The Syria/Iraq War

ANONINTEL
INTELLIGENCE REPORT
The Syria/Iraq War

January 15 th , 2015
T SyaIa Wa
A v dg co ct
Contents
1
Syrian Civil War
1.1
Backgoud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1
Assad govt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2
Dogapcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3
Soco-coocs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.4
Hua gts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cous o vts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1
Potsts, cvl upsg, ad dctos (Jauay 211
July 211) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2
Potsts ad ad sugcy (July 211
Octob 211) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3
Escalato (Novb 211
Mac 212) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.4
Cas attpt (Apl 212
May 212) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.5
Rwd gtg (Ju 212
July 212) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.6
Battls o Daascus ad Alppo (July 212
1.2.7
Rbl o svs (Novb 212
1.2.8
Govt ad Hzbolla o svs (Apl 213
1.2.9
Cotud gtg (July 213
1.2
Octob 212) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apl 213) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ju 213) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Octob 213) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 Govt ad Hzbolla o svs (Octob 213
Dcb 213) . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.11 Fgtg btw ISIL ad ot bl goups (Jauay 214
1.3
1.4
Mac 214) . . . . . . . .
1.2.12 Cotud govt ad Hzbolla o sv (Mac 214) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.13 Cotud gtg (Mac 214
May 214) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.14 Psdtal lcto (Ju 214) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.15 ISIL o sv ad cotud gtg (Ju 214
August 214) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.16 ISIL o svs ad U.S. astks (August 214
pst) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wapoy ad tactcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1
Ccal wapos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2
Clust bobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3
Scud ssl attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.4
Sucd bobgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.5
Bal bobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.6
Ipovsd ota bobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.7
Tobac ad cday wapos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bllgts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENTS
1.4.1
Sya govt ad a latd pats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2
Opposto pats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.3
Sya Kuds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.4
Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat (ISIL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5
Rpotg, csog ad popagada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6
Itatoal acto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7
Huataa lp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.8
Fog volvt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.9
Ipact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.9.1
Dats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.9.2
Illss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.9.3
Rugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.9.4
Hua gts volatos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.9.5
Tats agast Sya scts, ots ad ajoty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.9.6
Ecooy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.9.7
C wav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.9.8
Cultual tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
1.1 Spllov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
1.11 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
1.12 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
1.13 Fut adg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1.14 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Syrian Armed Forces
25
2.1
Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
2.1.1
Post Scod Wold Wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
2.1.2
Occupato o Lbao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
2.1.3
Ot gagts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
2.1.4
Modsato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
2.1.5
Sya cvl wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Stuctu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
2.2.1
Sya Ay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
2.2.2
Sya Navy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
2.2.3
Sya A Foc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
2.2.4
Sya A Dc Foc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
2.2.5
Paaltay ocs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Wapos, uos ad ogasato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
2.3.1
Wapos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
2.3.2
Uos (1987) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
2.3.3
Tactcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
2.3.4
Rak Isga (1987) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
2.3.5
Awads ad dcoatos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
2.2
2.3
CONTENTS
2.4
S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
2.5
Nots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
2.6
Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
2.7
Fut adg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
2.8
Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
National Defence Force (Syria)
32
3.1
Foato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
3.2
Rol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
3.2.1
Wo s Scto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
3.2.2
Expadg ol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
3.3
Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
3.4
Suspctd Iaa cocto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
3.5
Lootg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
3.6
S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
3.7
Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
3.8
Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Jaysh al-Sha'bi
34
4.1
Na . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
4.2
Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
4.3
S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
4.4
Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Suqur al-Sahara
36
5.1
S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
5.2
Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas
37
6.1
S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
6.2
Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
Badr Organization
38
7.1
Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
7.1.1
Ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
7.1.2
Post-vaso Ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
7.2
Stuctu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
7.3
Nots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
7.4
S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
7.5
Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
40
8.1
Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2
Hada al-Kaa Bgads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
CONTENTS
8.3
214 Ia lctos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
8.4
Stgt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
8.5
Fudg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
8.6
Ogasatoal stuctu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
8.7
S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
8.8
Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
8.9
Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
8.9.1
42
O cal st . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Promised Day Brigade
43
9.1
S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
9.2
Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
10 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine General Command
44
1.1 Backgoud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
1.2 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
1.2.1 Foato
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
1.2.2 197s ad 198s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
1.2.3 199s ad 2s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
1.2.4 Sya Cvl Wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
1.3 Itatoal latos o PFLP-GC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
1.3.1 Sya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
1.3.2 Lbao
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
1.3.3 Dsgatos o PFLP-GC as a tost ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
1.4 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
1.5 Rcs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
1.6 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
1.7 Fut adg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
11 Syrian Social Nationalist Party
48
11.1 Hstocal Backgoud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
11.2 Foudato ad aly yas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
11.3 T SSNP Lbao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4 T SSNP Sya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
11.4.1 Notabl SSNP poltcas Sya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
11.5 Idology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
11.5.1 Poltcal Tts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
11.5.2 Ecooc Toy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
11.5.3 Ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
11.5.4 Ebl ad Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
11.6 Ctcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
11.6.1 Idologcal ctcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
CONTENTS
11.6.2 Scolaly ctcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
11.7 Footots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
11.8 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
11.9 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
12 Jaysh al-Muwahhideen
56
12.1 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
12.2 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
13 Palestine Liberation Army
57
13.1 Hstoy ad stuctu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
13.2 Popula Lbato Focs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
13.3 Hstoy o dployt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
13.4 T PLA today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
13.5 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
13.6 Nots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
13.7 Fut adg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
13.8 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
14 Syrian Resistance
59
14.1 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
14.2 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
14.3 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
14.4 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
15 Kata'ib Hezbollah
60
15.1 Rct actvty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
15.4 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
15.4.1 O cal st . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
16 Ba'ath Brigades
62
16.1 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
16.2 Rcs
62
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17 Fatah al-Intifada
63
17.1 Hstoy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
17.1.1 Ruptu wt PLO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
17.1.2 Wa o t caps
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
17.1.3 Dcl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
17.2 Ladsp
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
17.3 Mltat actvts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
17.4 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
CONTENTS
17.5 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
17.6 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
18 Arab Democratic Party (Lebanon)

18.1 Ogs
65
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
18.2 T ADP t cvl wa 1982-199 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
18.2.1 Mltay stuctu ad ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
18.3 T post-wa yas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
18.4 Sya Cvl Wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
18.5 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
18.6 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
18.7 Bblogapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
19 Houthis
68
19.1 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
19.2 Mbsp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
19.3 Idology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
19.4 Lads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
19.5 Capag tods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
19.6 Adstato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
19.7 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.8 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.9 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
20 Popular Committees (Syria)
72
2.1 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
2.2 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
21 Revolutionary People s Liberation PartyFront
73
21.1 Ovvw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
21.1.1 Egko lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
21.2 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
21.3 Actvts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
21.3.1 198s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
21.3.2 199s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
21.3.3 21 to pst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
21.4 Dsgato as a Tost Ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
21.5 Mbsp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
21.6 Covctos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
21.7 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
21.8 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
21.9 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
CONTENTS
22 Arab Nationalist Guard
77
22.1 Idology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
22.2 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
22.3 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
23 Slavonic Corps
78
23.1 Foato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
23.2 Dployt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
23.3 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
23.4 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
24 Tayy
79
24.1 Act Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
24.2 Rlgo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24.3 T L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24.4 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24.5 Nots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24.6 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 Jubur
81
25.1 Battls ad was . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
25.2 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
25.3 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
26 Hezbollah
82
26.1 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
26.1.1 198s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
26.1.2 At 199 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
26.1.3 Islac Jad Ogazato (IJO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
26.2 Idology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
26.2.1 T Hzbolla asto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
26.2.2 Popagada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
26.2.3 Atttuds, statts, ad actos cocg Isal ad Zos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
26.2.4 Atttuds ad actos cocg Jws ad Judas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
26.3 Ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
26.3.1 Fudg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
26.4 Socal svcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
26.5 Poltcal actvts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
26.5.1 Mda opatos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
26.6 Mltay actvts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
26.6.1 Lbas Rsstac Bgads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
26.6.2 Allgd sucd ad to attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
26.6.3 Co ct wt Isal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
CONTENTS
26.6.4 Assassato o Ra c Ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26.6.5 Ivolvt t Sya Cvl Wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
26.6.6 Ivolvt Iaa-ld tvto Ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
26.6.7 Ot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
26.7 Ad stgt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
26.8 Tagtg polcy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
26.9 Attacks o Hzbolla lads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
26.1Fog latos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
26.1.1 Publc opo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
26.1.2 Dsgato as a tost ogazato o sstac ovt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
26.1.3 Vws o og lgslatos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
26.11S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
26.12Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
26.13Fut adg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
26.14Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
26.14.1 O cal sts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
26.14.2 UN solutos gadg Hzbolla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
26.14.3 Ot lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
27 Quds Force
108
27.1 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
27.2 Msso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
27.3 Ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
27.3.1 Focus o t oc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
27.3.2 Sz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
27.3.3 Idpdc ad talt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
27.4 Actvts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
27.4.1 Agasta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
27.4.2 Ida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
27.4.3 Utd Stats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
27.4.4 Sout Aca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
27.4.5 Ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
27.4.6 Sya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
27.5 Dsgato as a tost ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
27.6 Nots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
27.7 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
27.8 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
28 Basij
117
28.1 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

28.1.1 Ogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
28.1.2 Duts at t wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
CONTENTS
28.1.3 Rvval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

28.1.4 29 lcto potsts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
28.1.5 Sya Cvl Wa, 211 pst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
28.2 Ogazato ad bsp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
28.2.1 Ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
28.2.2 Sz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
28.2.3 Duts ad actvts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
28.2.4 B ts ad po l o bs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
28.3 Hua gts ad poltcal actvs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
28.3.1 Hua gts cotovss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
28.3.2 Poltcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
28.4 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
28.5 Nots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
28.6 Fut adg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
28.7 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
29 Free Syrian Army
29.1 Hstoy
123
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
29.1.1 Backgoud o dstos
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
29.1.2 Foato FSA, July 211 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

29.1.3 August Dcb 211 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
29.1.4 Jauay 212, g-akd o cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
29.1.5 Mac Ju 212, uo wt HMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
29.1.6 July Dcb 212, wakg, ogazato
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
29.1.7 213 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

29.1.8 214 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
29.2 Statgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
29.3 Wapos
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
29.4 Locato
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
29.5 Coad stuctu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

29.5.1 Had coad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
29.5.2 Rgoal coad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
29.5.3 Fld uts
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
29.6 Wa Cs Allgatos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

29.7 Rvals ad alls ts wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
29.8 Coucatos
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
29.9 Itatoal suppot
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
29.9.1 Fog cobatats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

29.1Rlatos wt t poltcal opposto
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
29.1.1 Natoal Coalto o Sya Rvolutoay ad Opposto Focs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
29.11S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

29.12Rcs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
CONTENTS
29.13Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
30 Syria Revolutionaries Front
138
3.1 A latd goups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

3.2 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.3 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.4 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
31 Hazzm Movement
140
31.1 A latd goups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

31.2 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
31.3 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
31.4 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
32 Al-Nusra Front
141
32.1 Idology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

32.2 Aalyss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
32.3 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
32.3.1 Backgoud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
32.3.2 Rol t Sya Cvl Wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
32.3.3 Splt wt Islac Stat o Ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
32.4 Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
32.5 Extal suppot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
32.5.1 Koasa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
32.6 Wapoy ad tactcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
32.6.1 Ccal wapos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
32.8 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
32.9 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
32.1Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
33 Khorasan (Islamist group)
151
33.1 Na . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
33.2 Mbsp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
33.3 Actvts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
33.4 Ctcs o t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
33.5 Aca-ld tvto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
33.6 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
33.7 Fut adg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
34 Al-Qaeda
154
34.1 Ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

34.1.1 Ladsp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
CONTENTS
34.1.2 Coad stuctu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

34.1.3 Fld opatvs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
34.1.4 Isugt ocs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
34.1.5 Facg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
34.2 Statgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
34.3 Na . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
34.4 Idology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
34.5 Rlgous copatblty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
34.6 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
34.6.1 Jad Agasta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
34.6.2 Expadg opatos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
34.6.3 Gul Wa ad t stat o US ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
34.6.4 Suda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
34.6.5 Rug Agasta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
34.6.6 Call o global jad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
34.6.7 Fatwas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
34.6.8 Ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
34.6.9 Soala ad Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
34.6.1 Utd Stats opatos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
34.6.11 Dat o Osaa b Lad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
34.6.12 Sya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
34.6.13 Ida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
34.7 Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
34.7.1 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
34.7.2 1993 Wold Tad Ct bobg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
34.7.3 Lat 199s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
34.7.4 Sptb 11 attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
34.8 Dsgato as tost ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
34.9 Wa o Tos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
34.1Actvts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
34.1.1 Aca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
34.1.2 Euop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
34.1.3 Aab wold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
34.1.4 Kas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
34.1.5 Itt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
34.1.6 Avato twok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
34.1.7 Ivolvt ltay co cts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
34.11Allgd CIA volvt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
34.12Boad uc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
34.13Ctcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
34.14S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
CONTENTS
34.15Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
34.16Fut adg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
34.17Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
35 Islamic Front (Syria)
185
35.1 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

35.1.1 Foudg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
35.1.2 Backgoud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
35.1.3 Lat vts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
35.2 Objctvs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
35.3 O cal Goals ad Gudg Pcpls o t Islac Fot ad Its Alls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
35.4 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
35.5 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
35.6 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
36 Army of Mujahedeen
189
36.1 A latd goups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

36.2 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
36.3 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
36.4 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
37 Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union
191
37.1 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

37.2 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
37.3 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
38 Supporters of the Religion Front
192
38.1 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

38.2 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
38.3 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
39 Ghuraba al-Sham (jihadist group)
193
39.1 Stuctu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

39.2 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
39.3 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
39.4 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
40 Jund al-Sham
194
4.1 Agasta goup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

4.2 Lbao goup
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
4.3 Sya goup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

4.4 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
4.5 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
4.6 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
CONTENTS
41 Abdullah Azzam Brigades
197
41.1 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

41.1.1 Bacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
41.1.2 Alass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
41.1.3 Na o covc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
41.2 Sya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
41.3 Lbao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
41.3.1 Ast ad dat o Majd al-Majd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
41.4 Lstg as a Tost Ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
41.5 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
41.6 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
42 Ansar al-Islam
201
42.1 Backgoud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
42.1.1 Foato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
42.1.2 Pod up to t Ia Wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
42.1.3 Allgd lks to Sadda Huss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
42.1.4 Ia Wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
42.1.5 Ia Isugcy (post-U.S. wtdawal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
42.1.6 Sya Cvl Wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
42.3 Ladsp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
42.4 Clad ad allgd attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
42.5 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
42.6 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
42.7 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
43 Fatah al-Islam
205
43.1 Ogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
43.2 Mbsp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
43.3 Idology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
43.4 Actvts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
43.4.1 Ga ta bobgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
43.4.2 Plot to assassat at-Sya Lbas o cals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
43.4.3 Co ct wt t Lbas ay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
43.4.4 Eat plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
43.4.5 Cal cags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
43.4.6 Daascus bobg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
43.4.7 Dat o Abd-al-Raa Awad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
43.4.8 Sya Cvl Wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
43.5 U.S. udg ad tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
43.6 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
xv
CONTENTS
43.7 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
43.8 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
44 Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance
211
44.1 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

44.2 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
45 East Turkestan Islamic Movement
212
45.1 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

45.2 Idology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
45.3 Stuctu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
45.4 Guataao Bay dtas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
45.5 Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
45.6 Aalyss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
45.7 Dsgato as tost ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
45.8 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
45.9 Nots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
45.1Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
45.11Fut adg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
46 Muslim Brotherhood of Syria
217
46.1 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

46.1.1 Ogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
46.1.2 1976 82 Islac sugcy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
46.1.3 Post-Haa a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
46.1.4 211 pst Sya cvl wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
46.2 Psoalts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
46.2.1 Gal lads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
46.3 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
46.4 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
46.5 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
47 Authenticity and Development Front
222
47.1 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

47.2 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
47.3 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
48 Junud al-Sham
223
48.1 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

48.2 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
48.3 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
49 Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki
224
49.1 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
CONTENTS
xv
49.2 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

49.3 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
49.4 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
50 Sham Legion
225
5.1 A latd goups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

5.2 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
5.3 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
5.4 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
51 Shields of the Revolution Council
226
51.1 A latd goups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

51.2 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
51.3 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
51.4 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
52 Alwiya al-Furqan
227
52.1 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

52.2 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
52.3 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
53 Group of the One and Only
228
53.1 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

53.2 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
54 Northern Sun Battalion
229
54.1 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

54.2 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
54.3 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
55 People s Protection Units
230
55.1 Lbato o Tl Ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
55.2 Fog voluts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
55.3 T YPJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
55.4 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
55.5 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
55.6 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
56 Asayish (Syria)
233
56.1 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

56.2 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
57 Jabhat al-Akrad
234
57.1 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
xv
CONTENTS
57.2 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
58 Kurdistan Workers Party
235
58.1 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

58.2 Idology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
58.3 Ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
58.3.1 Tag caps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
58.3.2 Poltcal pstato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
58.3.3 Allgd dug ta ckg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
58.3.4 Allgd lks wt Tuks tllgc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
58.4 Actvts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
58.4.1 1978 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
58.4.2 1984 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
58.4.3 1999 212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
58.4.4 213 cas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
58.4.5 214 acto agast Islac Stat ad wd gtg Tuky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
58.5 Tactcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
58.5.1 Rcutg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
58.5.2 Wapos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
58.6 Rsoucs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
58.6.1 Fudg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
58.6.2 Hua soucs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
58.6.3 Itatoal suppot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
58.7 Dsgato as a tost goup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
58.8 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
58.9 Nots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
58.1Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
58.11Fut adg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
58.12Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
59 Shammar
249
59.1 Ogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

59.2 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
59.3 Hous o Al Rasd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
59.4 Saa Ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
59.5 Tl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
59.6 Ma sctos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
59.7 Nots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
59.8 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
60 MarxistLeninist Communist Party (Turkey)
255
6.1 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
xv
CONTENTS
6.2 Ogasato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

6.3 Dsgato as a Tost Ogasato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
6.4 Hua Rsoucs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
6.5 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
6.6 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
6.7 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
61 Peshmerga
61.1 Hstoy
257
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
61.2 Stuctu
61.3 Eupt
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
61.3.1 Sall as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

61.3.2 At-tak wapoy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
61.3.3 Mota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

61.3.4 Ma-potabl a-dc syst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
61.4 Vcls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
61.4.1 Aoud vcls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
61.4.2 Logstcs ad utlty vcls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
61.4.3 Atlly
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
61.4.4 At-acat gu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

61.4.5 Hlcopts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
61.5 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
61.6 Rcs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
61.7 Fut adg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

61.8 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
62 Syriac Union Party (Syria)
262
62.1 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

62.2 Rcs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
62.3 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

63 Syriac Military Council
264
63.1 Tl Bak & Tl Has Opatos
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
63.2 Ju Cout-O sv (Sya-Ia Bod)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
63.3 August Cout-O sv (Nv & Sja) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

63.4 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
63.5 Rcs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
64 Sutoro
266
64.1 Coopato wt Kuds

64.2 Qasl Sootoo
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
64.3 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

64.4 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
xv
CONTENTS
64.5 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

65 Kurdistan Regional Government
268
65.1 Elcto pocss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

65.2 Cut cabt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
65.2.1 Ot bs o govt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
65.3 Rct lctos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
65.3.1 1992 Elctos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
65.3.2 25 Elctos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
65.3.3 29 Elctos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
65.3.4 213 Elctos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
65.4 Rol Ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
65.4.1 214 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
65.5 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
65.6 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
65.7 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
66 Kurdistan Democratic Party
272
66.1 Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

66.2 Foudato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
66.3 Cosoldato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
66.4 Ud volutoay Ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
66.5 Ealy Ba'at Paty ul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
66.5.1 1974 75 wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
66.6 Ud Sadda Huss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
66.7 T Gul Wa ad Kuds Upsg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
66.8 T KRG ad sl-ul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
66.8.1 Allgatos o coupto, autotaas, stat ud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
66.9 Poltcal dology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
66.1Bacs
66.11Cogsss
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
66.11.1 Fst Cogss
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
66.11.2 Scod Cogss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

66.11.3 Td Cogss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
66.11.4 Fout Cogss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
66.11.5 Ft Cogss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
66.11.6 Sxt Cogss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
66.11.7 Svt Cogss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
66.11.8 Egt Cogss
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
66.11.9 Nt Cogss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

66.11.1Tt Cogss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
66.11.11Elvt Cogss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
CONTENTS
xx
66.11.12Twlt Cogss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

66.11.13Ttt Cogss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
66.12Kudsta Wo Uo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
66.13S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
66.14Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
67 RussiaSyria relations
282
67.1 Russa Sya latos sc t dpdc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

67.2 Mltay coopato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
67.3 Ecooc latos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
67.4 Poltcal latos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
67.5 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
67.6 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
67.7 Fut adg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
67.8 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
68 SyriaUnited States relations
285
68.1 Backgoud o poltcal latos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

68.1.1 1835 1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
68.1.2 1957 199 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
68.1.3 199 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
68.1.4 21 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
68.2 Tos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
68.2.1 Ia og gts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
68.2.2 26 US Ebassy bobg attpt Daascus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
68.3 Ecooc sactos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
68.3.1 Excutv Ods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
68.3.2 Cocal Bak o Sya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
68.3.3 Sya Accoutablty ad Lbas Sovgty Rstoato Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
68.4 Cut latos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
68.4.1 Ltg o tavl stctos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
68.4.2 R-gagt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
68.4.3 Racto to cackdow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
68.4.4 US Ebassy o cals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
68.5 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
68.6 Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
68.7 Fut adg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
68.8 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
69 Military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
290
69.1 Aca-ld tvto Ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

69.1.1 Huataa ots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
xx
CONTENTS
69.1.2 Aca ltay actos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
69.1.3 Austala astks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
69.1.4 Bts astks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
69.1.5 Caada astks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
69.1.6 Fc astks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
69.1.7 Mltay ad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
69.2 Iaa tvto Ia (214 pst) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
69.3 Ot volvt acoss t co ct zo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
69.4 Aca-ld ltay tvto Sya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
69.4.1 Hostag scu attpt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
69.4.2 Aal suvllac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
69.4.3 Ag ad tag bls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
69.4.4 Mult-atoal astks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
69.5 Ot og tvtos Sya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
69.6 ISIL ocs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
69.6.1 Eupt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
69.6.2 Focs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
69.7 Tuks volvt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
69.8 I ltatu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
69.9 S also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
69.1Rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
69.11Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
69.12Txt ad ag soucs, cotbutos, ad lcss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
69.12.1 Txt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
69.12.2 Iags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
69.12.3 Cott lcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Chapter 1
Syrian Civil War

Wa Sya dcts . Fo ot was Sya, o totu stat psos.[76]
s Sya Wa (dsabguato).
T svty o t uataa dsast Sya as
b outld by t UN ad ay tatoal oga) , zatos. Mo ta 6.5 llo Syas av b dsT Syrian Civil War (Aabc:
also kow as t Syrian Revolution, s a ogog placd, o ta 3 llo Syas av d t couty
ad co ct takg plac Sya. T ust bga to couts suc as Lbao, Joda, Tuky, Egypt, ad
t aly spg o 211 wt t cotxt o Aab Ia ad bco ugs, ad llos o av b
Spg potsts, wt atowd potsts agast Ps- lt poo lvg codtos wt sotags o ood ad
dt Basa al-Assad's govt, wos ocs - dkg wat. [77] At t d o August 214, 35,
spodd wt volt cackdows. T co ct gadually ugs w awatg gstato, wl stats o
opd o popula potsts to a ad bllo a- sval udd tousad o w ot cludd ot ots o ltay sgs.[59]
cal gus as ty w ugstd.[78]
T ad opposto cossts o vaous goups tat
w od dug t cous o t co ct, paly t F Sya Ay, wc was t st to tak up 1.1 Background
as 211, ad t Islac Fot od 213. I
213, Hzbolla td t wa suppot o t Sya Ma atcl: Mod stoy o Sya
ay.[6][61] I t ast, t Islac Stat o Ia ad t
Lvat (ISIL), a jadst ltat goup ogatg o
Ia, ad vy apd ltay gas bot Sya ad
Ia, vtually co ctg wt t ot bls. I July 1.1.1 Assad government
214, ISIL cotolld a td o Sya s ttoy ad ost
o ts ol ad gas poducto, tus stablsg tsl as t Ma atcl: Al-Assad aly
ajo opposto oc.[62]
By July 213, t Sya govt was cotol
o appoxatly 3 4% o t couty s ttoy ad
6% o t Sya populato.[63] A Utd Natos pot lat 212 dscbd t co ct as bg ovtly
sctaa atu", btw ostly Alawt govt ocs, ltas ad ot Sa goups[64] gtg
lagly agast Su-doatd bl goups,[65][66] altoug bot opposto ad govt ocs av dd t.[67][68] Du to og volvt ts co ct as
b calld a poxy wa.[69]
Sya bca a dpdt publc 1946, altoug

docatc ul was dd by a coup Mac 1949, ollowd by two o coups tat sa ya.[79][8] A popula
upsg agast ltay ul 1954 saw t ay tas pow to cvlas; o 1958 to 1961 a b uo
wt Egypt placd Sya s palatay syst wt a
gly ctalzd psdtal g.[81] T Ba'at Sya Rgoal Bac govt ca to pow 1963
at a succssul coup d'tat. I 1966, aot coup ovtw t tadtoal lads o t paty, Mcl A a
ad Sala al-D al-Bta.[82] Gal Haz al-Assad, t
Mst o Ds, szd pow a "coctv voluto" Novb 197, bcog P Mst. I
Mac 1971, Assad dclad sl Psdt, a posto tat ld utl s dat 2. Sc t, t
scula Sya Rgoal Bac as ad t doat poltcal autoty wat s vtually a sgl-paty
stat Sya; Sya ctzs ay oly appov t Psdt by du ad utl t govt-cotolld
ult-paty 212 palatay lcto could ot vot
As o Apl 214 t dat toll ad s abov

19,.[7] Itatoal ogazatos av accusd
ocs o all sds o sv ua gts volatos, wt
ay assacs occug.[71][72] Ccal wapos
av b usd ay ts dug t co ct as
wll.[73][74] Govt ocs a potdly sposbl o t ajoty o cvla casualts, ot toug
bobgs.[75] I addto, ts o tousads o potsts
ad actvsts av b psod ad t a pots
2
ult-paty lctos o t lgslatu.[83]
Basa al-Assad, t Psdt o Sya ad Asa alAssad, s w wo s a Bts-bo ad Btsducatd Su Musl,[84] tally spd ops o
docatc ad stat os ad a "Daascus Spg"
o ts socal ad poltcal dbat took plac btw
July 2 ad August 21.[85] T pod was caactzd by t gc o uous poltcal ous o
salos, w goups o lk-dd popl t pvat ouss to dbat poltcal ad socal ssus. Poltcal actvsts suc as Rad S, Hata al-Mal, Kaal
al-Labwa, Ryad al-Tuk ad A Dalla w potat oblzg t ovt.[86] T ost aous o
t ous w t Rad S Fou ad t Jaal alAtass Fou. T Daascus Spg lagly dd August 21 wt t ast ad psot o t ladg actvsts wo ad calld o docatc lctos ad
a capag o cvl dsobdc.[87] Fo 21 v osts Palat ad bgu to ctcz t lgacy
o stagato sc t ul o o Psdt Haz
al-Assad; Basa al-Assad as talkd about o but
cad out vy lttl, ad as ald to dlv o
posd os sc 2, aalysts say.[88]
1.1.2 Demographics
Ma atcl: Dogapcs o Sya
CHAPTER 1. SYRIAN CIVIL WAR

Su Musls,[93] a lgous goup tat aks up about
74% pct o Sya s populato (clusv o t
Kuds oty o 14% ad Tuks oty o 13%; t ag a Alawts 12%, Csta 1%,
Duz 3%, Isal S'a 2%). Etc oty Sya
Kuds av also potstd ad coplad ov tc
dscato ad dal o t cultual ad laguag
gts.[94][95] Assad s youg bot Ma al-Assad
coads t ay's lt Fout Aoud Dvso,
ad s bot--law, Ass Sawkat, was t dputy
st o ds utl t latt s assassato t
18 July 212 Daascus bobg.
1.1.3 Socio-economics
Dscott agast t govt was stogst
Sya s poo aas, pdoatly aog cosvatv
Sus.[96] Ts cludd cts wt g povty ats,
suc as Daaa ad Hos, ual aas t ad by a dougt
aly 211, ad t poo dstcts o lag cts.
Soco-cooc ualty casd sg catly at
akt polcs w tatd by Haz al-Assad
s lat yas, ad acclatd at Basa al-Assad
ca to pow. Wt a pass o t svc scto,
ts polcs b td a oty o t ato s populato, ostly popl wo ad coctos wt t govt, ad bs o t Su cat class o
Daascus ad Alppo.[96] By 211, Sya was acg a
dtoato t atoal stadad o lvg ad stp
ss t pcs o coodts.[97] T couty also
acd patculaly g yout uployt ats.[98]
1.1.4 Human rights

Ma atcl: Hua gts Sya
T stat o ua gts Sya as log b t subjct o as ctcs o global ogazatos.[99] T
couty was ud gcy ul o 1963 utl 211,
bag publc gatgs o o ta v popl,[1]
ad ctvly gatg scuty ocs swpg powEto-lgous coposto o popl o Sya (% o
s o ast ad dtto.[11] Basa al-Assad s wdly
22,538,256)[89][9]
gadd as avg b usuccssul pltg
docatc cag, wt a 21 pot o Hua
Su (54%)
Alawt (16%)
Rgts Watc statg tat ad ald to substatally
pov t stat o ua gts sc takg pow, alKud-Su (12%)
toug so o aspcts ad s povt.[12]
Csta (11%)
Duz (4%)
I Dcb 21, ass at-govt potsts bIsal (2%)
ga Tusa ad lat spad acoss ot pats o t
Tuk-Su, Ccassa-Su, ad ots (1%)
Aab wold, cludg Sya. By Fbuay 211, voluT Assad aly cos o t oty Alawt lgous goup, a o soot o S't Isla tat copss a statd 12 pct o t total Sya
populato.[91] It as atad tgt cotol o Sya s
scuty svcs,[92] gatg stt aog so
tos occud Tusa ad Egypt, wl Lbya bga

to xpc ts ow cvl wa. Nuous ot Aab
couts also acd potsts, wt so attptg to
cal t asss by akg cocssos ad govtal cags. T upsgs Tusa ad Egypt a supposd to av spd t d-Mac 211 potsts
1.2. COURSE OF EVENTS
1.2.5 Renewed ghting (June 2012 July

2012)
Rgts o xpsso, assocato ad assbly w
Sya.[13]
stctly cotolld Sya v bo t upsg.[14]

T autots aass ad pso ua gts actvsts ad ot ctcs o t govt, wo a ot d tly dtad ad totud poo pso
codtos.[14] Wo ad tc ots av acd
dscato t publc scto.[14] Tousads o
Sya Kuds w dd ctzsp 1962 ad t
dscdats cotud to b labld as ogs .[15]
A ub o ots 24 poptd casd tso
Sya s Kuds aas,[16][17] ad t av b occasoal class btw Kuds potsts ad scuty
ocs v sc.
1.2
Course of events
Ma atcl: Tl o t Sya Cvl Wa (May

August 212)
1.2.6 Battles of Damascus and Aleppo

(July 2012 October 2012)
Ma atcls: Tl o t Sya Cvl Wa
(May August 212), Tl o t Sya Cvl Wa
(Sptb Dcb 212), Battl o Daascus
(212), Battl o Alppo (212 pst) ad R Das o sv (August Octob 212)
Ma atcl: Sya Cvl Wa Cous o vts
1.2.1 Protests, civil uprising, and defec- 1.2.7 Rebel o ensives (November 2012
April 2013)
tions (January 2011 July 2011)
Ma atcl: Cvl upsg pas o t Sya Cvl Wa Ma atcls: Tl o t Sya Cvl Wa
(Sptb Dcb 212) ad Tl o t
Sya Cvl Wa (Jauay Apl 213)
Fut oato: Battl o Alppo (212 pst),
1.2.2 Protests and armed insurgency (July R Das o sv (Novb 212 Fbuay
213), 212 Haa o sv, Daascus o sv
2011 October 2011)
(213), Battl o Sadad ad Battl o Raa
Ma atcls: Tl o t Sya Cvl Wa (May
August 211) ad Tl o t Sya Cvl Wa
(Sptb Dcb 211)
S also: Lst o Sya dctos
1.2.8 Government and Hezbollah o ensives (April 2013 June 2013)
1.2.3 Escalation (November 2011 March

Ma atcls: Tl o t Sya Cvl Wa
2012)
(Jauay Apl 213) ad Tl o t Sya Cvl
Wa (o May 213)
Ma atcls: Tl o t Sya Cvl Wa Fut oato: Al-Qusay o sv ad Battl o
(Sptb Dcb 211) ad Tl o t al-Qusay (213)
Sya Cvl Wa (Jauay Apl 212)
S also: Sg o Hos, 212 Hos o sv ad
Battl o Idlb (212)
1.2.9 Continued ghting (July 2013 October 2013)

1.2.4 Cease re attempt (April 2012 May
2012)
Ma atcl: Tl o t Sya Cvl Wa (o

Ma atcls: Ko Aa pac pla o Sya, Tl May 213)
o t Sya Cvl Wa (Jauay Apl 212) ad Fut oato: 213 Sya Kuds Islast
Tl o t Sya Cvl Wa (May August 212)
co ct ad 213 Gouta attacks
1.2.10 Government and Hezbollah o en- 1.3 Weaponry and tactics

sives (October 2013 December
S also: Eupt o t Sya Ay ad Lst o
2013)
Fut oato: Alppo o sv (Octob
Dcb 213) ad Battl o Qalaou
ltay upt usd by Sya opposto ocs
1.3.1 Chemical weapons

1.2.11 Fighting between ISIL and other Ma atcls: Sya ad wapos o ass dstucto ad
rebel groups (January 2014 Us o ccal wapos t Sya cvl wa
S also: Sya ccal wapos poga
March 2014)
A UN act- dg sso was ustd by b
Ma atcl: Sya opposto Islac Stat o Ia

ad t Lvat co ct
1.2.12 Continued government and Hezbollah o ensive (March 2014)

Cotud govt ad Hzbolla o sv (Mac
214))
1.2.13 Continued ghting (March 2014 Map of the August 2013 Ghouta chemical attacks.
May 2014)
stats to vstgat 16 allgd ccal wapos attacks.
Sv o t av b vstgatd ( w doppd
o lack o su ct o cdbl oato ) ad
Cotud gtg (Mac 214 May 214)
ou cass t UN spctos co d us o sa gas.
T pots, owv, dd ot bla ay paty o usg ccal wapos.[18] May couts, cludg t
Utd Stats ad t Euopa Uo av accusd t
1.2.14 Presidential election (June 2014)
Sya govt o coductg sval ccal attacks, t ost sous o t bg t 213 Gouta
Ma atcl: Sya psdtal lcto, 214
attacks. Followg ts cdt ad tatoal pssu, t dstucto o Sya s ccal wapos bga.
Ccal wapos vstgatos cocludd wt a g
1.2.15 ISIL o ensive and continued ght- dg o co dc tat clo gas was usd as a
wapo agast t Sya vllags 214, a ctg
ing (June 2014 August 2014)
btw 35 ad 5 popl ad kllg 13. T pot by

Ma atcl: Sya Cvl Wa Cous o vts ISIL a act- dg sso o t Ogasato o t Poo sv ad cotud gtg (Ju 214 August bto o Ccal Wapos dd t bla t sd
but sad bobs w pobably doppd o lcopt.
214)
S also: Tl o Islac Stat o Ia ad t [19]
Lvat vts 214
1.3.2 Cluster bombs

1.2.16 ISIL o ensives and U.S. airstrikes T Sya ay bga usg clust bobs Sptb
212. Stv Goos, dcto o t As dvso at Hu(August 2014 present)
a Rgts Watc sad Sya s xpadg ts ltlss

