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    192 visualizzazioni97 pagine

    Digital Communication Class Notes

    Caricato da

    Pradhi Goel
    class coaching notes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
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    agneoeeen oe i (Fr? he _ kK & RoatTha. Digital Commoricarion® Drartar Evecrronios - (sor) weightage (am) 06 + Boolean Agere aeve FoMeAMenrAts - _— vo SKorweoring yv Finite Avtornat@ THEO al al \ wo Comtaination Crest ¥ Sequential Cirevit > Modes 4 BleckronicS QP Tain e NcIe: PORL Pygieal Electronics Beoreav Areearat fiigebro. yexe radix - 10 Variables are denoted as A,8,C, @d abcd - - Operation » +) Bt Tne possiole combinations of - Reokan Algelora Gedlean vadix -2- Nomibles are denoted as A,B,C, 1 a,b 6, Opemtors ANE, OB, tT itor BINY rid operator +20 Vovialoles : & 8 Are. ACB o 0 \ ° om = 4 ON oN ‘ ° ye Ae ®= AUB = AVE 1 0 ( ° \ \ 1 uy Tobie t= A 8 S At Bt A& o ¢ oO © ° o ¢ ! \ 2 6 t 0 1 8 ° tot \ 5 \ a 6 \ . 1 oo! \ 3 \ tea \ 0 ee, \ ( Taxie 8) 1 alectromic a hegic gates axe weed to implement by the ‘ devices Uke bronsistos ¥ diades > Th digital elechonvcs we coreider tee gate 0° tine baste called circolte 3 Tre number of the fan-in of the ate OR_ GATE: RY oi feo heotr companents or ate yes oF the lege gore * A we com dean a — We can develop the bosic tagie gate by 5 Hove ey o) ; using aaibehes smitches we axe , q 8 controlling the operation = - e + a , wo No | if switch ls Oped Oo. {_ closed 3 I the stimotation cee for Dl OF we Lame 0 gate is ae shown above a ore DO AND operATOR: UF we doroted a6 NO Nero angen ee Y= ABC--- The result of ano operation ic) ony wnen all the ingots «ven ve, voto The aymnealic represenbotion es ore + ig as Fallows | the stimptetion CH fox "Ip 08° io : pelow woe gate is 08 arpa ~ broth tales” The ications oF the i The tables 1,42 WC the Le one that tists all Ene com the oobputs - ‘ fp gok UW aso a> a ap An this matters | wor lip gore we Relays t 8 at AeBenaye % % a 7 abe Reba Yoh 0 : embe Ye 0 ? Disable Yp ; The enable ‘/p motes tre device © Pm active . ® inactive A \ The disaloe + Enable jp %® the Tp which is making the %p of th ; . p oF le lagic pte. depen dent of thot paorticolor input and depends ony on the paother variables: (other vorlables axe allowed to pass Trvaggh the lagic gpte)- _» Disable Yp ‘6 the one ahich legic gate. independent of other variable: that poxticolor inpot: (i-< other vorialoles oe Hot to PO8d thweeqh the logic gars): <> a eael one NO teal Es ye Rah = the vor iggic gore is ray snbotcly repr sented as > 7 _ ya also called as invertor is making the Gp oF the 5 ard depencls on olloweal Te io TL u =| : vo \ Boolean Algebra. Properties wo ArAt * =A AA =A wm Ato =A Ay =A D px@r= | A-o =O w AA =O a+a 7 Tnterchaggiry of the Beovean operators oe and ANE and ‘ ® « « nomber& bart 2° calleh Principle of — Dealiky , Find the Deal oF the given boolean expression . aveperoce?)) anBor oe Pere A B+ SO +8) a a ha sh (e+elt +tF)) on innermost =— paran- The aperatioN — © por appked ian ve \D A=A Lo axe@c = (AE) (+6) (Distwtovtivity - property): The proot of the Boolean oxpressiom con & possible with ‘ equation W Conventional Aigelora. (D_ Developing ‘auth tattle fot RHS K LMS and Companng Een tuo wise © ABC axe. ATC pred HD A BC BC 9000 enna ° oO ee oo! 0.0 ° \ Loy oto On EC, ' ° | ° } BARC = o¢t Vola \ \ i! 10° a \ \ \ ; a\ (e*®) (axe) tot 6 yt! \ 1 LL} oy dicta botatly 110 @ la) i ' | rt property is proved cept ft | \ \ tt AXBC A(BrC) o ABTAC = (e+8) (arc) Oe AB = Are =( ax) (Ga) ® BAB AB = (AxelAe >) @ arpa = (HA =A roperby) - ge ABE AC HMA (concese® P Wo AGF Act 2 (ac A4BC) (BO) (ae) BO) (@«) AbC > Ln — 10 equabin dhe fon in of ee in RES then cost 6 less. The cost oF the Lars roe compared tf RS OR ge > 2p WAP aae- #400 y Bile the or gore je moe v5 . The fanin ie less oR gate is rah ete FLO. ABs AC+ BC (atk) AB + Act BCA eRCA ABC + Aci) + pBtac = RAS Dual for corcesvs property. AwrActec = (ars)(A+e) (etc) (») G*) (HAD) = VHA NTH RE = YR AYUAKE (Apply, concesus i pepe) meted Ey Et weet ESR) = VE tT SYTRE YT x YY po geen fo canplemented eEL ve &) a : 4 RY fy = kU AGT BACT ac 2 Aw + Act HC = ABE AC: Second term — Freduct of shy ad borers io New form firsk term lost digit rs wi ed Oy for tne 4e Concesvs proper ky is appli : Jo identi the three terme Ng jver nummer Product terms « of terms - The aene ™me ade SOD WY Arwre. 2 ABS.---- Denoggas ROG BABI \ Pope a Trtercaggiyg of RW AN gores \ Demoggerts operty. > Brey literol is complimented : Tr we compoxe the jr stotementi atin dual POP 1 ye B 4e Tt is Same, in both rokex ragga ok OR ¥ ANS Qe ts tone . Theetorr Quo proper ip a suceel ot Demnorgare Pop’ tof Dull property Demogaris peperky ig a Superse eat Write Dernoggon expressern — for poollean expression AB (Exo. (E*F)| A (e+e (ox) | — vol: rope, ggneny ard we qet heroorgar’s Soot ome pr oR (ore (6rery\~ OF Epa Consider shear f : ee te boolean expression or function hes a expres £05 4,%) = yr GE rv Aye £2 (ABC) s (At B+Z) (Orc) (A+ Sor: While writing SOP expressto truth table. Je hone only + neo 7 ¥> product bexy wo product te to the product> we Ave GeRNG — (A) 50f ° __[@ POS we. must veer to the v wel _ RY soning OR opexatio Ene SOP form yg A $(A:8,0) = REC + FEC + ABC + ABT ° ot _ RBct Be + PSE + AST) 0 | 4(Ai,d).< REC + eT + pce cote a U 2 To distiggech tne ey) ¥ al Fore - qu comment cal the ey, we vse cannonic 3 Bad term in the nomed 96 Mus Teen + all the Voxialles ‘re : For, far thet camatination, Pechon Q ’ Sony eon a my 8) ical Sym which contains (as oncom ple repo rovet are. Mentor be one Th are oddie ovieseri pt deci £( 8.0) = mth My egim(une) TU distinguened ky eral NUMpeK- (en +O Cano Tre GY LY can be the. ESOP evpressa: POS! While writing it wo 3 ° we wel aw D Fee tte ne SS oo 7) (A #942) (arB+c) Sat ae oe Ves —_1 Ppt a oa Gc = BG) (APO*C (Ax) MEE) ( *) JPW 0 0 © oe Ararc . o 81 ‘re eq ey) vey) differ and 6 1 0 ; ey (3) Car be named as standard O | 1 0 c(At@xe) syoduct of Sur expression eo POS ce : a (os OF (@+84C) expressin 118 1 ° Boch bern IN POS Is called. rut 8 & (a «6t¢) 0S ox ber~ They ove. sepresented lity “MM with @ wottix Aecienal nomboer a Lmibe)= Marla s Ma 28 m (0,551) — 3 spammed 23 compact To oti qquish aK 8 58 srood te 7 product of Suny expression and 6 srovid be rane fesse , : wo ancomplemen’™, form Nowiatble a a wok ve ony on corp men bar foo Literal *% aaa Noo be either ql complene tot me a Deed je no cHeet of eo} open oeon ,WANO, MAR, Ex-OR, ex-nog , H& all derived opera bors « pap — ANO foriovacd yy sail a a yore hb & CREE VERO “(ROG 9° 1 a 6 0 a0 \ a 3 ot \ Q \ o 0} \ 0 1 to t et o1o S ° \ to o 8 89 owt! ° 0 100 | ° ; ro. ! °o 0 ( 1 04 ° D ripe 9S at The vest & WAND 16 Tero ‘only wren all tne Varia to esforon pe raj operation the gymbalic representation a. 4 —+{ ~ We , : = stimvlabion out fos fANO is os fotlows, i ih A=O = wel A : — we Hh eye eS a be we =p en DY = (01) ~ Ag) it A#BaY= | erable ‘fe - Ot disable ‘lp - 0 WOR: OR, | follomect f0oT 100T, AR Ae if A-0 y26 ot 8 hee ave ck a 8 2450 Eravie fe ~° py ge EXOR © eymbotion represented os © De . - » y= A@eGe ‘sn a renner OF no The reste © of Bx-ok oper ac exon © gj Bere ber of “4 Of present xesot exer puenbex Bee ie Coa present ye A@S& i eao7e 2 ABxeR we EOE =0 ib PB = \ eravie ‘Tf eX — pp" digadle _ co then the BOR eo veel 08 the- the Botter: TF Op © TE nny he exor © Ces anverter Hee decides vdrethes wie Fee © ihe wie cated contre! an ex-oRs : : en a ee ap & Y=AOe SO 8 ates oo ) 0 0 0 : ° S44 8 9 ‘ : oO 36 t t fl at \ 1 00 06 Y= AO 1 o@ 1 ° - AEG { ' ‘ Teta t tao ; ee The fesvlt of ER NOR operation ° (ae (BA) is 2 when EO nucnoes of @ 1° ~ (ee) (Bra). ave present > ABTAB fe AsO aY7 © 8 ib Aeloyv= 6 Sis) y —— P- it peaen a Y=! , th AEB y=0 erovle Ie = x able ‘Ip ~ * & sarne. 