!!"# = !!" !!"# !

Even%for%variable%loading,%need%to%consider%first%cycle%failure.%Failure%if:!
Compressive*midrange:!

!! + !! = !!" !

!
!

Tensile'midrange:!

!! + !! = !! !

Variable&Loading&
!!"# = !! !! !
!!"# = !!" !! !

Fatigue(stress(concentration:!

!! = !! ! !

Loads&above&endurance&limit:!

!! = 1 + ! !! 1 !
!!" = 1 + !!!!"# !!" 1 !
!:!p.#295!
!!!!"# :!p.#296!
!! :!A!15!
!!" :!A!16!

Loads&below&endurance&limit&(infinite&life):!

!=

!!!" !
!
!!

0.5!!"
!! = 100!kpsi
700!MPa

1
!!!"
! = log
!
3
!!
!!" 200!kpsi%(1400%MPa)
!!" > 200!kpsi
!
!!" > 1400!MPa

!
!! = !!!"
!

!! = !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !

Soderberg!!!!

!! !! 1
+
= !
!! !!
!

mod!Goodman!!!!

!! !! 1
+
= !
!! !!" !

!, !:!p.#288!
0.879! !!.!"# 0.11 ! 2!in
0.91! !!.!"#
2 < ! 10!in
!! =
!
1.24! !!.!"#
2.79 ! 51!mm
1.51! !!.!"#
51 < ! 254!mm
1
bending
!! = 0.85 axial
!
0.59 torsion
!! :!p.#291!
!! :!p.#293!
!! :!p.#293!
Gerber!!!!

!!!
ASME!elliptic!!!!
!!

see#pp.#306!8"for"more"information'
!
!

!!!
!!!
+
!!
!!"
!

= 1!

!!!
+
!!

= 1!

Fasteners&
imperial((in):!
threaded'length:!
metric'(mm):!

bolt%stiffness:!

!! =

1
2! + !
4
!! =
1
2! + !
2

! 6!

! > 6!

2! + 6
! ! = 2! + 12
2! + 25

! 125
125 < ! 200
! > 200

! 48

!! = !! ! 4!
!! :!pp.#412!413!
!! = ! ! ! !
!! = ! !! !
!:!face!nut$distance!
see#p.#426!

!! !! !
!
! ! !! + ! ! !!

0.5774!"#
!
1.155! + ! ! ! + !
ln
1.155! + ! + ! ! !
!"
must%be%uniform%material!
= !"#exp
!
!, !, !:!p.#430!
!

!! =
member%stiffness:!
!!

! = tan!!
preloading:!

forces:!

!=

!!
2!

tan ! + ! sec !
+ 0.625!! !! !!
1 ! tan ! sec !

!! = !" + !! !
!! = 1 ! ! + !! !

safety'factors:!

!! =

!! !!
!
!" + !!

fatigue(loading:!
endurance(limit:!

!! =

! = 30!
!! = ! + 4!! !

!! !! !!
!
!"

!! =

! !!"# !!"#
!
2!!

!! = !! !! !! !! !! !! !!

1
!
!!

2!

!! :!pp.#412,413!

!!
!=
!
!! + !!
!! < 0!
!:!applied'load!
!! :!preload!
!! =

1
!
!!! !

!!
!
! 1!
!! =

!! :!yeilding!
!! :!load!
!! :!joint&separation!

! !!"# + !!"#
!!
+ !
2!!
!!

cut$threads!
!! :!p.#444!
(for%rolled%threads,%get%!! !from%p.%445)!

see#p.#447#for#implementations#of#failure#criteria!
primary'shear:!

!! = !! = = !! =

tensile'loading'from'shear:!

!! =

!
!
!

!!

secondary*shear:!

!"!
!!
+
+ + !
!!

!! =

!!!

!!!
!
+ + + !!!
!!!

:!!measured(from(pivot(point!

!
!
failure(due(to(shear(loading((3(cases)!
Bearing(stress(on(material!
!
!! =
< !!",! !
!! !

Bolt%shear!
!
!=
< !!" !
!"

Bearing(stress(on(bolt!
!
!=
< !!" !
!! !

Welds&
in#plane#torsion:!

!
!! = !
!

! = ! cos 45 !(throat'area)!

!! = !! + !! =

! !! =

!"
!
!

!=

! ! !!
!
!!

!! =

!! !

!! ! !! !
+
!
12 12
!=

!! !!
!
!!

+ !! !

! ! !
!

Alternatively,,can,use,! = 0.707!! !
:!weld%size%(horizontal%width)!
!! :!p.#484!
!
!"
bending:!
! = 0.707!! !
!! = !
! !! =
!
!
!
total%shear%stress%=%vector%sum%of%primary%and%secondary%shears!
!=

!!,! + !! !!! !

weld%strength:!

!!"" = !!!,!" !

attachment(strength:!

!!"" = 0.4!! !

tensile'strength:!

!!"" = 0.6!! !

fatigue(strength:!

!!,!" :!p.#490#table#9!3!
!:!p.#490#table#9!4!
!! :!base%material%strength!
!! , !! , !! , !! = 1!
!! :!!as#above!
!! = 0.59!
= 0.67!!" !!instead(of(!!" !!and$!!!instead(of(!!

!! = !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !

then%use%failure%criterion%with%!!"
!

!! :!p.#488!