Ma atcls: Tl o t Sya Cvl Wa (August us o clust utos, a bad wapo, ad cvlas
214 pst) ad Aca-ld tvto Sya
a payg t pc wt t lvs ad lbs, T tal toll s oly t bgg bcaus clust utos
1.4. BELLIGERENTS
ot lav uxplodd boblts tat kll ad a log 1.3.6 Improvised mortar bombs
atwad. [11]
SOHR statd tat bl ocs, usg povsd ota bobs ad o cookg gas casts, causd 311
cvla dats by accuat bobg scod al o
1.3.3 Scud missile attacks
214.[127]
I Dcb 212, t Sya govt bga usg Scud ssls o bl-ld tows, paly tagtg Alppo.[111] O 19 Fbuay, ou Scud ssls
w d, t ladd Alppo cty ad o o Tll
Raat tow, Alppo govoat. Btw Dcb
ad Fbuay, at last 4 Scud ssl ladgs w
potd.[112] Altogt, Scud ssls klld 141 popl t ot o Fbuay.[113] T Utd Stats codd t Scud ssl attacks.[114] O 1 Mac, a Scud
ssl ladd Ia. It s blvd tat t tto
was to t t D Ezzo govoat.[115] O 29 Mac,
a Scud ssl ladd o Hta, Alppo, kllg 2 ad
jug 5.[116] O 28 Apl, a Scud ssl ladd o
Tll Raat, kllg ou, two o t wo ad two
o t cld, SOHR potd.[117] O 3 Ju, a suac to suac ssl, ot co d as a Scud, t t
vllag o Ka Haa aoud dgt kllg 26 popl cludg sx wo ad gt cld accodg to
SOHR.[118]
1.3.4 Suicide bombings

Fut oato: Lst o bobgs dug t Sya
Cvl Wa
1.3.7 Thermobaric
weapons
and
incendiary
Tobac wapos, also kow as ul-a bobs,

av b usd by t govt sd dug t Sya
cvl wa. Sc 212, bls av sad tat t Sya A
Foc (govt ocs) s usg tobac wapos
agast sdtal aas occupd by t bl gts,
suc as dug t Battl o Alppo ad also Ka
Bata.[128][129] A pal o Utd Natos ua gts
vstgatos potd tat t Sya govt usd
tobac bobs agast t statgc tow o Qusay
Mac 213.[13] I August 213, t BBC potd
o t us o apal-lk cday bobs o a scool
ot Sya.[131]
1.4 Belligerents
Ma atcl: Lst o ad goups t Sya Cvl
Wa
1.4.1 Syrian government and a liated

parties
Rbl sucd bobgs bga Dcb 211; t AlNusa Fot as clad sposblty o 57 out o 7 Syrian Army
sla attacks toug Apl 213.[61][119] T bobgs
av clad uous cvla casualts. It as b Ma atcl: Sya Ay
potd tat sucd bobgs av lad to a dop Bo t upsg ad wa bok out, t oc o
suppot o so bl goups.[12] O patcula sucd
bobg a aly Alawt aa o Hos lt 47 cld klld o 1 Octob 214.[121]
Sc lat 214, ocs loyal to Assad av od a
atydo-skg platoo , dubbg tslvs t
coados o t Mouta Battalo .[122][123]
1.3.5 Barrel bombs

Ma atcl: Bal bob
A bal bob s a typ o povsd xplosv dvc
usd by t Sya A Foc. Typcally, a bal s lld
wt a lag aout o TNT, ad possbly sapl (suc
as als) ad ol, ad doppd o a lcopt. T sultg dtoato ca b dvastatg.[124][125][126]
Two destroyed Syrian Army tanks in Azaz, August 2012
t Sya Aab Ay was statd at 325, gula toops, o wc 22, w 'ay toops ad t
st t avy, a oc ad a dss. T w
6
also appoxatly 28, 3, svsts. Sc
Ju 211, dctos o solds av b potd. By
July 212, t Sya Obsvatoy o Hua Rgts statd tat ts o tousads o solds av dctd,
ad a Tuks o cal statd tat 6, solds av
dctd. Accodg to Wst xpts, ts dctos av ot as yt dcasd t stgt o t Sya
ltay, sc t dctg solds w aly Sus
wtout accss to vtal coad ad cotol t ay.
National Defense Force
Ma atcl: Natoal Ds Foc (Sya)
T Sya NDF was od out o po-govt
ltas. Ty cv t salas, ad t ltay upt o t govt,[132][133] ad ubs aoud 1,.[134][135] T oc acts a aty ol, dctly gtg agast bls o t goud
ad ug cout-sugcy opatos coodato wt t ay, wc povds t logstcal ad
atlly suppot. T oc as a 5-stog wo s
wg calld "Lionesses of National Defense" wc opats cckpots.[136] NDF solds a allowd to tak
loot o battl lds, wc ca t b sold o xta
oy.[132]
Shabiha
Ma atcl: Saba
T Shabiha a uo cal po-govt ltas
daw lagly o Assad s Alawt oty goup.
Sc t upsg, t Sya govt as utly
usd shabiha to bak up potsts ad oc laws
stv gbooods.[137] As t potsts scalatd to
a ad co ct, t opposto statd usg t t
shabiha to dscb ay cvla Assad suppot takg
pat t govt s cackdow o t upsg.[138]
T opposto blas t shabiha o t ay volt
xcsss cottd agast at-govt potsts
ad opposto sypatzs,[138] as wll as lootg ad
dstucto.[139][14] I Dcb 212, t shabiha
w dsgatd a tost ogazato by t Utd
Stats.[141]

o cal lta kow as t Jays al-Sa'b, allgdly
wt lp o Ia ad Hzbolla. As wt t shabiha,
t vast ajoty o Jays al-Sa'b bs a Alawt
ad S't voluts.[146][147]
Hezbollah
Ma atcl: Hzbolla
Gal Sctay Hassa Nasalla dd Hzbolla
ad b gtg o bal o t Sya govt,
statg a 12 Octob 212 spc tat gt o t
stat t Sya opposto as b tllg t da tat
Hzbolla st 3, gts to Sya, wc w av
dd .[148] Howv, accodg to t Lbas Daily
Star wspap, Nasalla sad t sa spc tat
Hzbolla gts lpd t Sya govt ta
cotol o so 23 statgcally locatd vllags [ Sya]
abtd by Sts o Lbas ctzsp . Nasalla
sad tat Hzbolla gts av dd Sya dog t
jadst duts .[149] I 212, Hzbolla gts cossd
t bod o Lbao ad took ov gt vllags
t Al-Qusay Dstct o Sya.[15] T o sctay
gal o Hzbolla, Sk Sub al-Tuayl, co d
Fbuay 213 tat Hzbolla was gtg o t Sya ay.[151]
O 12 May, Hzbolla, wt t Sya ay, attptd
to tak pat o Qusay.[152] By t d o t day, 6
pct o t cty, cludg t ucpal o c buldg, w ud po-Assad ocs.[152] I Lbao, t
av b a ct cas t uals o Hzbolla gts ad Sya bls av slld Hzbollacotolld aas. [152] As o 14 May, Hzbolla gts
w potd to b gtg alogsd t Sya ay,
patculaly t Hos Govoat.[153] Hassa Nasalla as calld o Sts ad Hzbolla to potct t
s o Sayda Zab.[153] Psdt Basa al-Assad
dd May 213 tat t w og gts, Aab
o otws, gtg o t govt Sya.[154]
O 25 May, Nasalla aoucd tat Hzbolla was

gtg t Sya agast Islac xtsts ad
pldgd tat s goup wll ot allow Sya ltats
to cotol aas tat bod Lbao .[155] H co d
tat Hzbolla was gtg t statgc Sya tow
o Qusay o t sa sd as Assad's ocs.[6] I t
tlvsd addss, sad, I Sya alls t ads o
Bassl al-Assad s potd to av catd t shabiha Aca, Isal ad t tak s, t popl o ou go
t 198s o govt us ts o css.[142] wll go to a dak pod. [6] Accodg to dpdt
Shabiha av b dscbd as a otoous Alaw- aalysts, by t bgg o 214, appoxatly 5
t paaltay, wo a accusd o actg as uo - Hzbolla gts ad dd t Sya co ct.[156]
cal ocs o Assad s g";[143] gu loyal to
Assad ,[144] ad, accodg to t Qata-basd Aab Ct o Rsac ad Polcy Studs, s-cal gags Iran
copsd o tugs clos to t g .[144] Dspt t
goup s ag as a Alawt lta, so shabiha op- Ma atcl: Iaa suppot o Sya t Sya Cvl
atg Alppo av b potd to b Sus.[145] I Wa
212, t Assad govt catd a o ogazd
1.4. BELLIGERENTS
Sc t stat o t cvl wa, Ia as xpssd ts suppot o t Sya govt ad as povdd t wt
acal, tccal, ad ltay suppot, cludg tag ad so cobat toops.[157] Ia ad Sya a clos
statgc alls. Ia ss t suvval o t Sya govt as bg cucal to ts goal tsts.[158][159]
Ia s sup lad, Al Ka, was potd
Sptb 211 to b vocally avo o t Sya
govt.[16] I t cvl upsg pas o t Sya cvl wa, Ia povdd Sya wt tccal suppot basd o Ia s capablts dvlopd ollowg t
29 21 Iaa lcto potsts.[16] As t upsg
dvlopd to t Sya cvl wa, t w casg
pots o Iaa ltay suppot, ad o Iaa tag o NDF (Natoal Dc Focs) bot Sya, ad
Ia.[161]
Iaa scuty ad tllgc svcs a advsg ad
assstg t Sya ltay to psv Basa al-Assad s
old o pow.[158] Tos ots clud tag, tccal suppot, cobat toops.[157][158] By Dcb 213
Ia was tougt to av appoxatly 1, opatvs Sya.[159] Lbas Hzbolla gts backd by
Ta as tak dct cobat ols sc 212.[159][162]
I t su o 213, Ia ad Hzbolla povdd potat battl ld suppot o Assad, allowg t to ak
advacs o t opposto.[162] I 214, cocdg wt
t pac talks at Gva II, Ia as stppd up suppot o Sya Psdt Assad.[159][162] Sya Mst o Fac ad Ecooy aoucd tat t Iaa govt as gv o ta 15 bllo dollas
to Sya.[163] Iaa Rvolutoay Guads Cops Quds
Foc coad Qas Sula s cag o Sya Psdt Assad s scuty potolo ad as ovs
t ag ad tag o tousads o po-govt
S't gts.[164][165]
1.4.2 Opposition parties
Coalition members in Doh. In center, president al-Khatib, along

with VPs Seif and Atassi, as well as all SNC chairmen Ghalioun,
Sieda and Sabra.
Hizb ut-Tahrir
Ma atcl: Hzb ut-Ta
Fod 1953 at Jusal, Hzb ut-Ta soo

xpadd ts wok o t stablst o Islac
Calpat Sya. Hzb ut-Ta bs w pscutd Sya o t 195s ad up to t Sya
Upsg o 211 wc ty playd a ol o gtg
ad suppotg t voluto ad gudg bls to ut
ud a Islac Ublla ad a cla Islac poltcal
agda ad vso.
Syrian National Council
Ma atcl: Sya Natoal Coucl
Fod o 23 August 211, t Natoal Coucl s a
coalto o at-govt goups, basd Tuky.
T Natoal Coucl sks t d o Basa al-Assad s
ul ad t stablst o a od, cvl, docatc
stat. SNC as lks wt t F Sya Ay. I
Novb 212, t coucl agd to uy wt sval ot opposto goups to o t Sya Natoal
Coalto. T SNC as 22 out o 6 sats o t Sya
Natoal Coalto.[166]
Syrian National Coalition
Ma atcl: Natoal Coalto o Sya Rvolutoay ad Opposto Focs
O 11 Novb 212 Doa, t Natoal Coucl ad
ot opposto ocs utd as t Natoal Coalto
o Sya Rvolutoay ad Opposto Focs.[167] T
ollowg day, t was cogzd as t lgtat govt o Sya by uous Psa Gul stats. Dlgats
to t Coalto s ladsp coucl a to clud wo
ad pstatvs o lgous ad tc ots, cludg Alawts. T ltay coucl wll potdly
clud t F Sya Ay.[168] T a as o t
Natoal Coalto a placg t Basa al-Assad govt ad ts sybols ad pllas o suppot , dsatlg t scuty svcs , uyg ad suppotg
t F Sya Ay, usg dalogu ad gotato
wt t al-Assad govt, ad oldg accoutabl
tos sposbl o kllg Syas, dstoyg [Sya],
ad dsplacg [Syas]".[169]
Free Syrian Army Ma atcl: F Sya Ay
T oato o t F Sya Ay (FSA) was aoucd o 29 July 211 by a goup o dctg Sya
Ay o cs. I a vdo, t calld upo Sya
solds ad o cs to dct to t aks, ad sad t
pupos o t F Sya Ay was to dd cvla
potsts o volc by t stat, ad to bg ts
[Sya] g dow .[17]
May Sya solds subsutly dstd to jo t
FSA.[171] By Dcb 211, t statd ub o

t Lvat (ISIL), sad August 214 tat ay o t
FSA bs wo ad b tad by Utd Stats
ad Tuks ad Aab ltay o cs w ow actually jog IS.[175] O t cotay to t ISIL coad s clas, by Sptb 214 t F Sya Ay
was jog a allac ad a coo ot wt Kuds
ltas cludg t YPG to gt ISIS.[176][177]
Islamic Front
Ma atcl: Islac Fot (Sya)
Free Syrian Army ghters being transported by pick up truck
solds wo ad dctd to t FSA was agg o

1, to ov 25,.[172] T FSA uctos o as
a ublla ogazato ta a tadtoal ltay ca
o coad, ad was st aduatd Tuky,
but ovd ts coad aduats to ot Sya
Sptb 212.
T Islamic Front (Aabc: , al-Jabhat alIslmiyyah) s a g o sv bl goups volvd

t Sya cvl wa[13] tat was aoucd o 22 Novb 213.[178] T goup as btw 4,[179] ad
6, gts. A aoyous spoksa o t goup
as statd tat t wll ot av ts wt t Sya Natoal Coalto,[18] toug a b o t poltcal
buau o t goup, Aad Musa, as statd tat
ops o cogto o t Sya Natoal Coucl
coopato o wat suggstd t Sya popl
wat. Ty wat a voluto ad ot poltcs ad og agdas. [181] T goup s wdly s as backd
ad ad by Saud Aaba.[182][183][184]
Mujahideen
Fut oato: Fog bl gts t Sya
Cvl Wa
FSA soldiers plan during the Battle of Aleppo (October 2012).
I Mac 212, two pots o The New York Times

wtssd a FSA attack wt a oadsd bob ad AK47 s o a colu o aod Sya taks Saab
Idlb Govoat, ad lad tat FSA ad a stock o
abl, tad solds ad x-o cs, ogazd to so
xtt, but w wtout t wapos to put up a alstc
gt.[173]
I Apl 213, t US aoucd t would tas 123
llo oltal ad to Sya bls toug dctd
gal Sal Idss, lad o t FSA.[174]
I May 213, Sal Idss, t FSA lad, ackowldgd tat t bls w badly agtd ad lackd
t ltay skll dd to toppl t govt o
Psdt Basa al-Assad. Idss sad was wokg
o a coutywd coad stuctu, but tat a lack o
atal suppot was utg tat ot. Now t s vy
potat o t to b u d. But uyg t a
a to wok lk a gula ay s stll d cult , Idss
sad. H ackowldgd coo opatos wt Islast
goup Aa as-Sa but dd ay coopato wt
Islast goup al-Nusa Fot.[174]
I Sptb 213, US Sctay o Stat Jo Ky

statd tat xtst goups ak up 15 25% o bl
ocs.[185] Accodg to Cals Lst, about 12% o
bls a pat o goups lkd to al-Qada, 18% blog to Aa as-Sa, ad 9% blog to Suou alSa Bgad.[186][187] Ts ubs cotast wt a pot by Ja s Ioato Goup, a dc outlt, clag alost al o all bls bg a latd to Islast
goups.[188] Fog gts av jod t co ct
opposto to Assad. Wl ost o t a jadsts,
so dvduals, suc as Mad al-Haat, av jod
to suppot t Sya opposto.[189]
T ICSR stats tat 2, 5,5 og gts
av go to Sya sc t bgg o t potsts,
about 7 11 pct o wo ca o Euop. It s
also statd tat t ub o og gts dos
ot xcd 1 pct o t opposto ad ocs.[19]
Aot stat puts t ub o og jads at
15, by aly 214[191] ), T Euopa Cosso
xpssd cocs tat so o t gts gt us
t sklls obtad Sya to cot acts o tos
back Euop t utu.[192]
I Octob 212, vaous Ia lgous goups jo t

Abu Yusa, a coad o t Islac Stat o Ia ad co ct Sya o bot sds. Radcal Sus o Ia,
1.4. BELLIGERENTS
Islamic campaign in support of Syrian opposition
a actos, ad dsplayg lgous tolac.[2]

al-Nusa as b accusd o statg lgous ad
tc ots sc ts oato.[21] T statd
apow o al-Nusa Fot s appoxatly 6,
1, popl, cludg ay og gts.[22] Howv, aly 214, t statd ocs doppd to
5, 6, gts, as al-Nusa lost gts cobat
ad dctos to ISIL.[23] O 1 Mac 214, alNusa lasd 13 Csta us captud o Malouula, Daascus, xcag o t las o 15 wo
o t Sya govt s psos. T us potd
tat ty w tatd wll by al-Nusa dug t captvty, addg tat ty w gvg us vytg w
askd o ad tat o o botd us .[24]
1.4.3 Syrian Kurds
av tavld to Sya to gt agast Psdt Basa alAssad ad t Sya govt.[193] Also, Sts o Ma atcls: 212 Sya Kudsta co ct ad Sya
Ia, Babl Povc ad Dyala Povc, av tavld Kudsta
to Daascus o Ta, o o t St Islac oly Kuds ostly Su Musls, wt a sall octy o Naja, Ia to potct Sayyda Zab, a potat osu ad s o Sa Isla Daascus.[193]
I Sptb 213, lads o 13 powul bl bgads
jctd Sya Natoal Coalto ad calld Saa law
t sol souc o lgslato . I a statt ty dclad tat t coalto ad t putatv govt
add by Aad To dos ot pst o cogz
us . Aog t sgatoy bl goups w Al-Nusa
Fot, Aa as-Sa ad Al-Tawd.[194] I Novb 213, sv Islast goups cobd to o t
Islac Fot.
al-Nusra Front Ma atcl: al-Nusa Fot
Kurds showing their support for the PYD in Afrin during the conict
ty o Yzds pstd 1% o Sya s populato

at t stat o t upsg 211. Ty ad sud o dcads o dscato ad glct, bg dpvd o basc cvl, cultual, cooc, ad socal gts.[25]:7 W potsts bga, Assad s govt ally gatd ctzsp to a statd 2,
statlss Kuds, a ot to ty ad utalz pottal Kuds opposto.[26] Ts cocsso, cobd
wt Tuks dost o t opposto ad Kuds
ud-pstato t Sya Natoal Coucl, as
sultd Kuds patcpatg t cvl wa sall
ubs ta t Sya Aab Su coutpats.[26]
Cosutly, volc ad stat psso Kuds
aas as b lss sv.[26] I ts o a post-Assad
a dg o autooy
T latosp btw t al-Nusa Fot ad t - Sya, Kuds potdly ds
[27]
wt
a
dctalzd
stat.
dgous Sya opposto s ts, v toug t
al-Nusa Fot as ougt alogsd t FSA sv- Sc t outst o t cvl wa, ost Kuds poltcal
al battls, ad so FSA gts dctd to t al- pats ogasd tslvs to t Natoal CoodaNusa Fot.[198] T Mujad s stct lgous vws to Cott o Docatc Cag (NCC), oldg
ad wllgss to pos saa law dstubd ay a o odat stac gadg t Assad govt.
Syas.[199] So bl coads av accusd o- Howv, Octob 211, all but t Docatc Uo
g jadsts o stalg t voluto , obbg Sy- Paty (PYD) lt t NCC to o t ow ublla
T al-Nusa Fot, bg o o t ost ctv

jadst goups Sya, s ot cosdd to b t ost
aggssv ad volt pat o t opposto.[195] Bg
sposbl o ov 5 sucd bobgs, cludg sval dadly xplosos Daascus 211 ad 212, t
s cogzd as a tost ogazato by Sya govt ad was dsgatd as suc by Utd Stats Dcb 212.[61] I Apl 213, t lad o t Islac
stat o Ia lasd a audo statt aoucg tat
al-Nusa Fot s ts bac Sya.[196] T lad o
al-Nusa, Abu Moaad al-Gola, sad tat t goup
wll ot g wt t Islac Stat o Ia, but stll
ata allgac to Aya al-Zawa, t lad o
al-Qada.[197]
ogasato, t Kuds Natoal Coucl.
aggsso pact.
T Sya Kuds Popl s Potcto Uts (YPG),

st td t Sya Cvl Wa as a bllgt July
212, by captug a tow, Koba, tat utl t was
ud cotol o t Sya govt (s Sya Kudsta capag (212 pst)).
1.5 Reporting, censoring and propaganda
So coust ad goups o Tuky jod wa

alogsd wt YPG. Maxst Lst Coust Paty
(Tuky) st so ad uts to Sg o Koba ad
Ia Sja to gt agast ISIS.[28] Tos goups do
ot av t ow ltay uts, ty gt ud YPG
uts. Maxst Lst Coust Paty (Tuky) ,
Coust Paty o TukyMaxst Lst ad MLSPB st gts to Sya.
Ma atcl: Rpotg, csog ad popagada

t Sya Cvl Wa
Rpotg o ts wa s d cult ad dagous: joualsts a bg attackd, dtad, ad potdly totud,

wt ov o udd potdly klld alady by Octob 212. Tccal aclts (tt, tlpo tc.)
a bg sabotagd by t Sya govt. Bot sds
T co ct btw t Kuds Popl s Potcto ts wa ty to dsualy t oppot by ag
Uts (YPG) ad Islast goups suc as al-Nusa Fot o dcatg t wt gatv labls ad ts ( tav scalatd sc a goup o Kuds xplld Islasts osts , popagada , basd , US cospacy , 'Sya
o t bod tow o Ras al-A.[29]
g'), o by pstg als o-l vdc.[216]
1.4.4 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 1.6

(ISIL)
Ma atcl: Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat
International reaction
Ma atcl: Itatoal actos to t Sya Cvl

Wa
T Aab Lagu, Euopa Uo, t Utd
T Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat ad apd ltay gas Not Sya statg Apl 213 ad
as o d 214 cotols lag pats o tat go, w
t Sya Obsvatoy o Hua Rgts dscbs t as
t stogst goup .[21] It as posd stct Saa law
ov lad tat t cotols. T goup was, utl 214, alatd wt al-Qada, ld by t Ia gt Abu Bak
al-Bagdad, ad as a statd 7, gts Sya,
cludg ay o-Syas. It as b pasd as lss
coupt ta ot lta goups, ad ctczd o abusg ua gts[211] ad o ot tolatg o-Islast
lta goups, og joualsts o ad woks, wos
bs t as xplld, psod.[212] o xcutd.
Accodg to Mcal Wss, ISIL as ot b tagtd Esther Brimmer (U.S.) speaks at a United Nations Human Rights
by t Sya govt wt ut t sa gusto as Council urgent debate on Syria, February 2012
ot bl actos.[164]
I su 214 t ISIL cotolld a td o Sya. It
stablsd tsl as t doat oc o Sya opposto, datg Jabat al-Nusa D Ezzo povc
ad clag cotol ov ost o Sya s ol ad gas
poducto.[62]
T Sya govt dd ot bg to gt ISIL utl Ju 214 dspt ts avg a psc Sya sc
Apl 213, accodg to Kuds o cals.[213]
ISIL as cutd o ta 6,3 gts July 214
alo.[214] I Sptb 214, potdly so Sya
bls ad ISIL sgd a o-aggsso agt
a subub o Daascus, ctg ablty to dal wt bot
ISIL ad t Sya ay s attacks at oc.[215] So Sya bls av, owv, dcd t ws o t o-
Natos,[217] ad ay Wst govts uckly

codd t Sya govt s volt spos to
t potsts, ad xpssd suppot o t potsts
gt to xcs spc.[218] Itally, ay Mddl
East govts xpssd suppot o Assad, but as
t dat toll outd ty swtcd appoac, ctczg volc o bot govt ad potsts. Bot
t Aab Lagu ad t Ogasato o Islac Coopato suspdd Sya s bsp. Russa ad Ca
vtod Wst-datd Utd Natos Scuty Coucl
solutos 211 ad 212, wc would av tatd t Sya govt wt tagtd sactos
t cotud ltay actos agast potstos.[219] T
Utd Natos ppad a tatoal pac coc Gva o 22 Jauay 214, wc bot t
1.8. FOREIGN INVOLVEMENT
11
Sya govt ad opposto av posd to paad 8 tos o ou daly to Sya.[225] Isal as potcpat.
vdd tatt to 75 Syas a ld osptal locatd
t Gola Hgts. Rbls say tat 25 o t gts cvd dcal tatt t.[226] O 26 Apl
213, a uataa covoy, spd by Gaza Flotlla,
1.7 Humanitarian help
dpatd o Tuky to Sya. Calld Hayat ( L ),
t s st to dlv ad ts to IDPs sd Sya ad
Ma atcl: Huataa ad dug t Sya cvl
ugs gbog couts: Tuky, Lbao, Jowa
da, Ia, ad Egypt. Sya ugs ak up o uat o Lbao s populato, ostly cosstg o wo
T tatoal uataa spos to t coad cld.[227]
ct Sya s coodatd by t Utd Natos OT Wold Halt Ogazato as potd tat 35%
c o t Coodato o Huataa A as (UNo t couty s osptals a out o svc ad, dpdOCHA) accodac wt Gal Assbly Rsolug upo t go, up to 7% o alt ca possoto 46182.[22] T pay awok o ts cooals av d. Cass o daoa ad patts A av
dato s t Sya Huataa Assstac Rspos
casd by o ta twoold sc t bgg o
Pla (SHARP) wc appald o USD 1.41 bllo to
213. Du to gtg, t oal vaccato pogas
t t uataa ds o Syas a ctd by t
caot b udtak. T dsplacd ugs ay also
[221]
O cal Utd Natos data o t uaco ct.
pos a sk to couts to wc ty av d.[228]
taa stuato ad spos s avalabl at ttp:sya.
uoca.og; a o cal wbst aagd by UNOCHA
Sya (Aa). UNICEF s also wokg alogsd ts
ogazatos to povd vaccatos ad ca packags
1.8 Foreign involvement
to tos d. It as laucd a vaccato capag
to adcat polo o t go, as 17 cass av co
Ma atcls: Fog volvt t Sya Cvl
up sc t wa bok ov t yas ago.
Wa ad Fog bl gts t Sya Cvl Wa
Bot t Sya govt ad t opposto av cvd suppot, ltaly ad dploatcally, o og couts ladg t co ct to ot b dscbd
as a poxy wa. T ajo pats suppotg t Sya
Govt a Ia ad Hzbolla. Bot o ts a
volvd t wa poltcally ad logstcally by povdg ltay upt, tag ad battl toops. T
Sya govt as also cvd as o Russa
ad SIGINT suppot dctly o GRU,[229] addto
to sg cat poltcal suppot o Russa.[23]
US non-lethal aid to Syrian opposition forces, May 2013
Facal oato o t spos to t SHARP, as

wll as assstac to ugs ad o coss-bod opatos, ca b oud o UNOCHA s Facal Tackg
Svc. As at 18 Sptb 213, t top t doos
to Sya w: Utd Stats, Euopa Cosso,
Kuwat, Utd Kgdo, Gay, Caada, Japa,
Austala, Saud Aaba, ad Dak.[222] USAID ad
ot govt agcs US dlvd aly 385
llo o ad ts to Sya 212 ad 213. T
Utd Stats s povdg ood ad, dcal suppls,
gcy ad basc alt ca, slt atals, cla
wat, yg ducato ad suppls, ad ot l suppls.[223] Islac Rl as stockd 3 osptals ad st udds o tousads o dcal ad ood
pacls.[224]
Ot couts t go av also cotbutd vaous lvls o ad. Ia as b xpotg btw 5
T a Sya opposto body t Sya coalto

cvs poltcal, logstc ad ltay suppot o t
Utd Stats, Bta ad Fac.[231][232][233] So Sya bls gt tag o t CIA at bass Qata,
Joda ad Saud Aaba.[234][235][236] T Sya coalto also cvs logstc ad poltcal suppot o Su
stats, ost otably Tuky, Qata ad Saud Aaba; all
t t ajo suppotg stats owv av ot cotbutd ay toops o dct volvt t wa,
toug Tuky was volvd bod cdts wt t
Sya Ay. T Financial Times ad The Independent potd tat Qata ad udd t Sya bllo
by as uc as 3 bllo.[237][238] It potd tat Qata
was o g ug packags o about 5, a ya
to dctos ad aly.[238] Saud Aaba as gd
as t a goup to ac ad a t bls.[239] Accodg to cossos o a captud FSA coad,
t opposto also cvd o ltay suppot o
Isal.[24] Isal ltay doctos tat woudd bls
wo appal o ad.
12
Fc tlvso Fac 24 potd tat t Islac

Stat Ia ad t Lvat, wt paps 3, og
jadsts aog ts aks,[241] cvs pvat doatos
o t Gul stats. [242] T ajo Sya Kuds opposto goup, t PYD, was potd to gt logstc ad
tag suppot o Ia Kudsta.
O 21 August 214, two days at U.S. potojoualst Jas Foly was badd, t U.S. ltay adttd
a covt scu attpt volvg dozs o U.S. Spcal
Opatos ocs ad b ad to scu Acas
ad ot ogs ld captv Sya by ISIL ltats. T scu attpt s t st kow U.S. ltay goud acto sd Sya. T sultat gu gt
sultd o U.S. sold bg jud. T scu
was usuccssul as t captvs w ot t locato
tagtd.
O 11 Sptb 214 Cogss xpssd suppot to
gv Psdt Obaa t 5 llo wats to
a ad ta odat Sya bls. T usto o
wt t psdt as autoty to cotu astks
byod t 6-day wdow gatd by t Wa Pows
Rsoluto ad usolvd.[243]
O 12 Sptb, US Sctay o Stat Jo Ky
t Tuks lads to scu backg o U.S.-ld acto agast ISIL, but Akaa sowd luctac to play a
otl ol. Ky statd tat t was ot appopat
o Ia to jo talks o cootg ISIL.[244]
T plas vald Sptb also volv Ia tagtg ISIL. U.S. waplas av laucd 158 stks
Ia ov t past v wks wl paszg a latvly aow st o tagts. T Ptago s pss sctay, Jo Kby, sad t a capag Ia, wc
bga 8 Aug., wll t a o aggssv pas.[245]
1.9
Impact
gus, p opposto actvst goups, agg o

123,85 ad 191,369.[42][246][247][248] O 2 Jauay 213,
t Utd Natos statd tat 6, ad b klld
sc t cvl wa bga, wt UN Hg Cosso
o Hua Rgts Nav Pllay sayg T ub o casualts s uc g ta w xpctd, ad s tuly
sockg. [249] Fou ots lat, t UN s updatd gu o t dat toll ad acd 8,.[25] O 13 Ju,
t UN lasd a updatd gu o popl klld sc
gtg bga, t gu bg xactly 92,91, o up to
t d o Apl 213. Nav Pllay, UN g cosso o ua gts, statd tat: Ts s ost lkly
a u casualty gu. T al toll was gussd to
b ov 1,.[251][252] So aas o t couty av
b a ctd dspopotoatly by t wa; by so stats, as ay as a td o all dats av occud
t cty o Hos.[253]
O pobl as b dtg t ub o
ad cobatats wo av dd, du to so soucs
coutg bl gts wo w ot govt dctos as cvlas.[254] At last al o tos co d
klld av b statd to b cobatats o bot
sds, cludg 52,29 govt gts ad 29,8
bls, wt a addtoal 5, uco d cobatat
dats.[42] I addto, UNICEF potd tat ov 5
cld ad b klld by aly Fbuay 212,[255] ad
aot 4 cld av b potdly astd ad
totud Sya psos;[256] bot o ts clas av
b cotstd by t Sya govt. Addtoally,
ov 6 dtas ad poltcal psos a kow to
av dd ud totu.[257] I d-Octob 212, t
opposto actvst goup SOHR potd t ub o
cld klld t co ct ad s to 2,3,[258] ad
Mac 213, opposto soucs statd tat ov 5,
cld ad b klld.[246] I Jauay 214, a pot
was lasd dtalg t systatc kllg o o ta
11, dtas o t Sya govt.[259]
O 2 August 214, a w U.N. study cocluds at last
191,369 popl av dd Sya co ct.[26]
1.9.1 Deaths
Ma atcl: Casualts o t Sya Cvl Wa
Estats o dats t co ct vay wdly, wt 1.9.2
Total deaths over the course of the con ict in Syria (18 March
2011 18 October 2013)
Illness
Oc-a ctous dsass av spad bl ld

aas, paly a ctg cld, bougt o by t collaps o satato ad dtoatg lvg codtos.
Ts clud asls, typod, patts, dysty,
tubculoss, dpta, woopg coug, lsaass,
(a ds gug paastc sk dsas). O patcula coc s t cotagous ad cpplg Poloylts wc
as o lat 213 doctos ad tatoal publc alt
agcs pot o ta 9 cass o. Ctcs o t govt copla tat t as bougt o t spad o dsas by cuttg o vaccato, satato ad sa-wat
svcs to aas cosdd poltcally usypattc
v bo t upsg.[261]
13
1.9. IMPACT
1.9.3 Refugees
Ma atcl: Rugs o t Sya Cvl Wa
T volc Sya as causd llos to t
as Sya govt ad ts suppots gt cass,

ad t opposto o.[272][273]
Syria s civil war victims
By lat Novb 213, accodg to t EuoMdtaa Hua Rgts Ntwok (EMHRN) pot
ttld Volc agast Wo, Bldg Woud
t Sya Co ct , appoxatly 6, wo av
os. I August 212, t Utd Natos sad o b apd (cludg gag-ap) sc t stat o t
ta o llo popl w tally dsplacd,[262] co ct - wt gus lkly to b uc g gv tat
ad, Sptb 213, t UN potd tat o ta ost cass go upotd.[274][275][276]
6.5 llo Syas ad b dsplacd, o wo 2 l[277]
Sya govlo g to gbog couts, 1 3 o tos Accodg to t tatoal lawys,
t
o
cals
could
ac
wa
cs
cags
t
ugs (about 667, popl) skg saty ty
[263]
lgt
o
a
ug
cac
o
vdc
suggld
out
o
t
Lbao (oally 4.8 llo populato).
Ots
11,
couty
sowg
t
systatc
kllg
o
about
av d to Joda, Tuky, ad Ia. Tuky as accptd +1.. (214) Sya ugs, al o wo dtas. Most o t vcts w youg ad ay
a spad aoud a cts ad doz caps placd ud copss w acatd, bloodstad ad bo sgs o
t dct autoty o t Tuks Govt. Satllt totu. So ad o ys; ots sowd sgs o sta[278]
Expts say ts vdc s
ags co d tat t st Sya caps appad gulato o lctocuto.
o
dtald
ad
o
a
a
lag
scal ta aytg ls
Tuky July 211, sotly at t tows o D[264]
tat
as
yt
gd
o
t
34-ot
css.[279][28]
I Sptb
aa, Hos, ad Haa w bsgd.
214, t UN statd tat t ub o Sya ugs O 3 Jauay 214, Hua Rgts Watc lasd a ad xcdd 3 llo.[265] Accodg to t Jusal pot dtalg, btw Ju 212 ad July 213, govCt o Publc A as, Sus a lavg o Lbao t ocs azg to t goud sv at-govt
ad udg Hzbulla s status. T g Sya dstcts t cts o Daascus ad Haa, uatg to
ugs as causd t Joda s Palst tat to b a aa t sz o 2 ootball lds. Wtsss spok
dsd du to t oslaugt o w ugs Jo- o xplosvs ad bulldozs bg usd to kock dow
[281]
Satllt agy was povdd as pat o
da. Addtoally, t Wst Bak s udgog - buldgs.
t
pot
ad
t
dstucto was caactzd as collcgato pssus wc wll ctaly b copd Gaza
[266]
tv
pust
agast
sdts o bl-ld aas.[282]
Gk Catolc Patac
gato s allowd.
Ggoos III Laa clas o ta 45, Sya UN potd also tat "siege warfare is employed in a
Cstas av b dsplacd by t co ct.[267]
context of egregious human rights and international humanitarian law violations. The warring parties do not
fear being held accountable for their acts. Ad ocs
1.9.4 Human rights violations
o bot sds o t co ct blockd accss o uataa covoys, co scatd ood, cut o wat suppls
Ma atcl: Hua gts volatos dug t Sya ad tagtd as wokg t lds. T pot
Cvl Wa
potd to ou placs bsgd by t govt ocs:
Muadaya, Daaya, Yaouk cap ad Old Cty o
Accodg to vaous ua gts ogazatos ad Hos, as wll as two aas ud sg o bl goups:
Utd Natos, ua gts volatos av b co- Alppo ad Haa.[283][284] I Yaouk Cap 2,
ttd by bot t govt ad t bls, wt sdts a acg dat by stavato du to blockad
t 'vast ajoty o t abuss avg b cot- by t Sya govt ocs ad gtg btw t
td by t Sya govt'.[268][269][27][271] T U.N. ay ad Jabat al-Nusa, wc pvts ood dstbucosso vstgatg ua gts abuss Sya to by UNRWA.[283][285] T UN ut statd tat govco s at last 9 ttoal ass kllgs t p- t sgs av lt o ta 25, subjctd to
od 212 to d-July 213, dtyg t pptato ltlss sllg ad bobadt. Ty a dd
Syrian refugees in Lebanon living in cramped quarters (6 August
2012).
14
uataa ad, ood ad suc basc cssts as d- 1.9.6 Economy

cal ca, ad ust coos btw sud ad stavato, t bs o t UN Cosso o Iuy By July 213, t Sya cooy ad suk 45 pct
sad.[286]
sc t stat o t co ct. Uployt casd
ISIL ocs av b accusd by UN o usg publc x- vold, t valu o t Sya cucy dcasd to
p-wa valu, ad t publc scto lost USD
cutos, aputatos ad lasgs a capag to stll o-sxt ts[292][293]
By t d o 213, t UN st15
bllo.
a. Forces of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levatd
total
cooc
daag o t Sya cvl wa at
ant have committed torture, murder, acts tantamount to
[294]
143
bllo.
enforced disappearance and forced displacement as part
of attacks on the civilian population in Aleppo and Raqqa
provinces, amounting to crimes against humanity , sad t
1.9.7
pot o 27 August 214.[287]
Crime wave
Eocd dsappaacs ad abtay dttos av

also b a atu sc t Sya upsg bga.[288]
1.9.5 Threats against Syrian sects, minorities and majority