05 19 ex-o8 There oe no endole ¥ disable ‘IP Stiraviavon Daggra for Ex=0R GATE aaentify ME the \atitty of Assosio tii on |Ex-WoR operation> ' Ne ABt BA A 8 Ao AE ~aerAB ABAAE oe o «(9 9o ‘ \ \ Aw AS o N 6 ° ° ° 5 2 ° ° ° o toa 10 \ ( Aesosictu Fy ye pee & (6S - (es) —Y Ey nx® arid. ve net - [AOS —w? ey gev) Broo od be et Y= AO BOC Ag(Bde) Dl ac (noes wornere* © a ec pe a (e289 OC (9092 ~ oe 0 o 6 @ of} CU ao (OS Orta io } to © 0 0 ° r 3 ch 0 0 0 en) 1 0° » 0 0 ° , of o 0 0 ° 1 1 0 10} 9 1 oO 8 \ pecasiative FFP erty cot = Ber une ee wea CA AB a * ag £60 ech TERE - ae ene ne reer CF Beene Ao FOEre At (Be ry* aBac ae - Axe + clot) agent fy A ~ Nolidi ty of Resosiotivi fy on) ExX-NWOR operation» y= fOr BA AB AB DE BSePB ABS eee o (0 o 4 1 ‘ = ABt RS Opera nh col eui eas eee 0) ° on . {ot 1 0 \ t Aeeosiotin Fy Ye BCU) Aree) —W 5 [AHS —e? a ey ¥® srovld. be eel ey ¥e) shoud be Y= AQ BOC = Aa BOC) __ _ 7 eee @maserc 0 age i (nage no OC ' o «(96 0 . \ eo 0 16 ‘oy oof oy yy HON a o (tC 8 © 0 Oo a vi 3 tt 0 0 © o 0 |? 1s t A $ » 0 0 o 1 \ a| ‘ oo ° = = @= Ol \ 11 0 1o} © 0,0) ty) es 1 ohy \ oo) . id For Gre0dR te pesool ative, property ie rok NOM , vei Qeolean = Simply tre qven ooaleaN expression E alge properties: wo var Bu TVS HY « THEY * e a@nso@A Gosia We 5® AD + HRB) OF Ge ~ a(axs + AWB) O4 Nee | ef Be ARG Qe AR eOCeTa + OB 4 BT TCA t Ct AKCA an AB beat ABS + Crh = A® nen «ROA Reta eae teare < (Be+ay ROR xe E(Brayt PBHC ag + (6 48)8 = Ag nr hs ~ Ax « clerh) *) (n&+ Be (er )) © Fe: (a8) (Bc (cxR0 )) [A *B) (Be +( + (ct AD) meee) wx Fa KT VORY THRGE ( + Bur BKY « HRY «| s| rae omy wet B( ax tye tGa))] > vad { WF He Rye AG e «| = ve {or wt 1@'nws es SS a¥8) 5) AOs Ect Sar asrecrcAtcrArge ~l a aes (e@8)@ (892) 2 Oey = 1 Qo s) (ROB)O (A@B). 4 100 = | 086+ 8 (rm) HAD Be (c+ Ao) a 6c Ce(a)] . oO (: ct =o) (D arab + be + ~~ = aretct-- 7 - @ Properties for ( AGA =o © wm AOA =| @ @ P@o “8 oa w aoo 4 @ Up Tr ROB =C then T4 AOB=C then a e Assosiative propedy © fe ® CKAOS c= AG re} i el ° 1 / ° 1 0 \ A 9 \ 1p \ we ABS@CHO wo & AQSOE = O - Te erke PQ tse Demo’ HS a -- -. (Standaxd Question. = (PHQETR ex-on & ex -WOR? ner -4 ROB > a@® moren 808. 708: Rone, OS AO AOR «0 o aoe . ROB e@c =A A@oEC “0 Rocter c@c <0. ee ORCS Tne +0! BOC * Nx for @x-WOR- Ao BoC oO ° oO ° then ASSEOVO a ae AND ey _ A nee oR, a -Ax6 é ~AXB wor 4 —j>— * the ~fonctionoly cornpletc set is { 190, wor} NS { 98 Nery > Noe Me — minimonm — Nvrloer of two inptk NANO gore required to . yeolise ho tacolean function *(918,C) = ABC. [ne ece | ® ind the volves oF bookean y 0. Ole Sal boolean equations B4ae =O ; aw =AC | ABT BExcA < CO . © Tdentiy (ohee the Qiven woolean fonction £(,4,2) 2 Zoos GD a sdf dual fonction {20 voriatoles 18, ‘6 f= ABC bp _S ay a7 _ DPE ppp c+ Be ® % g mAs c+ abe awe a Ae 2 ABCE ae & < The Nomoer oF ge gotes owe S. — B-0 v Aco a AEl (2) Atab=0 > AB <0 GS ee. _ nese a6@ SMS =O. pyr ececas CO he t a 6 'aBeac 46 yee cel wHac 9ce Hey OOOO" 1 0:0. $e REc+ ABT + ABE + ABC EE ‘lo fo [A+BtC) (Bete) (atB @) & Dual meas > AND E> OR (Arete) om t 4 ior the given fonction(F) sa 6 dual fonction is fat fonction - hen fonction ‘4’ is Sail fo be self deal ¢ ~ 2 ~ oe - ae (H+Btc) (Wr@ Kc) (ax Ber) (A+ xc) Prec = (ABD (#2) ce ° The max ferms are €,9,3,0 = 7 2 1% at a sat dval function KM The prin terns Oe The qe fonction iS NI spent operotion vesvlt on ) terite the doa and the con vaxiaiole xOR operation % KOE AB+ AB “FA 1 \ eye 2 : amp merit AB+ AB creates (At 6) (ab) Dual operation 6 egoal te compli nent operate Nommer System 5[ nPme H.), wt gt . eo i , Dy FE Det _ steixto, = € Yio 5 ¥2\0 Decimal out a) 4 h,8,--° 8) We Hera 8 (Out, ve % Octal" (ONT,- ye Nibble « (onite)- vee Binory ford. eS font34) v=6 £041, 2, 45 y ths They ove fo SYPES YS. needect for subdbeaction 4) ) Carplements ane |i yes€ Leys \eays + While oobtracting every agit with rl we vencling (Jo complernent - 1, TAL? ~ vl ; 1D ~ LH Pne 7 ©, Bo) & (Wye & Find he complement oF the Qyen nomex - 610 - a Ww Ail! 3{0 “8 pe x \ \ Mn Us UY Lae ~ irom me) wes Loy * | — ap vodka 5 forbes} Vos 13 G— (6 je nob present " follos °: te O8 Supp ose 36 ent of uso cay PP go eI cornplenns 4BO . wird 519 f Hoe 19 task digit the ot O o | two digits & gener tro ont . . ‘ ve aficont Voss COG forsord 0 ner QM a lace |. . 7 cornplernent also Tmplerment — the above (ee 9 SS np oe Se corepiemnent 10d" ae 5 <. the S in the lak digit en se Ryamcted 4 Tene dig —1— L4o_ Find sory of tine two hexadecinal digit se (606A) uw ry : (5 ECD), = LES S Here — Setotract @ Cc Bt o vere add leost tern if ib greater than Ib then suolract i form 16 and add a Coney te Next beer t im ig 2,0, 9,0, Be ) (2516S) = L ye (teat Pes atx] aT Ke +142) = 66U) Hexe the vadin 6 F 80 Mwltiply — the 7 with the digit the yOdix ghovid have bhe soffin as Poroek i -a¥ pr TO, F ( Dae wl SeQ, + a) (5%) ig 7 sure oa Cm \y 7 (485 * “ 58 sa \e oer s\2 w-3 78 a l4-3 e-B s[N-4 Be x Ll ho BD. = (De =e BM, es be cross checks Os The aloow answer can fl i) z andy rxule BH we 3 84 = (i110 de 4 con ee are 9 34 O (54 1)o Ouexy 2 CFL AW ILGB wt OBEAE oo ote xe = 1GG = 4 OSX U= OF2 —O | 2 [St D-0234) , oaQ= BSE AB OFLE ey au oteng - ORO - BS Osers W16 < |. O-stare ues fe 5 (Use aq - OBL- C.08KY - ne \3W)e O1SKT 7090 = 0 . ju. Bee (a ue). oskee tee ke O5Ke + Ww og Ke = BBB = @ OSE xle <1 OS © © O08 x FLW =I (eB2e)u . ay urer into equivalent TE te pessiole +o convert the bi octal nibble © Hexadecieral MMber . cont grouping of the dibs - aibole Somber Soppose colo! convert inte equnalent Pee (OU OD1OD), 13 OLD & NG Watt - 9010 ( we §:') y Q00 . oatsrony gals Wee (20-28) # Comersion of Octa, Mexio > nipple +2 BIN (Holz) s UL fort -O0t.010) p oti “ed. bina The abe conversions 5 wodin © ; poe ° ; 4 to vodix possible onty when odtx ‘S in the power of L m uy ts th size of the QMP - web where. : in 8 er to yout muon _, Deyelop A Focedore ty convert Be YON xodix “Y detrlbex divect| ler — Using — this = the Quen cadix “S ganber_ fo ona Yadix A Nomboer > being friar ei 1retee!) ol Yq. ss lee wy, be +o vodices then WEY yen ew a mt. aus sews ened sath =% ba ay Sta (ovle22 2%! 