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  • S2 Science - Our Physical World - Part 3

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    570 visualizzazioni53 pagine

    S2 Science - Our Physical World - Part 3

    Caricato da

    knoxscience

    Copyright:

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    di 53
    Knox Academy Science Department S2 Science Our Physical World Part 3 1. Introduction to Static Electricity What is static Electricity? The word electricity comes from the Greek word Ehextpov pronounced electron, This was their word for a material, which we call amber today. The Greeks had discovered that, if amber was rubbed with a cloth, it would attract dust and light materials to it. You have probably met many modern-day materials, which will do the same thing. Plastics are often good at this. When a material can behave like amber does, we say that it gets an electric charge when it is rubbed. Sometimes we say that we are charging up the material, Sometimes people call it static or even static electricity. Notes: Copy and complete the sentences below. When a material behaves like amber after being rubbed, we say that is has got an This kind of electricity is often called Notes: Collect: Activity: In static electricity we use three important words, attract, repel and static. To help us understand what they mean copy and complete the three sentences below using the words attract, repel and static. Bees visit many flowers each day. The smell and colour of the flower the bees to them. In summer midges are a pest. We often use special creams to them. Shop windows often have displays of dummies. Since they do not move we call this a display. Perspex rod Piece of paper Balloan Paper towel Activity 1 a. Tear up the piece of paper into small bits. b. Rub the Perspex rod with the paper towel, this charges up the rod with static electricity. c. Bring the charged end of the rod near to, but not touching, the small bits of paper, Look at what happens. Activity 2 a. Turn on a tap of water to give a thin stream of water. b. Charge up the Perspex rod with the paper towel again and bring it near to, but not touching, the stream of water. Look at what happens. co Tap Charged rod Thin stream of water Activity 3 a. Blow up the balloon and tie the end so no air can escape. b. Rub the balloon with the paper towel. You should now be able to stick the balloon to the wall with the charged side. [\ | Rub with a paper towel Stick to wall Notes: Discussion: Write a sentence to describe what happened in each activity. In your group discuss the reasons why the small bits of paper, the thin stream of water and the balloon act the way they do. 2. Different types of charge Collect: 4 Plastic rods of different materials 2 watch glasses 2 paper towels Notes: Copy the following table. Rod in hand Polythene(P) | Nylon(N) | Ebonite(E) | Acetate(A) z Polythene(P) 3 | Nylon(N) _ g | Ebonite(E) a | Acetate(A) Activity: 1. Place the two watch glasses back to back as shown in the diagram below to make a turntable. The top watch glass should be able to spin easily on the bottom one, Rod on glass eo = \ —/ Rod in hand ~~ Watch glasses . Take any rod and hold it by the labelled end, Rub the other end with a paper towel to charge it. This should only take two or three firm rubs. Place the rod carefully on the upper watch glass, so that the rod is balanced. Take care not to touch anything with the charged end of the rod. If you do ‘touch anything with the charge end, rub it again to charge it up. . Take another rod hold it with the labelled end and rub the other end with the other paper towel to charge it. . Bring the charged end of this rod near to the side of the charged end of the rod on the watch glass. Take care that the two rods do not touch each other. . Look at what happens to the rod on the watch glass. Something should always happen, if it does not then start again. If you still cannot get anything to happen ask your teacher for help. . Fill in the correct space in your table with the result of this experiment. Use the words attract or repel to describe what happens. . Repeat this for all other pairs of rods in your table. For two rods of the same material you will have to borrow the extra rod from the group next to you, remember to ask them before you take the rod Notes: Copy the diagram of the apparatus. Copy the following table into your jotter. Materials which repel polythene | Materials which repel Nylon | | J Activity: Use the results from the experiment to complete the table. Notice that no material appears in both columns. What have we learned from this experiment? These results show us that there are only two types of electrical charge. We do not have enough time to try all other possible materials, but Scientists have never found a material which does not fit into one of these groups. Scientists decided to call these two different charges positive and negative. Polythene and materials, which repel polythene have a negative charge. Nylon and materials which repel Nylon have a positive charge. Notes: Copy and complete the following sentences. Use the information above and from your experiment to help you. The results of our experiment show us that there are only types of electrical charge. One type of electrical charge is called , and the other is called When a positive charge is brought near another positive charge they each other. When a negative charge is brought near to another negative charge they each other. When a positive charge is brought near to a negative charge they each other. 3. Van de Graaf Generator Activity: Notes: Your teacher will show you a machine called the Van de Graaf Generator. This can produce lots of Static electricity. It is basically a very simple machine and a lot of fun can be had with it, but try to listen to what is said and explain what you have seen afterwards. Answer the following questions in sentences about what you saw with the Van de Graaf Generator. 1. What did you see happening when the small metal ball was brought near to the dome of the Van de Graaf Generator? 2, What caused this to happen? 3. What happened to the sphere when it was brought up to and touched the Van de Graaf Generator dome? 4. Explain why this happened. 5. What happened to the pupil's hair when she/he touched the top of the Van de Graaf Generator while they were standing on the polystyrene block? 6. Explain why this happened. 10 Current Electricity Notes: Activity: Notes: So far we have looked at what we call static electricity, that is electricity that is standing still. We are now going to look at electricity on the move, this moving electricity is called an electrical current. Copy the heading ‘current electricity’ Your teacher will show you an ammeter. This meter is used to show when electrical charge is moving. The symbol we use for an ammeter in diagrams is The ammeter is connected with the Van de Graaf Generator as shown below. LA Copy the above diagram. Answer the following questions in sentences. 1. When did the pointer on the ammeter move? 2, What is passing from the dome to the metal ball? 4. Current electricity Although the Van de Graaf Generator can be used to make an electrical current, the current it produces is very small. For many of our uses of electricity we need a much bigger current. Activity: Your teacher will now connect a cell to an Ammeter, Notes: Copy the above diagram. Answer the following questions in sentences. 1. When did the pointer on the ammeter move? 2, What is flowing from the cell to make the ammeter give a reading? Warning Although we get most of our electricity from the mains supply, it is very dangerous to experiment with this. NEVER EXPERIMENT WITH MAINS ELECTRICITY In our experiments in electricity we will use a safe supply. This is called a cell. Most cells use chemicals to make electricity. 12 We usually do not see the chemicals, only the metal connections or terminals. One of the terminals is marked + for positive the other is marked — for negative. When a cell is being used to give an electrical current, negative charges in the wire are repelled from the negative terminal and are attracted to the positive terminal. An electrical current is a flow of negative charges. Notes: Copy the diagram below, and copy and complete the sentences. + Ch cell An electrical current is a flow of charges. The safe supply of electricity we use in school is called a Most cells use ___ to make electricity, The negative end ofacell_ the negative charges in the wire, and the positive end ____ the negative charges Electrical circuits Collect: Bulb, cell, two leads. filament —| casing

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