Ma atcl: Sctaas ad ots t Sya
Cvl Wa
T succssv govts o Haz ad Basa alDoctors and medical sta treating injured rebel ghters and civilians in Aleppo
As t co ct as xpadd acoss Sya, ay cts

av b guld a wav o c as gtg causd
t dstgato o uc o t cvla stat, ad ay
polc statos stoppd uctog. Rats o tvy casd, wt cals lootg ouss ad stos. Rats
o kdappgs casd as wll. Rbl gts w
sgtd stalg cas ad dstoyg a Alppo stauat
wc Sya solds ad at.[295]
By July 212, t ua gts goup Wo Ud
Sg ad docutd ov 1 cass o ap ad sxual
assault dug t co ct, wt ay o ts cs blvd to b pptatd by t Saba ad ot pogovt ltas. Vcts cludd , wo, ad
Map of Syria s ethno-religious composition in 1976
cld, wt about 8% o t kow vcts bg
[296]
Assad av b closly assocatd wt t couty s - wo ad gls.
oty Alawt lgous goup,[289] a o soot o Sa, Cal twoks av b usd by bot t govwas t ajoty o t populato, ad ost o t t ad t opposto dug t co ct. Facg opposto, s Su. Du to avly volvt t tatoal sactos, t Sya govt ld o
Sya ocs ad t po-lta, Alawts statd to b cal ogazatos to suggl goods ad oy
tatd ad attackd by doatly Su bl gt- ad out o t couty. T cooc dowtu causd
g goups lk t Al-Nusa Fot ad t FSA sc D- by t co ct ad sactos also ld to low wags o
cb 212 (s Sctaas ad ots t Sy- Saba bs. I spos, so Saba a Cvl WaAlawts). Fo t ot sd, su also bs bga stalg cvla popts, ad gagg
s tatd du to assv kllg by Sya ocs ad kdappgs.[137]
llos o t av tak ug Sya gbog Rbl ocs sots ld o cal twoks to
couts sc bgg o 212.
obta wapos ad suppls. Black akt wapo
May Sya Cstas potd to av d at ty
w tagtd by t at-govt bls.[29][291]
(S: Sctaas ad ots t Sya Cvl
WaCstas.)
pcs Sya s gbog couts av sg catly

casd sc t stat o t co ct. To gat uds
to pucas as, so bl goups av tud towads
xtoto, stalg, ad kdappg.[137]
15
1.11. SEE ALSO
1.9.8 Cultural heritage

Ma atcl: Lst o tag sts daagd dug
Sya cvl wa
T cvl wa as causd sg cat daag to Sya s cultual tag, cludg Wold Htag Sts. Dstucto o atuts as b causd by sllg, ay tct, ad lootg at vaous tlls, usus, ad
outs.[297] A goup calld Sya Acaologcal
Htag Ud Tat s otog ad codg t
dstucto a attpt to cat a lst o tag sts
daagd dug t wa ad ga global suppot o t
potcto ad psvato o Sya acaology ad
actctu.[298]
UNESCO lstd all sx Sya s Wold Htag sts as dagd but dct asssst o daag s ot possbl.
It s kow tat t Old Cty o Alppo was avly daagd dug battls bg ougt wt t dstct, wl
Palya ad Cac ds Cvals su d o daag.
Illgal dggg s cosdd a gav dag, ad udds
o Sya atuts, cludg so o Palya, appad Lbao. T acologcal usus a
kow to av b lootd; Raa so atacts s
to av b dstoyd by og Islasts du to lgous objctos.[299]
T wa as poducd ts ow patcula atwok. A lat
Su 213 xbto Lodo at t P21 Gally
was abl to sow so o ts wok.[3]
1.11 See also

Sya Css o 1957
Lst o cvl was
Lst o od co cts t Mddl East
Lst o ogog ltay co cts
Lst o was by dat toll
Lst o was volvg Sya
Lst o was volvg Ia
Bal bob
1.12 References
[1] Galp, Rcad (1 Jauay 212). Russa as spts bolst Sya s battld Assad . News (BBC). Rtvd 4 Fbuay 212.
[2] Russa ltay psc Sya poss callg to USld tvto . The Guardian, 23 Dcb 212. Rtvd 26 Fbuay 213.
[3] Rpot: Ia, Not Koa Hlpg Sya Rsu Buldg Mssls . Rtvd 18 Novb 214.
[4] Ryall, Jula (6 Ju 213). Sya: Not Koa ltay 'advsg Assad g'". The Telegraph. Rtvd
2 August 213.
[5] Not Koa volatg sactos, accodg to UN pot . The Telegraph. 3 July 212. Rtvd 6 Octob
212.
1.10
Spillover
Ma atcl: Spllov o t Sya Cvl Wa
[6] U.S. wapos acg Sya bls . Washington Post.

Sptb 11, 213.
[7] Hollad co s Fc dlvy o as to Sya
bls . 214-8-21. Rtvd 215-1-16.
[8] Slock, Rut. Lbya s w uls o wapos to Sy-
a bls . The Telegraph. Rtvd 25 May 214.

Wt poous bods wt ost o ts gbos, t gtg as splld ov t, causg as o a goal
[9] F Sya Ay s ltay c . Al Jaza Ewa. I Ju 214, bs o t Islac Stat o Ia
gls. 16 Fbuay 214. Rtvd 16 Fbuay 214.
ad t Lvat (ISIL) cossd t bod o Sya to
ot Ia, ad av tak cotol o lag swats o [1] U.N. wtdaws sta s as volc ags Sya . EdIa ttoy as t Ia Ay abadod ts postos.
to.c.co. 25 May 213.
T Sya Cvl Wa as ld to cdts o sctaa volc ot Lbao btw suppots ad op- [11] Mou, Bass; Suza Fas (212-12-8). Sya
Rbls Cat Nw U d Mltay Coad .
pots o t Sya govt, ad ad class
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[14] Mssl blast wouds Sya bl coad: actvsts .

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1.12. REFERENCES
21
[211] Sya: Haowg totu, suay kllgs sct [231] Mott, Mak (13 Novb 213). As Talks CoISIS dtto cts . 19 December 2013. Asty Itu, CIA Gts So Wapos To Sya Rbls . Natatoal. Rtvd 3 Jauay 214.
toal Publc Rado. Rtvd 1 Dcb 213.
[212] Bk, Saa (27 Dcb 213).
How al-Qada [232] Macus, Joato (1 August 212). Sya co ct: UK
Cagd t Sya Wa . New York Review of Books.
to gv xta 5 to opposto goups . BBC Nws. Rtvd 1 Dcb 213.
[213] Mat Culov, Mddl East cospodt. Iss gts
suoud Sya abas apd dv to captu lost t- [233] Fac s Hollad ts at ag Sya bls .
toy | Wold ws . T Guada. Rtvd 214-8Fac24. 2 Sptb 213. Rtvd 1 Dcb
23.
213.
[214] Syas adjust to l ud ISIS ul . T Daly Sta. [234] Fak Gad (13 Novb 214). The Missing Stu29 August 214. Rtvd 29 August 214.
dents. From Our Own Correspondent (BBC Rado 4).
Evt occus at 11:41. Rtvd 14 Novb 214.
[215] Mas, Alssada (12 Sptb 214). US-Backd
Modat Goup I Sya Sgs Tuc Wt ISIS: R- [235] Sya Rbls Dscb U.S.-Backd Tag Qata .
pots . International Business Times.
FRONTLINE (Publc Boadcastg Svc). 26 May
214. Rtvd 14 Novb 214.
[216] All c soucs to ts suazg scto a
o cous to b oud t tod a atcl: [236] Ra Sacz (3 Sptb 213). Fst Sya bls
Rpotg, csog ad popagada t Sya Cvl
ad ad tad by CIA 'o way to battl ld'". The
Wa
Daily Telegraph. Rtvd 14 Novb 214.
[217] UN c slas Sya s cackdow o potsts .
Jaza. 18 Mac 211.
Al [237] Paul Vallly (24 August 214). Mt t Fakst

ost o Saud Aaba ad Qata. O as w kow t,
Iss . The Independent.
[218] Caada cods volc Y, Baa, Sya .
Agc Fac-Pss. 21 Mac 211. Rtvd 22 [238] Roula Kala ad Abgal Fldg St (16 May 213).
Mac 211.
Qata bakolls Sya volt wt cas ad as . Fi[219] Ca ad Russa vto UN soluto codg Sya .
BBC. 5 Octob 211.
nancial Times. Rtvd 3 Ju 213. (subscpto ud)
[239] "Saud dgs Qata to cotol Sya bl suppot".

[22] Utd Natos Gal Assbly Rsoluto 182 ssRuts. 31 May 213
so 46 Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian
emergency assistance of the United Nations on 19 Decem- [24] Sya bl coad says collaboatd wt Isber 1991
al . Times of Israel. 214-8-13. Rtvd 214-817.
[221] Utd Natos, Sya Huataa Assstac Rspos
Pla (SHARP). Rtvd 18 Sptb 213
[241] "Two Aab couts all apat". The Economist. 14 Ju

214.
[222] UNOCHA, Facal Tackg Svc, ttp:ts.uoca.
ogpagload.aspx?pagg-gcyDtals&
[242] "Sya s top Islast ad jadst goups". Fac 24.
gID1633. Rtvd 18 Sptb 213
[223] USAIDSYRIA .
[224] SYRIAN HUMANITARIAN RELIEF .
[243] S sk, Davd. Bot sds o Cogss av ow d

ls o Obaa s acto Sya . Washington Times. Rtvd 11 Sptb 214.
[225] Ia sdg tos o ou daly to Sya: pot . [244] Ruts, Psdtal pss O c. Ky opposs Ia
ol at-Islac Stat coalto . Ruts. Rtvd
Agc Fac-Pss. 3 Mac 213.
13 Sptb 214.
[226] Rvald: ow Sya bls sk dcal lp o a
ulkly souc Isal . 214-1-12. Rtvd 214- [245] Bus, Robt. Stks Ia, Sya xpctd ud w
wa pla . Associated Press. Rtvd 13 Sptb
1-17.
214.
[227] Huataa ad covoy dpats to lp Sya
[246] Statstcs o t ub o atys . Volatos Docuugs . 27 Apl 213.
tg Ct. 3 Ju 213.
[228] WHO was o Sya dsas tat . BBC. 4 Ju 213.
[247] Ot statstcs . Volatos Docutg Ct. 3
[229] P , Asl (7 Octob 214). Russa coadd
Ju 213.
spy opato agast Isal ocs ad Sya bls,
[248] Sya Matys . F Sya. Rtvd 2 May 213.
ootag sows . Haatz. Rtvd 7 Octob 214.
[23] Sya alls: Wy Russa, Ia ad Ca a stadg by [249] U.N.'s Sya dat toll jups daatcally to 6,t g, CNN, 3 August 213
plus . CNN. 3 Jauay 213.
22
[25] Sya dat toll at last 93,, says UN . BBC Nws. [268] UN ust Sya wa cs to ICC: Asty .
13 Ju 213.
GlobalPost. Rtvd 214-3-2.
[251] Mo ta 2, klld Sya sc Raada bga . [269] Top Sya gal dcts, says oal aog ocs at
Times of Oman. 213-7-25. Rtvd 213-8-27.
a low . CNN.co. 16 Mac 213. Rtvd 214-327.
[252] McDoll, Patck J. (13 Ju 213). U.N. says Sya
dat toll as lkly supassd 1, . Los Angeles [27] ,T Guada, 2 Jauay 214
Times.
[271] sya wa cs . Aa.co.t. Rtvd 214-5-27.
[253] Sya css: Soldaty ad su g Hos . BBC.
29 Jauay 213. Rtvd 29 Jauay 213.
[272] Hlp, Jo (11 Sptb 213). Sya Massacs:
UN Pob Fds 8 W Pptatd By Sya Rg, 1
[254] Eds, Davd (6 Novb 212). Dats Sya dow
By Rbls . Hu gto Post.
o pak; ay casualts outpacg bls ". Rtvd
14 Novb 212.
[273] CBS Nws atcl . CBS News.
[255] 4 cld klld Sya ust . Gva: Aab Nws. [274] Sya co ct: Wo 'tagts o abus ad totu', BBC,
8 Fbuay 212. Rtvd 28 Jauay 213.
26 Novb 213.
[256] Palta, Eyd (3 Fbuay 212). Rgts Goup Says [275] Rpot: ap usd as wapo o wa agast Sya
Sya Scuty Focs Dtad, Totud Cld: T
wo . Egls.alaabya.t. Rtvd 214-5-21.
Two-Way . NPR.
[276] 6, cass o wo apd dug Sya co ct, u[257] Fa, Ka (5 Jauay 212). Hudds Totud
a gts goup says . Globalpost.co. 213-11-26.
Sya, Hua Rgts Goup Says . The New York Times.
Rtvd 214-5-21.
Rtvd 12 Mac 213.
[277] S Dsod d Slva QC, o c poscuto o t
[258] Fgtg Cotus Sya . Autz Sva. 16 Octob
spcal cout o Sa Lo, S Go y Nc QC, t
212. Rtvd 25 Octob 212.
o lad poscuto o o Yugoslava psdt
Sloboda Mlosvc, ad Posso Davd Ca, wo [259] Ia Black, Mddl East dto. Sya g docut
dctd Psdt Cals Taylo o Lba at t Sa
tov sows vdc o 'dustal scal' kllg o dLo cout
tas . Tguada.co. Rtvd 214-5-21.
[26] ttp:dto.c.co214822woldast
sya-colctdx.tl?pt_c2
[278] oga as.ous.gov . Rtvd 2 Octob 214.
[279] Sya g docut tov sows vdc o 'dustal scal' kllg o dtas . tguada. 21 Jauay
[261] Spaow, A (2 Fbuay 214). Sya s Polo Ep214. Rtvd 21 Jauay 214.
dc: T Suppssd Tut . New York Review. Rtvd 23 Jauay 214. Ev bo t upsg, a[28] EXCLUSIVE: Guso Sya potos ay pov totu
as cosdd poltcally usypattc lk D Ezzo,
by Assad g . CNN. 21 Jauay 214. Rtvd 21
t govt stoppd atag satato ad saJauay 214.
wat svcs, ad bga wtoldg out uzatos o pvtabl cldood dsass. Oc t wa [281] Stay od today ad vy day (214-1-3). Sya s
bga, t govt statd utlss attacks o cvlas
cvl wa: Wa cs ad pac talks . Ecoost.co.
opposto-ld aas, ocg llos to sk ug
Rtvd 214-5-21.
lty, cowdd, ad cold codtos.
[282] Mat Culov But (214-1-3). T Guada,
[262] Sya css: Nub o ugs ss to 2, . BBC
3 Jauay 214 . Tguada.co. Rtvd 214Nws. 24 August 212. Rtvd 24 August 212.
5-21.
[263] "Sya Rugs Lbao, The New York Times, 5
[283] Rpot o t dpdt tatoal cosso o
Sptb 213
uy o t Sya Aab Rpublc . 214-2-12. Rtvd 214-3-7.
[264] Sya ug caps Tuks ttoy tackd by
satllt . Astu-go.co.
[284] UN dcs us o sgs, stavato Sya ltay
statgy | T Nw Ag Ol . Twag.co.za. 214[265] Sya ugs top 3 llo, al o all Syas ds3-5. Rtvd 214-3-2.
placd: U.N. . Ruts. Rtvd 2 Octob 214.
[266] Iba, Pas. Dogapc Upaval: How t Sy- [285] Yaouk updat: Nusa s appat tu coplcats
UNRWA s ops o ood poga . 214-3-3. Ra Wa s Rsapg t Rgo . Jusal Ct o
tvd 214-3-6.
Publc A as. Rtvd 19 Ju 214.
[267] "Sya Cvl Wa Causs O-Td o Couty s Cs- [286] Lat Aca Hald Tbu - UN: Assad Rg
tas to Fl T Hos ". The Algemeiner Journal. 18
Causg Mass Cvla Casualts Sya . Lat.co.
Octob 213.
213-6-15. Rtvd 214-3-27.
23
1.14. EXTERNAL LINKS

[287] Sya ad Iss cottg wa cs, says UN . 2148-27. Rtvd 214-8-29.
[288] syas dsappad . 214-11-11. Rtvd 214-1111.
[289] Ba, Elad (23 Dcb 211). Sya: Sus Tatg to Massac Moty Alawts . Autz Sva. Rtvd 11 Mac 211.
[29] Gst, Susa (13 Fbuay 213).
Cstas
Suzd Out by Volt Stuggl Not Sya . The
New York Times. Rtvd 6 Apl 213.
[291] Dttt, Ja (19 Novb 213). Sya s Cstas
Fl Kdappgs, Rap, Excutos . T Daly Bast.
Rtvd 2 Novb 213.
[292] Baad, A (13 July 213). Sya Wgs Its Tactcs
As Pllas o Its Ecooy Cotu to Cubl . The
New York Times.
[293] Rpot Sows Wa s Ipact o Sya Ecooy AlMoto: t Puls o t Mddl East . Al-Moto.
[294] UN glgts cooc daag o Sya co ct Publc
Fac Itatoal
[295] Cav, Da (9 August 212). C Wav Eguls
Sya as Its Cts Rl Fo Wa . The New York Times.
Rtvd 26 August 212.
[296] T ultat assault: Catg Sya s us o ap to toz ts popl . Wo Ud Sg. 11 July 212.
Rtvd 27 August 212.
[297] Cul , Ea. Daag to t Soul: Sya s cultual
tag co ct . Dua Uvsty ad t Global
Htag Fud. 1 May 212.
[298] Fsk, Robt. Sya s act tasus pulvsd . The
Independent. 5 August 212.
[299] Baad, A (214-4-16). Sya Wa Taks Havy
Toll at a Cossoad o Cultus . The New York Times.
Rtvd 214-4-18.
[3] Davd Batty (22 Ju 213). Sya at suggld o
t dst o cvl wa to sow Lodo . The Guardian.
[31] Cav, Da (24 August 212). Sya Wa Plays Out
Alog a Stt Lbao . The New York Times.
[32] Ta gas, class, atalty: At-ISIS ally Tuky tus
volt (PHOTOS)". Rtvd 14 Octob 214.
Itatoal Css Goup (13 July 211). Popula

Potst Not Aca ad t Mddl East (VII):
T Sya Rgs Slow-Moto Sucd (PDF).
Middle East/North Africa Report N109. Rtvd
22 July 211.
Lads, Josua (212). T Sya Upsg o
211: Wy t Asad Rg Is Lkly to Suvv to 213 . Middle East Policy 19 (1): 72 84.
do:1.1111j.1475-4967.212.524.x.
Lawso, Fd Haly, d. (1 Fbuay 21).
Demystifying Syria. Sa. ISBN 978--86356-6547.
Rasda, Abdlaa. Syas Cusd a Coplx Itatoal Ga. OnIslam.net. 21 Mac
212. Rtvd 28 May 212.
Va Da, Nkolaos (15 July 211). The Struggle for
Power in Syria: Politics and Society under Asad and
the Ba'ath Party. I. B. Taus. ISBN 1-84885-76-8.
Wgt, Rob (28). Dreams and Shadows: The
Future of the Middle East. Nw Yok: Pgu
Pss. pp. 212 261. ISBN 1-5942-111-.
Zad, Radwa (211). Power and Policy in Syria:
Intelligence Services, Foreign Relations and Democracy in the Modern Middle East. Lodo: I. B. Taus. ISBN 978-1-84885-434-5.
1.14 External links

Interviews
Fox Nws xclusv tvw wt Sya Psdt
Basa Al-Assad Fox Nws, 18 Sptb 213
Itvw wt Basa Assad: 'I t Ed, a L Is a
L' D Spgl, 7 Octob 213
Psdt Basa al-Assad s tvw wt Agc
Fac Pss AFP 2-1-214 2 Jauay 214
A dscusso o t causs o t cvl wa at t
United Nations University for Peace.
Fst v boadcast tvw wt Jabat al Nusa
oud Abu Moad al-Joula
Supranational government bodies
1.13
Further reading
FAO Sya css
Hbusc, Rayod (212).

Sya: Human rights bodies
Fo 'Autotaa Upgadg' to Rvolu T ICRC Sya, Itatoal Cott o t
to?". International A airs 88 (1): 95 113.
do:1.1111j.1468-2346.212.159.x.
Rd Coss
24
Media
Sya Co ct at BBC News
Sya upsg: A ya tuol at The Washington Post
Sya Puls collctd ws ad cotay at Al
Monitor
Latst Sya dvlopts at NOW Lebanon
Sya collctd ws ad cotay at The
Guardian
Sya collctd ws ad cotay at The New
York Times
Sya ws, all t latst ad bakg Sya ws at
The Daily Telegraph
Sya collctd covag at Al Jazeera English
T battl o Sya (docutay ls). Soucs:
TV ws a ootag (vdo docutay + Egls subttls T battl o Sya o YouTub, ocal vdo docutay ad t o cal txt o t
).VGTRK
Hzb ut-Ta Sya Mda O c
Sya day (docutay ls). Soucs: TV
ws a ootag (vdo docutay + Egls subttls Sya day o YouTub), o cal vdo docutay o t .VGTRK
Chapter 2
Syrian Armed Forces

T Syrian Armed Forces (Aabc:
) a t ltay ocs o Sya. Ty cosst o

t Sya Aab Ay, Sya Aab Navy, Sya Aab
A Foc, Sya Aab A Ds Foc, ad sval
paaltay ocs. Accodg to t Sya costtuto,
t Psdt o Sya s t Coad--C o t
Ad Focs.
T ltay s a coscptd oc; als sv t
ltay upo acg t ag o 18.[2] Sc t Sya
Cvl Wa t lstd bs o t Sya ltay
av doppd by ov al o a p-cvl wa gu o
325, to 15, Dcb 214, du to casualts,
dstos ad dat dodgg.[1]
Toops, Fc o cs ld t top posts, but as Sya

dpdc appoacd, t aks blow ajo w
gadually lld by Sya o cs wo ad gaduatd
o t Hos Mltay Acady, wc ad b stablsd by t Fc dug t 193s. I 1938, t
Toups Spcals ubd aoud 1, ad 36
o cs (o wo 88 w Fc, aly t g
aks). A ajoty o t Sya toops w o ual
backgoud ad oty tc og, aly Alaws,
Duzs, Kuds, ad Ccassas. By t d o 1945, t
ay ubd about 5, ad t gda so
3,5. I Apl 1946, t last Fc o cs w ocd
to lav Sya du to sustad sstac o svs; t
Lvat Focs t bca t gula ad ocs
o t wly dpdt stat ad gw apdly to about
12, by t t o t 1948 AabIsal Wa, t st
o ou AabIsal was btw 1948 ad 1986.[5]
Bo t stat o t Sya Cvl Wa, t oblgatoy

ltay svc pod was bg dcasd ov t.
I 25, t was ducd o two ad a al yas to two
yas, 28 to 21 ots ad 211 to ya ad a
al.[3] Sc t Sya Cvl Wa t Assad g as
sotd to casgly dspat swpg ast ca- 2.1.1 Post Second World War
pags ad w gulatos, wt v ctzs wo av
copltd adatoy coscpto bg calld up o - T Sya Ad Focs ougt t 1948 Aab-Isal
sv duty.[1]
Wa (agast Isal), ad w volvd a ub o
ltay coups. Btw 1948 ad 1967, a ss o ltay coups dstoyd t stablty o t govt ad
ay ag possoals wt t ad ocs.
2.1 History
I Mac 1949, t c o sta , Gal Hus alZa', stalld sl as psdt. Two o lT Fc Madat volut oc, wc would lat tay dctatos ollowd by Dcb 1949. Gal Adb
bco t Sya ay, was stablsd 192 wt t Ssakl t ld pow utl dposd t 1954 Sytat o SyaAab atoals d. Altoug t a coup d'tat. Fut coups ollowd, ac attdd by
ut s o cs w ogally all Fc, t was, ct, a pug o t o c cops to ov suppots o t
t st dgous od Sya ay. I 1925, ts loss o t oc.[6]
oc was xpadd ad dsgatd as t Spcal Toops I 1963, t Mltay Cott o t Sya Rgoal
o t Lvat (Toups Spcals du Lvat). I 1941, Coad o t Aab Socalst Ba'at Paty spt ost
dug Wold Wa II, t Ay o t Lvat patcpatd o ts t plag to tak pow toug a covtoal
a utl sstac to t Bts ad F Fc va- ltay coup. Fo t vy bgg, t Mltay
so tat oustd t Vcy Fc o Sya dug t Cott kw t ad to captu al-Kswa ad Qataa,
Sya Lbao Capag. At t Alls takov, t two ltay caps, sz cotol o t 7t Aoud
ay ca ud t cotol o t F Fc ad was Bgad at al-Kswa, t Mltay Acady t cty o
dsgatd t Lvat Focs (Toups du Lvat).[4] Hos ad t Daascus ado stato. Wl t cospFc Madat autots atad a gda to
polc Sya s vast ual aas. Ts paaltay oc
was usd to cobat cals ad poltcal os o t
Madat govt. As wt t Lvat Spcal
atos o t Mltay Cott w all youg, t a

was ot out o ac; t sttg g ad b slowly
dstgatg ad t tadtoal lt ad lost ctv
poltcal pow ov t couty.[7] A sall goup o l-
25
26
tay o cs, cludg Haz al-Assad, soo szd cotol t Mac 1963 Sya coup d'tat. Followg t
coup, Gal A al-Ha z dscagd ay akg
Su o cs, tby, Stato says, 'povdg opgs
o udds o Alawts to ll top-t ltay postos
dug t 1963-1965 pod o t gouds o bg opposd to Aab uty. Ts asu tppd t balac
avo o Alawt o cs wo stagd a coup 1966 ad
o t st t placd Daascus t ads o t
Alawts.'[8]
CHAPTER 2. SYRIAN ARMED FORCES

oc ubd 2, stgt (t 6t lagst cotgt) ad t volvt was just d dostcally
as a ot to dd Saud Aaba. Sya s tal volvt Opato Dst Sld also olld to t
Alld Opato Dst Sto as Sya ocs dd patcpat lpg dslodg ad dv Ia ocs out o
Kuwat Cty. Total losss sustad w 2 dad ad 1
woudd. T w dcatos t Sya govt
ad b ppad to doubl ts oc to 4,.[1]
T Ad Focs w volvd t 1967 Sx Day

2.1.4
Wa (agast Isal). Sc 1967, ost o t Gola
Hgts ttoy o soutwst Sya as b ud Isal occupato. Ty t ougt t lat 196s Wa
o Attto (agast Isal), ad t 197 Black Sptb vaso o Joda. Dug t Yo Kppu Wa o
1973 t Sya Ay laucd a vaso o Isal tat
was oly aowly pulsd. Sc 1973 t cas-
l as b spctd by bot sds, wt vy w cdts utl t Sya upsg o 211 bga.
Sya was vtd to Lbao by tat couty s psdt
1976, to tv o t sd o t Lbas govt agast a bllo o PLO ad Lbas ocs.
T Aab Dtt Foc ogally cosstd o a Sya co wt patcpato by so ot Aab Lagu
stats. Howv t ot stats wtdw t ocs
t lat 197s.
Modernisation
Part of a Syrian SA-6 site built near the Beirut-Damascus highway, and overlooking the Bekaa Valley, in early 1982.
I ct yas Sya as ld o Russa as pucass

to obta od wapos. Pucass av cludd attak ad a dc systs. I aly Sptb 28,
t Sya govt odd MG-29SMT gts,[11]
Pats S1E a-dc systs, Iskad tactcal ssl systs, Yak-13 acat, ad two Au-165 subas o Russa. Russa s Fog Mst Sg
2.1.2 Occupation of Lebanon
Lavov asstd tat t sal would't upst t balac
o pow t Mddl East ad w l wt ..Sya ocs, stll tccally kow as t Aab Dttatoal law.
t Foc, lgd Lbao tougout t Lbas
cvl wa (1975 199). Evtually t Syas bougt Russa as to tu t Russa aval bas Tatus to
ost o t ato ud t cotol, as pat o a pow- a pat aval bas. Isal ad t Utd Stats
stuggl wt Isal, wc occupd aas o sout oppos ut as sals to Sya du to as tat t
Lbao 1978. Followg t d o t Lbas cvl wapos could all ud t cotol o Ia o Hzbolla
wa 199, t Sya occupato o Lbao cotud gts Lbao.[12]
utl 25, w ty w ocd out by wdspad publc potst ad tatoal pssu, ollowg t ud o Ra al-Ha. About 2, Sya solds w 2.1.5 Syrian civil war
dployd Lbao utl 27 Apl 25, w t last o
Sya s toops lt t couty.[2] Sya ocs av b
accusd o volvt tat ud, as wll as cotud ddlg Lbas a as, ad a tatoal vstgato to t Ha kllg ad sval subsut
bob attacks as b laucd by t UN.
2.1.3 Other engagements

Egagts sc 1979 av cludd t Islac upsg Sya (1979 82), otably cludg t Haa
Massac, t 1982 Lbao Wa (agast Isal), ad t
dspatc o t 9t Aoud Dvso to Saud Aaba
199 91, aad o t Gul Wa agast Ia. T A Syrian soldier manning a checkpoint near Damascus
9t Aoud Dvso svd as t Aab Jot Focs
Coad Not sv ad saw lttl acto.[9] Sya s Sc t Sya cvl wa bga, t Ad Focs av
27
2.2. STRUCTURE
b st to gt t sugts. As t upsg pogssd to cvl wa, ay solds bga to dct
o t Sya Ad Focs ad ca togt ud
t ba o t F Sya Ay.[13] I Mac 212,
t Sya govt ssud w tavl stctos o
ltay-agd als. Ud t w stctos, potd
by local Sya ws outlts, all als btw 18 ad 42
w bad o tavlg outsd t couty.[14] I a
lat Ju 212 tvw gv by t FSA s Alsharq Al
Awsat clad Rad al-Asaad sad tat about 2-3
Sya o cs dctd to Tuky ac day.[15]
O 18 July 212 Sya Dc Mst Dawoud Raja, o dc st Hasa Tuka, ad t
psdt s bot--law Gal Ass Sawkat w
klld by a bob attack Daascus.[17][18] T Sya
tllgc c Hsa Bktya, ad Had o t 4t
Ay Dvso Ma Al Assad bot to Psdt Assad w also jud t sa xploso.[19]
Sc t stat o t Sya cvl wa, ua gts
goups say tat t ajoty o abuss av b cottd by t Sya govt s ocs, ad UN vstgatos av cocludd tat t govt s abuss a t
gatst bot gavty ad scal.[2][21] T bacs o
t Sya Ad Focs tat av cottd wa cs
clud at last t Sya Aab Ay,[22][23] Sya Aab
A Foc[24] ad t Sya Mltay Itllgc.[25]
Howv t Sya autots dy ts accusatos
[26][27]
ad cla tat gula ad goups wt og suppot[28][29] a bd t atocts, cludg Al
Qada lkd Isugts.[3][31]
2.2
Structure
Wt ts aduats Daascus, t Sya ltay

cossts o a, goud, ad avy ocs. Actv psol
w statd as 295, 211, wt a addtoal
314, svs. Paaltay ocs w statd at
18, 211.[32]
T ajoty o t Sya ltay a Su, but ost
o t ltay ladsp a Alawts. Alawts ak
up 12 pct o t Sya populato but a statd
to ak up 7 pct o t ca solds t Sya
Ay.[8][33] O t 2, o so ca solds t
Sya Ay, 14, a Alawts.[34] A sla balac s s t o c cops w so 8 pct
o t o cs a Alawts. T ltay s ost lt dvsos, t Rpublca Guad ad t 4t Mcazd
Dvso, wc a coadd by Basa s bot, a
xclusvly Alawt. Most o Sya s 3, coscpts
ad a oc plots a, owv, Su.[8][35]
A Syrian soldier aims a Type 56 assault ri e from his position in

a foxhole during a repower demonstration, part of Operation
Desert Shield. The soldier is wearing a Soviet-made Model ShMS
nuclear-biological-chemical warfare mask.
svc, ad as suc cotolld t so-ost posts

t ad ocs, ad ad t ost apow, appoxatly 8 pct o t cobd svcs. I 1987,
Sa wot tat t ajo dvlopt oc ogasato was t stablst o a addtoal dvsoal
awok basd o t spcal ocs ad t ogasato o goud oatos to two cops.[36] I 21,
t Itatoal Isttut o Statgc Studs statd
ay gulas at 22,, wt a addtoal 28, svs. Tat gu was ucagd t 211 dto o
t Military Balance,[32] but t 213 dto, t
dst o t wa, t IISS statd tat ay stgt
was 11,.
T ay s actv apow svd t all-as
ay cops, gt aoud dvsos (wt o dpdt aoud bgad), t cazd dvsos,
o aoud-spcal ocs dvso, ad t dpdt abo-spcal ocs bgads.[37] T ay ad
lv dvsoal oatos potd 211, wt a all
t ub o aoud dvsos potd o t
21 dto o gt to sv.[32] T dpdt
aoud bgad ad b placd by a dpdt
tak gt. Howv addto to t 14t Spcal Focs Dvso, t 15t Spcal Focs Dvso as
b dt d by Hua Rgts Watc 211.[38]
T o Ds copas w gd to t
Sya Ay as t 4t Aoud Dvso ad t
Rpublca Guad. T 4t Aoud Dvso bca o o t Assad govt s ost tustd scuty
ocs.
2.2.2 Syrian Navy
I 195, t Sya Navy was stablsd ollowg t

pocut o a w aval cat o Fac. T tal psol cosstd o solds wo ad b st to
I 1987, Josua Sa o t Lbay o Cogss wot Fc acads o aval tag.[39] I 1985, t avy
tat t Sya Aab Ay was t doat ltay cosstd o appoxatly 4, gula ad 2,5 -
2.2.1 Syrian Army
28
sv o cs ad . T avy s ud t ay s 2.3 Weapons, uniforms and