2212219 w Swplity the 2 given boolean Yopertion d olen Fonction Using. Boolean algeo™ a Fouy eye BML ie ER (4,2) = ager + ayer ay + xqt * aye 3) Rec $0 BONE xy BE+ACt Ae eS eye + Aye + Aye + gt tS ‘ Ye Aye wer Ry GE Soya) = ME + eye ny ee —v) t,, borthey This a above equation () aanndr be simplif lind of eqompression is called an olor ont express (on (ory isveducralole ope ssio as follows IL ype of ee “ po (uy ze) > Ge ors cenge eYE OU? —wy = RE EGE xyere — &) The e)(8) also cannot be sinplified goxtinor BL type & amerng © Fallows qe + nGt * ay Wut € Kye aK Pouye) = Kg ax buat eye) = Ee eye 4") The eats) 8 to U ie aeo wr educiale Fhe egy) w% hove spect over CLV Y &) be narred 28 oninierol expression Te ip the one which rust conboin minim mnber of Minienal Expresso © nurnber of FeANn8 - eoch Fern wrt the enininmue OO literals « of w type - 4 E(u?) = we ye Ae ot aa — The gree function 7 . be havirag More thar af an iwedant capesiet 8 an 5 AN tredont expressions RY —> Minimal expesdon Mey aot The olcove met red of osir®, properties to give has ORY Grackacks like the ero cot be minimal be unique - the miritall expression ral expesster Sree rok be obtained een if they we obboined al the © minine’ expressions OC oot bhained wp & Map Procedure - ‘This methad Cary be ose MY —_ © Quine Me etostey Metra . Hee 7S In tabvvlation method ts Y expression prec as “K ™MAP i miawnal eapressioN - The Maxinen norntoer Q Max fore! Q Ib 4 2 = =16 3 wb, vad e2se 4 64 K1024 : 7 na -— @ Consider n= then the otal no of fone io 6 (89) > Zn) =) ‘ge ree. FOS theo i WO mr) Le) F,(ai8) © ANH —O) va (23) ™ (43) Faye bao ters OS sonny Eee . ts 200”), B01) Zor) 2 (O13 ary (°3) (6) he € combinations Ue he, 44 u Die citec cour oelr Chuan ws at = 16 aL UI ABC+ ABT BE Tdentily to use as oniversal An i vee 7 ies gate te having ovtpot a6 nether it is Possible to vse as onivesal logic gates Tm ceed ‘i PcIT (A,B,C) = ABC AGT Be ert Gate due wos cse te works we GB) Yo pteve whether as universal gle fe howe bo Conswer Pree ig Oss ae NOAND, NOR 109 le Ry Yy be inputs sek of p, oT © {or, 901}. Short the BY 2 pe Fa) we (869 ae me oes ameverr (x,y) > ae e a ~ ) N (ws): Hy Wee KG (we wal NOR pte “Tt O+O FAG 1s oniverso) lel gore ue ay? = KY ke tO? ~ (ed) Kemap i an alternative at the tt toble . ee eae. inbetable o cells ~ in Emap a Porction #(A:8) 1b OP be rapped The differ ent possible . Te a k- Map formats : ae & Yowaloles 1 we i fe OK, Moving 2 poseitcle WL Maps to wie ren rae Bete! & a ve cals thak differ only ia one yaxiale oF called os Adacent cell. Gach cell 0 emp thee 0% es ogee celle ta g-Nowtablee . Ke OP - “ yore Fg EMF Hee the cat os & ogee cells: yo differ f° 2p akter IOS ak EYE atti 0% wae We the cotta ater can vote f with Sal Wo Be cell “14 yio dittes in B Vor y ceil wes agile: wo y call Ub IS gittes HO - J. Bey coh FOS aces CoS Sx ly — fis, p0t} 3 fa & yet-evence coh NE is ane one adjacent cel in kena FLA © a > Grouping 8 Q cells, te & pacsbe BS & calls, 7 3 calls. ols thor OE | < ener A cells, mehhd..-! sub cobe “Fined the eum of the ploduel ex ‘ = a FCuye) Fon (423449) pression for the fonckibn oo of Wo (gr ret Ke , independent will leokigg if we axe hosing any TL cell subostitote provided thal tt & Kcell, Geall 80 9 . ike geell Fad 4cell ,Scell, - ucell Pp Gea, eel, ~~ inst gist 7 2 i we must ead Wo > areal 8 preduck expression for the fence © Ped Minin! om of # (e,,°) AM ( MAE 8) & So ot o i | 2 x tere OP" @ ts on inde - > wor pendent’ cell . spe ABTO* aco t HOE *BP- to (8) + BECD Elimination: ay celle “ W Lcells \ Ga ee © av lcells Buss? nec ‘3 s 8 cols ue a gredlis Se Vaxtables consider & possible sobcobe varias 2 ‘that alierinaking ok 9 celle Fe the prcdwelr is coprenenberh woth Shem’ HEMET of Werals A euocube of ™ celle possibvle it ard ony in 4nok svbcube for © cell Sm noenoet of cols srvst be adjacent ey ct cells « 7 ea Tnpicant Priene- Fenplicant Eesential PL ts said to © woreegrgy, Covergge: A faretion ‘fe sf akall tne Ponction “ft ie FOR the value 98 tne fonction 3) “4). Where NE the fonction & oes Ex! £(Pi,c.d) = 200 (o5ui3i 81'S) ne 8, (12,0,) = A, 9 (85% 1,48) aL 6,9,¢,8) = By 19 (OHS hy'3) tPa we a vhe vor bles for the fornckion 47 le caren \ ‘ ; re ONY the funck Qi % eal at of and Q, ME equal fianekiod £ is rosQ For the fanctt'n py te not caver voriables axe ok present ray ANNES the product (hy BRED the fondion af). Mathernaticall the Value ay Uu the foretion # © ws aid 0 be ‘empticant of ik te copresenvect ag hot. Coneider *E. GVEN ponchos + ER) @,°)0) 2 Am (or 3,7 \e, 18,15) hy sBD NEE hye aco (59) heat . E bee iw the 2 h, eure (a) by= 880 (8/5) he OF axe attained by h,- BOO oi) hee BCD (use i map the suocetls in” re) Ny aF V the oye cell GOP rye REG} ngs REO (45) he = ABS (49) hept They axe. Not tong leants hot becoure tev one ha Pt decane 8 cortroun mox Ter hae pidelect abter 4 Ig OF iy KL rrappeg ho NJ tne product tex shold have anly _,Te become implicaryt foncht Al '6 gives only min tems + 4 The ovmber of ta & implicants ck berms of Wy Prime. Unplicantt tere 0 the Tt We ce onable to ene NN stomp Wear prosluct then thot pecct ve cae Pame SPRINT Free the above exornpe. ave ‘5? te) The he 6 pot a PANE Wrplicant ¥ hg dine. HOMNEK of pime inngican +5 fe abo nob @ prime * Neant . . , oe os pumber of pins ienp ican ts is S i al Whatever sob QsOOP possible there ene! eq’ be prime implicants . ey ane Bom gM nis a u fe eobset is mata port & a PRY gore prime imptoart p= § Bor Feo, BES, AEP a : . wa pare imple sential Pine Tinpreant Gesentiol Privve mpicon oon aoe ont Ohich post cover atleast one rnin terme Covered hy SY otines prone ienplicant . he essential Tr ce ale looking for oteast se te weenelick COMES ner prime jnpr ants = ’ one gowsed wibly Over essential PrEME eal Va Vtannbe ae EPL = MBO (5,3,15)5) gel = n= nz Boo (3) certs hy, Bro (9,8) wo & wr =-5 Coen anny be reoina, - $(P8,1D) C al prime implicants can be eninvenal axpesins ») The min bese mot covered 9 the will be vee ame Uncovered — oy ERE we Oe oni inopvea 4 Beds Ge £(ABjO0) = “ . « 4 BGC Provte ) Cansicher tre uncovered min tere @) is covered 4, min Find the nember af essential priene renplica ns ard al ion form thE fonction (8:96) as pte oc file ossi ble mininall express ay = pp rAcD + Boo present in all the essential prime ionp' coals 9 FEES Feo b set op HCO —w —% To cet smaltest posable prime C #(A:B,6,0) = BO " shown ; -s No oF Rime * icant i ne oF essential acon e(meae) = EO (ysi64 sees 6) he la = Aco he (ue) = aco ee hee (GD -AeG ny ehh) 2 hg (G4) 6619) 2 BD A Aw>t Awe E(mPa®) © AED +* ACO* a excential pine qineck for bE coneet of win HOES by e ; veri Xt ~ 70 AME Soa) ch «ABCt ABC implicants ‘ope £ (818,69) : express speorh tine eniaimal as it J. Tre Kone \S - eee roy Leners: the EPL ove covering all the min tims then the Aon waill be hoving onigue mininnal form ) If essertial prime ‘imp the fonction ts having Loc then the —proclucks which ove PRseNE IN prime. ienpiicanls: rinional the minimal expression must be essential egeentio ° y Find the Nomber of Plime implicants e9 prime innpyi cants anc all possible pime mnpreagls br oe fone $.