Lataka goal coad. T t was basd t
isation
pots o Lataka, Bayas, Mat al Bayda, ad Tatus.
Aog t 41 vssl t w 2 gats, 22 ssl attack cat (cludg 1 advacd Osa II ssl boats), 2 S also: Eupt o t Sya Ay
suba cass, 4 waa vssls, 8 guboats, 6
patol cat, 4 ssl covtts (o od), 3 ladg cat
(o od), 1 topdo covy vssl ad, as pat o ts
coastal dc syst, Spal so-to-sa ssls wt 2.3.1 Weapons
a ag o 3 klots.
organ-
2.2.3 Syrian Air Force

T Sya Aab A Foc s t Avato bac o t
Sya Ad Focs. It was stablsd 1948, ad
saw cobat 1948, 1967, 1973 ad 1982 agast Isal. It as s cobat agast ltat goups o Sya
sol 211-212 dug t Sya cvl wa. Pstly,
t a at last 15 Sya Aoc bass tougout t
couty.
2.2.4 Syrian Air Defence Force

I 1987, accodg to t Lbay o Cogss Couty
Studs, t A Dc Coad, wt t Ay
Coad, but also coposd o A Foc psol,
ubd appoxatly 6,.[36] I 1987, uts cludd twty a dc bgads (wt appoxatly
ty- v SAM batts) ad two a dc gts.
T A Dc Coad ad coad accss to tcpto acat ad ada aclts. A dcs cludd SA-5 log-ag SAM batts aoud Daascus ad Alppo, wt addtoal SA-6 ad SA-8 obl
SAM uts dployd alog Sya s sd o t Lbas
bod ad ast Lbao.
At so lat pot t, t A Dc Coad A Syrian military policeman during the Persian Gulf War.
was upgadd to a spaat Sya A Ds Foc.
log t pcpal
T bakup o t Sovt Uo
souc o tag, atal, ad cdt o t Sya
2.2.5 Paramilitary forces
ocs ay av slowd Sya s ablty to acu od ltay upt. It as a asal o suac-toSee: List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War#Syrian suac ssls. I t aly 199s, Scud-C ssls wt
government and allies for more information on current a 5-klot ag w pocud o Not Koa,
paramilitaries due to the ongoing Syrian civil war.
ad Scud-D, wt a ag o up to 7 klots, s allgdly bg dvlopd by Sya wt t lp o Not
As-Sa'a - a coado oc
Koa ad Ia, accodg to Eyal Zss.[4]
Sya cvd sg cat acal ad o Psa Gul
Aab stats as a sult o ts patcpato t Psa
Gul Wa, wt a szabl poto o ts uds aakd
o ltay spdg. I 25, Russa ogav Sya o
t-outs, o about 9.8 bllo, o ts 13.4 bllo
Palst Lbato Ay - a Palsta Auxlay, Sovt-a dbt. Russa wot o t dbt od to ostsbly tud to Palst Autoty cotol.
w as sals wt Sya.[41] As o 211, as cotacts
wt Russa, Sya s a as suppl, w wot at
Rpublca Guad - sc gd to t ay.
last 4 bllo.[42][43][44][45] Sya as coductd sac
Stuggl Copas - status ukow
ad poducd wapos o ass dstucto.[46]
Ds Copas - sc gd to t Sya
Aab Ay as t 4t Aoud dvso ad t
Rpublca Guad as wll as t 14t Abo Dvso copsg 5 Spcal Focs gts.
29
2.4. SEE ALSO
2.3.2 Uniforms (1987)

I 1987, accodg to a Lbay o Cogss Couty
Study o Sya, svc uos o Sya ltay o cs gally ollowd t Bts Ay styl, altoug
ay cobat clotg ollowd t old Bts odl.
Eac uo ad two coats: a log o o dss ad
a sot jackt o oal wa. Ay o c uos
w kak su, olv wt. Cta Ay ad
A Ds Foc psol (.., coados ad paatoops) ay av wo caou ag uos. A oc
o cs ad two uos o ac saso: a kak ad
a lgt gay o su ad a dak blu ad a lgt gay
wt. Naval o cs wo wt su ad avy
blu wt wl low aks wa t tadtoal bll
bottos ad wt blous. T uo o aval c
ptty o cs was a buttod jackt, sla to tat wo
by Aca c ptty o cs. O cs ad a vaty
o adga, cludg a svc cap, gaso cap, ad
bt (l su ad wool wt). T colo o
t bt vad by saso ad accodg to t o c s
ut.[47]
Sya Coado ad Paatoop uos cosst o
lzad o woodlad-pattd caou ag atgus alog
wt cobat boots, lts ad bulltpoo vsts. Hadga cosstd o a d o oag bt.
by t coad c ad t st o dc.
Navy o c ak sga w gold stps wo o t
low slv. T gst-akg o c Sya s avy
s t uvalt o lutat gal. Ay ad a oc
ak o waat o cs w dcatd by gold stas o
a olv g sld wo o t upp lt a. Low
ocossod aks w dcatd by upgt ad vtd cvos wo o t upp lt a.[47]
2.3.5 Awards and decorations

Altoug so twty- v ods ad dals w autozd, gally oly so o cs ad waat ocs wa dal bbos. T ollowg w so
potat Sya awads: Od o Uayyads, Mdal
o Mltay Hoo, t Wa Mdal, Mdal o Couag,
Yauk Mdal, Woudd Acto Mdal, ad Mdal
o 8 Mac 1963.[47]
2.4 See also

Lst o ad goups t Sya Cvl Wa
Hua gts volatos dug t Sya cvl
waSya ad ad scuty ocs
T Sya ltay povds NBC uos to solds

od to a ctv a vot ctd by
bologcal o ccal agts. Ts uo cosstd o
a Russa-ad Modl SMS-41 ask sla to tos 2.5 Notes
ad t Dst Sto co ct.[48] Pvous odls o
t SMS usd a os, wl t povd SS-41 Ts atcl copoats publc doa atal o
usd a cast-styl Rspato.[49][5]
wbsts o docuts o t Lbay o Cogss Couty Studs.
2.3.3 Tactics
Dspt skg by aly al sc t bgg
o t cvl wa 211, t Sya ltay as bco uc o xbl ad capabl, spcally atgulla waa.[51] Its modus operandi swtcd o a
tadtoal Sovt-odld covtoal ltay to a
oc o sall goups gtg clos-uats gulla
cobat wt a casg ol o juo o cs.[51]
2.3.4 Rank Insignia (1987)
[1] Sya casg ots to buld up ltay at substatal loss . Sout Ca Mog Post. Dcb 29,
214. Rtvd Dcb 29, 214.
[2] Sya - Ovvw . GlobalSecurity.org.
[3] Sya ducs copulsoy ltay svc by t
ots . China Daily. Xua Nws Agcy. 2 Mac
211. Acvd o t ogal o 3 May 211. Rtvd 6 Octob 212.
[4] Josua Sa (1987). A Country Study, Syria. Lbay o
Cogss. p. 19. Rtvd 21 July 211.
Ma atcl: Mltay aks o Sya
[5] Josua Sa (1987). Development of the Syrian Military.

Lbay o Cogss. Rtvd 21 July 211.
I 1987, accodg to a Lbay o Cogss Couty

Study o Sya, t ak sga o Sya cossod
o cs w dtcal o bot t ay ad a oc.
Ts w gold o a bgt g sould boad o t
ay ad gold o a bgt blu boad o t a oc.
O c aks w stadad, altoug t gst s t
uvalt o lutat gal, a ak ld 1986 oly
[6] Pollack 22, p. 457 458.

[7] Sal 199, p. 72.
[8] Balla, Rva (5 May 211). Makg Ss o t Sya
Css . Stato. Rtvd 9 May 211.
[9] Scwazkop 1993, p. 467 469.
[1] AFTER THE WAR; Sya Plas to Doubl Gul Foc

(Nw Yok Ts) ttp:www.yts.co1991327
woldat-t-wa-sya-plas-to-doubl-gul-oc.
tl
[11] Katz, Yaakov (3 Sptb 29). "'Russa co s
MG jt sal to Sya'". The Jerusalem Post.
[12] Russa dds as sals to Sya . United Press International. 29 Sptb 28.
[13] 4 Sya ltay o cs dct wt wapos . AlAa. 24 Ju 212. Rtvd 24 Ju 212.
[14] Davd Eds (27 Mac 212). As Sya s wa ags,
Assad bas ltay-ag o lavg . The Christian
Science Monitor. Rtvd 24 Ju 212.

:
( Hbw). Tl
[15]
Avv: Maav. 26 Ju 212. Rtvd 26 Ju 212.
[16] Sylva, Wstall. Assad s ay sttcd but stll s
stog . T Daly Sta. Rtvd 23 Sptb 214.
[17] Da McEloy (18 July 212). Assad s bot--law
ad top Sya o cals klld Daascus sucd bob .
Daily Telegraph. Lodo. Rtvd 18 July 212.
[3] UN c says Al Qada bd Sya bobgs . RT.

19 Dcb 213.
[31] Al-Qada-lkd goup accusd o totu aas o
Sya t cotols . T Guada. May 18, 212.
[32] IISS 211, p. 33.
[33] Backgoud Not: Sya . US Stat Dpatt. Rtvd 14 Sptb 211.
[34] Masall, T (7 May 211). Wy Sya s Rg Is
Stll Holdg Out . Sky News. Rtvd 9 May 211.
[35] Sya s ltay: wat dos Assad av?". Ruts. 6
Apl 211. Rtvd 5 May 211.
[36] Sa, Josua (Apl 1987). "[ttp:lcwb2.loc.gov
cg-buy?dcstdy:@ld%28DOCID+sy12%
29 Capt 5: Natoal Scuty: Ay . I Colllo,
Toas. A Country Study: Syria. Fdal Rsac
Dvso, Lbay o Cogss.
[37] IISS 21, p. 272 273.
[38] By All Mas Ncssay!". Hua Rgts Watc. 16
Dcb 211. p. 12.
[39] Sya Aab Navy . Global Security.
[18] Galuca Mzzo o (18 July 212). Sya Cvl Wa:

Assad Bot--Law Ass Sawkat Klld Daascus Sucd Bobg . International Business Times. Rtvd 18 July 212.
[4] Sya s bac o WMD by Eyal Zss, Globe and

Mail, 28 Sptb 24 (lk lads oly to abstact; pucas cssay o ull atcl)
[19] Two Sya bl goups cla Daascus attack .

Ruts. 18 July 212. Rtvd 18 July 212.
[41] Wtz, Rcad (21). Global security watch--Russia: A

reference handbook. Sata Babaa, Cal.: Pag Scuty Itatoal. p. 3. ISBN 978--313-35434-2.
[2] UPDATE 4-Sya govt ocs, bls cottg wa

cs -U.N. . Ruts. Rtvd 17 Dcb 212.
[21] Fds o Sya ust us t uc to stop cycl o
psso ad volc . Asty Itatoal. 5 July
212. Rtvd 19 Jauay 213.
[22] Wy t Sya g s kllg babs . CNN.co.
Rtvd 213-9-3.
[23] Sya sg o Hos s gocdal, say tappd sdts .
The Guardian. 7 Fbuay 212.
[42] SIPRI As Tass Databas . Stockol Itatoal Pac Rsac Isttut. Rtvd 8 Sptb
211.
[43] Aos, Howad (26 August 211). Nws Aalyss: Russa Daags Iag Aab Spg . The Moscow Times.
Rtvd 8 Sptb 211.
[44] Russa dc dusty ad as tad: acts ad gus . Ct o Aalyss o Statgs ad Tcologs.
pp 15. Rtvd 8 Sptb 211.
[24] Sya: Dspt Dals, Mo Clust Bob Attacks .

HRW.og. 23 Octob 212.
Assad Oust
[45] My, Hy (7 Sptb 211).
Bd May Ulas Caos Mdast, Russa Says .
Bloomberg. Rtvd 8 Sptb 211.
[25] Totu Acplago: Abtay Asts, Totu ad Eocd Dsappaacs Sya s Udgoud Psos
sc Mac 211 . Hua Rgts Watc. July 212.
Rtvd 3 July 212.
[46] Sya ot xt o lst, says Bta . Sydney Morning Herald. Apl 14, 23.
[26] Al-Assad ds sposblty o Sya cackdow .

CNN. Dcb 7, 211.
[27] Sya govt ds volvt Houla assac . RT. May 28, 212.
[28] Exclusv: Obaa autozs sct U.S. suppot o Sya bls . Ruts. Aug 1, 212.
[29] Saud Aaba plas to ud Sya bl ay .
Guada. 22 Ju 212.
[47] Josua Sa (1987). Uniforms and Rank Insignia. Lbay

o Cogss. Rtvd 21 July 211.
[48] Godo Rotta (27 May 1993). Armies of the Gulf War.
Ospy Publsg. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-85532-277-6.
Rtvd 2 Mac 213.
[49] Sovt SCHMS Rspato o YouTub
[5] My Russa SCHMS gas ask wt os o YouTub
[51] Sya ay adapts to gulla wa . T Daly Sta. 22
Octob 214. Rtvd 22 Octob 214.
2.8. EXTERNAL LINKS
2.6
References
Itatoal Isttut o Statgc Studs (211).

The Military Balance 2011. Routldg. ISBN 9781-85743-66-8.
Itatoal Isttut o Statgc Studs (21).
The Military Balance 2010. Routldg. ISBN 9781-85743-557-3.
Pollack, Kt (22). Arabs at War: Military
E ectiveness, 1948-1991. Uvsty o Nbaska
Pss. ISBN 978--832-3733-9.
Scwazkop, Noa (1993). It Doesn't Take a
Hero : The Autobiography of General H. Norman
Schwarzkopf. Bata Books. ISBN 978--55356338-2.
Sal, Patck (199). Asad of Syria: The Struggle
for the Middle East. Uvsty o Caloa Pss.
ISBN 978--52-6976-3.
2.7
Further reading
Ad Focs t Mddl East: Poltcs ad Statgy dtd by Bay Rub ad Toas A. Kay.
Lodo ad Potlad, OR: Fak Cass, 22. ISBN
714652555; 714682454. Sya capt by Eyal
Zss.
2.8
External links
Ct o Statgc ad Itatoal Studs,

Mddl East Mltay Balac
Sya s Ay ad Ad Focs po ls o popl ad sttutos povdd by t Arab Decision
pojct
Aalyss o t sya ay a oc ad a dc
tats cas o o- y zo
31
Chapter 3
National Defence Force (Syria)

T National Defence Force (NDF; Aabc:
so, ay o t bs a daw o Sya
Quwat ad-Dif al-Watan ) s bac o Sya ots, suc as Alawts, Cstas, Duzs,[9] ad
[11]
Ad Focs, od at su 212[5] as a pat- Aas. Accodg to t Washington Post ad t
t volut sv copot o t Sya ltay, Wall Street Journal, t cato o t goup as b
ogazd by t Sya govt dug t Sya succssul, as t ad playd a cucal ol povg
t ltay stuato o t govt ocs Sya
Cvl Wa.[6]
o t 212 su, w ay aalysts pdctd t
dowall o Assad ad s govt.[4][12]
3.1
Formation
T oc s potd to b 6,-stog as o Ju
213 ad s st to gow to 1, (acd August
213).[4][13]
By t bgg o 213, Assad took stps to oalz ad possoalz udds o Popula Cott Uts ostly opat t local aas, altoug ltas ud a w goup dubbd t Natoal Dc bs ca also coos to tak pat ay opatos.[9][14]
Ots av clad tat t NDF dos ost o t
Focs.[5][7][8]
gtg bcaus NDF bs, as locals, av a stog
T goal was to o a ctv, locally basd,
kowldg o t go.[14]
gly otvatd oc out o po-govt ltas. T NDF, cotast wt t Saba ocs,
cvs salas ad ltay upt o t
govt.[9][1] Ia as cotbutd to stablsg ts
3.2.1 Women s Section
w ogazato, wc gatd togt xstg gboood ltas to a uctog acy ad poT oc as a 5-stog wo s wg calld
vdd t wt btt upt ad tag.[5]
"Lionesses of National Defence", wc opats
Youg ad uployd jo t NDF, wc so cckpots.[15] Ty a aly dployd t Hos
s as o attactv ta t Sya Ay, cosdd aa.
by ay o t to b ltatd by bls, ovsttcd
ad ududd. A ub o cuts say ty jod T wo a tad to us Kalaskovs, avy at goup bcaus bs o t als ad b c gus ad gads, ad taugt to sto ad cotol
[16]
klld by bl goups. I so Alawt vllags alost cckpots.
vy ltay ag al as jod t Natoal Dc
Foc.[4]
Ulk t Sya Ay, NDF solds a allowd to tak

3.2.2 Expanding role
loot o battl lds, wc ca t b sold o o xta
oy.[9]
Stugglg wt lablty ad ssus wt dctos, ocs o t SAA casgly p t pat-t volut svs o t NDF, wo ty gad as o ot3.2 Role
vatd ad loyal, ov gula ay coscpts to coduct
aty opatos. Rctly ty'v b usd as supT oc acts a aty ol, dctly gtg agast pot aty to advacg aod uts.
bls o t goud ad ug cout-sugcy op- A o c Hos, wo askd ot to b dt d, sad
atos coodato wt t ay wc povds t ay was casgly playg a logstcal ad dct logstcal ad atlly suppot.
tv ol, wl NDF gts act as cobatats o t
T NDF s pojctd as a scula oc. Fo tat a- goud.[2]
32
33
3.8. EXTERNAL LINKS
3.3
Training
[7] Mcal Wss (18 May 213). Rs o t Mltas

Sya . Real Clear World.
T pod o tag ca vay o 2 wks to a ot

dpdg o wt a dvdual s bg tad o
basc cobat, spg, o tllgc.[9]
[8] Lud, Ao (213-8-27).

T No-Stat Mltat
Ladscap Sya . CTC Stl. Rtvd 213-828.
3.4
[9] Isgt: Battd by wa, Sya ay cats ts ow plact . Reuters. Apl 21, 213. Rtvd May 29,
213.
Suspected Iranian connection
[1] Mcal Wss (17 May 213).
Rs o t ltas .
T Utd Stats govt as sad tat Sya s ally,

NOW.
Ia, s lpg buld t goup o t odl o ts ow
Basj lta, wt so bs potdly bg st [11] Raca Ab Hada (8 Fbuay 214). Aas
Sya, At t Co ct . Al Akba. Rtvd 13
o tag Ia.[17]
Fbuay 214.
3.5
Looting
A b o t NDF as statd tat W av dct ods to collct watv w wat ... Ou coads tll
us: 'T popts o you s a lawully yous.'
Ad t ty tak watv ty wat as wll. [18] Cvlas Assad g ld pats o Sya av coplad
o suc abuss, wt o statg I aas ud govt cotol, t s o u d ctal coad. Ty
a uld by a clust o a a-styl gags, wc clud
t NDF.[19] T NDF as lootd bot po-g ad
opposto aas, allgdly g to t latt typ o
lootg as t Su akt , as Sus a s as a
coo tagt po-opposto ttoy tat t Assad
govt as captud.[19]
3.6
See also
3.7
References
[1] Jo Pk (212-12-11).
Sya - Natoal Dc
Focs (NDF)". Globalscuty.og. Rtvd 214-628.
[2] Isgt: Battd by wa, Sya ay cats ts ow plact . Ruts. Rtvd 214-6-28.
[3] ISIS Ia o sv could tgg Hzbolla to ll gap lt
Sya Daly Sta, 16 Ju 214
[4] Sya s Alawt Foc Tud Td o Assad . Wall
Stt Joual. 26 August 213. Rtvd 2 Sptb
213.
[6] SYRIA UPDATE: THE FALL OF AL-QUSAYR . Institute for the Study of War. Rtvd Ju 7, 213.
[12] Sly, Lz (May 12, 213). Assad ocs gag goud

Sya . Rtvd May 29, 213.
[13] Sya s cvl wa: T g dgs . The Economist.
15 Ju 213.
[14] Glass, Cals (5 Dcb 213). Sya: O t Way
to Gocd?".
[15] Ada H z (28 Novb 213). Usg Wo to
W Sya . Al-Moto (Eyll). Rtvd 28 Novb 213.
[16] Sly, Lz (213-1-25). T all-al ltas o Sya .
T Wasgto Post. Rtvd 214-6-28.
[17] ttp:www.yts.co213313woldddlast
sgs-o-sta-o-syas-ltay-buld.tl?
pagwatdall&_
[18] Azz, Gat Abdl (Octob 13, 214). Jog Assad s
Rsv Focs, Fo T Moy . Woldcuc. Rtvd Octob 13, 214. W av dct ods to collct watv w wat, says. Ou coads tll
us: 'T popts o you s a lawully yous.'
Ad t ty tak watv ty wat as wll.
[19] Sjab, La. Sya: Assad loyalsts cocd by s o
paaltas . BBC Nws. Rtvd 1 Octob 214.
3.8 External links

Docutay: Natoal Ds Pss TV docutay o Vo
Docutay: Sct Tats Pss TV docutay o Vo
Chapter 4
Jaysh al-Sha'bi
Al-Jaysh al-Sha'bi (Aabc: al-Jaysh ashSha'b, People s Army) s a lta Sya tat suppots t govt o Psdt Basa al-Assad t
Sya cvl wa.[3] Accodg to t Utd Stats, t opats ud t cotol o t Sya govt.[3] It s
ad up ostly o cvla voluts ad was catd out
o t vaous govt loyalst ltas Sya. T
vast ajoty o ts bs a Alaws ad Sas.[4][5]
govt alls.[4] I Dcb 212, t U.S. Dpatt o t Tasuy sactod al-Jays al-Sa'b pusuat to Excutv Od 13582, wc blocks t popty o t Sya govt.[2][3][8]
Al-Jays al-Sa'b as coductd opatos agast t

bls, bot alo ad wt t Sya Ay ad scuty
ocs.[3][7] It s spcally actv Daascus, Alppo,[3]
Hos ad Haa.[5] A Hos atv dscbd lta
bs as potg to local lads wo co-odat
wt t Sya Ay ad scuty ocs.[5] Muc o t
lta s upt s o t Sya Ay, ad t 4.1 Name
cluds avy wapoy suc as taks ad atlly.[5] A
T coct a s al-Jays al-Sa'b . Jays al- sdt o Lataka sad tat lta bs gt scuso ty do't gt stoppd o
Sa'b s a wog o tat s agast t uls o Aabc ty IDs o assgt paps
[5]
sacd
at
cckpots
.
gaa. T st pat o t Aabc a s oazd
as t Jaysh o Jaish ad t scod pat as Sha'bi, O 21 Jauay 213, a bl ca bob xplodd outsd
Sha'abi, Shaabi o Shabi. T xact taslato s Popu- a buldg usd by al-Jays al-Sa'b Al-Salaya. A
la Ay .
Sya opposto goup clad tat 3 lta ad
[9]
T oc as also b d to as t Popula a ub o cvlas w klld.
Ay ,[3] Popl s Ay ,[3] Natoal Ds Foc
(NDF)[5] ad Natoal Ds Ay (NDA).[6] Howv, t s ucla wt al-Jays al-Sa'b ad t
NDFNDA s t sa ogazato.
4.3 See also

Lja ltas
4.2
Saba
History
T Sya Ba'at Paty as usd paaltay ocs

sc takg pow 1963, ts sttutoal paaltas
was ad Jays al-Sa b by t d-198s, ad cludd a statd 1, bs as o 211.[2]
4.4 References
Accodg to t US, al-Jays al-Sa'b was catd

ad s atad by Ia s Islac Rvolutoay
Guads(IRGC)-Quds Foc ad t Sa Islac ltat
goup Hzbolla, wo povd t wt oy, wapos,
upt ad tag.[3][7] I Sptb 212 IRGC
coad Majo Gal Moaad Al Jaa sad
t t lta as 5, bs,[2][4][4] was odld
at t Iaa Basj lta[3] ad a Hzbolla gt
o But sad tat Hzbolla was lpg t wt
statgy.[4][5] addg tat altoug Ia ad Hzbolla s
a goal s to suppot t Sya govt, ty pla
to us al-Jays al-Sa'b to psv t tsts t
34
[1] Sya - Natoal Dc Focs (NDF)

[3] Tasuy Sactos Al-Nusa Fot Lads, Mlta
Goups Sya . usbassy.gov. Rtvd 4 Jauay
213.
[4] Ia ad Hzbolla buld lta twoks Sya, o cals say . The Guardian, 12 Fbuay 213.
[5] Po-Assad lta ow ky to Sya govt s wa
statgy . Miami Herald, 19 Fbuay 213.
4.4. REFERENCES
[6] Ia lps Sya buld paaltay oc . The Australian, 22 Jauay 213. Rtvd 7 Mac 213.
[7] U.S. blacklsts al-Nusa Fot gts Sya . CNN.
Rtvd 4 Jauay 213.
[8] US dsgats Sya''s Al-Nusa Fot, ts ladsp,
ltas suppotg Assad g . KUNA. Rtvd 4
Jauay 213.
[9] Mo ta 3 Syas klld Haa sucd blast: Actvsts . The Daily Star (Lebanon), 21 Jauay 213.
35
Chapter 5
Suqur al-Sahara
Suqur al-Sahara (Aabc: , Egls
Desert Falcons) s a ad bac o t Sya Aab
Ay gtg o t sd o t Sya govt
t Sya Cvl Wa. It s paly coposd o o ltay o cs ad vtas as wll as voluts
o ot po-govt goups, wt a ag ag o
25 to 4 yas. Suu al-Saaa as b dscbd as a
lt [2] goup tad abus tactcs, ad as b
ployd spcal assgts o sval ots. T
goup s uppd wt lgt ad du as, ad s
gv atlly suppot o t gula Sya Aab Ay
w dd.[3]
T goup was od Hos Govoat ad opatd t dst gos bodg Ia ad Joda to cut
outs usd by at-govt bl goups to suggl
gts ad suppls ad out o Sya.[3] It patcpatd
t Ju 213 captu o t tow o al-Qayatay,
w t lost o o ts coads t gtg.[2]
At bls laucd a o sv ot Lataka
Govoat ad szd cotol o t ajoty-Aa
tow o Kssab, Suu al-Saaa was tasd to tat
ot, w ts bs lpd lad t captu o t
statgc gt o Tow 45,[3] losg at last t bs cobat.[2]
5.1
See also
Ba'at Bgads
Sya Rsstac
5.2
References
[1] So Al-Qada Fgt Klld at Sk Msk;

Dst Hawks Rassgd to Daa a Fot . Al-Masda
Nws. 12 Novb 214. Rtvd 12 Novb
214.
[2] al-Ta, Ay Jawad (8 Apl 214). T Dst
Falcos: A Elt Po-Assad Foc . Sya Cot.
Rtvd 27 Apl 214.
36
[3]
."!
Apl 214.
:
"
""
El Nasa. 1 Apl 214. Rtvd 27
Chapter 6
Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas

Liwa Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas ag Brigade of Abu
al-Fadl al-Abbas, also kow as t al-Abbas brigade
(Arabic: , o Kata'ib al-Abbas) s a aly Sa
Sya ltat goup wc opats tougout Sya. It
s ad at t cka o Al-Abbas b Al. T
goup os poc acto to t dscato
o vaous ss, tag sts ad plac o wosp
by bls dug t Sya cvl wa ad subsutly
collaboatd wt t Sya Ay. Its ol s lagly
dsv at ta o sv, lagly placs o tst Sya, suc as t Sayyda Ruayya Mosu,
Al-Nuta Mosu ad Sayyda Zayab Mosu, Huj
b Ad Mosu, Uayyad Mosu, Gat Mosu o
Alppo, Nab Habl Mosu, Bab al-Sag, Uwas alQa Mosu, Palya, Kak ds Cvals, Act
Cty o Bosa, ad t suoudg aas.[3] I May ad
Ju 213, Ruts potd a splt ad dvlopd btw al-Abbas bgad ocs ov acs ad ladsp wc uptd to a gubattl. May o-Sya
bs subsutly od a d t bgad.[4]
O 19 May 214, gts o t Nou al-D alZak Bgad clad to av took ov t al-Abbas
Bgad s goal aduats Alppo.[5] As ISIS
ad sg cat gas Ia d 214, t goup was
ocd to tu o to dd t altg S't ld
govt Bagdad.[6]
6.1
See also
6.2
References
[1] Sya wa wds Su-Sa scs as og jads

jo gt o ss . T Guada. 4 Ju 213. Rtvd 18 Sptb 213.
[2] Sa lta av to dd ss . CNN. 2 July 214.
[3] NGO: Fc class Daascus dstct . AFP. 19
Ju 213. Rtvd 18 Sptb 214.
[4] Ia S'ts ock to Assad s sd as sctaa splt
wds . Ruts. 19 Ju 213. Rtvd 18 Sptb
37
214.
[5]
[6] Hzbolla dsplacg Ia St gts Sya . Ya
Lba. 14 Ju 214. Rtvd 18 Sptb 214.
Chapter 7
Badr Organization
Not to b cousd wt Bad Bgad t Jodaa ad Ito Msty sg cat ubs. T ItAy.
o Msty was cotolld by SCIRI ad ay Bad
bs bca pat o t Ito Msty u Wol
T Badr Organization (Aabc: ) , pvously Bgad. T Ia Ito Mst, Baya Jab, was a
o lad o Bad Bgad lta.
kow as t Badr Brigades o Badr Corps, s a
Ia poltcal paty add by Had Al-A. T Bad I 26 t Utd Natos ua gts c Ia,
Bgad was t Ia-o cd ltay wg o t Ia- Jo Pac, sad tat udds o Ias w bg tobasd Sa Islac paty, Sup Coucl o Islac tud to dat o xcutd by t Ito Msty ud
Rvoluto Ia (SCIRI), od 1982. Sc t SCIRI s cotol.[6] Accodg to a 26 pot by t I23 vaso o Ia ost o Bad s gts av td dpdt wspap:
t w Ia ay ad polc oc. Poltcally, Bad 'M Pac sad t Msty o t Ito was actg
Bgad ad SCIRI w cosdd to b o paty sc as a ogu lt wt t govt . It s co23, but av ow uo cally spaatd[3] wt t tolld by t a Sa paty, t Sup Coucl o
Bad Ogazato ow a o cal Ia poltcal paty. Islac Rvoluto Ia (Sc); t Ito Mst,
Bad Bgad ocs, ad t Iaa coads, av Baya Jab, s a o lad o Sc s Bad Bgad
co to poc 214 gtg ISIS Ia.[4]
lta, wc s o o t a goups accusd o cayg out sctaa kllgs. Aot s t Md Ay
o t youg clc Motada al-Sad, wo s pat o t
7.1 History
Sa coalto skg to o a govt at wg t d-Dcb lcto. May o t 11,
polc ad polc coados ud t sty s
7.1.1 Iran
cotol a suspctd o bg o bs o t
T ogazato was st up Ia 1982 as t l- Bad Bgad. Not oly cout-sugcy uts suc as
tay wg o t Sup Coucl o Islac Rvoluto t Wol Bgad, t Scopos ad t Tgs, but t
Ia. It was basd Ia o two dcads dug t coados ad v t gway patol polc av b
ul o Sadda Huss ad ld by Iaa o cs. It accusd o actg as dat suads.
cosstd o sval tousad Ia xls, ugs, ad T paaltay coados, dssd gas cadctos wo ougt alogsd Iaa toops t Ia
ou ag uos ad dvg aoud pck-up tucks,
Ia Wa. T goup was ad ad dctd by Ia.
a dadd Su gbouoods. Popl wo
ty av oply astd av utly b oud
dad sval days lat, wt t bods bag obv7.1.2 Post-invasion Iraq
ous aks o totu.'[6]
Rtug to Ia ollowg t 23 coalto vaso,
t goup cagd ts a o bgad to ogazato
spos to t attptd volutay dsag o Ia
ltas by t Coalto Povsoal Autoty. It s owv wdly blvd t ogazato s stll actv as a
lta wt t scuty ocs ad t as b accusd
o sctaa kllgs dug t Ia Cvl Wa.[5]
Bcaus o t opposto to Sadda Huss, t Bad
Bgad was s as a U.S. asst t gt agast
Baatst patsas. At t all o Bagdad, Bad ocs
potdly jod t wly costtutd ay, polc
7.2 Structure
T Bad Cops cossts o aty, ao, atlly,
at-acat, ad coado uts wt a statd
stgt o btw 1, ad 5, (accodg
to t Bad Ogazato).
38
7.5. EXTERNAL LINKS
7.3
Notes
[1] Doc Evas (3 Novb 214). Ia s dvsos

wll dlay cout-o sv o Islac Stat . Ruts.
Rtvd 1 Dcb 214.
[2] Natoal Allac dadlockd ov caddats o Ito Msty . Asharq Al-AwWsat. 16 Sptb 214.
Rtvd 2 Octob 214.
[3] T Sup Coucl Udgos Boad Cags t
Raks Hak: W Pad a Hg Pc Pvous Elctos, al-Ra day, Nov. 2, 211
[4] 25 Sptb 214 Sa Al-Awsat
[5] Ia s dat suads: o t bk o cvl wa T Idpdt, Fb. 26, 26
[6] Ia s dat suads: o t bk o cvl wa , T Idpdt, Fb. 26, 26
7.4
See also
Pvat ltas Ia
7.5
External links
NPR: Opposto Goup Clag to Rpst

Ia Sas Ets Not Ia
39
Chapter 8
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq

Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq (AAH; Aabc:
Aayib Ahl al-Haq, Lagu o t Rgtous ) also
kow as t Khazali Network s a Ia S'a Islast
paaltay goup opatg Ia ad Sya. It s
kow as Ia s lagst "Spcal Goup", t Acas
t o Ia-backd Sa paaltas Ia. Accodg to a Mac 214 pot by The Guardian wspap, Asa'b Al al-Ha s cotolld by Ia ad opats ud t patoag o Gal Qass Sula
o Ia s Quds Foc.[3] T goup as clad sposblty o ov 6, attacks o Aca, coalto, ad
Ia ocs.[4]
8.1
History
Qas al-Kazal splt o Mutada al-Sad's Mad

Ay at S'a upsg 24 to cat s ow Kazal twok. W t Mad Ay sgd a cas-
wt t govt ad t Acas ad t gtg stoppd, Qas al-Kazal's acto cotud gtg, dug t battl Kazal was alady ssug s
ow ods to lta wtout Mutada al-Sad s appoval. T goup s ladsp wc cluds Qas Kazal, Abd al-Had al-Daaj (a poltca Mutada alSad s Sad Movt) ad Aka al-Kab, owv,
cocld wt Mutada al-Sad d-25. I July
26 Asa'b Al al-Ha was oudd ad bca o o
t Spcal Goups wc opatd o dpdtly
o t st o t Mad Ay. It bca a copltly dpdt ogasato at t Mad Ay s
dsbadg at t 28 S'a upsg.[5] I Novb 28 w Sad catd a w goup to succd t
Mad Ay, ad t Posd Day Bgad, askd
Asa'b Al al-Ha (ad ot Spcal Goups) to jo,
owv ty dcld.[6]
o cs at Kabala, klld o sold, t abductd ad

klld ou o Aca solds. At t ad, t
U.S. ltay laucd a cackdow o t goup ad
t ad s astd Aza al-Dula was klld
Bagdad, wl uc o t goup s ladsp cludg t bots Qas ad Lat al-Kazal ad Lbas
Hzbolla b Al Musa Dadu wo was Kazal s
advso was cag o t latos wt Hzbolla.
At ts asts 27, Aka al-Kab wo ad b
t ltay coad o t Mad Ay utl May
27, ld t ogasato.[5] I 28 ay o t goups
gts ad lads d to Ia at t Ia Ay was
allowd to -tak cotol o Sad Cty ad t Mad
Ay was dsbadd. H ost gts w -tad
w tactcs. It sultd a ajo lull t goup s
actvty o May to July 28.[5]
I Fbuay 21 t goup kdappd DoD cvla Issa
T. Salo a atualzd Aca o Ia. T st
g-po l kdappg o a og Ia sc t
kdappg o Bts IT xpt Pt Moo ad s ou
bodyguads (wc was also do by Asa'b Al al-Ha).
T goup dadd las o all t gts bg psod by t Ia autots ad US ltay tu
o s las.[8] I Pt Moo s cas, s ou bodyguads w klld but Moo sl was lasd w
t goup s lad Qas al-Kazal was lasd Jauay
21.[9] Po to Qazal s las, scuty ocs ad alady lasd ov 1 o t goup s bs cludg
Lat al-Kazal.[1] Salo was lasd Mac 21
tu o t las o 4 o t gts, bg ld
Ia custody.[11] I total 45 bs o t goup av
b add ov o US to Ia custody sc t kdappg o Pt Moo, ov 25 o wc av b
lasd by t Ia autots.[12]
O July 21, 21 Gal Ray Odo sad Ia was suppotg t St xtst goups Ia tat ad b
attptg to attack US bass. O o t goups was
T goup as clad sposblty o ov 6, atAsa'b Al al-Ha ad t ot two w t Posd
[4]
tacks Ia cludg t Octob 1, 26 attack o
Day Bgad ad Ktab Hzbolla.[13]
Cap Falco, t assassato o t Aca ltay coad Naja, t May 6, 26 dowg o I Dcb 21 t was potd tat otoous S'a
a Bts Lyx lcopt ad t Octob 3, 27 at- lta coads suc as Abu Daa ad Mustaa altack o t Pols abassado.[7] T ost kow at- Sba w tug o Ia to wok wt Asa'b
tack owv, s t Jauay 2, 27 Kabala povcal Al al-Ha.[14] Iaa Gad Ayatolla Kaz al-Ha
aduats ad w ty ltatd t U.S. Ay s was dt d as t goup s sptual lad.[15]
4
8.4. STRENGTH
41
O Fday, August 1, 212, Asa'b Al al-Ha lta

stod a Su osu Bagdad s Al-A alTaya dstct, covtg t to a S'a osu ad
bag Sus o tg t.[16]
ally ld at t Idustal Stadu ast Bagdad

kllg at last 37 popl ad woudg scos ots, accodg to Ia polc sad. T Sa goup ogazs
ad plad to aouc at t ally t as o ts caI August ad Sptb 212, Asa'b Al al-Ha statd ddats o t palatay lcto. T Al-Saduu
a post capag wc ty dstbutd ov 2, Bloc dd up wg just o sat out o 328 sats
posts o Ia s Sup Lad Ayatolla Sayyd Al t Ia Palat.
Ka tougout Ia. A so o cal Bagdad s
local govt sad ucpal woks w aad to
tak t posts dow a o tbuto by Asa'b Al 8.4 Strength
al-Ha lta.[17]
T goup ad t spct o t Sa-doatd Ia T goup s stgt was statd at so 3, gts Mac 27.[1] I July 211, owv, o cals
govt o so o t actos Lbao.[18]
statd t w lss ta 1, Asa'b Al al-Ha
lta lt Ia. T goup s allgd to cv
so 5 llo wot o cas ad wapos vy ot
8.2 Haidar al-Karar Brigades
o Ia.[2] I Jauay 212, ollowg t Aca
wtdawal o Ia Dcb 211, Qas al-Kazal
T goup s Sya bac s calld t Haidar al-Karar dclad t Utd Stats was datd ad tat ow
Brigades ad s ld by Aka al-Kab, wo s Asa'b Al t goup was ppad to dsa ad jo t poltcal
al-Ha s ltay lad ad s statod Alppo.[19]
pocss.[22]
Accodg to a 214 pot by t Guada o Asa'b Al
al-Ha s tvto t Sya cvl wa: Hzbolla
also clas ts wdspad tvto Sya o t sd 8.5 Funding
o Assad s dc o t [Sayyda Zaab] s.
So too dos Kata'b Hzbolla, aot Iaa-backd
T Ogasato s allgd to cv tag ad
Ia poxy, wos bs a ot bud alogsd
wapos o Ia's Rvolutoay Guads' Quds Foc
Asa'b Al al-Ha gts. Bot Ia goups gt acoss
as wll as Iaa-backd Lbas goup Hzbolla. By
Sya ud t ba o Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas, wc
Mac 27, Ia was povdg t twok btw
as b at t vaguad o attacks agast t alost x75, ad 3 llo as ad acal suppot
clusvly Su opposto acoss Sya.
ac ot. Abu Mustaa al-Sba, a o Bad
Ty, alog wt t Iaa Rvolutoay Guads, a Bgads b wo a a potat sugglg tlpg tu t td avou o t Assad g, wc wok kow as t Sba Ntwok playd a ky ol
lat 212 was losg cotol o Daascus to bl supplyg t goup. T goup was also suppld
goups wo w dg sous cacks t g s by a sugglg twok add by Aad Sajad al codo. T ca a statgc dcso by all t Gaaw[23] a o Mad Ay coad, ostly
Sa goups to dd Assad watv t cost, sad a - actv Maysa Govoat.[24]
goal abassado pvously basd t Sya captal.
You could s t tuaoud Assad alost datly. Ev s spcs, t was lk 'w ca do ts.'" 8.6 Organisational structure
Estats o t ubs o Sa gts Sya ag
btw 8, ad 15,. Watv t tu gu, t As o 26 Asa'b Al al-Ha ad at last ou ajo opvolvt o lag ubs o Ias s ot t sct t atoal bacs:[5]
was t aly ots o Sya s cvl wa, wc s ow
bg ougt alog a sctaa aultl. [2]
T Ia al-Al Bgad Rsposbl o Southern Iraq (Ia s 9 S'a govoats: Babl, alBasa, D Qa, al-Kabala, Maysa, al-Mutaa,
8.3 2014 Iraq elections
a Naja, al-Qadsyya ad Wast Govoats)
Ma atcl: Al-Sadou Bloc
T ogazato ad caddats ug t 214
Ia palatay lcto[21] ud t ba o AlSadou Bloc. Howv a lctoal tg o statd 1, suppots o Al-Sadou was ad by
volc as a ss o bobs xplodd at t capag
T Ia al-Kaz Bgad
Rsposbl o
West-Baghdad (aly t S'a Kadya ad Al
Rasd dstcts but also so o actvty t
xd Kak dstct ad t aly Su Masou
dstct)
T Ia al-Had Bgad Rsposbl o EastBaghdad (aly t S'a Tawa, Nssa ad
42
CHAPTER 8. ASA'IB AHL AL-HAQ

Kaada dstcts but wt so o actvty [14] I Ia, Ia s Spcal Goups to ous . UPI. 23 Dcb 21. Rtvd 25 Apl 214.
t xd Rusaa dstct ad t aly Su
Adaya dstct)
[15] Rlgous Allgacs aog Po-Iaa Spcal Goups

Ia . Rtvd 17 Novb 214.
T Ia al-Aska Bgad Rsposbl o Central Iraq (aly actv t S'a aas Sout [16] ."
"
Dyala, Saaa Cty ( Sala ad-D Govoat)
Iraq News Network. Postd ad tvd o 1 August
ad so S'a clavs Nawa ad Kkuk Gov212
oats)
T Hada al-Kaa Bgads - Rsposbl
o Sya, aly Sout Daascus ad Wst
Alppo.[19]
8.7
See also
[1] Fox Nws Isugts Wo Klld Fv GIs Baz Kabala Attack Captud
[2] US o cals a 3 Ia ltas ad by Ia to kll
Yaks . Rtvd 17 Novb 214.
[3] Cotolld by Ia, t dadly lta cutg Ia s
to d Sya, T Guada, 12 Mac 214
[4] ""T Isugcy, Opato Nw Daw, O cal Wbst o t Utd Stats Foc-Ia . Rtvd 17
Novb 214.
[5] Asab Al al Ha ad t Kazal Spcal Goups Ntwok
t og o t S-
[7] T Popl o Rgtousss: Ia s S a Isugts Issu Dads o Hostags . The Jamestown Foundation.
Rtvd 17 Novb 214.
[8] Ia ltats post vdo o kdappd US ctz .
PssTV. 6 Fbuay 21. Rtvd 25 Apl 214.
[9] Mat Culov (3 Jauay 21).
Clc d
ov xpctd to popt adov o kdappd Bto s
body . T Guada. Rtvd 25 Apl 214.
Ia polc dta
[1] Bll Roggo (1 Octob 29).
Hzbolla Bgads lad . T Log Wa Joual. Rtvd 25 Apl 214.
[11] Jul Watso (12 August 21). Sa Dgo a couts
Ia kdappg . UT Sa Dgo. Rtvd 25 Apl
214.
[12] Wasgto Post U.S. alu to utalz St lta
Ia tats to sal pullout
[13]
[2] Cotolld by Ia, t dadly lta cutg Ia s

to d Sya, T Guada, 12 Mac 214
[21] Dozs klld as blasts t Ia poll ally . Al Jaza
Egls. 25 Apl 214. Rtvd 25 Apl 214.
References
[6] Ia s Posd Day Bgad

t Mlta
[18] Daaga, Bozou (27 May 214). Mddl East: T

atos, o co ct . t.co. Rtvd 29 May 214.
[19] Oa al-Ja al (29 Octob 213). Ia Sts jo
Sya wa . Al-Moto. Rtvd 25 Apl 214.
8.8
[17] Yaoo Nws Ia ayatolla s post boy o uc

Ia, Sptb 25, 212
[22] Ia S t lta says U.S. as ald, pldgs to lay

dow as wak o Su bobgs, Jauay 5, 212
[23] Ia s Had Pow I uc Ia .
Novb 214.
Rtvd 17
[24] Nw Yok Ts T Stuggl Fo Ia
8.9 External links

8.9.1 O cial site
Aluala Islac Rsstac Movt
Chapter 9
Promised Day Brigade

T Promised Day Brigade (PDB) (Aabc:
Liwa al-Youm al-Mawud), ogally calld
t Muqawimun[3] s a S'a ogazato ad was a
sugt goup opatg Ia dug t wa. I 21
t was o o t lagst ad ost powul o wat t US
ltay call Spcal Goups Ia.[4] T goup was
catd as succsso to Mutada al-Sad's Mad Ay,
wc was Ia s lagst S'a lta utl ts dsbadg
28, also calld o ot Spcal Goups to jo
t bgad. Sad ad al alady talkd about t cato o a sall gulla ut wc would cotu t
Mad Ay s ad actvts but o t st t gav
t ogasato a a Novb 28 w dclad t cato o t Posd Day Bgad.[5] Its
actvts av patculaly casd sc May 29.[3]
T goup s allgd to cv Iaa suppot. A cackdow agast t goup d 29 ld to t ast o
18 o ts bs cludg sval coads.[6] O
Novb 29, 29, t goup s Basa lad was astd al-Aaa.[7]
9.2 References
I Octob 29 t Posd Day Bgad ougt a battl wt val Spcal Goup Asa'b Al al-Ha o uc Sad Cty. T Posd Day Bgad potdly
wo t battl ad v aagd to dstoy t ous o
Abdul Had al-Daaj, a so Asa'b Al al-Ha lad.
Sc t t PDB as b t ost powul Spcal
Goup t x-Mad Ay stogold o Sad Cty ad
as casd ts actvty t.[8]
O July 21, 21 Gal Ray Odo sad Ia suppots
t St goups Ia tat ad attptd to attack US
bass:[9] US o cals blv tat o ts t goups,
t Posd Day Bgads poss t gatst tat to
Ia s log-t scuty.[2]
1. t Posd Day Bgads
2. Ktab Hzbolla (Hzbolla Bgads)
3. Asab Al al-Ha (Lagu o t Rgtous)
9.1
See also

43
[1] Dal Cassa. Mad Ay . Rtvd Novb 7,

214.
[2] US o cals a 3 Ia ltas ad by Ia to kll
Yaks . Rtvd Novb 7, 214.
[3] Pag 29
[4] LodoO, Esto; DYoug, Ka (July 18, 29).
U.S. Coads A Cocd About Nw Ia Rstctos o Aca Toops . The Washington Post.
Rtvd May 22, 21.
[5] ttp:www.zbo.coWa++Iaatcls3427
Ia+Posd+Day+Bgad+og+St
[6] ttp:www.dddocacy.codx.pp?opto
co_cott&taskvw&d11787517&Itd361
[7] Suspctd ad goup lad astd Mssa . Rtvd Novb 7, 214.
[8] Ca Ia s Sadsts pov t atoalst cdtals?".
openDemocracy. Rtvd Novb 7, 214.
[9] ttp:www.googl.coostdwsapatcl
ALM5jCA6GsEI3-z4AG8Z2Cu4kV3Q
Chapter 10
Popular Front for the Liberation of

Palestine General Command
Not to b cousd wt Popula Fot o t Lbato voluto to t asss t caps.
o Palst.
T Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
General Command (
) o PFLP-GC s a sall
Palsta atoalst ltat ogasato basd
Sya. It was oudd 1968 by Ad Jbl at splttg o t Popula Fot o t Lbato o Palst
(PFLP). I t 197s ad 198s t was volvd t
Palsta sugcy Sout Lbao ad laucd
a ub o attacks agast Isal solds ad cvlas; cludg t Avv scool bus assac (197),
t bobg o Swssa Flgt 33 (197), t Kyat
Soa assac (1974) ad t Ngt o t Glds
(1987). Sc t lat 198s t as b lagly actv,
but dug t Sya Cvl Wa t ougt o t sd o
t Sya govt.[1]
10.2 History
10.2.1 Formation
T PFLP-GC was oudd 1968 as a Sya-backd

splt goup o t Popula Fot o t Lbato o Palst (PFLP). It was - ad stll s - add
by Sctay-Gal Ad Jbl, also kow by t
kunya Abu Jad (ot to b cousd wt Kall alWaz, t ad o Fata s ad wg wo usd t sa
nom de guerre), a o ltay o c t Sya
Ay wo ad b o o t PFLP s aly lads. T
PFLP-GC dclad tat ts pay ocus would b ltay, ot poltcal, coplag tat t PFLP ad b
dvotg too uc t ad soucs to Maxst plosT goup as a paaltay wg calld t Jad Jbl opzg.
Bgads.[2]
Altoug t goup was tally a b o t
Palst Lbato Ogazato (PLO), t always opposd Yass Aaat ad opposs ay poltcal sttlt
wt Isal; o ts aso, t as v patcpatd
10.1 Background
t pac pocss. T PFLP-GC lt t PLO 1974
to jo t Rjctost Fot, potstg wat ty saw as
Jbl jod wt Gog Habas 1967 as o o
t
PLO s ov towads a accoodato wt Isal
lss a ual pat t PFLP ladsp. W
t Aaat-backd T Pot Poga o t Palsta
uckly td o t goup s lack o ld tatv, was
to stll abl to lav wl tag a sg cat - Natoal Coucl (PNC). Ulk ost o t ogazata o s pvous suppots. O o s ost atd tos volvd t Rjctost Fot, t PFLP-GC
s wt t goup, Na Hawat, utto- v sud ts ol wt t PLO.
ally povdd wt t ptxt: Wl Jbl wstld
wt Habas ov wy t Popula Fot was so dpdt o totcal dscusso at ta ad stuggl,
Hawat td to uc t PFLP t dcto o
a dology as ltst as possbl.
Fo t stat, t PFLP-GC was o coctatd o

as ta ds. Ty v dpdd o a poltcal plato; ost o t cuts w youg, xld, poo, lltat, ad agy. T Gal Coad posd a
gu vy ad, ad t as to wt t ow aJbl dcdd tat Hawat s tozg was ca g t atv at ta ad ad pas tos o ots as t
PFLP ad poducg a ogazato o pott tl- btt o xls dd uvsts Euop.
lctuals, ad dclad as suc w od t G- Jbl stll usd o dscpl to kp s gts loyal
al Coad. Habas, statd, ad bco a puppt ad possoal, ad t Gal Coad s sugts
to t possos o t xl, t lt aog t ugs w as a sult o dcads cosdd t bst tad o
wo w wll-ducatd ad walty, yt pacd class ay o t Palsta gulla goups. Wat ay av
44
45
10.2. HISTORY
lpd Jbl was Hawat s ow 1969 dcto o
t PFLP to o t Popula Docatc Fot o t
Lbato o Palst (PDFLP, lat wtout t Popula ), at Habas td to copsat o so o t
pobls tat ad causd Jbl s xt.
10.2.2 1970s and 1980s
T PFLP-GC as ot b volvd ajo attacks o

Isal tagts sc t aly 199s, but t potdly coopatd wt t Hzbolla gullas Sout Lbao.
Suppots o t Lbya covctd o t Lockb
bobg av suggstd t PFLP-GC was act
sposbl.[7]
10.2.3 1990s and 2000s
Ma atcls: Palsta sugcy Sout Lbao

Followg t s o Haas t 1987-91 Fst Itada
ad 1982-2 Sout Lbao co ct
aog Palstas lvg t Wst Bak ad Gaza
Fut oato: Ngt o t Glds
Stp, Jbl oud a abl ally sstg t td statd
by Fata lad Yass Aaat towad a gotatd stI t 197s ad 198s, t goup cad out a ub tlt to t Isal-Palsta co ct. By tat t,
o attacks o Isal solds ad cvlas, ad gad o- t Rjctost Fot was coposd paly o lttoty o usg spctacula as. At 1969 Habas st goups, aog t t PFLP, DFLP, Gal Cocould o log cla tat was t ad o t tu o- ad, PLF, ad uous ot sall actos. Howgazato, as all t o t goup s ogal tuvat v, t bs o ts PLO goups w ltd
w ow spaat. Nvtlss, du to t PFLP s spc- t ablty to coot Fata, wc v lost ts
tacula succsss, cludg t Dawso s Fld jack- supacy wt t ublla ogazato. T oly
gs (Sptb 197), Lod Apot Massac (1971), goup tat wagd utuptd attto agast Aaat
ad coodato wt t Fata-backd Black Spt- was t Fata Rvolutoay Coucl ld by avck
b goup t Muc Olypc kllgs (Sptb 5
adl Sab al-Baa (btt kow as Abu Ndal),
6, 1972), Habas cotud to b t st aog uals wo was vwd by ot Palsta ogazatos as ot
aog t Rjctost Fot, t goups tat usd ay
so uc a gulla as a pu cal wt o g goal
pat sttlt a awok ot ta ltay ta dposg t odats at t ad o t PLO.
vctoy.
Toug ay Palstas stll w opposd to coFo 197-73, t goup tagtd a ub o acat; posg o t pcpl o datg Isal by ad
typcally avg bs sduc sgl youg wo stuggl, t xstg goups could ot cal t dad pos t a l o advtu ad lov - ot ss, as ay o t w ld by t lt aog t
wl gttg t addctd to dugs - bo askg t xl populato, wo w dtacd o t alty o
to cay so cas ad a ystous packag oto a gt t ug caps, b ty t Wst Bak ad Gaza,
to Tl Avv. Wl t gls assud ty w lpg Lbao, Sya, o Joda. May lads o Palsta
t boyds pass dugs, ty w ukowgly ca- goups lvd luxuous accoodatos tougout t
yg xplosvs.[3]
East Bloc, Euop, o vaous Aab stats, spcally
O Fbuay 21, 197, t goup usd ts st baotc Sya, Ia, ad Lbya. Jbl uuly sstd o lvg
tggs to dtoat two - gt als aly sulta- a spcally dsgd scuty buk t Lbao
ously. A Swssa gt to Tl Avv tat ll Aagau outas, a lly ta tat was o attud to t
Cato, kllg 41, ad a Austa Als gt o ag o a gulla lad ta Aaat s asos TuFakut to Tl Avv, wc actually ald to dstoy t s.
acat, wc ad a gcy ladg.[3] T PFLP- Wt t gc o Haas ad t Islac Jad
GC was also sposbl o t Avv scool bus astougout t 198s, Jbl povd o abl to cop
sac 197 ad t Kyat Soa assac 1974. ta Habas ad s ot alls t Rjctost Fot.
Jbl ocusd o cavg out a stak o t PLO cutt Lbas ug caps. Wl Fata absobd
oous casualts t 1982 Lbao Wa, t Gal Coad succdd suvvg, ad at t d tad ost o ts pvous apow.
I o o ts ost aous attacks, a PFLP-GC gulla
ladd a otozd ag gld (appatly suppld by
Lbya)[4] a a Isal ay cap a Kyat Soa
Not Isal o 25 Novb 1987. H succdd
to kll sx solds ad woudd sval ots, bo
bg sot dad sl.[5] T acto as b s by
so as povdg t catalyst o t upto o t Fst
Itada.[6]
Ts was abld by a acto tat ad otg to do wt

s ablts o bls: Wl Habas was a Gk Otodox ad Hawat a Gk Catolc Csta, Jbl was
a Musl.
Tougout t 198s t Gal Coad actvly coopatd wt t asct Hzbolla paaltay goup
(ad ostly o Sa Musls) ddcatd to ad stuggl agast Isal, as wll as wt Sya ad Ia, bot
o wo ud ad a Haas ad t Palsta Islac Jad. I t d-199s, Jbl ld cocs
wt ts goups Ta ad Daascus od to
acv tgt coodato o actvts, toug s ogazato ad sall ad ts ow actos w o
46
CHAPTER 10. POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE GENERAL COMMAND
cocd wt adg Hzbolla ad acvg a Isal

wtdawal o sout Lbao. T Isals v
ogot Jbl s spctacula xplots, spcally t Ngt o
t Hag Glds, ad usd a vaty o opatos to ty
ad kll , o succssully, altoug s so ad
Jad Ad Jbl was assassatd by a ca bob o
May 2, 22, wt t dtty o t assasss ukow.
Du to ts actvts, t Gal Coad s gadd
as t ost ad-l o t old sugt goups, ad cutly ssts t Oslo Accods o ts bass Sya ad
Lbao.
10.2.4 Syrian Civil War
t ocs stood by ad watcd as t PFLP-GC ougt

t bls, wtout lpg t Palstas.[15] Ad
Jbl potdly d Daascus o t Mdtaa
cty o Tatous.[16][17] Palsta lt-wg goups
cludg t Popula Fot o t Lbato o Palst (PFLP), t bggst Palsta ltst goup
batd Jbl ad t PFLP-GC.[18] O PFLP o cal sad Evyo kows t tu sz o PFLP-GC.
Ty a ot pstatv o t Palstas . Aot
sad tat Jbl dos ot v blog to t Palsta
Lt. H s clos to t xtst gt-wg goups
ta to volutoay ltst os .[18] O 18 Dcb,
t Palsta Natoal Coucl (PNC) doucd Jbl,
sayg t would xpl ov s ol t co ct.[9]
At t bgg o t Sya Cvl Wa 211, t

PFLP-GC was a ally o t Ba'at Paty govt 10.3
o Sya. T PFLP-GC was basd Yaouk Cap
a dstct o Daascus tat s o to t bggst
couty o Palsta ugs Sya.[8] Sval
bs o t PFLP-GC s ctal cott opposd 10.3.1
ts allac wt t Assad govt ad sgd
potst.[9] Dug t wa, t lpd t Sya Ay to
10.3.2
gt t Sya bls ad aoud Yaouk.
At t bgg o t wa, tsos aos Yaouk
btw t PFLP-GC ad at-govt Palsta
sdts. O 5 Ju 211, a ub o Yaouk sdts w sot dad wl potstg at t Isal bod. Allgdly agd by t PFLP-GC s usal to tak
pat t potsts, tousads o ous but-dow ts
aduats Yaouk. PFLP-GC bs opd o t cowd, kllg 14 Palstas ad woudg
43.[1][11]
May PFLP-GC gts potdly dctd to t

bls. O PFLP-GC coad sad I lt tat w
bca solds o t Assad g, ot guads o t
caps, so I dcdd to dct . H clad tat gov-
relations
of
Syria
Lebanon
Its ol Lbao at Sya lt t couty 25

(s Cda Rvoluto) s ucta, ad t as b volvd a ub o class wt Lbas scuty
ocs. I lat Octob 25, t Lbas Ay suoudd caps o t PFLP-GC a ts stado , at Lbas autots clad tat t PFLP-GC was
cvg Sya as acoss t bod. T goup as
co ud c ctcs wt Lbao, accusd o
actg o Sya s bal to st up ust.[19]
O 3 August 212, 21 cvlas w klld w t

Sya Ay slld Yaouk.[12] Palsta ps- 10.3.3
dt Maoud Abbas codd t Sya Ay o
sllg t cap ad cdd t PFLP-GC o daggg
Palstas to t co ct.[8]
O 5 Dcb 212, gtg uptd Yaouk btw t Sya Ay ad PFLP-GC o o sd, ad
Sya bls o t ot. T bls cludd t F
Sya Ay (FSA) ad a goup ad up o Palstas, calld Lwa al-Asa o Sto Bgad. By 17 Dcb, t bls ad wo cotol o Yaouk.[13] Atwads, Govt ad bl pstatvs agd
tat all ad goups sould wtdaw o Yaouk ad
lav t as a utal zo. T agt also sad tat t
PFLP-GC sould b dsatld ad ts wapos sudd. Howv, a spoksa o t po-bl Palst Rug Cap Ntwok sad, t pltato
o t tuc as b poblatc bcaus o tttt govt sllg o Yaouk ad class o ts
outskts.[14]
International
PFLP-GC
Designations of PFLP-GC as a terrorist organization
10.4 See also

Jbl Agt
10.5 References
[1] Sya bls tak ov Palsta cap Daascus .
Rtvd 17 Novb 214.
[2] PFLP-GC dvdd o Sya stac . Ma'a Nws
Agcy, 9 August 212. Rtvd 26 Fbuay 213.
[3] Katz, Saul M. (22). Relentless Pursuit: The DSS and
the manhunt for the al-Qaeda terrorists.
[4] Sposog Tos:
(Sptb 22)
[5]
Sya ad t PFLP-GC
47
10.7. FURTHER READING

[6] D lk Opposto d PLO ud d bstzt Gbt
[7] T Ga Cocto, Eso & Du y, Nw Yok
Ts Magaz, Mac 11, 199
[8]
Collcto o PFLP-GC posts
[9] Aad Jbl to b xplld o t PLO . Al Akhbar

(Lebanon), 18 Dcb 212.
[1] Rpot: 14 Palstas klld Sya cap . Ma'a
Nws Agcy, 8 Ju 211. Rtvd 26 Fbuay 213.
[11] Mass sootg potd Yaouk Palsta ug
cap Sya - vdo . T Elctoc Itada, 6 Ju
211. Rtvd 26 Fbuay 213.
[12] At last 21 klld sllg o Yaouk Palsta
ug cap Sya: NGO . Al Aabya, 3 August
212.
[13] "'Captug Yaouk cap aot Sya bl ga'".
Rtvd 17 Novb 214.
[14] Sya gt ow 'ovtly sctaa,' U.N. says . CNN, 2
Dcb 212.
[15] A Sya Astk Klls Palsta Rugs ad Costs
Assad Suppot
[16] Palsta acto lad Jbl lavs Daascus: bls .
Reuters. Rtvd 17 Novb 214.
[17] Ad Jbl lavs Daascus at class Yaouk
Palsta cap
[18] PFLP o Ds Gaza Ov Ts to Assad . AlMoto, 27 Dcb 212.
[19] T Daly Sta - Poltcs - Outag at PFLP-GC gu soot two
[2] About t lstg pocss .
214.
Rtvd 17 Novb
[21] ttps:www.gov.ukgovtuploadssyst
uploadsattact_datal32463214627-Lst_
o_Poscbd_ogasatos_WEBSITE_al.pd
[22] Fog Tost Ogazatos . U.S. Department of
State. Rtvd 17 Novb 214.
10.6
T Itatoal Dso o PFLP-GC Actvty

by Davd Tal. T Ja Ct o Statgc Studs. JCSS Pojct o Low Itsty Waa & T
Jusal Post INTER Itatoal Tos
1989 (pp. 61 77) Tl-Avv, 199
External links
PFLP-GC o cal st
Tos Rsoucs. Popula Fot o t Lbato o Palst-Gal Coad (PFLP-GC)
(U.S. Navy) Souc: Couty Rpots o Tos, 24. Utd Stats Dpatt o Stat, Apl
25.
Popula Fot o t Lbato o Palst - Gal Coad (PFLP-GC) (ICT)
10.7 Further reading

Katz, Saul M.Israel versus Jibril: The Thirty-year
War Against a Master Terrorist. Nw Yok: Paago
Hous, 1993.
Chapter 11
Syrian Social Nationalist Party

T Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP) (Aabc:

, tasltatd: Al- izb AlSr Al-Qawm Al-'Ijtim', ot d to Fc as
Parti populaire syrien o Parti social nationaliste syrien), s
a atoalst poltcal paty opatg Lbao, Sya,
Joda, Ia, ad Palst. It advocats t stablst o a Sya ato stat spag t Ftl Csct, cludg pst day Sya, Lbao, Ia, Kuwat,
Joda, Palst, Cypus, Sa, soutast Tuky
ad soutwst Ia, basd o gogapcal boudas
ad t coo stoy popl wt t boudas
sa.[4] Wt ov 1, bs,[5] t s t scod
lagst lgal poltcal goup Sya at t ulg Aab
Socalst Ba'at Paty,[6] I Lbao, t was a pat o t
Mac 8 Allac.
Foudd But 1932 as a Atcoloal ad
Natoal Lbato ogazato ostl to Fc coloals, t paty playd a sg cat ol Lbas
poltcs ad was volvd attptd coup d'tats
1949 ad 1961 ollowg wc t was toougly pssd. It was actv sstac agast t Isal vaso o Lbao 1982 ad t subsut occupato o sout Lbao utl 2 wl cotuously
suppotg t Sya psc Lbao. I Sya, t
SSNP bca a ajo poltcal oc t aly 195s,
but was toougly pssd 1955. It ad ogasd, ad 25 was lgalsd ad jod t Ba'at
Paty-ld Natoal Pogssv Fot. Fo 212 to 6
May 214,[7][8] t paty was pat o t Popula Fot
o Cag ad Lbato.
11.1
Historical Background
Pvous to ts oal oudato, t cd tsl o t

SSNP, aly Sya atoals, ad b dvlopg sc t d-19t ctuy, wt t advt o t
Tazat dug t lat Ottoa Ea, toug wc,
t Ottoa Ep sougt to scu ts alg status
o t tatoal sc by attptg to taso tsl o pal doo to Natoal Costtutoal
oacy, ud wc subjcts would bco ctzs
bstowd upo psoal dos tat a caactstc
o t gal ood o t 19t ctuy, ad wc ct
t dologcal tas tat xstd btw 19t ctuy

Euop ad t Ottoa East, patculaly psoal dos suc as lgous do ad sculas. I t
19t ctuy, pooud cooc cags ad stuck t
Aab wold, ostly lgatg t to a ppy o a casgly dustalzd ad asstv Euop.[9] Ts
cags put t Ottoa Sulta Maud II, ad t
Ottoa ulg lt ud gat pssu to odz
t casgly dclg Ottoa Ep, as wt ts
cooc ad socal cags, tllctual ad dologcal
ucs gatd o Euop ad o t lgacy o
t Fc Rvoluto statd patg to t Aab
povcs o t Ottoa Ep.
It s wt ts cotxt tat a w goup o tks
o t Aabc Ltay Rassac, t Nada ousd. Ty addssd ky socal ssus suc as t ol
o Natoals ad lgo socty,[1] ot povdg
a ctcal accout o t pst od o tgs. Aog
ts tks gud Butus al-Busta, o o t st
to asst t xstc o a ato, Natual Sya, tat s
Aab ssc yt dstct by stoy ad gogapy, ad
tat sould vtlss atalz ud a od Ottoa Ep.[11]
Aot stoa ad tk o s t, H Las, t Blga Jsut scola wo was odad pst
But 1893. It was ot log bo Las bca acuatd wt t tllctual upavals tat w
takg plac t Aab povcs o t Ep at
t Tazat, was Cosvatv lts o t Ottoa Ep w wstlg agast Aab ad Tuks
tks wo would soo us a w a t stoy
o t Lvat - t Youg Tuks ad t Scod Costtutoal Ea. Dug ts t, Las tactd
wt s lu ad ca to dos t docts o alBusta, bcog v o passoat about t xstc o a dstct Sya ato tat s boud to g
o t boso o t Ottoa Ep. Accodg to
H Las, Gat Sya s a atoal tty boud
wt gogapcal caactstcs ad stocal oudatos, lyg btw t Aab psula, Egypt ad t
Lvat codo, ad t Tauus Moutas, copassg all t cultual lts wt t Ftl Csct sc Act Ts.[12]
48
49
11.2. FOUNDATION AND EARLY YEARS
Syria is the Tunic of Christ - Henri Lammens.
Referring to Syria, Butrus al-Bustani adopted Love of the Homeland is an article of Faith as a slogan when he founded the periodical Al-Jinan in 1870
11.2
Foundation and early years
T SSNP was oudd by Atu Saad, a Lbas

Sya atoalst plosop o a Gk Otodox
aly t tow o Dou l Sw. Saad ad gatd to Sout Aca 1919 (va t USA w
stayd o about a ya bo cotug o to Bazl), at
t ag o t, ad t yas lvd t gagd
bot Aabc-laguag jouals ad Sya atoalst poltcal actvty. O s tu to Lbao 193
cotud wokg as a joualst ad also taugt Ga
Antun Saadeh
t Aca Uvsty o But.[13]:43
I Novb 1932 sctly stablsd t st uclus o t Sya Socal Natoalst Paty, wc
opatd udgoud o t st t yas o ts
xstc.[13] I 1933 t statd publsg a otly
joual calld Al-Majalla wc was dstbutd t
Aca Uvsty o But. T atcls wtt
tat joual ad t spcs gv by Saad cosoldatd t dologcal bass o t paty, ad cotbutd
to ts populaty.[13]:43
Sc ts oudg, t paty dosd a op ostlty

to coloals ad advocatd atoal sl-dtato,
wc vtually ld to ts ba by Fc autots ad
t cacato o Saad 1936. Saad was st to
tal 1936 ad spt sx ots pso o catg a
cladst paty.[13] H was also accusd t tal o
avg b cotact wt t ascst ovts o Gay ad Italy, but t cag was doppd as a ltt was
CHAPTER 11. SYRIAN SOCIAL NATIONALIST PARTY
addssd o Gay dyg ay latosps.[13] It

s dug s ots pso tat Saad lad dow t
al dologcal oudatos o t paty The Genesis
of Nations.
atd stats w cttous, sultg o coloals, ad

do ot ct ay stocal ad socal alts. T paty
clad tat Gat Sya as d d by Saad psts t atoal dal copassg t stocal popl o Msopotaa ad t Ftl Csct, boud togt by a claly d d gogapy ad a coo stocal, socal ad cultual dvlopt pat away o
all Sctaas [15] Futo, ad wt t stat o
t Aab-Isal co ct 1948, Saad adcalzd t
paty s At-Zost stac by dclag tat Our struggle
with the enemy is not a struggle for borders but for existence .
Saad gatd aga to Bazl 1938 ad atwads

to Agta, oly to tu to Lbao 1947 ollowg
t couty s dpdc o t Fc 1943. O
s way to Agta, vstd Italy ad Bl, wc casd t suspcos o t Fc tat t SSNP gt
av b ttag latos wt t Axs. Cog
back sotly to Lbao 1939, was ustod by
t Fc autots wo accusd o plottg wt
t Gas. T cag was doppd w o vdc
o collaboato ad b oud ad at tat Saad
dclad tat v t Fc ul to wc was vtly opposd would b btt ta Ga o Itala ul. Havg atwads lt o Agta, Saad
oud out tat t Agta bac o t SSNP wspap ad b vocg ts outgt suppot o Naz Gay ad to t Axs pows, wc ld Saad to ssu a lgty ltt to t dto--c, statg tat t
SSNP s ot a Natoal Socalst paty ad tat o stac
sould b tak vs--vs t Alls o t Axs.[14] By tat
t, t SSNP ad gow xpotally ad ad clasd
o ay occasos wt ts pay dologcal val, t
Katab Paty, a Spas Fascst-Ispd paty tat ad
b oudd by P Gayl, a paacst ad atlt at s tu o t 1936 Bl Olypcs. Bg vtly At-coust ts aly days, a posto tat would lat cag, t ad also clasd wt
t Sya-Lbas Coust Paty, t latt accusg t SSNP o Naz sypats.
O July 4, 1949, a ya at t dclaato o t stablst o t stat o Isal ad t Nakba, ad

a spos to a ss o aggssos pptatd by t
Katab-backd ctal govt, t SSNP attptd
ts st voluto. Followg a volt cackdow by govt ocs, Saad tavld to Daascus to t
wt Hus al-Za' a attpt to obta s suppot. Vwd as a adcal agtato ad tat to t wly
catd Sya stat, Al-Za' add Saad ov to
Lbas autots, wo ad xcutd o July 8,
1949. It was t sotst ad ost sctv tal gv to
a poltcal o d.[16]
11.3 The SSNP in Lebanon