(918,60) -S The somber pine amplteants at 4 ~ BD “ FelRe = (011.513, 157) et hye (Re B-l5y) he? (E0A); (45) at ve (BBO A) . U7 hs =( £08) Las) = ok, -{ cob) « (a) 4 ABDI ABE+C waiqye, essential LKR pf. am (Hass S vie). fe AwD+ BEC * CDA The aewe priniroal expression has obher than essential Prime — implicants: . To coven rne nomeey of min perens. BoDsEES waver be o& mininony — 08 possilole Gach sure cok be 08 Lage OF oo Jf =Aep* BES *COR fincling expression voi trout find the — rainimnal thod bs used To nomtor of PE kK EPI «The above Me Ov Des ard Realise @cD 10 excess- 3 code. convertor z =< eneess 3 —_ pceBA a ©, €,€ & pr 4 . n men oR Ge foe,se) 2056789) a € (e988) 2 9(M9"") + | Gol © ) em(o,3,"%4) o | eels) 2n(orst) o (1008 5) &? pth + HCW x OCB ce scr ece 4+ Bebs t THD, we By - BA +8 —— « oftry 0c roRe CF G 2g SD. . * © ven ce. mes ra S ceceatG \agic hts, % S . veatteauh. be 5, qror thee equations {ig known &%& Hy yee = . The torleel ot Lt > can && woaivved «0 <= L & “igmpremented by Mee = evel ma gle: | + : { Eee - 9 teuel PRNO- wand ct, CBA # CA + CB (eA) Lote =e = LOA tT 6 - CBA FCALEB C2 level AND-OR CH a jel OR- WOR oF Sof g lewel ANO- NOR ” 4 ARO -NAwO © level AND: NAND cet aR- AMO ue 2 lewel P05 . © leyd WOR MOR AE Design and vealise encess-® +0 BCD code convertor a fh ho i £ F (war) = Area l2i07:89) 85) (Oye) S Bee tye Ae ge ehyt & Bre yet + Ye + fey fe Bayes wig? Q@uveet Solution = LAH) =A (Aes 6 FAME 8 f eoretye Oe Loy aE (YAH T YS ae wy RE WHEG eyes a 3 art) + wheg+ ue cn Xe (gt) * yer ®t X@(Ue8). nny s eg: NYE TAYE MOS) EG, 7 “vent Toot TN ayed Pq QEoe Tyes « aegnr HFA . oS re Fy =(@ pty.) Fim OB) 4% is) a (oats) —e Fg LOY, 2) hm (113) eames) —e) min terms of Ff, don't care tems Oe lg wie = Dis — Ser ek there Reo Fonclen # (A18,C) Seo (014,3) +4 OS) 3 = v ‘ x [UY pe > ter there Fabel dy) Ponelion #Aac)> Za in [0t 1928 Tn a iver, fonction re -% Aomber oF coins Hons are 7 dont coves then he Bonckton con hove 3 nomber of ditfee" formes - KM (vy, BO) (S) + Pos gig Oe coma hele > Fleapny,*) * Find minimal product a som ARISE -(GexGe) fonction? Oy Css B xh C) iC BurG) SAB 4 -( 8) fo WET Ory toy t Gro 4 frithematic cu Application of combinatdo ches. — Code conwertors- — mowtiplewers 1 fdder eels Reider Hate: po RB 8 Co 5 re A Se paeaet On 0 ' 3 {are o. 1} 1 0 3,2 ROB/- — 2, \ 3 \ ° Cy = 08 / ( i ° a & 6 Pan \ e Co : : ia < of (1) Realice the above adder cirevib POI minimal nvmioer ° two pot MANO gates? x fa, F Addition of — Multt Bit Nombers has ool Brs ooll g 1000 Fu Rover: a @ see ieee eee eee al a\ B&B ots oi ea} o1/9/9 mln t o\o | 1 \ ae 3| o|t \e }tla Fy oft \s | a : all calle . ° & (A18,Cn © Amaury) Th rf ol\t fol. Cl" Ne A ml3,5) 67) 7 ‘ ‘| ‘ oO 5 1 AL \ i sg RECin + ABCin + BBCy + ALCIN A@BOCin — = ABE ACH OCH —4 7 ee ee Ip APD gate ~a fequired to realise fo, adder wo? oes ~ Py te 94 b Ds —— Og So = Saaee For xOR epte we need casein = Baepte 4 agates fo realise the cut tee? retoor oF gates : in aoe J. Tobal sure Cy = ABEACINT BCin, a es = AB* ACan Bo = 46 + (F408) Cire (CAPS + AB Cint AECin = AGCin + ABCGin ABC * “AEG X Cine = 2003 Gate 8638? - oleae ® fe #(A:,6)0) = AM (0,458, 181%) eth RL)? AT + BCD an, nec? fy @ yoo fas] oy ae capt zag 00106 r9f 1%) q 80,2) 4 ATer OTE (O10 AT (& 1100 Ol, VOL ,1000 , 1010, te amy 13,98, 0,04 Bey = WHS ae PS OBTRACTOR! BP & oo 9 ° = AB Oe c= AS 1 0 1 0 gi eo 9 Ao Oo \ I -p ot 70 7 ‘a oul 10 D alee f° P, Py on &, = Ip e a lemene € & O11 0 ootr otro 6+) 3 ootl 1100- qy vet 0d! wen Fou SOBTRACTOR > 4 i oo(0.8, 89) & (9889 Bie. D(A, 8) = = Bm (ot 43) —v) Gr B,Bin) = Aym(Hy ay) oD, AO&@ Bin &, eRG+ Abin FEB —©. sFol| odder and fall Subtracto! have both same nomber of gates rh vealiee % YPAOR gle the MrinienP™ no of NAW we yequire is 4 th ss so 5 ate ease 2 ‘IP exsoor ne ale, ea _ Oh: NOR, exoR + Ss vile gto a * Biwagy Proper: Me nee eat BF Bui One Bie ( Serial Binoy Adder we Reollel Addex Led read Binoy Aides: _ : a Poteet im megs : Tr is the annour ; inp: is cated! Propagation the cxk yespons® Ast aye seen Se bey 208 Pod — There i6 no proper eynchronication : Bk Bord b, % bebaeen — camy and — We neck Yetard COmy (ce) vnbill A § B inguly appear at the adder - + Buch deley ce ae inpot cet ore NOW 96 D- MpHoe a Se _O | Gnu — o & \ On 2 { eo |o9 The chock repetition © scyne 06 bit cepitition time Te seal a The out is ei cons addition on , 9 Brey ornbers , it io sexol adder — The operation +irne . concesne it © — Pe per the cost ‘6 . “ade hes a deorwenck 19 opseation BE in posailel me Thie prowie le eeiniorieech “othe —» Para west Boar Romer! ee Jess opexation time bot ae ee gt mre cost Binoy ore compheri an os Ripple Co called ‘er! YY pader *o8) coy ook Areod Binge” BEES rddec> . oo Ae rhs Oo i Cy = Robs FA; Si Tucan i BE BLT py Bici TES Ci? 2 Ayr T ICL + AICin ®) feu trd 9 Tted a ne (an-t) ted- ena u = rn Can. look Ahead Binary Adder + e Oeeps ning +40 ont bit ren thee. mat be a- mee cc she 2 ieee" ) By Bo oo HA? C= Ao Be FAs wi Cy= AB, T BiCyt ALC c= AB + Co(Ai* Bs) e, 45, 2 YS ane HA, _— en urCo Pi FA, -—t(®) “oye AaB, + Blt Cr Ae, es G = AFI Fe Bano ei Let Ae) P, = Ait Bi oa, ae: ieee Ve ~ @ 4 (Git Co Pr) Pe, Khe aleve. the equation for the Cy= @ + GP t CoP) Gary ol Rati» Bev®s oe Ro Be) . ere Git Pi Genki heat KL tT : (4) Here the cany is 80° fo «Tk hos ted and enters through ANI f OL ltpd and there fore the ipeett has 2 tpd entes Y the FA with a and &A ote total Hime chelgy = Hera + Fed — ©) Brod + Ved =Stea Wee tne operation me te independent de the Pr OnE Gy dn Cy somstttule. Gy valve then tre strd Adgy ia @) © Ce Sangh SENS ved - del ted; The tol Shy Ga Aer S & uted = 8B (Sr8) But hee the AMO gale © ©) has & , CL. 2 A\A,8 ve)? Yps ¢ the comp &iH irceases and cosh 2 A\A, 8, + 0,685 Here. ib 1s som Podwels inaeases fouk time delay deere acts So Lud 0 v Ripple Adder ave the exam ee - lock Alneod Addo im serial binayy adder ee oe. OF) Con conoinatioral cuts where 05 gq if *& an example of sequential ok (enone Suerancrar CH io fe ecrapitaenk roy A : -& x Ve oF B Gealceaeias) 0101 ool vs conpierrent of 3 * ooll 3 7 00ll” 1100 ren - trie coy He ge apkained ** oo ooo 7 we i \e added °° tne 4 alone sien a ——— _,_ lent § aigicane lass Cott 0 010% Evol aes tele ve compere of ge = 010 ni \ A c Avot, Wines ener CORY the aoe ts new an . Ve 86 Ne @ ee tore coy fe eve wate es \¥ As thee ‘© Ae Cow te ne OOH tne oe a fe campiiment a6 = ehen ADEN eee he, aoe OO ® brut nga ode \ vs complenert Foren * To ak ve corn pemen™ add 1x0 1° Cue Oe Ole comoene Cae oo &o corepterne® ot 5 (toh 0190 0100 wo a ott ° Ole \0 0190 nee complement of a qed pinoy doonPer pce token cead iQ qombas #0 rep aide wore fhe. none’ monk of erat qomber- and = en zoKe comple aliv eckty ty as +i“? BONY nomber A 19110 10 0 Stet 100 7 Step ai00l 100 7 vs compere Tr fut it Reet aegis wonte ib os HF is eae wove Be ee eer RB S 3 ee OOO Ooo 6 9110 1810 [ P10 Troe Manicte 0 Cay "5 complement adder cht» whee as in Cet cammplenity 1S. 2'5 complement ig preferred than +} 1's complement we need 2 has ony L adder cet» 25 complement Move in ts than in 2's yw The | binoy cere hab No proper complement ENaiae in 9% complement it fe Nob 80 in 1's Complement eg in “V's complemen! « Thew is 90 onique yepresent ation oto Ghee as in ws complement binay Teo . - ar’ Jeo & 9000 ° OOGO es comp Bec S Complement creel . a Tame . I o000 Thtix Theis a not valid > occa. Biwary Sopreactor* * £ BIE pa pinoy adder IC ip HES. y bb _o su al iP as os 4 Buri sury | Cie i 4-bit BA t & sudy 3 W ) Ldbcomplement’ Ae then offer ouscasing Co Ye then mgenitode. ovatlabie © 2 coger en) ee “a TE BEB then thee ts 09 COW a ap ort tree ee fom a Mog aailaole- Te we want the same aifveat to be vsti for bot 66) & (ayB) bhen the cut t& destped as fotiowe *) » BA BD, Re 75) *(Aad oO} * Len ct wot uoitea “PO Gt 5 4 2T ee eee In For Gogg Bik binay adder ond other required eine} ronines + ( 4 of logic gates xealise 1) Conbraliable 4 Bit