Ma atcl: Sya Socal Natoalst Paty Lbao
At Saad was xcutd ad ts g-akg lad-
Film in Arabic about Saadeh s return to Lebanon in 1947
Wl t Katab was cottd to t oto o

Lbao as a ato stat d d as a tty psdg
ov t bods outld st by t Syks-Pcot agt 1916, ad atwads by t Fc adstatv dvso o ts adat to sx stats cludg t
stat o Gat Lbao, ad ad spousd a stog bod
btw t ato ad t cuc as wll as outgt socal Ultacosvats, t SSNP jctd ts atoal Flags of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Beirut on May 9
cla o t bass tat t bods outlg t wly c- during the 2008 con ict in Lebanon
51
11.5. IDEOLOGY
s w astd, t paty ad udgoud utl cosstt wt tat o Sya, ad tat acltatd a ap1958 w t sdd wt t-psdt Call Caou poct btw t paty ad t Sya govagast t Aab atoalst bls.[17]
t. Dug Haz al-Assad s psdcy, t paty was
T paty laucd a abotv coup attpt 1961, u- casgly tolatd. At t succsso o s so
d t s-autotaa ul o Gal Fouad Cab. Basa 2, ts pocss cotud. I 21, altoug
Ts sultd a wd poscpto ad t pso- stll o cally bad, t paty was pttd to attd
t o ay o ts lads.[18] I pso, so o t tgs o t Ba'at-ld Natoal Pogssv Fot
SSNP ltats ca ud t uc o Maxs coalto o lgal pats as a obsv. I Spg 25
t paty was lgalsd Sya. It s cosdd to b o
wt t lt-wg Al Tawa acto splttg o t
ul197s, a splt tat would a utl t d o t o t lagst poltcal pats t couty, at t
g Ba'at Paty, wt paps 1, bs.[26]
Lbas Cvl Wa.
Wt t outbak o t Lbas Cvl Wa 1975, I t 22 Apl 27 lcto o t Popl s Coucl o
t SSNP od a lta tat alld wt t lt- Sya, t paty gad 3 out o 25 t palat.
st Lbas Natoal Movt (LNM), agast t

Palagsts ad t alls o t Lbas Fot. T
SSNP saw t Lbas Cvl Wa as t vtabl sult o t dvsos o t Sya ato to sall stats
ad away o a lbato wa agast Isal. At
t dat o ltst ocs t 1982 Lbao Wa,
t SSNP jod a ub o t ltst ogazatos
wo goupd to sst t Isal occupato, cludg t kllg o two Isal solds a Wpy Ca
wst But by paty b Kald Alwa. T
FBI blas t SSNP o t assassato, 1982, o
Bac Gayl,[19] Lbao s wly lctd psdt
suppotd by t Isals bsgg But. I 1983 t
paty jod t Lbas Natoal Salvato Fot. I
1985, a b o t paty, Saa'a Madl, dtoatd
a ca bob xt to a Isal ltay covoy at Jzz,
Sout Lbao. S klld two Isal solds ad bco o o t st kow al sucd bobs.
T SSNP patcpatd a ub o gal lctos
Lbao, wg sx sats 1992, altoug sg a
dcl subsut lctos wg two sats bot
25 ad 29. T SSNP w volvd t 28
co ct Lbao, wt gu attackg a SSNP
o c.[2][21][22][23][24][25]
11.4
The SSNP in Syria
I Sya t SSNP gw to a posto o cosdabl uc t yas ollowg t couty s dpdc

1946, ad was a ajo poltcal oc datly at t stoato o docacy 1954. It was a c
val o t Sya Coust Paty ad o t adcal
pa-Aab Aab Socalst Ba'at Paty, t ot a dologcal pats o t pod. I Apl 1955 Colol
Ada al-Malk, a Ba'atst o c wo was a vy popula gu t Sya ay, was assassatd by a paty
b. Ts povdd t Cousts ad Ba'atsts
wt t oppotuty to lat t a dologcal
val, ad ud pssu o t ad t alls t
scuty ocs t SSNP was pactcally wpd out as a
poltcal oc Sya.
11.4.1 Notable SSNP politicians in Syria

Issa Al Maay
Josp Swd
Busa Massou
Issa Bagd
11.5 Ideology
11.5.1 Political Tenets
Wl jal o aly Fbuay to aly May 1936,
Saad copltd The Genesis of Nations wc ad
statd wtg t ots bo t Fc autots Lbao dscovd t sct ogazato ad
astd ts lad ad s assstats. I s book, Saad
oulatd s bl t xstc o a Sya ato
a olad d d as bacg all stoc Sya
xtdd to t Suz Caal t sout, ad tat cluds od Sya, Palst, Lbao, Joda, Ia,
ad Kuwat. T boudas o t stoc vot
wc t Sya ato volvd wt uc byod t
scop usually ascbd to Sya, xtdg o t Tauus ag t ot-ast ad t Zagos outas
t ot-wst to t Suz Caal ad t Rd Sa t
sout ad cluds t Sa psula ad t Gul o
Aaba, ad o t Mdtaa Sa t wst, cludg t slad o Cypus, to t ac o t Aaba
dst ad t Psa Gul t ast.[15] Accodg to
Saad, ts go s also calld t Sya Ftl Csct, t slad Cypus bg ts sta.
Accodg to Saad, gogapcal actos play a potat ol sttg t paats o t pocss o assocato ad tus o t stablst o a ato. H
ld tat t pocss o ua voluto o utgat to sttld agcultu was aog t ost potat actos tat ld to t cato o pvat popty ad t class syst. Saad glgtd t ol
T SSNP s stac dug t Lbas cvl wa was tat t class syst playd t ousg o tad ad
52
coc ad t cato o walt, ascbg t to b a tal codtos o al atoal uty. T ot codto

caactstc o t Stc popls, aly t coastal was dtd cooc ad socal o.[27]
Pocas. H also stssd t lk btw t cooc ods o poducto ad t stablst o cultual os ad valus, a vw sad wt Kal Max.
Howv, Saad blvd tat wl t cooc
ods o poducto ca cat cultu, cultu acus
a l o ts ow wt t ad vtually bcos bddd ad pptuatd ts popl, wo co to cogz tslvs as a lvg ogas. Hc cos t
potac o t stat svg t tst o t ato, ad o atoal docacy as t lgtat souc
o poltcal lgslato.
T paty s oudatos w tat ts dvlopt patt s xplay to t Syas ad ty ca to costtut a coplt ato ad cvlzato tougout stoy,
o t P-Csta a, to t Islac a, all t way
up utl t pst. T SSNP clad tat t Gat
Sya s t atual o o t Sya popl wt claly
d d gogapc boudas, yt tat ts popl a sug o a dtty css du to Ottoa occupato,
coloals, ad sctaas. Saad clad tat t
renaissance o t Sya ato s vtably lkd to t
pug o ts dcadt ocs toug t ocg
o atoal soldaty, sstac agast coloals, ad
sculas. Saad s cocpt o t ato sapd aly
by gogapy, at ta tc ogs, laguag o lgo, ld also to coclud tat t Aabs could ot
o o ato, but ay atos could b calld Aab.
11.5.2 Economic Theory

Wl t co o t paty s poltcal toy volvs
aoud t stablst o a Gat Sya ato stat,
t cooc toy upo wc t stat s to b ogazd as a topc o cotto. As a att o act,
Saad dd ot laboat a copsv cooc toy, yt poposd a socal atoalst odl wc ca
b cosdd to so xtt as a dstctv o o
socals. As a att o act, aog t ky tts
o social nationalism gud t abolto o udals,
t acpato o t wokg class, t stablst
o cooc dgs ad t wla stat, uvsal
altca as wll as uvsal ducato o t pupos
o scug atoal soldaty. Ts as a topc o
dbat, owv, as t stogly pooucd atoalstc
atus o SSNP dology would pt scolas to tpt social nationalism as a dstctv bd o Natoal
Sydcals.
11.5.3 Organization
T SSNP was ogasd wt a accal stuctu
ad a powul lad. Its dology was a tly scula
o o atoals; dd, t postd t coplt spaato o lgo ad poltcs as o o t two uda-
Greater Syria
11.5.4 Emblem and Flag

T paty s bl s t wlwd ( Aabc Zawba'a
). It was dsgd by t SSNP studts
Aca Uvsty o But wl t paty was stll
cladst ad bo t Fc autots ad ucovd t 1936. T SSNP bl s a cobato
o t Islac csct ad t Csta coss.[28] T
paty ag atus a d uca, calld t Zawba'a ,
wt a wt ccl o a black backgoud. Eac a
sybolzs o o t ou vtus o t paty s sso:
do, duty, dscpl ad pow.[13]:45 Accodg to
SSNP lo, t black colo sybolzs t Dak Ags o
Ottoa ul, coloals, sctaa dvso, atoal dvso, ad backwadss. T Zawba'a allgdly psts t blood o t SSNP atys boud togt
as Musls ad Cstas toug do, duty, dscpl ad pow as a uca to pug t Dak Ags ad
spak t ato s juvato ad assac. Ctcs cla tat t sybol was odld at t Naz
swastka.[29][3][31][32][33][34]
11.6 Criticism
11.6.1 Ideological criticism
Dspt Saad s clas, so autos stat tat w
t paty bga ovt actvty, t was t objct o ay
ctus du to avg ay dologcal ad ogazatoal sblacs to Euopa ascs, ad du to t
sblac o ts xtal sybols to tos o Ga Nazs.[29][3][31] Suc sblacs wt agast
t da tat t was a auttc atoal dology ad
could't b ackowldgd by t paty.[13] T paty s
oud Saad was awa o ts accusatos ad
addssd t dug s spc o 1 Ju 1935 (log
bo t vts o Wold Wa II, ad bo t paty
was gv publcty ad t accusatos statd appag
t pss):
53
11.7. FOOTNOTES
Accodg to Rva S. Joso, Saad, t paty s
'lad o l', was a ad o Adol Htl ucd
by Naz ad ascst dology.[32][36] T paty adoptd a
vsd swastka as t paty s sybol, sag t paty s
at to Deutschland ber alles, ad cludd dvlopg t cult o a lad, advocatg totaltaa govt, ad gloyg a act p-Csta past ad t
ogac wol o t Sya Volk o ato.[29][32]
Aab atoalst tk Sat' al-Hus cosdd tat
Saad spstd Aab atoals, coctly
assocatg t wt a Bdou ag o t Aab ad wt
Musl sctaas. Palsta stoa Ma Ca
ss Saad s toy as a spos to t lgous dvsty o Sya, ad pots to s lat xtso o s vso
o t Sya ato to clud Ia, a couty also otd
o ts lgous dvsty, as ut vdc o ts.[37]
T paty also accptd tat du to lgous ad poltcal
cosdatos , t spaat xstc o Lbao was
cssay o t t bg.[27] Fo 1945 o, t paty
adoptd a o uacd stac gadg Aab atoals, sg Sya uty as a pottal st stp towads
a Aab uo ld by Sya.[27]
11.6.2 Scholarly criticism

Lbas stoa Kaal Salb gvs a sowat cotastg tptato, potg to t posto o t
Gk Otodox couty as a lag oty bot
Sya ad Lbao o wo t cocpt o paSyas was o agul ta t cocpt o Aabs wl at t sa t ty std Maot
doac Lbao. Accodg to Salb,
Saad oud a ady ollowg aog
s co-lgosts. Hs da o scula paSyas also povd attactv to ay
Duzs ad Sts; to Cstas ot ta t
Gk Otodox, cludg so Maots
wo w dsa ctd by bot Lbas ad
Aabs; ad also to ay Sut Musls
wo st a g valu o sculas, ad wo
lt tat ty ad a o coo wt
t llow Syas o watv lgo o doato ta wt llow Sut o Musl Aabs lsw. H aga, a da o
atoals ad gd wc ad su ct
cdt to ak t vald. I t Lbas cotxt,
owv, t bca ady cov o sotg
o acac, wc was sstally Gk Otodox patculas.[38]
Po. Salb aks o t bggs o Saad s paty
t 193s: "[A]og ts st bs w studts ad youg gaduats o t Aca Uvsty
o But. Ts aly paty was aly Gk Otodox ad Potstats wt so S'ts ad Duzs... .
I Lbao as a wol t paty was ot popula. Cstas w gally opposd to t Sya uos,
wl Mosls w suspcous o t svatos wt
gad to pa-Aabs. T Lbas autots w
abl to suppss t wtout d culty. [39]
Accodg to stoa Staly G. Pay, t Aab atoals was ucd by Euopa ascs, wt t cato o at last sv Aab atoalst st ovts
sla to t bow st ovt by 1939, wt t
ost ucd os bg t SSNP, t Ia Futawa
yout ovt ad t Youg Egypt ovt.[4]
Ts t ovts would sa caactstcs lk
bg ttoally xpasost, wt t SSNP watg
t coplt cotol o Sya, bl t supoty
o t ow popl (wt Saad tozg a dstct
ad atually supo Sya ac), bg oatoalst, at-tllctual, ad gly otoal ad "[paszg] ltay vtus ad pow [ad stssg] slsac c .[4] Also accodg to Pay, all ts ovts cvd stog uc o Euopa ascs
ad pasd t Itala ad Ga ascs but "[ty
v bca] ully dvlopd ascst ovts, ad
o poducd t ull caactstcs o Euopa ascs"; t uc Aab atoals ad log
at 1945.[4] Also, Saad s supo ac was ot a pu
o, but a uso o all acs Sya stoy.[4] T
SSNP would b "[a] lt goup, wt lttl stuctu o
oblzato .[4]
11.7 Footnotes
[1] Pps, Dal (199). Greater Syria: The History of an
Ambition. Oxod: Oxod Uvsty Pss. p. 15.
ISBN 1956229.
[2] T Sya Socal Natoalst Paty: T Wold s Assassato Paty, Ky Patto, Novb 2, 211
[3] Moaddl, Masoo (25). Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse.
Ccago: Uvsty o Ccago Pss. p. 226. ISBN
226533336.
[4] Iw, p. 24; ssp.co Ou Sya as dstct atual
boudas" (accssd 3 Ju 26).
[5] ttps:www.zaaalwsl.tws3467.tl
[6] ttp:www.dbka.coadl.pp?d5425
T
SSNP s ow Sya s lagst paty at t ulg Ba'at.
[7] ttp:saa.syg2121456542876.t
[8] ttp:www.psa-lata.cudx.pp?optoco_
cott&taskvw&doa1&d2652361&Itd
1
[9] Paul Sal, Btt Lgacy: Idology ad Poltcs t
Aab Wold (Syacus Uvsty Pss, 1994)
54
[1] Elzabt Suza Kassab, Cotpoay Aab Tougt,

Cultual Ctu Copaatv Pspctv (Nw Yok:
Coluba Uvsty Pss, 21), 2-21
[29] Ya a, Eud (Ju 1987). Bd t To . Atlantic

Monthly. [T SSNP] gt t lads wt a Htla salut; sg t Aabc at, Gtgs to You,
Sya, to t stas o Dutsclad, Dutsclad b
alls"; ad tog to t sybol o t d uca, a
swastka ccula oto.
[11] Albt Houa, Aabc Tougt t Lbal Ag (Cabdg: Cabdg Uvsty Pss, 1983) 1-12
[12] As Kaua, H Las ad Sya Natoals, Adl Bsaa, T Ogs o Sya Natoood:
Hstos, Pos ad Idtty (
[13] Nodbuc Gotz (29). Nazism in Syria and Lebanon:
The Ambivalence of the German Option, 19331945.
Taylo & Facs. ISBN 97823888568. (...) dug
s spc o 1 Ju 1935 (...) Atu Saad dclad
(...) "(...) T Sya Socal Natoalst Paty s t
a Htlt o a Fascst o, but a pu socal atoalst
o. It s ot basd o uslss tato, but s t sult
o a auttc vto. (...)"
[14] Nodbus, Nazs Sya ad Lbao, 85-87
[15] A. Saad. T Gss o Natos. Taslatd ad
Rptd. Da Al-Fk. But, 24
[16] Adl bsaa (21). Outgt Assassato: T Tal
ad Excuto o Atu Sa'ad, 1949. Itaca Pss.
ISBN 978--86372-348-3.
[17] Atcl o po-SSNP wbst o t paty s ol t
1958 cvl wa at t Wayback Mac (acvd August
2, 24) accssd 19 Jauay 26.
[18] U.S. Dpatt o Stat, Foreign Relations of the United
States Volume 17, Near East,19611963, (Wasgto,
DC: GPO 1993), 383-384.
[19] Nl A. Lws (1988-5-18). U.S. Lks M Bob
Cas To Lbao Tost Goup . The New York Times.
[2] Auss s dat spaks Lbao alt . The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 May 28.
[21] Jackso, Ada (12 May 28). Mlbou a klld
Lbao 'was o olday'". The Age (Mlbou).
[22] Austala klld Lbao: DFAT . The Hawkesbury
Gazette. Acvd o t ogal o 28-8-2. Rtvd 28-5-12.
[23] Day 5: Lbas da to op wost s ov . Daily Star
(Lebanon). Rtvd 28-5-16.
[3] Pps, Dal (1992). Greater Syria. Oxod Uvsty

Pss. pp. 1 11. ISBN -19-5622-9. T SSNP
ag, wc atus a cuvd swastka calld t d uca (zawba'a), pots to t paty s ascstc ogs.
[31] Yaak, Labb Zuwyya (1966). The Syrian Social Nationalist Party: An Ideological Analysis. Havad Uvsty
Pss.
[32] Joso, Mcal (21). All Honourable Men. I.B. Taus. p. 15. ISBN 1-8664-715-4. Saad, t paty s
'lad o l', was a ad o Adol Htl ad ucd by Naz ad ascst dology. Ts wt byod
adoptg a vsd swastka as t paty s sybol ad
sgg t paty s at to Deutschland ber alles, ad
cludd dvlopg t cult o a lad, advocatg totaltaa govt, ad gloyg a act p-Csta
past ad t ogac wol o t Sya Volk o ato.
[33] Bck, Jlla (1984). The PLO: The Rise and Fall of
the Palestine Liberation Organization. Wdld ad
Ncolso. ISBN -297-78547-8. [T SSNP] ad b
oudd 1932 as a yout ovt, dlbatly odld o Htl s Naz Paty. Fo ts sybol t vtd a
cuvd swastka, calld t Zawba.
[34] Mcal W. Sula (1965). Political parties in Lebanon.
Uvsty o Wscos. p. 134. T ag o t Sya Socal Natoalst Paty as a black backgoud wt
a d uca (vsd swastka) t ddl, ccld by a wt (...) also pags 111-112 t dto
o Coll Uvsty Pss, 1967 Tus, t Sya atoal at o t PPS sag Sya, Sya ub alls to
t sa ala tu o Dutsclad, Dutsclad ub
alls"(176) T ad gstus salutg ad t log
lv t lad bo stkg sblacs to t Naz
pactc. T swastka was placd wt a uca as a
PPS sybol,(177) wl t sto o cobat toops w
pst bot. Bot Htl ad Saad, addto to
avg t sa ttl o 't lad', ld ad xcsd all
lgslatv ad xcutv autoty.
[35] ttp:www.ssp.cowlbaysaadscju_
1_35.t
[24] ttp:www.aldsu.co.auwsvctoa
lbou-dad-utlatd--lbao
stoy-67kx-111111633346
[36] So, Rva S. (1996). Encyclopedia of the Modern

Middle East. Maclla Rc USA. ISBN -289611-4. T Sya Socal Natoalst paty (SSNP)
was t bacld o Atu Sa'ada, a Gk Otodox
Lbas wo was spd by Naz ad ascst dologs.
[25] Culov, Mat; Davs, Mcal (13 May 28).

Austala Fad Sk s body utlatd by But
ob . The Australian.
[37] Ca, p. 216
[26] Asia Times atcl by Sya poltcal aalyst Sa

Moubayd. Accssd 19 Jauay 26
[39] K. S. Salb, The Modern History of Lebanon (Nw Yok:

Pag 1965) at 18.
[27] Houa, p. 326
[4] Staly G. Pay (1996). A history of fascism, 19141945

(llustatd, pt d.). Routldg. pp. 352 354. ISBN
9781857285956.
[28] SSNP wbst .
[38] Kaal Salb (1988, 1998), pp. 54-55
11.8
References
Ca, Ma, Rihanat al-nahda 'l- kr al-'arabi,

Daascus, Da al-Mada, 2
Houa, Albt, La Pense Arabe et l'Occident
(Fc taslato o Arab Thought in the Liberal
Age)
Iw, Robt, A Aab Sualst . The Nation,
Jauay 3, 25, 23 24, 37 38. T s a ol
vso, but oly t st two paagaps a sow
to o-subscbs.
Salb, K. S., The Modern History of Lebanon (Nw
Yok: Pag 1965)
Salb, Kaal, A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered, Uvsty o Caloa, Bkly, 1988; pt: Lodo, I.B. Taus,
1998 ISBN 1-8664-912-2
Sal, Patck, Asad: the Struggle for the Middle
East, Bkly, Uvsty o Caloa Pss, 1988
ISBN -52-6976-5
Ioato o Lbas pats, o Lbas
atoalst-lag wbst www.cdalad.og
11.9
External links
SSNP wbst ( Aabc)

SSNP Scool
Taawolat Magaz Atcls about socty ad cultu
Attacks attbutd to t SSNP
55
Chapter 12
Jaysh al-Muwahhideen
T Jaysh al-Muwahhideen o Jaysh Abu Ibrahim
(Aabc: ) s a Duz ltat goup Sya.
T a as "Army of Monotheists" o "Army of
Unitarians". T goup aly opats t Suwayda,
Daa, Daascus ad ot gos w t Duz a
coctatd ad aoucd t oato t bgg o 213. T ladsp dscbs t goup as
Unitarian Druze gagg dsv jad, but as also
b dscbd as suppots o Basa al-Assad ad s
g. It opats lagly Jabal al-Aab o Mouta
o t Aabs, also kow as Jabal ad-Duz, a outaous aa o Suwayda govoat as wll as t Jabal
al-Sk aa Daascus govoat, aas paly
abtd by Duz. T goup was st up spos
to attacks o Duz cvlas. T goup cooats
at-coloal gus suc as Sulta al-Atas, wo was a
pot Aab Duz cta.[1] [3][2]
12.1
See also
12.2
References
[1] Ay Al-Ta (13 Novb 213). T Duz

Mltas o Sout Sya . Rtvd 26 Dcb
213.
[2] Ay Jawad (19 Sptb 214). Suwayda Vllag
Mltas . Rtvd 6 Octob 214.
[3] Ay Jawad (15 Novb 213). Mo O T
Duz Mltas Sout Sya . Rtvd 6 Octob
214.
56
Chapter 13
Palestine Liberation Army

T Palestine Liberation Army (PLA) was ostsbly sgl gtg ut o t PLO, but stad battalo-sz
st up as t ltay wg o t Palst Lbato O- lts w utlzd as a auxlay oc by ts cogazato (PLO) at t 1964 Aab Lagu sut ld toll govts.[2]
Alxada, Egypt, wt t sso o gtg Isal.
Howv, t as v b ud ctv PLO cotol,
but at t as b cotolld by ts vaous ost gov13.2 Popular Liberation Forces
ts, usually Sya.
13.1
I 1968, t Popula Lbato Focs (Aabc, quwwat

at-tahrir ash-sha'biyya), btt kow as t Yaouk
Bgad, w stablsd wt t awok o t
PLA to po coado actos agast Isal ocs
t Gaza Stp, occupd by Isal ocs t ya bo. Gally t PLA ad o ts kd o udgoud acto, avg b bult up as sotg o a
covtoal ltay paad sowpc.
History and structure
Idatly at ts cato at t 1964 Aab Lagu

sut Alxada, t PLO (t add by Aad
Suk) was ctvly ud t cotol o t Aab
stats, spcally Nass's Egypt. T Palstas would
ot ga dpdt cotol o t ogazato utl
Yass Aaat's Fata acto wstd t o Nassbackd Palstas 1968-69, w t Aab stats
w dscdtd by losg t Sx-Day Wa, ad ltat 13.3 History of deployment
Palsta ogazatos w apdly gag potac.
T act tat t PLA was oally Palsta was usd
T PLA was ogally ogazd to t bgads, as poltcal cov by t ost govts. Sya, spcally, would ak gat us o ts PLA uts. I
ad at stoc battls:
197 t st astly patd Sya Ay taks ud
Ayn Jalut, basd Gaza, t adstd by t coad o t PLA to Joda to ad t Palsta gullas dug t Black Sptb gtg. AEgypt.
t tatoal pssus, ad tats o tvto
Qadisiyyah, ogally basd Ia, but tasd o bot Isal ad t USA, ty w ocd to tu
back; a baasst wc would cotbut gatly
to Joda 1967.
to t ovtow o t g o Sala Jadd by Haz
Hattin, basd Sya.
al-Assad.[2]
Ts bgads w sta d by Palsta ugs ud t cotol o t ost couts, wo would po
t ltay svc ts uts stad o t ost
couts gula ad ocs. Foally, t PLA was
ud t coad o t PLO s Mltay Dpatt,
but pactc, o o t govts volvd lusd cotol o t bgads.
At ts lagst, t PLA copsd gt bgads wt
a total o so 12, uod solds. Ty w
uppd wt sall as, otas, ockt laucs,
wld aod psol cas ad T-34 taks.
Howv, t PLA was v dployd t o o a
Dug t Lbas Cvl Wa, Sya lkws ad xtsv us o t PLA as a poxy oc, cludg agast
t PLO (t PLA owv povd ulabl w odd to gt ot Palstas, ad su d o ass
dctos). T PLA was lagly dstoyd as a gtg oc dug t 1982 Isal vaso o sout
Lbao tat statd t 1982 Lbao Wa.[2] Its gts Lbao lt o Tus w t PLO vacuatd
But tat ya, a US-sposod cas agt. T Egypta PLA was also dployd Lbao
1976, at Palsta lad Yass Aaat ad appoacd t Egypta psdt Awa Sadat, to d
latos daagd by Sadat s pacakg attpts wt
57
58
CHAPTER 13. PALESTINE LIBERATION ARMY
Isal. Stll, t Egypta uts v povd as potat

as t ully dployd Sya PLA.
13.4
The PLA today
PLA solds lat bca t co o t Palsta Autoty's (PNA) Natoal Guad, at t sgg o t
1993 Oslo Accods, w ty w allowd to t t
Palsta Ttos to tak up postos t PNA
scuty svcs.
T Sya PLA as opato, closly coodatd wt t Sya-cotolld as-Sa'a acto o t
PLO, altoug t potac o bot as dsd.
T PLA as b bult ad Palsta ugs
Sya a stll datd to po t ltay svc
ts aks. Toug copltly sta d by Palstas,
t as outsd o t PLO s cotol, ad s ct
tgatd to t Sya Ay. Nvtlss, t poss
as a dpdt tty, ad occasoally ogazs pogovt alls clbatg Sya cott to t
Palsta caus.[2]
Rctly, wt t stablst o t Palst Natoal Autoty (PNA), potat pats o tos bgads
Egypt ad Joda w absobd to t PNA scuty ocs. It s potd tat appoxatly 4,5 PLA
bs a Sya.[3] Dug t Sya Cvl Wa,
at last 17 PLA solds ad 6 o cs w klld, wt
t gst akg atalty bg a Bgad Gal,
Awa al-Saa.[4][5]
13.5
See also
Aab Isal co ct
Isal Palsta co ct
Mltay o Palst
Sla Ogazatos:
Aab Lbato Ay
Ay o t Holy Wa
13.6
Notes
Ts atcl copoats publc doa atal o

wbsts o docuts o t Lbay o Cogss Couty Studs.
[1] Haas slas kllg o Palsta toops Sya . Al
Akba. 16 July 212. Rtvd 21 Dcb 213.
[2] Aab As o t Mddl East Was 1948-73. Jo La Ospy M at As Ss 128, 1982 ad 2, ISBN
85454514
[3] ttp:www.globalscuty.ogltaywoldpaapla.
t
palstas--sya-daw-to-t-volc.tl?
pagwatd1&_
[5] ttp:www.scoop.co.zstosWO127S485
aas-slas-kllg-o-palsta-toops--sya.t

Yzd Sayg, 'Escalato o Cotat? Egypt
ad t Palst Lbato Ay, 1964 67,'
Itatoal Joual o Mddl East Studs, Vol.
3, Issu 1, 1998, pp97 116.
13.8 External links

PLA at Global Scuty
Palst Lbato Ay lad Yass ARAFAT
Chapter 14
Syrian Resistance
Not to b cousd wt Sya opposto.
[2] al-Ta, Ay Jawad. A Cas Study o T Sya Rsstac, a Po-Assad Mlta Foc . Syria Comment. Rtvd 24 Sptb 213.
T Syrian Resistance (Muqwamat al-Sriyah Aabc:

o TSR, oly kow as t Popular
Front for the Liberation of the Liwa of Iskandarun
(
), s a pogovt Sya ad goup opatg Notwst
Sya, clag a Maxst Lst dology.[2]
[4] Ma Ual, a a wt a log stoy o tos . Todayszaa.co. 14 May 213. Rtvd 11 Dcb
213.
14.1
[5] Goup ts to cut Hatay Alvs to Assad ay .

Today s Zaa. 3 Sptb 212. Rtvd 28 Apl
214.
History
T ovt s ld by Ma Ual, a Tuks Alawt wo as Sya ctzsp.[4] Accodg to Today s

Zaman, Ual was t lad o a cladst sugt
cll Hatay Povc calld t Tuks Popls Lbato Paty-Fot Acilciler ( T Ugt Os ). Zaman ut allgd tat Ual s goup as sougt to agtat Hatay s szabl Alawt populato to cootato
wt t Tuks autots ad as also cutd local
Alawts to gt Sya o bal o t govt.[5]
Toug t goup oply spouss a boadly-clusv
plato o Sya atoals addto to scula lts, t as b clad tat ts pay ocus s t
dc o t Alawt ad Twlv S a lgous ots t couty.[2] T Sya Rsstac as b
accusd by t Sya opposto o bg a sctaa
Alawt lta, ad o avg cad out bobgs
Tuky ad attacks o vllags Sya.[6][7] Howv,
Sk Muwa a al-Gazal, a b o t Islac
Alaw Coucl, clas t as a clusv atoal l.[8]
14.2
[3] Albayak, Ayd. Ma Ual, a a wt a log stoy

o tos . Today s Zaman. Rtvd 3 August 213.
[6] Rs o t ltas . Now.da.. 17 May 213.