BA/eS~ ce oe ‘ goo to 63] es Be o1 OBD v0 WS complemen code ENE & meo0 eB, AOS Maa Aree & «(a> ~ bo BCD Deanvdlabte &C0,$0 © 3/3 avo Cone convertors excess ~O code 5 alo call complementary w BCD tw ES ao es ® &cO ed as salt ne : 9 abit Biray © Gacy Code Convertor code Because “the 1% con ” 4-bit Gog to Binoy cade - plement of the qven ecdD © sqrt SD Naksral BCD. aa is Te comple “ Ay ty es Xo | 8 SC BA o1or*® a= vom PBA t ° ° oaao 7 eo! ary 2 o oto eo o 1b 0? oo +0 i Cater o Olt “0 if a “ eee Leo ovti* tae ° \ 8 000 aren a 1 6 0 1 1o 0 ; 10 distance yy For lore code detection eco ~ veh extort ange codes Y @ we shodd vse. VF one WH all pose BIW tes. eos atoove nonrber Sore gy ttere tne equivalent decimal embers We aren for mapping ~ §- map Don't rer | vl Don tote direc a for HF ceapectvely” ake Phew ¥ ttt \t, equivalent oe, Wb eA cede converter corwerls suet w Noknel or k Mineral eRpresso? for LOB Nowialole , manienal express os MSH | Lt BOB! o Notoral & BCD to s-utc! F Nocoval SS rMoliplexer i6 A combinational cut which 6 how ig many t's § sie ovtpot A. \ Peay) Ges =|] Ut mo = 24 en Bx{ mux = 3 fox1 MOK = 4 Arn oxi MOK FF QMen ° St Se . The purpose of the mrultipe'tg Same perticvlar data is each one of "Vp line tavin i ‘es is The yelafiondip bin the eect nes 3 oe Le ‘ © Oo 1 0 o oO Doe o 1 Oo t 9 0 By 1o © 9 19 Or o 601 % Farclion fable gives the desexption of the inpot and abo gives the Feeoal of the each Ye signal Y = 3,50, + 88D, +5, HQ + SDs E=| called active np enable E—) 20 Called os active low enable tH 1 Sebed of danibit wy disable oF erable | Apptications of Maltipiesng ) Ir ig possibie to used as +0 comert the parallel dota to series form . ) Ue te possible yo veeasTDM width . Er ie possible +o vee *o realize che boolean fonctions Be 8 Fh pe & Fed 0 O° fa °°! = DoS od e a ®@ ¢ Fh Oe oc. © ° ‘ 0 oO 3 \ a a t o 4 = eS eo 15 ° gys BC*BCt AS 4 yoo 3 6,2 yn (una 5,6) Ss «| i 6 y 1 0 \ + ro ovt eo . . a on FUer8 ©) yeavsed ee geen mo ¥ Find +he Fynckiony 1 1 phere 8, 20 fr a 4 ger) & - o (0 Cc One ct 1 0 ‘oo a BS wR CS fe Fx ( A¥@S) = AGe + ABT SO Fer Abe o Oo 0 ° zi On Oa \ = Dm (HH 8476) a 1.0 \ oe 90 th 0 (48,8) » cee cc BA* ent CbA to : » oe 1 & tN 10 ' gy AOU) et, (984) find the fone fy of R&C wolised —_ In 4¥l mox S ° fa (BB = RE LAGC +8 + PBC ie Here. 3 SF L,u NS 8, 30 = Sy (143,45 eg a “Hid the fone fy of ABC vented ty $6” ee MAR\ mnLoK _ ae _ a Lo ts (PrP) * A®t ABB +R Ec x AB vt te v) = BB+ SEC+AB Fela ds Ain(uysns) 2 ROCt HET + ASCHAT 2 AG EB, 21/5, %) © . 4xL Mok hind the fonction te & wy, vealiced Oy fo (M%,y O = {A18.40) ® = Alm (92,3, 56.8, 413,19 Rootean function o& gwen abse Using ‘8 Realise the a \B) SAL MIX -O 4X1 mor a tne} (nem) =O FC ABCA nh BC fe{oa ort ws 0) aah : ) We west veost fonction pch ff aOR florea! x0) poe “voxiotle. tak & eek carnected. to SHlece en oe : . Vine « Goch possible comioinalion loecomes ore heading te the chad + u Lh TH Ie . Ik aio «Ort 10° you oto ® © D ® - 3 7, 3 o Oo i ‘ a fonction £(ABC,9) ing a oe Me fe cove BaF yosiodes + the Sele Wines Su 20 Oe eek Se N i row iat vespeBly gee go 10 ON wg «tC? ) ~ © ® (©) 4x1 MoKe Cat =2) 2 D Ds [cine oe ) 1 €o+cO+D @ e ce to @ ese? ity iS ree _ ors cx COPS c@d yoo! Realise the ge fonctio® (A,8,C,0) using 4x molripiexee while connecting cant & voriables of edect Noes ively ai - 6 KS, YeSPe™ eye rot Boree ob 0 (exe os 66460 z = a Bw r Bors éo o Exod . 7 EHreo : Bao & 2 ue) axl my OX nAan= 4-13 aoe rats ° 4 000 ®) (6x1 - mox n-m =O (99 lagic gote aot is used’) . > ' Bx1 MX — y-met ( + NoTgate S an used) ' > : x ny ck ( fear ogc eptes ia Not -282) xe SP + ony Moy meme 5 (_t-loel ct) — When tne (nan) difference is envensedd » the Yq of the mwulbipterer 16 seduced - + By Osieg only 4! rom ir is PO @ Pay & Noxiobie fonctions ssille +O yealise (2204 ecey 2m ») Orly 3 voxioble =“ s oO ays 8 “ 7d Fen © “ " sling e) COU 3) | oo ot 10 ul of o @® 4 o 10 @s @ ac \ , t Cecadex: Tr 6 o combinational cbt « Te will convert the code Po from one, form +9 another form . MZ to wibble Dec 3. 3:3 De t to Octal Dec 3 eee foo to Decimal Pe). ete Pec [Binoy FH NS 3. axe Dec ( Bray per? Oe et & ¢ * BR wre goes with mwaAnmd gabe. v 1 Seine alee R - Dy PL 3 5 Resistor “R hoe Coren Lnibig xesisbor. This doplgy ig brow 98 eonnnnon anode disFay cotrnde display, sa) The fig © display ig lemon 9 COMMON By Democrpcexce+ ota ¢*——_— 3s chy cts as boll) demux ¥ hi deader Keo Applications of Decoder / Dernox Tt is posible 40 canert te serial doto +0 parallel. sro (ee Bo) eda eee) mapping chs to minimise the oonmber of address tines (carssen tHe = Tr te possible to vse to yealise the Boolean fonctions 2B vediiee the beakean Ponebton YS" roltiphexer (decoder 5 The nomber of inpol lines of the coder mwst- be came OS the nomber of voridloles oF the qven fonction, MSB voriable must be connected +0 Mbb yp tine oF the decoder -and.s° on 5 LEB voriote met be connected t SB Yp tine of the de- €=0 FEB) > AA m (03) fe (Mey = Am es) ore In muitipherer ik ie hosing only 4 Yp 80 we can yealise only ft tohee ° _» Gr cose of mux the -Vosinbles of bre: ME select Hines ae acepbtiated at the jp bor in denne tine seleot- Uns axe. ot the — The umber oF ip lines of the Gecacter shoul be egoal to the select lines ; > Tn ww lines COP be connected hasgener but th dlecortey 88 rave be connected #0 188° — Th decader 4 rend fhe furedions BE OVE in necol of extin - gates, MAND gotes fy achive boo © RoR ates for aotie high. eS bon te Carder Twat be O Complete decovter . => Complete decoder mene 2 en + Gr 4 le Bec hee 4 nie Dec Pilodem! fo Reali ~ why Osi Decoder Tt & possible ease % Le woltiple Lp cub @ Moe than Ne Fonctra is not possible - (® Realice tex! WMolbiptexers sing PsN OU eo bas foo oF MOR Yequired = pce text mow me#, RECO Cito of ww Usedk in second, por Pete 5 NS ek : mop LSB nok taven ine cont) & ‘ p C0 3 169 % 90° ae , ~~ yl yated. 7 %, tit w A e Yow ° Ww) ~2Nq 1 OR ~ (Wo xi ME @x\ moe tNe , 2xt nox -\No Buy mor -SNo , B) 4Kt mox Me es we ip havi sckctwariables 9.3506 & as ; a sext line molti phexer i i \ -Tdenbit: mon Gr is to be yealise vain 4&1 multiplexers a poo ARY awed arid obo specify hee the. botal numbers ok mux we eq i oeleck orate A,B,c,OK E Oe accomodated and “alee specityed Wo a muy = Sb 26: eat Yi hoy 9 10) LAIMOY ~lhe . nt W VOX @ Val ® (® BxB Dec 2) 2:4 Dec No o dec Rey = Ou A pert \ | Bec 2 (845) Ewconer? — the cenerse t 4 i NSE Encedex is a comei national eireait: G reg pe operation ot the HBrodex..decoder . Dec @ me” enc 2 NXeom u 42 ‘SMCOGEY [aivole 40 Binkley % oxo ‘ Cectal to Binary) ox * " (_ Decimal ) ScD) le toe & (Lens ae) qe 2 encoder! “pg OO OO 00 oe oS os i o OS %__s & wrt [8% 0 @ 0 0 Oy encode | _>6) ( a 0 Bi- An encader wth false dato ejection By © DO 381 focitity, 6 \ 3 8) 6 * Bo ey - Providing ip piovily be the yp can be dene | by the priority encoder OO De & Pe oO _ 590 8 1 Oe ae 'g 0 \ x ot = OAD, o 4,e * 1 0 9,480, i ox *® * eed - _ 2 Oro, Bel GoD PL, dD, &, 6p Diede Matrié cireoit , 4 Bt Oct The. 3 +), \ soher aone is piongy lope o a decimal numbes. Comtinadionat! ckts: a nthe presen . > he ofp oF tne ext stage depend ony ° P Fe ale) = ecu) . ; t 4 G0 “ state Id have the lp oF the pert not only of pesent stage bor aso OF set = £ (a ay J. A eee oe ane