Rtvd 11 Dcb 213.
[7] Jos Lads, Sya Cot, May 13,213
[8] Sya: Sculas Taks a Backsat Lataka . Al
Akba Egls. 11 May 213. Rtvd 11 Dcb
213.
14.4 External links
See also
14.3
References
[1] Lud, Ao (23 July 213). Gags o Lataka: T Mlta cato o t Assad Rg . Sya Cot. Rtvd 24 July 213.
59
Sya Rsstac o cal wbst

Sya Rsstac o Facbook (Aabc)
THKP-C Acilciler blog
Chapter 15
Kata'ib Hezbollah
For other uses of Hezbollah, see
Hezbollah (disambiguation).
Kata'ib Hezbollah (KH) o Hezbollah Battalions s a
S'a Ia Isugt goup wc as b actv sc 4
ots bo t bgg o t Ia Wa (altoug
t st attack was o Octob 23), ot to b cousd wt t Lbas ltat goup Hzbolla. It s
sad to b a o soot o t "Spcal Goups", wc a
t Iaa backd lts o t Mad Ay. Kata'b
Hzbolla s a spaat ad dpdt ogazato ad
ot pat o t Mad Ay ad ts Spcal Goups. Accodg to t Aca ocs t cvs udg, tag, logstcs, ad atal o Ia s Quds Foc, clas
wc a dd by Ia.[3] Abu Mad al-Muads, a
advs to Ia s Quds Foc s kow to b a so advs to Kata'b Hzbolla. T US stat dpatt as
also clad Hzbolla povdd wapos ad tag
o t goup.[4] T goup s kow o uploadg ts
vdos o attacks o Aca ocs o t tt.[5]
dvduals assssd to b y cobatats, t ltay

sad a statt. Altoug t Povcal Ia o cals sad ay o t dad w oct bystads, ad
dadd copsato. Ty sad gt popl w
klld.[1]
O 13 July 21 Gal Ray Odo ad t S't
lta Kata'b Hzballa, wc t U.S. Stat Dpatt says as ts to Lbao s Hzbolla, as t goup
bd t tats. I t last coupl wks t s b
a casd tat ... ad so w'v casd ou scuty o so o ou bass, Odo told pots at a
b g Bagdad.[11]
O 21 July 21 Ia s suppotg t St goups
Ia tat av b attptg to attack US bass,
Gal Ray Odo sad. Kata'b Hzbolla s o o
ts goups ad t ot goups a Asa'b Al alHa (Lagu o t Rgtous), ad t Posd Day
Bgads.[12]
A Ia tllgc o cal statd t goup s sz at

I Su 28 US ad Ia Focs laucd a cack- 1, gts ad sad t ltats w pad btw
[13][14]
dow agast Kata'b Hzbolla (ad t Spcal Goups). 3 to 5 p ot.
At last 3 o ts bs w captud dug tos
ots. May o t goup s lads w captud ad
us o cals cla tat as sult uc o t ladsp 15.1 Recent activity
d to Ia .[6][7]
O 2 July 29 t goup was addd to t "U.S. Stat

Dpatt lst o Fog Tost Ogazatos". T
goup s ld sposbl o uous IED bobgs,
ota, ockt ad RPG attacks as wll as sp opatos, tagtg US ad Ia Focs ad t G Zo,
cludg a Novb 28 ockt attack tat klld two
U.N. woks.[8]
I Dcb, 29, t goup tcptd t ucyptd vdo d o MQ-1 Pdato UAVs abov
Ia.[9]
12 Fbuay 21 a gt wt suspctd bs o
Kata'b Hzballa, a goup tat t U.S. Stat Dpatt
says as ts to Lbao s Hzbolla, occud 265 k
(165 ) soutast o Bagdad a vllag a t Iaa bod, t U.S. ltay sad. Twlv popl w
astd, t sad. T jot scuty ta was d upo
by dvduals dspsd ultpl sdtal buldgs
... bs o t scuty ta tud , kllg -
Wat al-Batat, a o Kata'b Hzbolla lad, aoucd t cato o a w Sa lta, Mukta

Ay, o 4 Fbuay 213, sayg ts a s to dd
Sts ad lp t govt cobat tos.[15]
I 214 t was potd t goup ad cvd clos a
suppot o t U.S. A Foc dug t Iaa-ld
tvto Ia. [16]
15.2 See also
Mad Ay
Bad Ogazato
Hzbolla
Mukta Ay
15.3
References
[1] Goup Po l Kata'b Hzbolla (pag 7), 5 Mac 21

[2] Rya, Mssy; Mos, Lovday (27 Dcb 214).
T U.S. ad Ia a algd Ia agast t Islac
Stat
o ow . Washington Post. Rtvd 3 Jauay
215.
[3] Coalto ocs captu Hzbolla Bgads opatv
Bagdad, 31 July 28
[4] Googl Nws US puts sactos o Ia St goup, Ia
advs, 2 July 29
[5] Hzbolla Bgads popagada spcalst captud
Bagdad, 21 July 28
[6] Googl Nws US says v Iaa poxy sugts ld
Ia, 27 Sptb 28
[7] Ia, US ocs kp pssu o t Mad Ay, 21
July 28
[8] Ruts U.S. dclas Ia-basd goup og tost
ogazato, 2 July 29
[9] Ho a, Mcal; Rd, Jo; Gould, Jo (2 Dcb
29), Fxs o t way o oscu UAV lks , Navy
Times, tvd 21 Dcb 29
[1] Fv klld as U.S., Ia toops ad bod vllag .
Reuters. 12 Fbuay 21.
[11] Ia-backd oc tats U.S. Ia bass - gal .
Reuters. 13 July 21.
[12] ttp:www.googl.coostdwsapatcl
ALM5jCA6GsEI3-z4AG8Z2Cu4kV3Q
[13] Pt Fdly Vso . Rtvd 7 Novb 214.
[14] Egls yout cats Iaa wogly tougt was
pyg o kds . Rtvd 7 Novb 214.
[15] ttp:gls.alaabya.tatcls213227268685.
tl
[16] Roggo, Bll (1 Sptb 214). US add Hzbolla
Bgads bakg Islac Stat sg o Ia tow .
Long War Journal. Publc Multda. Rtvd 3
Sptb 214.
Picture of the Group s Logo

Kata b Hzbolla ad t Itcat Wb o Iaa
Mltay Ivolvt Ia
15.4
External links
15.4.1 O cial site

Kata'b Hzbolla
61
Chapter 16
Ba'ath Brigades
T Ba'ath Brigades (Aabc: Kat'ib alBath), also kow as t Ba'ath Battalions, a a volut lta ad up o Sya Ba'at Paty bs, alost tly Su Musls, loyal to t Sya Govt.[4] It was st up Alppo ud t
coad o Hlal Hlal, t cut Assstat Rgoal
Sctay, at bls took ost o t ast al o
Alppo su 212. Itally, t Ba'at Bgads
w usd to guad govt buldgs ad ot ky
stallatos t cty, but t ol as xpadd as
t stgt as gow o 5, bs Novb 212 to 7, Dcb 213.[1][5] Uts sc
av also od Lataka ad Tatus. At t d o
213, t Bgads bga dployg Daascus, taskd
wt ag cckpots ad coductg lgt logstcal opatos .[3] Ty spaadd t assault o t
Old Cty o Alppo aly 214.[4]
16.1
See also
Aab Socalst Ba'at Paty Sya Rgo

16.2
References
[1] Ao Lud (13 Jauay 214). T Baat Battalos

Mov Ito Daascus . Cag Edowt o Itatoal Pac. Rtvd 15 Jauay 214.
[2] Vta Baat bs stabls po-Assad lta to
gt opposto
[3] ( Aabc). Al Akba. 3

Dcb 213. Rtvd 14 Jauay 214.
[4] Edwad Dak (14 Mac 214). Po-g Su gts Alppo dy sctaa aatv . Al Moto. Rtvd 2 Mac 214.
[5] Edwad Dak (2 Novb 213). Sya Baat lta

coad gos ags-to-cs . Al Monitor. Rtvd 7
Jauay 214.
62
Chapter 17
Fatah al-Intifada
Fatah al-Intifada (Aabc, Fatah Uprising,
) s a Palsta ltat acto oudd by
Col. Sad al-Muaga, btt kow as 'Abu Musa'. T
goup s ot d to as t 'Abu Musa Facto'. Ocally t s to tsl as t Palestinian National Liberation Movement - Fatah ("
"), t dtcal a o t ajo Fata ovt. Fata al-Itada s ot pat o t
PLO.
17.1
History
17.1.1 Rupture with PLO

Ogally pat o Fata, Fata al-Itada bok away
o t ogazato 1983, dug t PLO s patcpato t Lbas Cvl Wa. T splt was
du to d cs btw Abu Musa ad Yass Aaat
ov a ub o ssus, cludg ltay dcsos ad
coupto. Fata al-Itada was od wt Sya
suppot ad uckly attactd a ub o Palsta
gullas dsllusod wt Aaat s ol Fata ad t
Palst Lbato Ogazato (PLO). T was also
a poltcal dso: t ogazato took a o ltst
vw ta t gally apoltcal Fata, ad usd socalst
pasology. Abu Musa s kow to av advocatd t
vw tat t Lbas Cvl Wa was ot a sctaa coct, but a o o class wa. Sya povdd xtsv
backg as t Abu Musa ocs attackd Aaat loyalsts
Fata, wl sval adcal PLO ogazatos t
Rjctost Fot stayd o t sdls. T gtg
ld to avy losss o bot sds, ad lpd Sya xtd
ts uc to Palsta-ld aas o Lbao.
Sa'a, Aal, t Sya PLA ad pats o t PLF, t

PLO was gadually xplld o Lbao t d-to
lat 198s. By tat t Fata al-Itada ad b ducd to a o pat o Sya s twok o lta poxs, wt lttl o o dpdt dcso-akg.
17.1.3 Decline
By t lat 198s, Fata al-Itada ad a b appoct wt Aaat s Fata, but du to ts opposto to t
Oslo Accods, ad gally poo latos btw t
PLO ad t Assad g, Fata al-Itada as ot b
abl to scu a ol today s Palsta poltcs. Istad t as a o acto t Palsta ug
caps o Sya ad Lbao, w t was abl to ogaz ud t ublla o t Sya ltay psc utl ts d 25. It as vy uc a pat
o Sya-sposod ots to uc Palsta poltcs, gulaly backg Sya tatvs ad bg a co
b o a Sya-ld coalto o Palsta goups
basd Daascus.
17.2 Leadership
Abu Musa was t lad o t goup utl s dat
213. T post o Sctay-Gal s ow ld by
Abu Haz, wl Abu Fad Haad acts as Rgoal
Sctay-Gal o Lbao.
17.3 Militant activities
Dug t 198s, Fata al-Itada cottd a ub o attacks o Isal, cludg o Isal cvlas, but
t as ot b volvd volc agast Isal sc
I 1985-88, Fata al-Itada took pat t Wa o sot bo t Oslo Accods 1993.
t caps, a Sya attpt to oot out t PLO o
ts ug cap stogolds backd by t St Aal
lta ad so Palsta jctost actos. At
a jot ot by t Sya Ay ad a ub o Pals- 17.4 See also
ta ad Lbas goups cotolld o suppotd by
Daascus, cludg Fata al-Itada, t PFLP-GC, as-
17.1.2 War of the camps
63
64
17.5
CHAPTER 17. FATAH AL-INTIFADA
References
[1] Nala Kall (25 Sptb 213). Is Fata s Ad

Wg Makg Coback?". Al Moto. Rtvd 13
Fbuay 214.
[2] Aaat s Dssdts: Callg to Abu Maz? Ds
Updat, 17 Fbuay 25
[3] Raca Ab Hada (12 Fbuay 214). T Dal
Yaouk: Ed o t Tagdy o Epty Wods?". Al
Akba. Rtvd 14 Fbuay 214.
17.6
External links
Ct o Palsta Mda Studs - Fata alItada O cal Fata al-Itada wbst
Chapter 18
Arab Democratic Party (Lebanon)

T Arab Democratic Party ADP (Aabc:
| Al-Hizb Al-'Arabi Al-Dimuqrati) o Parti

Dmocratique Arabe (PDA) Fc, s a Lbas
paty, basd Tpol. Its cut lad s Raat Ed.
18.1
Origins
o ts x-coalto pats wt to o 1982 t ADP,

coosg t Su Musl lawy Nassb Al-Katb as
t st Sctay-Gal, lat placd by Al Ed
1985. I t pocss, t AYM was absobd to t
w paty ad bca ts yout bac.
18.2 The ADP in the civil war 19821990

Fut oato: Bab al-Tabba Jabal Mos
co ct
Wdly gadd as a Sya-backd poxy oc, t
ADP ad ts Rd Kgts battld sval Tpol-basd
actos ostl to Daascus psc Lbao,
patcula t Su Islac U cato Movt,
(Aabc: al-Tawhid)[2][3][4] sc 1981-82, wc ty
suppssd wt t lp o t Sya ay, t poSya Sya Socal Natoalst Paty ad Baat Paty
actos ad t Lbas Coust Paty (LCP)
1985-86.[5][6]
Ali Eid in 2008
T ADP tacd back ts ogs to a al ltst studts ogazato calld t Alawite Youth Movement
| Harakat al AYM (Aabc:
Shabab al-Alawiyya) o Mouvement de la Jeunesse
Alaouite (MJA) Fc, ogally od 1972 at
Tpol by Al Ed, a o tac. As ts a pls, t AYM dw ts suppot o t Sa Alawt
sct oty o Lbao, v cvg t psoal
backg o Ra at al-Assad,[1] Sya s vc-psdt at
t t ad sl a b o tat sct. Dug t
aly wa yas, t AYM kpt tsl outsd t LNMPLO allac, but 1977-78 t ovt jod t
Patriotic Opposition Front POF, a po-Sya ultcossoal coalto o Lbas otabls ad actvsts
oudd Tpol by t MP Talal El-Mb (lctd
1972), Soual Haada, Rasd Al-Muad, Gog
Moua, ad Nassb Al-Katb, wt Al Ed bg
lctd vc-psdt o t w oato.
T ADPARK also jod t LNRF (Jaoul) gulla allac Sptb 1982 to gt t Isal occupato o sout Lbao ad lat ts succsso,
t wd Sya-sposod Lbas Natoal Salvato
Fot (LNSF) July 1983 agast t Aca-backd
govt o Psdt A Gayl.I 1988-199
ty suppotd t palat-basd povsoal govt o Sl al-Hoss agast G. Mcl Aou s ltay t govt.
18.2.1 Military structure and organization
T ADP asd July 1981 wt Sya suppot ts ow

lta,[7] t Arab Red Knights ARK (Aabc: Alal-Arabi al-Hammur Fursan) o Red Knights o sot.
Tad by Ra at s Ds Copas , ty w
also kow as t Pink Panthers du to t gad aspby-colod caou ag uos.[8][9] CoHowv, tal dsagts soo ld to t dssolu- add by Al Ed t ARK was about 1,-stog, oto o t allac at t aly 198s, w Ed ad so gazd to aty, sgals, dcal ad Mltay Po65
66
CHAPTER 18. ARAB DEMOCRATIC PARTY (LEBANON)
lc bacs , plus a otozd cops ad o gutucks (Sataa 88 Lgo Mlta jps ad Lad-Rov
ss II-III ad Toyota Lad Cus (J4) lgt pckups) uppd wt avy ac gus, collss s
ad At-Acat autocaos. T ADPARK opatd aly ot Lbao, wt ts a stogold
t adjact Alawt-populatd Jabal Mus, a sububa statgc g goud aa ovlookg t wol
cty o Tpol toug ty also clad to cotol so
o t Alawt vllags o t Akka go gt up to t
Lbas-Sya bod.
18.3
The post-war years
At t d o t cvl st Octob 199, t ADP

was dsad ad ts lad Al Ed was lctd 1991
to t wly stablsd Alawt sat t Lbas Palat. Po to ts, o Alawt ad b lctd to t
Lbas palat.[1] T Paty ss to av vsd
ts tadtoal po-Sya stac t 199s, avou
o a odat, cautous utalst postu t cut
sp o Lbao s tal poltcs.
I 25 t was uoud tat Ra'at al-Assad was vvg t Rd Kgts lta Tpol.[11] It ad dug t 27 Lbao co ct, at t was vald tat
t Islast goup Fata al-Isla ad plad to attack
t Alaws o Tpol.[12] It was actv dug t 28
Lbao co ct, ow ld by Al Ed s so Raat, bg btw 1, ad 2, stog. Dug t
28 co ct, w Sus ad Sas ougt tougout
Lbao, Raat sad a tvw: W' t ost
covt tagts, t stad- o Hzbolla, ou pobl ca oly b solvd w t Sts ad Sus solv
ts. [13] As ay as 9. Alaws d t os dug t co ct.[14]
18.4
Syrian Civil War
Fut oato:
Lbao
Sya Cvl Wa spllov
Dug t Sya cvl wa, spllov o tat co ct

as ld to ut tsos btw t ADP ad suoudg Su ltats.[15]
18.5 See also

Lbas Cvl Wa
18.6 References
[1] Raat oudd t Rd Kgts ot Lbao
t aly 197s ad ty w vtually stutal lpg Yass Aaat to slp by sa to Tpol
1983... Naat
[2] Spoadc gtg Tpol btw t Alawt ADP
ocs ad at-Sya Su Mosl goups as cotud tougout t 198s. Op co ct btw t
ADP ad at-Sya Su goups bok out t stts
o Tpol 1981-82, lagly spos to t co ct
Sya btw t Su ajoty ad t Alawts wo
costtut t ulg lt. "
[3] Has Maa: F at Last (Sptb 2)
[4] ttp:www.dastoto.ogssus8888_2.
t
[5] O'Ballac, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 171.
[6] Middle East Contemporary Survey. Googl Books. Rtvd 13 Octob 212.
[7] O'Ballac, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 11.
[8] "... t po-Sya Aab Docatc Paty, wos lta a sots calld t Pk Pats bcaus o
t aspby-colod atgus...
[9] Jas Klly, His Brother s keeper, TIME agaz, Dcb 19, 1983, p. 21 (box).
[1] ttp:www.cssgoup.og{daFlsMddl%
2East%2Not%2AcaIa%2Sya%
2LbaoLbao96%2Lbaos%2Poltcs%
2-%2T%2Su%2Couty%2ad%
2Has%2Futu%2Cut.asx
[11] Psdt Basa Assad s xld ucl, Raat Assad, s
actvatg s Rd Kgts dssdt ogazato
Alawt-populatd gos suoudg t ot pot
cty o Tpol at t dowall o Sya s 29-ya cotol
o Lbao, A Naa potd o Suday.
[12] ttp:www.dastoto.ogssus8888_2.
t_t1
I 29 Mac 214, Raat ad Al Ed Lt Lbao to
Sya, owv, uos w cculatd tat Raat Ed
[13] Wllas, Dal (29 Sptb 28).
wll tavl o Sya to t Utd Stats o Aca.
Tpol Tuol Icass Rsk o a Su-St Wa Lbao .

Bloomberg. Rtvd 13 Octob 212.
Ad o Apl 1, 214, t Lbas Mltay Ivstgatv Judg Ryad Abu Gayda ssud a ast waat
absta o t po-Assad gu Raat Ed ad 11 o [14] Robt Fsk (15 August 28). Al-Qa'da sds ts waos o Ia to wag 'jad' Lbao . The Indepens assocats ov t allgd volvt class
dent. Rtvd 13 Octob 212.
t ot cty o Tpol. Abu Gayda s waats a
basd o atcls t Pal Cod tat could lad to t [15] ttp:www.aat.costos
119446-aab-docatc-paty-ocal-sot-dad--tpol-ad-la-up
dat palty.
18.7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
18.7
Bibliography
Ds Aou, Histoire du Liban contemporain:

Tome 2 1943-1990, Fayad, Pas 25. ISBN 9782-213-61521-9 ( Fc)
Edga O'Ballac, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92,
Palgav Maclla, 1998 ISBN -333-72975-7
Fawwaz Tabouls, Identits et solidarits croises
dans les con its du Liban contemporain; Chapitre
12: L'conomie politique des milices: le phnomne
ma eux, Ts d Doctoat d'Hsto 1993, Uvst d Pas VIII, 27 ( Fc)
Moustaa El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun
Trucks, Blu Stl books, Sdo 28. ISBN 9953-1256-8
Rx By, Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in
Lebanon, Bould: Wstvw Pss, 199.
Robt Fsk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War, Lodo: Oxod Uvsty Pss, (3d d. 21).
ISBN -19-2813-9
Sa Kasss, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in
Lebanon, But: Elt Goup, 23.
67
Chapter 19
Houthis
T Houthis (Aabc: al- thiyyn), also kow
as t Partisans of God (
Ansar Allah) o
Believing Youth (BY;
ash-Shabb alM min) a a Zad Sa sugt goup opatg
Y.
By 9 Novb 211, Houts w sad to b cotol o two Y govoats (Saada ad Al Jaw) ad

clos to takg ov t td govoat (Hajja),[22]
wc would abl t to lauc a dct assault o
Y captal Saa'a.[23] By May 212, t was potd
tat
Houts cotolld a ajoty o Saada, Al Jaw ad
T goup taks ts a o Huss Baddd alHajja
govoats, ad gad accss to t Rd Sa
Hout, t o coad, wo was potdly
ad
ad
statd ctg bacads ot o t captal
klld by Y ay ocs Sptb 24.[12]
Saa'a
ppaato o w co ct.[24]
Sval ot coads, cludg, Al al-Qatwa,
Abu Had, Abbas Ada ad Yousu al-Mada (a so- By 21 Sptb 214, Houts w sad to cotol pats
law o Huss al-Hout) av also b klld by o t Y captal Saaa cludg govt buldY ocs.[13] T Hout bots at Baddd gs ad a ado stato.[25] As o Jauay 215 Houts
al-Hout s sad to b t sptual lad o t goup.[14] ad cotol o t captal, Saaa, ad ot tows
suc as Rada Cty Al Bayda' Govoat, but cotol
was stogly callgd by Al-Qada. It was blvd by
Wst stats ad Saud Aaba tat t Houts ad ac19.1 History
cptd ad o Ia wl Saud Aaba was adg t
Y vals.[26]
T Hout ovt bga as t Blvg Yout
(BY), wc was oudd 1992 Saada Govoat[15]:18 by t Hout aly b 19.2 Membership
Muaad al-Hout,[16]:98 o s bot Huss
al-Hout.[17] T BY stablsd scool clubs ad
T s a d c btw t al-Hout aly, wc
su caps[16]:98 od to poot a Zad val
as about twty bs[16]:12 ad t Hout ov Saada.[17] By1994 1995, 15 2, studts ad
t, wc took t a Hout at t dat o
attdd BY su caps.[16]:99
Huss Baddd al-Hout 24.
At t 23 vaso o Ia, BY-a latd yout bMbsp o t goup ad btw 1, ad 3,
ga catg at-Aca ad at-Jws slogas
gts as o 25[27] ad btw 2, ad 1,
t Saaa gad osu at Fday pays. Ts ld
gts as o 29.[28] I t Yemen Post t was clad,
to cootato wt govt, ad 8 BY suppotowv, tat ty ad ov 1, gts.[29] Acs w astd Saaa 24. Psdt Al Abdulcodg to Hout Expt Ad Al-Ba t Houts
la Sal t vtd Huss al-Hout to a tg
ad a total o 1,-12, ollows, cludg bot
Saaa, but Huss dcld, so o 18 Ju 24 Sal
ad gts ad uad loyalsts.[3]
st govt ocs to ast Huss.[18] Huss spodd by laucg a sugcy agast t govt, but was klld o 1 Sptb 24.[19] T sugcy cotud ttttly utl a cas ag- 19.3 Ideology
t was acd 21.[2]
T Houts patcpatd t 211 Y Rvoluto as wll as t sug Natoal Dalogu Coc (NDC). Howv, ty jctd t povsos o t
Novb 211 Gul Co-opato Coucl dal, wc
cludd uty o o psdt Sal ad t stablst o a coalto govt.[21]
Houts blog to t Zad bac o Sa Isla, also

kow as Fvs, a sct o Isla alost xclusvly
pst Y. Ty a dstct o t S't ajoty, t Twlvs oud aly Ia, Lbao ad
Ia ad a kow o bg ost sla to Su Musls atts o lgous law ad ulgs. Ty do ow-
68
69
19.6. ADMINISTRATION
v, blv t cocpt o a Iaat as bg s- t dcso ad to dad sgato o t custal to t lgo, wc aks t dstct o bt govt o Abd Rabbu Masu Had o statcoupto .[44] Tousads o Ys spodd to t
Sus.[31]
T Houts av asstd tat t actos a o t Hout Lad, Abdul Malk al-Hout s call to ct
out st-s ad ogaz acs t
dc o t couty o wdspad ad sys- tts, cay
[45]
captal.
tatc dscato, was t Y govt
as tu accusd t sugts o tdg to ovtow t g out o a ds to sttut Zad Sa

lgous law,[32] dstablsg t govt ad stg
at-Aca stt.[33] T Houts av told popl ty a payg t wog way by asg t
as, as s t custo aog Sus Y[34]
19.6 Administration
T Y govt as also accusd t Houts

o avg ts to xtal backs, patcula t Iaa govt, as Ia s a Sa-ajoty couty.[35] I
tu, t Houts av coutd wt allgatos tat t
Y govt s bg backd by vultly atSa xtal backs suc as al-Qada ad t oacy o Saud Aaba,[36][37][38] dspt t act tat o
Psdt Al Abdulla Sal was also Zad.[39]
19.4
Leaders
Dark red=full control, Red=partial control, light red=active
Huss Baddd al-Hout - Ex-lad (klld T Houts dpdt adstato cluds t ol24)
lowg ttos:
Abdul-Malk Baddd al-Hout - Lad
Yaa Baddd al Hout - So Lad
Abdul-Ka Baddd al-Hout - Hg akg
coad
Bad Edd al-Hout - Sptual Lad (dd
21)
Abdulla al-Ruza - Ex-ltay coad
Abu Al Abdulla al-Hak al-Hout - Mltay
coad
Moad Abdulsala
Sal Haba - Poltcal lad[4]
Fas Maa - Hout appotd govo o
Saada[41] ad o ad o Sal s Psdtal
cott[42]
All o Saada Governorate[46]

Pats o 'Amran Governorate cludg:
Ha Suya Dstct[47]
Hut Dstct[48]
Saaa Dstct[49]
Rayda Dstct[5]
Majoty o Al Jawf Governorate,[51] cludg:
Al Haz Dstct (psc)[52]
Al Mato Dstct[53][54]
Az Za Dstct[53][55]
Al Mataa Dstct[53]
4% o Hajjah Governorate,[56] cludg:
Kula As Saa Dstct[57]
Al Maabsa Dstct (patal cotol)[58]
19.5
Campaign methods
Houts ad t assv bas o suppot ly aly

o pacul tods o capag ost otably cvl dsobdc. I a w ss o potsts wc was povokd by Ys govt s dcso July 13, 214
to cas ul pcs,[43] Hout lads succdd to
ogaz assv alls t captal Sa'a to potst
Abs Dstct (patal cotol)[59]

Asl Dstct (patal cotol)[59]
Kaya Al Muaa Dstct (patal
cotol)[59]
Ku'ayda Dstct (patal cotol)[58]
Kusa Dstct (patally cotol)[6]
Md Dstct (patal cotol)[59]
CHAPTER 19. HOUTHIS

Mustaba Dstct (patal cotol)[61]
[12] Dats Y osu blast. Al Jaza. 2 May 28.

[58]
Qa Sa Dstct (patal cotol)
[13] Pss TV Saud sold, Hout lads klld ot

Y, 19 Novb 29
As Sal Dstct (patal cotol)[62]

Wasa Dstct (patal cotol)[61]
Pats o Sana'a Governorate cludg stog psc :
Kwla Dstct[63]
Saa Dstct[63]
Saa'a cty[63]
Pats o Al Mahwit Governorate cludg stog
psc :
Sba Kawkaba Dstct[63]
19.7
See also
[16] Rg ad Ppy Not Y: T Hut

Poo . RAND. 21. Rtvd 23 Jauay
213.
BBC. 3 Octob
[18] Y: T co ct Saada Govoat - aalyss .

IRIN. 24 July 28. Rtvd 29 Novb 214.
[19] Y ocs kll bl clc . BBC News. 24-9-1.
Rtvd 29 Novb 214.
Hout bllo
[2] Sad Al Batat (21 August 214). Wo a t Houts

Y?". BBC. Rtvd 29 Novb 214.
214 Y ust
[21] T Huts: Fo Saada to Saaa . Itatoal Css

Goup. 1 Ju 214. Rtvd 29 Novb 214.
References
[1] Soloo, Al B (31 May 213). Rpot: Y

Houts gtg o Assad Sya . The Jerusalem Post.
Rtvd 6 Ju 213.
[2] Bao, Ada (3 Octob 212). Ys suspct Ia s
ad s o St bls . Christian Science Monitor.
Rtvd 2 Ju 214.
[3] Houts clbat bt o Popt Muaad . Al
Jazeera. 25 Jauay 213. Rtvd 12 July 214.
[4] Y says Hout bl lad ay b dad . Reuters.
27 Dcb 29. Rtvd 24 Sptb 214.
[5] Wat s t Hout Movt?". 25 Sptb 214.
Rtvd 2 Sptb 214.
[6] Houts gtg Wst pals . Jauay 13,
214. Rtvd 2 Sptb 214.
[7] Hout logo says Da t Jws"". 3 Dcb 212.
Rtvd 2 Sptb 214.
[8] Houts Kll 24 Not Y, 27, Novb, 211
[22] Houts Clos to Cotol Hajja Govoat, Ad Expctatos o Expaso o Cotol ov Lag Pats o
Not Y . Isla Ts. 29 Novb 211. Rtvd 23 Novb 213.
[23] Al-Hout Expaso Pla Y Rvald . Y
Post. Rtvd 23 Jauay 213.
[24] Nw wa wt al-Houts s loog . Y obsv.
Rtvd 23 Jauay 213.
[25] Houts sz govt buldgs Saaa .
Jaza. Rtvd 21 Sptb 214.
Al
[26] Ka Fa (Jauay 7, 215). Volc Gows

Y as Al Qada Ts to Fgt Its Way Back . The
New York Times (T Ts Copay). Rtvd Jauay 8, 215.
[27] Plps, Saa (28 July 25). Cacks t Y Syst. Mddl East Rpot Ol.
[28] Pty tos caugt t ddl . The Economist. 19
Novb 29.
[29] Tousads Expctd to d 21 Fgt agast AlQada . Y post. Rtvd 23 Jauay 213.
[9] Al-Qada Aoucs Holy Wa agast Houts

[1]
[15] Fa, Jack (29). T al Hout Isugcy t

Not o Y: A Aalyss o t Sabab al Mou . Studies in Con ict & Terrorism 32 (11): 18
119. do:1.181576193262716. ISSN 15761X.
[17] Y s Abd-al-Malk al-Hout .

214. Rtvd 29 Novb 214.
19.8
[14] Jo Pk.
al-Sabab al-Mu? Sabab alMou (Blvg Yout)". Global Scuty. Rtvd 23 Jauay 213.
"
.
."
Rtvd 14 Novb 214.
[11] ARIEL BEN SOLOMON (31 May 213). Rpot:

Y Houts gtg o Assad Sya . Jusal
Post. Rtvd 5 Ju 213.
[3] Ad Al-Ba: Expt Hout A as, 1 Apl 21

[31] Pk, Jo. Zayd Isla . http://www.globalsecurity.org/
military/intro/islam-zaydi.htm.
[32] Dadly blast stks Y osu . BBC Nws. 2 May
28. Rtvd 11 Novb 29.
71

[33] Sulta, Nabl (1 July 24). Rbls av Y o t
op. Asia Times Online.
[34] ,Y s wa: Pty tos caugt t ddl
[35] Cabl Vw . Wklaks. 17 Fbuay 21. Rtvd
23 Jauay 213.
[36] Saud, al-Qada suppot Y cackdow o Sas .
Pss TV. 29 August 29. Rtvd 1 Fbuay 21.
[37] Al-Qada Fgtg o Y Govt Agast
Hout Sa Rbls... . 29 Dcb 29. Rtvd
1 Fbuay 21.
[38] Y ploys al-Qada cas: Houts . Pss
TV. 28 Octob 29. Rtvd 1 Fbuay 21.
[57] Al-Hout Expaso Pla Y Rvald

[58] Tuc sook o btw Houts, Al-Sal tbs
Hajja . Y Ts. 3 August 212. Rtvd 23
Jauay 213.
[59] Y st: Iaa RG advsd Houts to cotol
Md pot . Y Fox. 18 Sptb 212. Rtvd
23 Jauay 213.
[6] Y Fox. Two Houts klld class wt Hajja
tbs . Rtvd 14 Novb 214.
[61] Y s Hut Movt t Wak o t Aab
Spg . Cobatg Tos Ct at Wst Pot. Rtvd 23 Jauay 213.
[39] Al Abdulla Sal Al-Aa . APS Review Downstream Trends. 26 Ju 26. Rtvd 7 Apl 211.
[62] Hout, tbs cootatos lav two wo dad;

locals a scalato to wa . T F Ol Lbay.
27 August 212. Rtvd 23 Jauay 213.
[4] Mtgs pus govt ad Houts clos towads

coclato"". Y Ts. 29 Mac 212. Rtvd 23 Jauay 213.
[63] Houts sk to tak cotol ov Saa'a . Y Fox.

22 Octob 212. Rtvd 23 Jauay 213.
[41] Mddl East . Aab Nws. Rtvd 23 Jauay 213.

[42] Saa a Cads to Pssuz Houts to Et Nw Dalogu Rouds . Y Post. Rtvd 23 Jauay 213.
[43] Ys potst ul pc ks sval cts .
PssTV. Rtvd 9 Sptb 214.
[44] 1s o Y s Houts potst Saa a . PssTV.
August 2, 214. Rtvd 9 Sptb 214.
[45] 1s o Ys stag assv at-govt
potst . PssTV. Aug 18, 214. Rtvd 9 Sptb 214.
[46] Y g loss gp o ou povcs
[47] Houts Expadg Outsd Sa ada
[48] (pag 14)
[49] "Hout ltats sto scool Aa .
Alsawa. 19 Dcb 211. Rtvd 23 Jauay
213.
[5] T Csta Scc Moto. Ys suspct Ia s
ad s o St bls . The Christian Science Monitor. Rtvd 14 Novb 214.
[51] Hak Alasa, Fo CNN (27 Novb 211).
Mdcs: Mltats ad Y tow, kllg dozs .
CNN. Rtvd 14 Novb 214.
[52] ttp:www.gba.codoc1G1-291146343.tl
[53] Hout Goup Bulds Cckpots at Dadly Ca
Bob Blast . Y Post. Rtvd 23 Jauay 213.
[54] Pckg up t pcs . Al Aa Wkly. 23 Novb
211. Rtvd 23 Jauay 213.
[55] 24 Houts Klld Ca Bob Blast Jaw
[56] Hout Fals Rvoluto Exa . Y Fox. 23
Novb 211. Rtvd 23 Jauay 213.
19.9 External links

O cal wb st (Aabc). Cutly ackd ad dacd, 928214.
Itvw wt xld Hout lad Ga Mddl East agaz zt
Chapter 20
Popular Committees (Syria)

T Popular Committees (also calld Lijan militias;
Aabc: al-Lijan al-Sha'biyah, ag popl s cotts ) w ltas tat gd Sya
dug t Sya cvl wa. Ty ogatd as gboood vglat goups t Csta, Duz ad
Alaw ad Sa Musl uats o Daascus ad lsw to pvt t ltato o Su-doatd bl
goups.[1] Howv, t Popula Cotts cludd a
sg cat ub o Su Musls as wll.
20.1 See also

20.2 References
T Popula Cotts w potdly ad by t

Sya govt ad ad cckpots aoud t
dstcts.[1] Ty w accusd by sdts o cayg out xtajudcal xcutos ad vg kllgs.[1]
Ruts uotd a Duz sdt o Jaaaa: "[T
govt] say t Ljas lp us potct ouslvs,
but ally ty just watd to lgt t sctaa us
Daascus .[1] StrategyPage clad tat t Sya Ay
o d wapos to oty couts cotstd
cts: t ots wll o sl-ds ltas
ad kp bls out, t Ay wll ot atlly at
tos gbooods .[2] Toy Bada o Now Lebanon
cotd: Assad sks to assbl t ots
aoud od to pst sl as t sol ad
uavodabl tlocuto o bal o ts sgts o
Sya socty, w as cultvatd loyal patcs .[3]
T Utd Stats as also accusd Ia o sttg up ad
tag Sa ltas Sya.[4]
I Alppo, so sdts clad tat t Sya Ay
ogazd a Csta lta dug gtg t August 212.[5] I t Jdd uat, t Csta lta
was allgdly t st to gt agast bls.[6] T day
at a bobg klld ou govt o cals, cludg t Gk Otodox Csta Sya Mst o Dc, Gal Dawoud Raja, t was potd by sdts tat at last 2 AK-47s w add out a Csta gboood o Daascus.[7]
Fo aoud d-212, udds o Popula Cotts ad ot gula paaltay goups w gd
to wat bca t Natoal Dc Foc, bgg
o ogasato to t goups ad subodatg t
wt t Sya scuty stuctus.[8]
72
[1] Isgt: Moty ltas st as o sctaa wa

Daascus . Ruts. Rtvd 212-9-8.
[2] T Bloody Log Sot . StrategyPage, 14 Sptb
212.
[3] Bada, Toy. T oty statgy . Now Lebanon, 8
Sptb 212.
[4] ttp:boaacty.co212285
[5] Mltas o as Alppo class stalat . UPI.co.
212-7-19. Rtvd 212-9-8.
[6] Slock, Rut (212-9-12). Sya: Cstas tak up
as o st t . Tlgap. Rtvd 213-9-3.
[7] Dag, Sa (212-7-23). Sya Co ct Daws I
Cstas - WSJ.co . Ol.wsj.co. Rtvd 2129-8.
[8] Lud, Ao (213-8-27).
T No-Stat Mltat
Ladscap Sya . CTC Stl. Rtvd 213-828.
Chapter 21
Revolutionary People s Liberation

PartyFront
T Revolutionary People s Liberation PartyFront,
(Tuks: Devrimci Halk Kurtulu Partisi-Cephesi o
DHKP/C) s a Maxst-Lst paty Tuky. It was
oudd 1978 as Revolutionary Left (Tuks: Devrimci Sol o Dev Sol), ad was ad 1994 at
actoal gtg. Havg cad out a ub o assassatos ad sucd bobgs, t s cosdd a tost goup by Tuky, t Utd Stats, ad t Euopa Uo. T DHKPC ay av lks wt t
Egko ogazato.[1]
DHKPC ad MLKP, told polc ad ods o

DHKPC to assassat Aka bcaus o plas to
val t goup s lks wt Egko.[1] Ot lks
wt Egko clud t dscovy Dcb 21
o atcg bob-latd sal ubs opatos
agast DHKPC ad agast Egko.[1]
21.2 History
T ogazato was ogally od 1978 by

Dusu Kaata as Revolutionary Left (Tuks: Devrimci
21.1 Overview
Sol o Dev Sol), a splt acto o Dvc Yol ( Rvolutoay Way ), wc spltd o t Tuks PoDevrimci Halk Kurtulu Partisi-Cephesi o DHKP/C s t- pl s Lbato Paty-Fot (THKP-C), wc ts tu
otcally two latd tts - altoug t autots was a splt o Rvolutoay Yout Fdato (cocosd t a sgl goup. I all cass o Pat- oly kow Tuks as Dev Gen).
Cp (Paty-Fot) as, Paty s to t goup s A 1994 actoal gtg wt Dv Sol sultd two
poltcal actvts, wl Fot s a c to a actos: t a goup ld by Dusu Kaatas was goup s ltay opatos.
ad DHKPC Daascus, wl Bd Yaa cT goup spouss a Maxst-Lst dology ad atd a w THKP-C (ot to b cousd wt t ogal
[3]
olds a at-U.S., at-NATO posto. It cosds tat o).
t Tuks govt s ud t cotol o Wst
pals ad sks to dstoy ts cotol by volt
ad docatc as.
21.3 Activities
It acs ts actvts c y toug doatos asd
Tuky ad Euop.[2]
21.3.1
1980s
Dv Sol as clad sposblty o a ub o assassatos, cludg G Sazak ad Nat E (198).
21.1.1 Ergenekon links