Ce Suey men dements 10 digital wus Of exo ORFF cach F[p can skoe 4 bi data (9 T-K FF In ail thee Fles we ae roving a Come ins element . Sino lately : gins a adn Beqvetial Subs he foasic components ove F Ie cxss coupled ayextor ee losch s net bot Binoy | * ee —s Even the. ores ae & same fami they ma be. een due. 18 reget Seley - The. gore thot & having aunts bd IL esponcl fost we bao MAND gates aill be haw comple = mn ere ig MO OBEY ACCESS to the Vis aia y fe is “Neces to incxeose the hovd LOR ‘ . coed Tp Te hes ber os xe the clrevit This 1s nd TE we have 40 stove “1 bit see 1 yt in the of the AE then lo oy S enmld be \ ard Rstodd be O a 39 a + TF ae fee bo store 6 BIE in the merce of bhe Hp hen ke Oo and R should be | 6 | > is provd ded “9 lo {te on a cr t ( 6 shold be Thus veer accessible —@ Yo* lp is previous state (™ ou qt an ovbpet The aoe tade & TT oe oR HE Ib i agoatyerly ne pee nted as belo 3 Q Tyres oF Eurrors: ct o BR Fle, AM the Flys oe clock 2 4 @ a-k Fle dependent / oT Fe s be Qari O O° ® Fee Q * lake) -_ 0 rer cle inpot hore ch mele ma be PAY elke an —| $6 @ Ra ewe 8 R os o x sh —_ eo 9 o @ ew 8 Veeecnee ° ' Qo 1 4 The preset w clear ‘p's ST os agynetvonoes gs. rammed — The seq ce with clock tere ts cae asynchwoner operatiay Clocked S- REF ( Set-Resettr) called agayndnvonevs ~tolole The aoe table 1 nen bath Ups one \ then ovbcome canner be predicted This is tne cles pock of the above ceive t . he drardloack CO be ovexcatned Reset re below? cut sok. Ming! a 190 x MEAN oot ° oo! 9° ae RAE \ Te 0,0 \ olor et. 1 oi alowed pretous Ip Yp is saree as the vl The Het BEE ‘6 aomnplemen of the pexovs sae ae dT bt Qnet ‘ ~ 9g 0 & ye B Youd of 5% REE Same. = Qo t 3 ~~ 0 ( vot & Qn Qe! 70 — Before comi to steady state value the fp Is ettin: charre 40 chagge ibe wale many times Thes P is Sed. Race around eondition (oo Recing - — The — Rosing coraition Soh be anoided potse time period (oo width should her exceed the propagation delqy of FiipHop- The propagation delay ® in terms of pec & necconds. If the td is 'Spgec then the tp shovid nok exceed — The change of REO wit ehange > Th te rab wer friendly peng oa complicated the jnovdwoose in fife — To ovoid the socing toe Ove (mereasi Ree Ge ol al ip called master alae, 3-4 FI cno0si the cle \Spsec ettects the T therefore pulse voiclth m pe s [ wrt ol agnal there ie % ditfererce in the St fr “TL pee ae 7 level wiggeed wedge, sriggeresL Ateodge eaiggered - The Trigger ane effect even in the operation ot the ckk and the Hieaing keagram 7 Tk ina sequential ct kee UP counter vf the ve edge trtgger weathered by ~Ve edge trigger then t+ operates © down Counter or ° The aymbolic. representation of triggers « 2 trtgger we level Trigger —| O-F lr? Deloy FE © Rey at Here the yj edge bigger 4g the amoonh of lk repetition ame As along as clt is cero then we axe veal Yp the prexiovs stage UH the cle 6 1 then been & whatever 1S the Dp we ts ttanefeed 40 the Jp om Dp w& travlened te Oni cir © Qe D Qe o = ¥ &@& o 0 F 9 9 tT OI ee { I Cree 8 FE vt for 3t Fle 5 OR One as & Qo she TT for SRy e 8 an eo co & TL ave BANE, cHeept ot © et ° when woth the ‘fps 1° \ ome: ove 4 aT CT Baten, id. Chorocketstic Equation: The intemal nature, behavioor of the He eon wyead ky a mathematical equation. The TT infor ma tien can be fonoodest 8 an equation called — characteristic equation. The — equation must be vorttten For Qnai - ie depends of “ps and also previous e of the ckts- Qon (Hes 140) - “slr charocter'etic equation for SR F/p 6 Qn (818,80) For thie we hove to debe a TT on SR ¥Qn Qa (8:8, OA) = Avs) +4 (67) = 8+ RQn Fle 8 Ann (3), @9) tay, EGela an ———— Amlyushy- 2 EQqr TAn = Tat TR eae a oat < = 0 Qn Qaet EY - Den Gow (089) = ° 6 0 ° eu oot ° if 0 \ to oth Ereitetion Tables To choge he Sr yon ao ‘the et Waive, whnk Tnpole axe, tHE ogpied ie given YY a wh information alot of, _the Flr is given Lon Table. The Dmamie, tion the Ye excitation Table. Gheve 8 otaic' Spevioh of . gien by Toth table Excitation Table for Tk Fle excitation Table se gw BR Fle into O Fle Ry Ing We can convert o terminals a not gate djo T]e & Fr for Excitation Tale T | Got o Qn \ Qn For the applied ole ayo the next staat is oloays com ple- merk of the previoud state I. —5 Chametenstic t : ent Eaoasion fr T Be 's- Quai (Tn) = TARE, T qa Ant! » 0 0 © of { eae) | 14 ° Qn ni Tv Exdtation Tolle for T Fifi } ° ° } 1 1 t ° 1 8 te + Fe can be Hore Convertion of TK Fle © SR Fle eombeini the 2 inpos and by giving a +Ne Abeeng clk pulse - + > Tris possible convert any FIF *° any over FF bCLE tee inoder to convert 4 Fp another Flip Wwe need a drivit ont. Tn the belo lock i Yi Fle 16 a known Fle inpuls ¥ XY, exe the onknown ones Fre x, Boe Qn) - ce : a @ y(n Yun) ie musk xead available Tle Vy To npls vate vee 06 O fonction of inpots - gequired Fle Convert 0 Fle to st Fle au D(H as) = Am (44 8,6) : = TAntEQy La OR Ye is Qnt@n = The TT of AB Fie 6 Quen below (® Deselop the chovockeristic equation ¥ Oi © Comet Th Fe to AG Fle imo D Fle itakion table to PBF. sk Fl), © BSF), F (M8, Qa) = AM foxyed (HBS, FA) —O «(Ae 120) «Zim (25) td 0,%%, 4) -v) Gomert St Fle to AG Fle. \‘L sel" : Register ister fo Sale n oO ate dota inte device. is an into device , Fox any nage . vp read date i To write one bit data 3 Write: - To write all bite simeltancovely Pt , device. Rean: | \) 8I50 yo) sTPa (oP Tso iy PTPA ‘Tt the gen register hos a Facilthy be shift the | , a te Lefd then that vegoter ‘s called 4 bit Te oni the ed “ae data the shit weg tober oses SR fe, OFf, hve not T-Fle- ~ ev : Pea am f fe < a ’ eee e @ : i | on a i | cs cen 5 | \ ~ AWD» re is pet te conc te at \ as the vtpot- of the . gees oop ore Tp Inprto ave logge complement ayy inputs a6 tNEY . NY coming from @#@ \ 2 A the F{p's UE Ghg Foy (tle Wefeve apriying the ete agra oe . the same ip the operator of the B-Flr - whatever inp 5 : transt- thae aller applying the elk egnel ened aT oa Ge | ant weecting “Yee oF an Fipso ‘ frog J \ a a Thie chit cannot — Perform left shit 60 tf can be considered as sight shit register- othe Flee bnok ove Used in tins diveoky corerted to Dp: gor the T- Ae " co p-Fie- . 3 Bethe etomgge devce should Mok pertormn pocesi; is oor 8 operation 6 performed 20 i, ie registers shodd be camot be converted Fle snovld ack as a berfer UF operakion « In T fle tHe comple er shift men veqisker Timing Biggram of Shift Regiober . > & TLD ae ~~ | _e ae | __ _ \ 2 : —— cont He clock poses and i The Honig digg roms ai frer also tne contents of the data. su mS OF FFin = Up FF 5 one ot a on 30 3 ee wes ee p-r operation the clk dowan ig f Ok the inpot given doesnt depend on Given aiong tre inpob ore the clk pobe Se ice ee ogepetvo nove The civeott the agynchvonovs clywit an be converteck to agen ; ro nove cre erat depends on clock pose Fy aivng cle inpok te wAND gete re, SAND gave is S-Yp wAwD gate then the circuit” becomes — SyrehioInoLs ue that depends on Clee pole and the seal impol can be transherredl The Pt bit to enter the wght cit ig 86 Right oni u 7k: \* bit must be LSB mse — LSB ist bit FO enter rovst be rete shift ee FO ane moe ight shit} éthe 5 Te the enft eegicter perforrs path vel wghe SPIT ik & bidirectional anitt register erial data to pavaltel SLPO Ppplications + >t we possible to vse 0 convert the & poxallel oukpot operation: ie povallel data *e output opacation form with serial inpol p Ub i pocible to me to comext En sexiol Fore with powallel ingot serial ‘ ose 3 Tr is possible to vee as AeloY civevik . e Pe dey citou vt with @ 660 — (-Te = en) vw) STPO-- Vee ( PISO -_ (a-0 at t© possible to we Re ‘eg circuit with @ sight shit opexation with a restriction , Consider the initial content i the data ' ip cero HH fe tee Seo #R Dre LOB 1!o10 to a sh diviston othenoée tk IS with an ot ot s exrov of O'S. ' tu ogy M Cb w& i posible to vse as mnultyiphr ' , ; ’ ; pkrter 2 cireof! if eH ehitt operation with a restriction. Cx2 recte aith Gpsider the inital content in the tegieter ts Qs & Q QW o ' ot Ss » at the mee bit & cexo xD S/S tr 6 twe mulkipicatton Othe po te wise it & qwith a exror ee eee one 1B of 22. bo wl ia a — oa counter ee a counter known WwW Tk ic possible to vse a8 > By connecting Q@ to et we a as Ring counter ( @ =? st).” Med. a” coontes > & connecting T to st © ak a counter ENON as Tiered Wg counter @ Tohneon counter Moebiovs comnter (&9s)- The conver while cao clock pulses hos an YPPe limit. Tenirg Alggrarn for 4 bit coonter. So Gee aotained , eck olbes tine Te coe 08 Bequens| Bq’ \ verivaterss generaker \ \ rn cacaple te ee 08 BEQUEY 516m L111 200 \ 6 la + D Aobik ight ShiFL reqibter is shifting eee) UM cicck BAgnal WV aw devived my oBIN ENE exclusive or- gates ey, tstex sto be 1000 ot. thie sev ial fp the igure sree conten in the ade the pital coh * dentiky after holo? aos ° trie OPP the. °c aes stick oa . . ) Se SiGe pcises the heat & Fak FO OT ont weyster “s clect R \ Ve vearat tre cookene in ek 8 ta Ages @ cleck peed oe will pe the initial content ) koey ak GaGrGr% be the sequeber ie cis ie) ik wo & va agit shige tegeskey The ye one ee eee) transfer 8 a, & the MB. _ yon be sf aye & eee e ¢ e y re ¢ V 1 ° a e414 > | J ») Oe c#e DD ® @ A ®W oo tt When a Yegis! ‘ ‘ boo 70% ei ter is used os & counter. Tr can © 9 alock pulses one Coonters = Coontexs are sequencial elkts > if the ele is commen for ail the Fire then the seque AOial civevits Ae gynemorovs ckts . Othnenwise asynenvoreys clits cornrnen = then alt the Flr’s are how'ng chounee > UF the ch bs sinnultaneovaly: Therefore tne enon to there Valves ous cooftexs = Ore foster tnan whe agynehrones counters _sfor gunchvonous arte for the same code cle att the gi ave having chance chovge the Naluss - Aeynchronove Coonter can be ‘atl sec by sig yA standard agynenronove countex” | oO Ale: a-t Ae ,THe uk nok with sR Fp Y le ‘i ge Ale = eed ey le e-ot dance CoS ee —“TiBey 4. a ass anon 4 Exterwol clo ivect ty Flr's get cle Cy wR, shold be F agplicd o the Prom, prentos ookpok the reraini a apply — clock eignal Cu TL 88 ofp FFin The above type ok eke 3a oo & FEO te tow 08 standond _» The oboe ak is an Aaychvonous counter Pv' not stardord — agynchonovS counter . for erent clock poke - Q, ‘ “ only Q_, changes from 1-0 3 The enanges o7o0 gon't ot © @, because the Flr s CO * 1 ve edge eRageOR es Fray 1-70 for oN a, orerg tos > Q, changes Rowe, ‘ obtained after iat inpok fe cu Qe Q & _y The cxigire! e awit aa oN e eer 8 wb cotted 2 o owe ; Ripple coonrens 3 ° 1 ~ eee ae o% cp ¥ +tlp of 7 an converted 40 oFlp ¥ aw FlEe hey Hous os coontes . 6 6 connok && epatormed + | g 3 : Ue divider by & Lk (6 called s-bit cipps counter, a. fle dda by Lb, ¢| 4 conte mad n eponter. @ Awided. 4, Ae ee 5, Mod- B- counter BW ooo 58 8 ° Hee Ripple > asyreniens down counter 3B oO tse ois # 10 0 100s cs toi? Jos] - down counter * 6 rt oOo 0 fe Lu + i 8 cot o t ay oo oOo 990% The chat W) the negate edge triggered Tt Fle werner becomes 3 t He F with the ve ealge_ iggnes y : le atie &e gown coonte Yipple op coonter to -Ne CQe krigg eres e Wy the clvevib WU) Becomes Mod & agynchvo ~» Dow the woveforra oF ovkpok foRNO gprePis Pd The. circuit nove down counter wa y oe The ¢ ovkpok shovid ; 05 re so ho vie ‘ . be L @ becouse Cr=l. $0 t s 4 Cee Ope Qo) o 0 °) ‘ o oO, ty ! ° J o Rene ‘ di \ 2 3 oO wot ° « ood! } . 5 wo i mod 6 | A. + Mook (0 |) 1, o | 5 be eu fort 6 ') t 2) °% we ao oo ! w & =N wan mod 0° poe (e ye) - vippe coonter Leng clear + with >To veolise vefer to the expected store to the ceiver the valve colic are hai Lerminals nth clock pole] Wokever the Flee A ae i ond mh cece pose ove ae on on ae ti O' gate the pnd ep te Connee perminals ok the Flrs> cou O&O Se —wol +o t ee ae ctl ty ‘i to the BARD Fre ate \npebs Ne ee triggered FE Fle to regio +. The complementary e's & gate: Realise mod-@ SPE coon) while connecting all cay terminals ber OF wo ! | . ) Qs irine ova Q, > O7170 ere Qe tai40 Ae Fp vealise Mod “W (ghere. 279) vippe COP” cht! eek tenninols refered # the stoke © ae clock poise | Wakexer the Fire Bhi, NB POR ye ator th © ak ‘nV? lock pulse. aye te “les to Khe mane ge Ss 10' F dhe. cock sfjnal The. MALO ENE ofp t& corsetsd Ne clock. poe ne. vatve 08 "0 OF See Ce ore Nott presets cohich. vel &, fe O % wrt raal Pry Pa 2 3 4 5 6 ‘ % vol} =o % Dal @ o fe > fypehtoners cones vee all stondoxd Yr > ebit ayreroress conker — here clef comiron for —s Surocanomous _COoOrers > aw FFs. nchronovs Detector us ak % ing : FlipFlop a \ ii a Dmg bpd t * fi fee , ww 3 a sf | eFC 5 FFL Fee. wb, ak 4G. L oi @, Q BEC G_O_ Gsm or oR es We peer 0 ang the. Oext ere \ ay le noe x1 1 xo x ox i \x xo x xd xOo oe on ot ix i FFO eet yy. oFFe. | 1 oe es a Opons a O 1 Oo x . . : ) rei aoe 2 2 ¢ ° ox eae Vey oar x 0! ax 0 i uO \ oo Lox xt xt s 8 \ oO) 4 x 9 oxo i 6 1 lo x 0 gx wF + I vy x 0 x0! vx | | 0 go 4 OG) ry wk ted #5 Pd =p Qe) Quay - Qo(a) eee) eae Qenny ‘@oner) 9 Ve (Qs) «Fim (01448) + 4 (13,559) 0 e Y = a \ " : Foo ling 8») + ete) 4(01% 4 6) — Bt amis) alert = & wis) — Ww mt ow) eAm(aty FAO (ow ein (9) ad (45s —E) Tmt 4 a (anys — © Ter -v7 3,200 —* ene mierety Ne \ TeQo-* B= Qo do KyeQy — IF the Ne biggexing be consid ered in case & Ve edge eggesng exey thing is same except Fiming diggyarn 5 This is nol sare in case of Ripple counter. because ther cue 5 op ot FF 2 oN of FF = we bse “e me ave y “Ve ele sriggerin 5 The excitation sonie MS pare ces ne S oe nok Pe SOMME like ol Tork Tory Tes 1364 oe the Fre ; Here au [pe RYN yee Bor ad the ree st 0 th be To, to» °) ; A be “Sao? Ne edge triggered @ ede wg on (2% by) + d (9) Fd, +0180 = QO W Deslg? and Realize Mod O96 9 FE De counter -Using “aster Sts “5 onvanovs * alu FF, OF, OTe >» NS 7 LBS are te unused states: es {hey become common don't cores for al n=4 C the. Fire aN) 6 87 4 Fre me used a FFU Fro Hy Bo tn ‘ x © ex - . \ ox % x x 1x + @ x oO x | l ox § o ol 0 ol \ a 8 — . B ee Se lS) 4 a (6,409): -a -—" : , Ke mt t a (209) = @ TE ae maw) +4 (obese) ae < —4 Ky = m (6,4) wd (00/09) . Qo , _—s Te mie +h La) - ae é ho? wm(4) th (o,custo2?) - 5 an ainclonavs aunters there t role for preset ¥ clear PINS Mod value & 5 a8 > Th the above tae ie veborned otter S~ tne. inkl valve 000 a L 3 4 ck eyes ] L hl f| f\ ae pe ie replaced eH ‘then - ao | ; | by Tor I 1 f | = Lt Te(onduee oe J anuaial condition F mts, WAU): cy | | GGT +Q-° © so} AL Converters . & yep bn > 7 ; me 4 i sjanal ts tinal vee Soe OTE Te ate! mspriee ee of Signal vo me I — The % may, be yoo T DAC signal - 9 - 3 a Ve % eb, +2” Drak’ a 43 eth vs gp = Kfar tba venta a c oe There. ave 2 typer of br ht comer bes They a OD Weighted — Resistor DAC ) R-2R ladder tyre onc. ®) Resistive "Yo ur. 8) Convent * waltgge converter © jek NUD 2 *Nee & v(0) = OY tonen bro then the current dve to & ts 0-1 ° by ie) then the conent due bo by fe Ti. Seka The total eorent . reod oF { Se Tr, co ee “ & . . we ceny Nee byt Neck oR ome ST pe) 7 2 Nee yon + Nee bat t => Ls 2k "Ry faking Yee 96 common in nomesator » get T= Ve [ a4 nn we Oy = NE] OM bay FZ Bye FO - 49, + 22 bo | —l OR nA Oe zo = | ) +t, «© gotal cowent entering fino inverting terminal of op- Amp Ty = NeoRt [ebm +" bap te 42b tbe} OO). aR ; ‘ to Ry yr te comventin wm * aimilan eq) & tre oO 4 ~ equation | data into analog the digit -anne TK the wesist ho > The conversion — Accovogy te dependicg Cron the reslotive Yo: some, VOWS They oe producing ; All the —-\V— P ? ne. posibions of the inpok proportional corvente based 0% io and covvent igh kre resistOnce fease of te bik bi 4 Tr a the xesistors = are. maintained worch ideal cose: tren the conwersion — acc? wil be God _ Spracticaly i © gitHoolk Fo ger He yesistor valves toric qivte_ telerance the vesistor value depends wre dop'e Ceneenbeasion . em wxignted, Resistor DAC “a thie is the prockeolly Pe tohen tne lage Yonge values ONC problem (6 Sexiove - woe ladder Hype oto A converters do be commented then this Becawe of the > yesistance Valve We get less Edlerance » Therefore designing cost ig less: SF thee 6 O deviation in vesistor have then the construction of the Compensation ctr is also Cosy . — For ne rely! OAC ak So Yeplace xX with yesistance, No in series with @ — rnen the cht & @ a neg Tyr Uy +e ty = Seng by tYeex LPs o> # by By ae barbs Ou” tee tine bile be aan mere inhon $ be Changes from ts loo «from kt Resolution: tT is the smallest possilole change at the evtpok As a frackion of percentage. oF foil scale voltage. yange - ANo = vescluticn ANes oF wo 26d 100° “ alent *& max ion) ovkpot fo os e equal foll scale Ye Volkag the bite ove Vor boyd bets veltage tk occurs when Oty es avy 7 "eet \or = Q:02N = 20M «cpt se i Pall scale ovkpul volag® L i ji BAC with Dt te wired to design @ ae A witin ne eaiotion ot vn Hos many nme /p Ng bits ave seqoired + ihre gxio? = vesctobion = DNo Neo 28N Sxierxs [x Ota © Ae xe i pe -3° ante gs ONo SOHO ane = own gh = SKI gh = 1600, + 16 _ Bm cme one gong me Ie cot OTH ai, = mA of SMA of digital Ye of . 10100 1ololo -=e = T=% (> o a Trert 5x16" = eer, “ oon = Be ck i) Vorolo wou, xo = aya CC) + uo] 028 ee orrseh - oes FOS (er 4 td) v © ow KUL = 1osmMA - Oo Les = coas (eo 78H mayne OS ow ¥65- — sts / / BR G- wit — welgnted Eo pac. © ing o ea resistor al ee vesietar VOWE segoired correspond aco, wik.t be eH, epee pe ee ee bye We iy 2 BEM oo At D to O Converters - (i) Comparetor &YPe ADC. The conversion 4 ° nae 2 ime Approximation type ADC increases 1 oreler, (WO Svecessive o Counter type Acc. uy Beal Sipe ADC - orn parattor type ROC+ The ep-omP etootd ork Be Hon lens Jovice to work as AOC. : .\ re en “ x thexe 6 NO corrent Flevo yom. invertin £0 not taverting: 30 Seo = Ce Ace. dvonon will flood only ever . 7 the reatetive- a: > for identifying the vet eage firs the corent Hnvo Io the este rive Yo © colenioted anon inves 4, germinal voage ip eeeeY than the anwerting cexminal volkog® Noa 7 Wee \* Nad Wee 14 ah Ce . | oes aeeee J 7 Ove +o *he at poreprion hon ot cernpavatos when Hey to the provily enced ey ore connected -cdivectty Enen neve te an error ok the Ye: ~ Do r > a to this thy ave nok divectty connected to the. prowly co thy ave connected xing Botfer ckt-ie, DO Fie: ; ce <5 Comparator i leo noun as simi nee™S ype Ale corn paras _» This is also called — sinnwltaneovs poraltel type Pb An > Tris also called ac Flosh type Ao corver tor a he Ayre o& Ap conve Wor: 1S called. connate tov type because hore Ff eomparators oe present. here ae in YEMaining only 4 Comparator je present. < % \no_o& compar akorS 2-1) ee oon eo Ta ice + —= by v8ing move. comnparakos exY ONS will be decreased ond = ot roll be tngoased — 08 cocnpextty noveases Soecessi ive fr oximatten, ype ADG* = oc t . Me 4) 5% dS By bo wh "oartuly Kg) wot” @ twa utd ate) naviRN way YQ ~ 7 8 Wo7/"/r Conversto Time = Siaitchi from bnede to are aco x cles | Conv Time =e Vo io the analog fp: & is compared with te ret voltage Gorter 2 ADC 10 *UP tren the Yp 6 opraned based on the ra greater value - Nx Net cle be bh Pe No oo Oo dig, fl ° ° ; ' ‘e 9 6 1 oO} 30 ! 14 Oe yr oo | 5s te} 1 called oS sarnp ype OAC hn 5 me wre & PON nod een «igo and siop® © 4 ‘ > ange slope Alo conver tex - yvonne 4ype eorwerte ' convertion SO depends on Toe Be FE The Con sere! ee apo anal : : : pees Rbproxinahien at depend OC Max Connersion tine te an digital ead oF. aa fig comesen ue = Wx com: Ne Dool_Slope ROC = Ld Snkggroctor eet © Comparaty et (9 Binoy uP coonter Ww duolkch control. cle: ( Te cay be implemented ey THe. Lou sine. cle pulses are fe ean @° tre © com parator de a/p 0 0 ik IS Nieevetse , nee, OF i the le Oe see ane. clit is Qhen % for ro ‘nen. 3g whey ont changes let Me ip “Ne est — , +, o<0 Vor (vad : T ° ong th iain. aye THe He gre poe'ng) roRy? "Y ~ Ga) ee woretn Spe CS): gre nberen”™s tne Yep & comparator Te \ 4 xe tak : 0 a Sq ° - Lk when ce. iS allowed fo pase dogg the compaxaor then the % is traemented “oy 4: - wWnen the wateoroy Ye does on decxeasi -gihe {ep B > ip ind @ ie ER} en comparator tine eu > ‘ Ei boven 47% Ow egee- 2 5 8 6 No = et 4 Veltri) , ‘ a } Nao the slope ° 6 xVe fb WE and 5 ‘ , 6 dve to this the Y% of integrator 6 iS foe moving, cords Ap origi’ at t=, 4 Vor0 - ” * Nop eon aH " u " = {AL)N (a 5 , Mm = ee &) © =-NoT, + Ya (% * i a. ) ° J Ne a 2Te\ y vit) is constant rel (=) nam 4 So the ck cornering Aealeq data becker om bo digital Corn naw a the intagrator nas woth Ne slope and Ne slope 6° we Nam i o% dual ak ADC. an cieee a called & sow tooth pe: 5 THe qual slo Pena dnteqrator AoC. i for 5- poe ¥ onee'e — comer sion saps te xainple 5 5 For the wore 4 = th pulse: weigh pulses bik comnacter all sayy" ae dO 3 mareton kine * (sede One ‘ Saw ale) e TMaoximeno _ st _Bruokooth HYPE ace => (2A)Te _» tr hos erat ian Hy; por Coewerls loage rs with les Mow ooe and — Move. accoroR| i Sn digital commenters tre, ACEO ‘rape Y w the number of cornpervators ADC , in ~ This aval dope —> dvol slope AOC tes wide applica Hons and ove seo! in day +0 gy life with the addition of the Bk ih the «val slope AOE. te almost dovloled te conversion Hn ns a Fc counter type ADC fs driven fom a chook of IMHe: Mox conversion Lire iD) Avelie conversion time . > Max conversion vate - Max conversion Fie. = 29-1 Te afr-Jte = 695ee-! = @syas-A\Mec = GeSeO BE IEE BrzeB eines = BE Toe vy Average — conversion Aime 2. > Max conversion Nv vate = aot Te ; fe Ayhuse f+ % 1000 69°526 = 5 2bt- ets mon conmersion Jeec | for 16 0D ke proximation time ADC is having watant digital Jp for “we cannd —@° is quccessive OP ey A&M bit the. Yeedubion of 20mN + stonot & the ert Jo analog voltage oF a\4N & ‘ 4 ‘o aoe 6 Kine etraliest possi le. change tne effect 1B bit é The reed orion oF ak the Ye andtog, afgnal which io QIN of the Sigival You pi fee Ce ot vy oty No of shes * QA, LOMN = SS: \o0 \. 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