T goup s Istabul coad, Asua Aka, was astd 28 o t gouds tat s was plag to
assassat Tuks P Mst Rcp Edoa. S
was td, but t cout ald to ac a vdct ad sc
s ad b ld custody o ou yas, s was lasd 212, pdg aot tal. T Aka told
t da tat s would val lks btw DHKPC
ad t Egko ogazato. Sotly atwads, s
was sot t ad. H would-b assass, wo as
b dscbd as a b o t PKK as wll as t
Sc t lat 198s, t goup as tagtd paly cut ad td Tuks scuty ad ltay o cals. It
bga a w capag agast og tsts 199,
wc cludd attacks agast U.S. ltay ad dploatc psol ad aclts.
To potst wat t dscbs as US pals dug
t Gul wa, t DHKPC assassatd two U.S. ltay psol, woudd a A Foc o c ad bobd
o ta 2 U.S. ad NATO ltay, cocal ad
cultual aclts.
73
74
CHAPTER 21. REVOLUTIONARY PEOPLE S LIBERATION PARTYFRONT
It s sg cat tat t oly Aca klld by tosts

dug t Fst Gul Wa was a vct o Dv Sol. U.S.
Isuac Excutv Jo Gady was udd s Istabul o c Fbuay 1991 by a wll-tad Dv Sol
t ta tat gad accss to t o c buldg by wag Tuks Natoal Polc (TNP) uos. At tyg
Gady to a ca t Dv Sol opatvs sot ultpl ts t ad. T tosts t wot at-US
ga t o t o c walls wt t vct s blood.
bg t bloodst attack pptatd by t goup.[4]

Scuty opatos Tuky ad lsw av wakd t goup, owv. DHKP-C dd ot coduct ay
ajo attacks 23, altoug a DHKPC al sucd bob Sgul Akkut s xplosv blt dtoatd by
accdt o 2 May 23 Akaa, a stoo, wl
s was ppag o a acto.
O 24 July 24, aot stak dtoato, o a bus

Istabul, occud, kllg Sa Polat o DHKP-C
Altoug Dv Sol was ud actv vstgato by t ad t o popl ad jug 15 ots.
Aca, Bts, Fc, Austa ad Das tllgc ad scuty svcs, t posd a sg cat cal- O 1 July 25, Eyp Byaz o DHKP-C was klld
lg o couttost agts bcaus t was o o t Akaa a attptd sucd bobg attack o t
w tost ogazatos (at tat t) to ploy posty o justc.
ssoal opatoal ad couttllgc tadcat. I lat Fbuay 26, al b Fy Edal was
It usd sopstcatd suvllac ad coutsuvllac covctd Blgu, wl ud ous ast. Howtcus, t ployd ult-lay assassato suads v, sotly bo covcto s scapd ad stll
wt suvllac, pay ad scoday soots, ad t as ot b oud.
succssully x ltatd ts opatvs back ad ot btw Wst Euop ad Tuky as dd. It skll- O 29 Apl 29, Dd Aka o DHKP-C was
ully ployd possoally ogd docuts ad ds- woudd attpt to assassat Hkt Sa Tk
gus, ad t as b clad by oppots tat t pyd at Blkt Uvsty gt bo a lctu Costtuto
ad accoplc S. Ou Ylaz w
o oct Tuks lvg Euop, xtotg oy Law. Aka
[5]
caugt.
o t xcag o potcto. Howv, t
DHKPC ds ay volvt xtoto ad t s O 11 Sptb 212, a sucd bob, a DHKPC
ot ukow o cal gags to us t a o t ltat, blw sl up at t Sultagaz dstct
DHKPC ad ot ad poltcal goups as a cov o Istabul kllg sl, a Tuks Natoal Polc Ot actvts wtout ay autozato o o actual
c ad sval ots. T Tuks Natoal Polc
cocto to tos ogazatos.
dt d t bob as ba uada, a b o
DHKPC.[6]
O 1 Fbuay 213, a sucd bob, a DHKPC ltat, blw sl up at t US bassy Akaa,
scuty guad ad woudg sval
O 13 August 1991, Adw Blak, t ad o Bts kllg a Tuks
[7]
Istabul
polc dt d t bob as
ot
popl.
Cocal Uo Istabul, was klld a sootEcvt
al,
a
b
o
DHKPC.[8]
g. Hs kllg was clad by DHKPC. Howv, t
Tuks wg o Islac Jad also clad t kllg O 19 Mac 213, DHKPC ltats coductd a
as t wok. Dv Sol also clad t assassatos doubl attack agast t ulg Justc ad Dvlopo Ha Abas (199), Mdu ltk, sal Sl, t Paty (AKP) aduats ad t Justc Msty.
Ada Esz ad Hulus Say (1991) ad Kal Kay- Rsposblty o t attacks was b clad by t
aca (1992) - all td gus o Tuks ltay o DHKPC.[9]
tllgc.
I Sptb 213 two DHKPC bs attackd t
I ts xt sg cat act as DHKPC o 9 Jauay 1996, aduats o t Gal Dctoat o Scuty wt
t assassatd zd Sabac, a pot Tuks ockts. O o t, wo was klld t attack,
busssa, ad two ots: a assocat Haluk Gg ad b volvd t 19 Mac attack o t AKP
ad a sctay Nlg Has. T uds w cad aduats.[1]
out by d assasss wo ad b gv accss to t
O 29 Sptb 213 DHKPC sypatzs ad
Sabac Tows by a b, t studt Fy Edal,
bs clas wt dug gag Maltp w
wokg t at tat t. DHKPC lat clad DHKPC ds suppot o t local populato. A
sposblty o t act.
youg local sdt, lt-wg actvst Hasa Ft Gdk,
was klld class. Followg t class, a goup o
ad DHKPC bs statd to patol t stts
21.3.3 2001 to present
Mltp.[11]
21.3.2 1990s
DHKPC addd sucd bobgs to ts opatos O 6 Jauay 215, a al sucd bob blw 21 wt attacks agast Tuks polc Jauay ad sl up at a polc stato t Sultaat dstct o
Sptb o tat ya. O 1 Sptb 21, a sucd Istabul, kllg o polc o c ad jug aot.
bob klld sl ad t ot popl Istabul,
75
21.6. CONVICTIONS
DHKP-C clad sposblty o t attack, sayg t T ogazato cuts aly o Tuky s Alv
was at to pus (t) uds o Bk Elva" oty.[22][23]
ad to call to accout t ascst stat tat potcts AKP s
coupt, stalg sts . Bk Elva was a 15-yaold boy wo was klld by a ta-gas cast d by 21.6 Convictions
a polc o c dug t 213 Istabul potsts. T
goup also clad tat t sucd bob was El Sul Dusu Kaata
ta Kals. At bg calld to a cal dcal ct to dty t body, Kals s aly dd t clas,
Fy Edal
statg tat t was ot t daugt.[12] O Jauay 8,
I Dcb 211, g-scool tac Mal D215, t ppato was dt d as Daa Raazova, a
z ad uvsty studt Gl a I kl ld up
Cc-Russa ctz o Dagsta. Tuks polc
pcs o cadboad out o t wdow o a lawy s
a cutly vstgatg Raazova s possbl lks to
o c wt t txt, W do ot wat a ockt sld,
al-Qada o t Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat. Fubut a docatc g scool . Fo ts, ty w
t vstgato vald tat suspct ad potos wt
covctd Octob 212 to 6 yas ad 8 ots
[13][14]
T DHKP-C o 8 Jauay
sugts o ISIS.
psot o cottg a c o bal o
ovd t statt clag sposblty o ts
a tost ogazato [DHKP-C] wtout bg a
[15]
wbst wtout gvg ay xplaato.
As o yt, t
b. [24]
s ot kow wy ty took sposblty o t attack.
21.4
Designation as a Terrorist Or- 21.7 See also

ganization
Lst o llgal poltcal pats Tuky
T ogazato s lstd aog t 12 actv tost ogazatos Tuky as o 27 accodg to t

Cout-Tos ad Opatos Dpatt o Dctoat Gal o Scuty (Tuks polc).[16]
It was addd to t U.S. Stat Dpatt lst o Fog
Tost Ogazatos 1997.[17] It also s cludd
48 goups ad tts to wc Euopa Uo's Coo Posto 21931CFSP o t applcato o spc c asus to cobat tos appls[18] ad 45 tatoal tost ogazatos t lst o Poscbd
Tost Goups o t UK Ho O c.[19]
21.5
Membership
Ioato povdd by t Itllgc Rsouc Poga o t Fdato o Aca Sctsts basd o

t 23 Patts o Global Tos pot suggsts
tat t ogazato as sval doz opatvs wt
Tuky ad a lag suppot twok Euop.[2]
A study cad out by t Cout-Tos ad Opatos Dpatt o Dctoat Gal o Scuty
ov a sapl o ls about popl covctd o bg a
tost ud Tuks laws cludg 826 ltats o
t ogazato ad t t ot cutly actv ltwg ogazatos (s c 1) 65% o t bs a agd 14 to 25, 16.8% 25 to 3 ad 17.5% a
old ta 3. Uvsty gaduats ak up 2.4% o
t bs, g scool gaduats 33.5%, scoday
scool gaduats 14%, pay scool gaduats 29.9%
ad lltats 1,9% (wl ty av o sapld ltat
o-gaduat bs).[21]
Sya Rsstac
21.8 References
[1] Today s Zaa, 5 Novb 212, DHKP-C soots
b wo plad to val goup s ts to Egko
[2] DHKPC . NCTC. Rtvd 213-1-18.
[3] Roots . TRACK. Rtvd 31 Mac 213.
[4] Po l: Tuky s Maxst DHKP-C . BBC. 1 Apl 24.
Rtvd 31 Mac 213.
[5] Fo justc st scaps assassato attpt .
Today s Zaman. 3 Apl 29. Rtvd 3 Apl 29.
[6] "'DHKPC clas sposblty o t attack o U.S.
Ebassy . Rtvd 2 Apl 213.
[7] "'Ebassy attack Tuky klls 1 . Daily Star. 1 Fbuay 213. Rtvd 1 Fbuay 213.
[8] "'Polc: Bob at U.S. Ebassy Tuky wt ltst
goup . CNN. 1 Fbuay 213. Rtvd 1 Fbuay
213.
[9] "'Doubl bob attack Akaa tagts soluto pocss : Tuks PM Edoa . Rtvd 2 Apl 213.
[1] Today s Zaa, 22 Sptb 213, Fog lks vstgatd tost attack o polc aduats
[11] DHKP-C v tobac sava
[12]
[13] Cal boba El Kad v I D balats aa tlyo
( Tuks). Hyt. Rtvd 8 Jauay 215.
76
CHAPTER 21. REVOLUTIONARY PEOPLE S LIBERATION PARTYFRONT
[14] Ayd, t (8 Jauay 215). Russa ctz vald to b sucd bob wo attackd Istabul polc .
Hyt Daly Nws. Rtvd 8 Jauay 215.
[15] Couso ov dtty o Istabul sucd bob . The
Peninsula. 9 Jauay 215. Rtvd 9 Jauay 215.
[16] TRKYE'DE HALEN FAALYETLERNE DEVAM
EDEN BA LICA TERR RGTLER". Tl Mcadl v Hakat Das Ba kal. 27 Jauay 25.
Rtvd 15 August 28.
[17] O c o t Coodato o Couttos (8 Apl
28). Fog Tost Ogazatos . U.S. Dpatt o Stat. Acvd o t ogal o 5 August
28. Rtvd 15 August 28.
[18] Coucl Coo Posto 28586CFSP updatg
Coo Posto 21931CFSP o t applcato o
spc c asus to cobat tos ad palg Coo Posto 27871CFSP PDF (52.3 KB), O cial
Journal of the European Union L 18871, 16 July 28
[19] Coucatos Dctoat (4 Octob 25).
Poscbd tost goups . Terrorism Act 2000. Ho
O c. Rtvd 15 August 28.
[2] Pk, Jo (21 May 24). Rvolutoay Popl s Lbato PatyFot (DHKPC)". Fdato o Aca
Sctsts. Rtvd 15 August 28.
[21] Aadolu Ajas (25 Dcb 27). Polst tst
po l: Ya la v t otalaala d k . Zaman (
Tuks). Rtvd 15 August 28.
[22] TURKISH POLICE FOIL ALLEGED DHKP-C
ATTACK ON ERDOGAN, U.S. COMPANIES,
jastow.og.
[23] Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition, by Davd Saklad, p.222.
[24] "'Pakat'a 6 yl aps!". Haberturk. 26 Novb 212.
Rtvd 26 Novb 212.
21.9
External links
Halk Ss - ws potal latd to DHKPC

Yy - wspap latd to DHKPC
Chapter 22
Arab Nationalist Guard

T Arab Nationalist Guard (Aabc:
) s a scula volut lta oc opatg
Sya. T goup spouss a Aab atoalst dology,
gatg away o ay sctaa, tc, o lgous
xts. T Aab Natoalst Guad s bsp
cluds atoalsts o a vaty o Aab couts, cludg Egypt, Ia, Lbao, Palst, Tusa, Sya
ad Y.[1][2] So o t lta ad ougt
pvously t Lbya Cvl Wa ad t Ia Wa.[1]
22.1
Ideology
T goup s dology,[3] alls l wt pa-Aab dals,

as wll as wt at-Zos ad at-coloals. T
Aab Natoalst Guad as a ts ow asto, w
t s statd tat t uts as a spd o Aab
o Not Aca poltcas ad atys wo av ld
sculast ad Aab atoalst ovts o w klld
by Islasts.
Ot o-Aab gus tat stad clud lat Psdt
o Vzula, Hugo Cvz.
22.2
See also
22.3
References
[1] Raa Hab (5 May 214). Aab atoalsts tak up

as t battl o Sya . Al-Akba. Rtvd 6
May 214.
[2] Jawad Al-Ta (1 Jauay 214). T Aab Natoalst Guad: A Po-Assad Mlta . Ayjawad.og. Rtvd 24 Fbuay 214.
[3] Moss, Bow. T Aab Natoalst Guad: A PoAssad Mlta . Brown Moses Blog. Rtvd 24 July
214.
77
Chapter 23
Slavonic Corps
T Slavonic Corps (Russa:
) s a sud a dsv posto. Rbl gts ubg
Hog Kog gstd,[1] pvat ltay cotacto tat o two to sx tousad attptd a pc ovopatd dug t Sya Cvl Wa.
t. Vastly outubd, t cotactos tatd to
t vcls as a dst sto covd t battl ld.
I t atat o t battl sx Slavoc Cops bs w woudd.[4] Falg to acv ts goals, t
23.1 Formation
goup tud to Russa. Idatly at avg at
Vukovo Itatoal Apot t patcpats w aI t spg o 213, job ads by a Hog Kog basd std by t FSB o cags o actg as cas,
copay gd o vaous Russa ltay latd wc s a act pusabl ud t atcl ub 348
wbsts. T ads posd 5, USD p ot o o t Russa cal law. Dspt t act tat t
guad duts potctg Sya gy aclts dug t copay was gstd Hog Kog, t ows w
Sya Cvl Wa. T ads attactd t attto o o- also astd.[2]
bs o OMON, SOBR, VDV ad Sptsaz;
ay o t ad pvous ltay xpc t
Tajksta Cvl Wa as wll as t Scod Cc
23.3 See also
Wa.[2]
23.2
Deployment
At tally tavlg to But, t cas w

st tasd to Daascus ad t to a Sya ay
bas Lataka. By Octob t Slavoc Cops ad a
stgt o 267 cotactos dvdd to two copas
tat w pst Lataka.[3]
23.4 References
T cotactos w povdd wt outdatd upt

wc asd cocs aog t patcpats. Ty soo
alzd tat t FSB ad t Sya govt ad
o volvt wt t opato. Tos wsg to
tu to Russa w lt wt o coc but to a
t tckt back toug dct patcpato t Sya
Cvl Wa. T w goal o t Slavoc Cops was dscbd as guadg t ol lds o D z-Zo. Istad
o t posd T-72s, t cotactos w povdd
wt tal plat covd buss. O t way to D zZo t colu coutd a Sya a oc lcopt
wc colldd wt a tassso l ad casd to
t caava, jug o o t cotactos.[4]
O 18 Octob, t colu cvd ods to oc
Sya ay ocs t cty o Al-Suka. T
ous to ts jouy t colu ca ud attack.
Wt t ad o a Sya ay sl-poplld gu ad
a suppot o a sgl gt jt t cotactos as78
[1] Rgstato Docut . Hog Kog Copas. Rtvd 25 August 214.

[2] Last battl o t Slavc Cops . Fontanka. 14 Novb
[3] T Isa Stoy o Russa Mcas Fgtg o t
Sya Rg . Hu ngton Post. 21 Novb 213.
Rtvd 25 August 214.
[4] Idusty Talk: T Slavoc Cops A Russa PMSC I
Sya . Feral Jundi. 14 Jauay 214. Rtvd 25 August 214.
Chapter 24
Tayy
Tayy (Aabc: )s a lag ad act Aaba tb
blogg to t sout o Qatat bac o Aab
tbs. T ogal olad was t aa o t
two outas Aja ad Sala ot ctal Aaba
(cutly Ha'l Povc, Saud Aaba), toug, lk all
Qatat tbs, t s blvd ty ogally ovd t
o Y. T tb sad t aa wt Ba Assad
ad Ba Ta, ad ts bs cludd bot oads
ad sttld tow-dwlls.
gs o dsct o Tayy, cludg t Bau La, t

Fudool tbal codato, ad so sctos o Ba
Kald. May dvduals Ia us t sua AlTa' , as wll, toug ty ostly blog to Ba La.
24.1 Ancient History
Po to Isla, ost o t tb was Csta, wt a

sall paga oty ollowg t Caaat lgo.
T ost aous gu o Tayy tat pod was t
lgday Hat Al-Ta' (Hatim of Tayy), sad to b a
Csta, ad owd aog t Aabs o gosty ad osptalty. H also gus t Aaba Ngts.
T s a aous stoy about a tavl wo stops at a
gtla s tt ovgt ad xpcs t dat o
s cal. Hat o Tayy cos to s ost a da
tat gt, ad t gust dpats atop a bad-w cal,
wc s ultatly busd v o byod t
gav du to Hat o Tayy s gosty.[1] T aly Islac stocal soucs pot tat s so, 'Adyy b
Hat, wo ty sots to as t kg o
Tayy, covtd to Isla bo Muaad's dat. H
s patculaly vd by t S'a, wo cosd a
patsa o Al. Aot gu o Tayy dug ts pod was Zayd al-Kay, a pot b o Tayy
wo s sad to av ld Tayy s dlgato to Muaad
accptg Isla.
T od tb o Saa a dscdats o t
Tayy tb o Y. T alst o Aab soucs to Aabs as Tats, gally tougt o as g to
Tayy. Ayas b Qabsa, a a o t Tayy tb, uld
p-Islac Ia o sval yas. Ts cotact wt Psa s aso o t bl tat Tats s to Tayy.[2]
Toug o log xstg as a autooous tbal goupg sc t aly Islac a, Tayy as b t pogto o sval ot tbs Ia, Sya, Saud Aaba,
ad Kuwat. Most Aab galogsts, as wll as oal tadto old tat t Aaba Tb o Saa s t dscdat o Tayy. Vaous ot tbs cla vaous d-
o ctus. Bcaus o t stgt ad blood latos wt t Yt dyasts tat ca to ul Sya

(Gassa) ad Ia (t Lakds), ty xpadd ot
to Ia all t way to t captal at t t al-Ha.
Ealy stocal accouts to t as Tayy o tat
pod, ad t s ot cla w t a Saa bca doat. T Bau Asad a a act Aab cla
I t Naaa Iscpto (t scod oldst p-Islac

Aabc scpto, datg o 328 CE), t a
Saa s blvd to to a cty Y. Altoug, t cty o saa ay to t cty w
Saa lvs. T cutly ad Rada Cty, s sad
to av b tak by t Hyat Kg, Saa
Ya s, as sdc. It s locatd about 1 k o
Daa t s o o t act stoc sts. Sc Saa Yas uld dug t last dcad o t 3d ctuy AD, t could b g to t cty lvs o o
ad at . IT could also b g to cty
o Hayl, altoug t s o vdc tat Iu alas
ougt Ta. Altoug, By tat t, Ta would av b
Ija ad sala o 4 yas. Jalyya s a Islac
Toug sctos o Tayy bga gatg to gbog cocpt g to t sptual codto o p-Islac
gos suc as Ia ad Sya bo Isla, Tayy pa- Aaba socty.
tcpatd avly t Musl Cousts o t aly Ld by Usa b Lua t assv xodus out o
ctus o Isla, wt sctos o dvdual bs Y (115 BCE), t Tayy vadd t outas o
o t tb sttlg ay pats o t Islac E- Ajaa ad Sala o Bau Assad ad Bau Ta
p, cludg Lbao ad Egypt. Most o ts, ow- ot Aaba. Ts outas a ow kow as Jav, w lat asslatd to t gal populatos bal Saa. T Tayy bca cal ds ad os
o ts aas o to ot tbs.
bds ad lvd a oadc lstyl ot Njd
79
CHAPTER 24. TAYY
o t tb o Quas. Najd (Njd) s a go ctal Saud Aaba ad t locato o t atos captal,

Ryad. T Gassad kgdo was a Csta Aab
kgdo wo gatd o Y to t ot o
Aaba. T Lakds, lss cooly Mutds w
a goup o Aab Cstas wo lvd Sout Ia,
ad ad al-Ha wc was a abulous cty wt ay
castls ad bat-ouss ad Pal gads t captal
(266). A auscpt o t 15t ctuy dscbg t costuctg o Al-Koa castl I Al-Ha,T
Lakds captal cty was a act cty locatd sout o
al-Kua sout-ctal Ia.
24.2
Religion
Altoug ay o t obls w sad to b Csta,

Ta also wosppd dols lk Alulus ad ay ots.
Ty lat bacd Isla at t ads o Al b Ab
Talb. At dstoyg t dol Aluls, ty st a dlgato add by Zayd al-Kay to Moaad to dcla t allgac to t w lgo. Moaad,
t popt, was pssd by t abassado ad sad:
Wv soo s pasd bo , upo tg
t I s t lss ta wat was dscbd, xcpt
Zayd o Goodss. H ss abov all pas."[Sa al
Buka, Aabc]
At t dat o Moaad, t Ta ad Musl. Ty suppotd Al, t out Calp, s cla
to t to dug t sug dsput wt s val
Muawya. Ty also stood agast t Kajts wo
w sstally aacsts. Lat, Ib Ja lats tat
Altaa b Ad Alta' o d to potct Al-Husay b
Al b Ab Talb o a outa calld Maa' (t potcto). Fo ot uss, s Al (dsabguato). Muawya
I (62 - May 6, 68), aly Musl lad ad oud o
t gat Uayyad Dyasty o calps.
Tayy Rcvs Al as a ssay o Moaad

dstoys t Fulus Idol
Tayy Sds a dlgato to Moad ad ts Isla
Tayy back Al Ib ab Talb agast uawa
Tayy s c altaa b ad b at o s asylu to Huss b Al
Tos o t Tayy lvg t Msopotaa
Mass a covtd to Sa Isla by t
Musa sa'yya dug t 15t ad 16t
ctus.[3]
24.4 See also

Bau La
Ha'l
Adyy b Hat
Muaj b Dagal b al-Jaa
Saa
24.5 Notes
[1] Al-Sal, K., Fabld Cts, Pcs ad J o Aab
Mytology, Wallgod, Oxo, Euobook, 1985.
[2] Bow, E. G. So Accout o t Aabc Wok Ettld Nyatu'l-ab akb'l-Fus wa'l-'Aab, Patculaly o Tat Pat Wc Tats o t Psa Kgs.
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain
and Ireland. (Ap., 19), pp. 195 259
[3] Nakas, Ytzcak, T S's o Ia, p. 25, ad Ecyclopada o Isla, 2d d. s.v. Musa sa .
24.3
Time Line
115 BCE Tayy s xodus o Y

Tayy gbos Ba Asad
Tayy cocus ja ad sala ow kow as jabal
saa
Tayy s tal was
Tayy gas pac bokd by Alat alaaj b
jbla kg o Sya
Tayy s kgt klls Ata b Sadad
Tayy Rsus gtg at t dat o Alat
b Jbla s dat (You Alyaa)
Tayy s tb o Jadla s cppld ad ts to a
taty wt Kalb
24.6 References
The History of Shmmar by Jo Fdc
Wllaso.
The Tribes of Iraq by Abbas Alazzaw.
The Days of the Arabs before Islam by Aludaly.
A comprehensive history of Shammar by A
Aladad.
Tayy (Saa) tb o cal wbst.
Chapter 25
Jubur
Fo t vllag Ia, s Jubu, Ia.
Jubur Aabc: ( also kow as: ow as: Jbou, Jbou Jubou, Jubou, Jabu, Jabu) s t lagst Aab
tb Ia tat scattd tougout ctal ad ot Ia. Pat o t tb sttld Hawja ad Kkuk
t gtt ctuy. Al-Jbu, 'Azza, Dula, Jaab
ad 'Ubad datos a all sub-goups o t Zubayd
tb wc s o o t Y Aab tbal goups o
Ia.
T Jubou w ogally Su Musls utl t 19t
ctuy w a lag ub o t statd to covt to
S's spcally t d-Eupats go o sout Ia.[2]
25.1
Battles and wars
I 214 ad owads t Jubou tb av battld agast

t Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat ad av tak
cotol o cts ad vllags Not Ia.[3]
25.2
See also
Dula
Saa
S'a Isla Ia
25.3
References
T Ia Tbal Stuctu, Js Ka
[1] ttp:.s.co.auwold
wlco-to-bagdad-cty-o-but-ts-ad-bavado-214117-1174.
tl
[2] T S's o Ia By Ytzak Nakas, pg.27, ad Hayda,
Uwa al-ajd, pg.11-15, 118
pos-s-s--dals-wt-tbs--as-battl-agast-ss.
tl?_
81
Chapter 26
Hezbollah
Fo ot uss, s Hzbolla (dsabguato).
Isal t 26 Lbao Wa.
Hezbollah (pooucd zbl ;

Aabc:

izbu 'llh, ltally Paty o Alla" o Paty
o God") also tasltatd Hizbullah, Hizballah, tc.[11] s a S'a Islast ltat goup ad
poltcal paty basd Lbao.[12][13][14] Hzbolla s
paaltay wg s t Jad Coucl.[15][16] At t
dat o Abbas al-Musaw 1992, t ogasato as
b add by Hassa Nasalla, ts Sctay-Gal.
T Utd Stats,[17] Fac,[18] t Gul Coopato
Coucl,[19] Utd Kgdo,[2] Austala,[21] Nw
Zalad,[22] Caada,[23] t Ntlads,[24][25][26][27]
t Euopa Uo[28] ad Isal[29] classy Hzbolla
as a tost ogazato, wol o pat.
At t 26 28 Lbas poltcal potsts[43] ad

class,[44] a atoal uty govt was od
28, gvg Hzbolla ad ts opposto alls cotol o
lv o tty cabts sats; ctvly vto pow.[14]
I August 28, Lbao s w Cabt uaously appovd a dat polcy statt wc scus Hzbolla s xstc as a ad ogazato ad guaats
ts gt to lbat o cov occupd lads".[45] Sc
212, Hzbolla as lpd t Sya govt dug t Sya cvl wa ts gt agast t Sya opposto, wc Hzbolla as dscbd as a Zost plot
ad a Waab-Zost cospacy to dstoy ts allac
wt Assad agast Isal.[46][47] Oc s as a sstac
ovt tougout uc o t Aab wold,[12] ts
ag upo wc t goup s lgtacy std as b
svly daagd du to t sctaa atu o t Sya
Cvl Wa wc t as bco bold.[31][48][49]
[9][1]
Hzbolla was cocvd by Musl clcs ad udd

by Ia ollowg t Isal vaso o Lbao 1982,
ad was paly od to o sstac to t Isal occupato.[3] Its lads w ollows o Ayatolla
Ko, ad ts ocs w tad ad ogazd
by a cotgt o 1,5 Iaa Rvolutoay Guads 26.1 History
tat avd o Ia wt psso o t Sya govt.[3] At t 1982 vaso, Isal oc- Ma atcl: Hstoy o Hzbolla
cupd a stp o sout Lbao, wc was cotolld by
a lta suppotd by Isal, t Sout Lbao Ay.
Hzbolla wagd a gulla capag agast t; wt
t collaps o t SLA, Isal wtdw o May 24, 26.1.1 1980s
2.
Hzbolla as gow to a ogazato wt sats t Ma atcls: Lbas cvl wa ad Sout Lbao
Lbas govt, a ado ad a satllt tlvso- co ct (1982 2)
stato, pogas o socal dvlopt ad lagscal ltay dployt o gts byod Lbao s Hzbolla gd Sout Lbao dug a cosolbods.[31][32][33] T ogazato as b calld a dato o Sa ltas as a val to t old Aal
"stat wt a stat".[34] Hzbolla s pat o t Mac Movt. Hzbolla playd a sg cat ol t
8 Allac wt Lbao, opposto to t Mac Lbas cvl wa, opposg Aca ocs 1982
14 Allac. Hzbolla atas stog suppot aog 83 ad opposg Aal ad Sya dug t 1985 88
Lbao s S'a populato,[35] wl Sus av ds- Wa o t Caps. Howv, Hzbolla s aly pagd wt t goup s agda.[36][37] Followg t d ay ocus was dg Isal's 18-ya-log occupato
o t Isal occupato o Sout Lbao 2, ts o sout Lbao[3] ollowg Isal s 1982 vaso
ltay stgt gw sg catly,[38][39] suc tat ts ad sg o But.[5] W t Sa populato o
paaltay wg s cosdd o powul ta t sout Lbao alzd tat Isal ad o tto
Lbas Ay.[4][41] Hzbolla cvs ltay ta- o lavg, ty blld. Aal, t a Lbas Sa
g, wapos, ad acal suppot o Ia, ad polt- poltcal goup, tatd gulla waa. I 26, ocal suppot o Sya.[42] Hzbolla also ougt agast Isal p st Eud Baak statd, W
82
83
26.2. IDEOLOGY
t d as ly a tlpo ogazato, [61][62] ad[63]

wos a was usd by tos volvd to dsgus t
tu dtty. [64][65][66][67][68] Hzbolla potdly also
usd aot a, Islac Rsstac (al-Muqawama
[69]
Hzbolla wagd a asytc wa usg sucd atal-Islamiyya), o attacks agast Isal.
tacks agast t Isal Ds Focs (IDF) ad Isal A 23 Aca cout dcso oud IJO was t a
tagts outsd o Lbao.[52] Hzbolla s putd to usd by Hzbolla o ts attacks Lbao, pats o
av b aog t st Islac sstac goups t Mddl East ad Euop.[7] T US,[71] Isal[72] ad
t Mddl East to us t tactcs o sucd bobg, as- Caada[73] cosd t as Islac Jad Ogazasassato, ad captug og solds,[3] as wll as to , Ogazato o t Oppssd o Eat ad t
uds[53] ad jackgs.[54] Hzbolla also ployd Rvolutoay Justc Ogazato to b syoyous
o covtoal ltay tactcs ad wapoy, otably wt Hzbolla.
Katyusa ockts ad ot ssls.[53][55] At t d o
t Lbas Cvl Wa 199, dspt t Ta Agt askg o t dsbadg o all Lbas ad o- 26.2 Ideology
Lbas ltas, Sya, wc cotolld Lbao at
tat t, allowd Hzbolla to ata t asal ad
Ma atcl: Idology o Hzbolla
cotol Sa aas alog t bod wt Isal.[56]
w td Lbao ... t was o Hzbolla. W
w accptd wt pud c ad ows by t
Sa t sout. It was ou psc t tat catd
Hzbolla .[51]
26.1.2 After 1990

I t 199s, Hzbolla tasod o a volutoay
goup to a poltcal o, a pocss wc s dscbd
as t Lbaosato o Hzbolla. Ulk ts ucoposg volutoay stac t 198s, Hzbolla
covyd a lt stac towads t Lbas stat.[57]
I 1992 Hzbolla dcdd to patcpat lctos, ad
Al Ka, sup lad o Ia, dosd t. Fo Hzbolla sctay gal, Sub al-Tuayl, cotstd ts dcso, wc ld to a scs Hzbolla. Hzbolla wo all twlv sats wc w o ts
lctoal lst. At t d o tat ya, Hzbolla bga
to gag dalog wt Lbas Cstas. Hzbolla gads cultual, poltcal, ad lgous dos
Lbao as sact d, altoug t dos ot xtd ts
valus to goups wo av latos wt Isal.[58]
I 1997 Hzbolla od t ult-cossoal
Lbas Bgads to Fgtg t Isal Occupato
a attpt to vv atoal ad scula sstac
agast Isal, tby akg t Lbaosato o
sstac.[59]
T dology o Hzbolla as b suazd as S'

adcals.[74][75][76] Hzbolla was lagly od wt
t ad o t Ayatolla Ko's ollows t aly
198s od to spad Islac voluto[77] ad ollows
a dstct vso o Islac S'a dology (Valiyat alfaqih o Guadasp o t Islac Justs) dvlopd
by Ayatolla Ruolla Ko, lad o t Islac
Rvoluto Ia.[12][72] Altoug Hzbolla ogally
ad to taso Lbao to a oal Fa Islac
publc, ts goal as b abadod avo o a o
clusv appoac.[3]
26.2.1 The Hezbollah manifesto

O Fbuay 16, 1985, Sk Iba al-A ssud
Hzbolla s asto. Taslatd xcpts o Hzbolla s ogal 1985 asto ad:
W a t sos o t ua (Musl
couty) ...
... W a a ua lkd to t Musls
o t wol wold by t sold doctal ad
lgous cocto o Isla, wos ssag
God watd to b ul lld by t Sal o t
Popts, .., Popt Muaad. ... As o
ou cultu, t s basd o t Holy Qua, t
Sua ad t lgal ulgs o t a wo s
ou souc o tato ...[78]
T Lbas Daily Star wspap potd o Apl 14,

214 tat t Hzbolla bs ad b astd
Talad. T oato was obtad o a spcalst
Ta tllgc wbst tat dt d a Ta ctz, Y.
Ayyad, dscbd as a Hzbolla b wokg out o
a ut East Asa, wl t two Lbas atoals tat
w astd, D. Faat ad B. Basou, w cosdd
suspcts. [6]
Hzbolla ollows t Islac S'a tology dvlopd
by Iaa lad Ayatolla Ruolla Ko.[79]
26.1.3 Islamic Jihad Organization (IJO)
26.2.2 Propaganda
Wt t Islac Jad Ogazato (IJO) was a nom

de guerre usd by Hzbolla o a spaat ogazato, T a sval YouTub cals tat suppot Hzbols dsputd. Accodg to cta soucs, IJO was d- la suc as t Elctoc Rsstac
84
CHAPTER 26. HEZBOLLAH
A xapl o a Hzbolla ad Basa Al Assad Popagada Vdo uploadd to YouTub by a suppot
26.2.3 Attitudes, statements, and actions

concerning Israel and Zionism
S also: Hzbolla og latos, Islac Rsstac
Suppot Ogazato, Lbao ostag css ad
Hzbolla ad stgt
Fo t cpto o Hzbolla to t pst,[78][8] t
lato o t Stat o Isal as b o o Hzbolla s pay goals. So taslatos o Hzbolla s
1985 Aabc-laguag asto stat tat ou stuggl
wll d oly w ts tty [Isal] s obltatd .[78]
Accodg to Hzbolla s Dputy-Gal, Na' Qas,
t stuggl agast Isal s a co bl o Hzbolla ad
t ctal atoal o Hzbolla s xstc.[81]
Hzbolla says tat ts cotud ostlts agast Isal a just d as cpocal to Isal opatos agast
Lbao ad as talato o wat ty cla s Isal s
occupato o Lbas ttoy.[82][83][84] Isal wtdw o Lbao 2, ad t wtdawal was
v d by t Utd Natos as bg accodac
wt soluto 425 o Mac 19, 1978, owv Lbao
cosds t Sbaa as a 26-k (1-) pc o
lad captud by Isal o Sya t 1967 wa ad
cosdd by t UN to b Sya ttoy occupd
by Isal to b Lbas ttoy.[85][86] Addtoally,
Hzbolla clas tat t Lbas psos a bg
ld Isal.[87] Fally, Hzbolla cosd Isal to b
a llgtat stat. Fo ts asos, ty justy t
actos as acts o dsv jad.[88]
ad cowadly s. Lk t Haas popagada o oly wa, tat o Hzbolla as ld o t dlss vl cato o Jws as 's o akd,' 'cospatoal, obstat,
ad coctd' advsas ull o 'satac plas
to slav t Aabs. It uss tadtoal Islac at-Judas wt Wst cospacy
yts, Td Woldst at-Zos, ad Iaa St cotpt o Jws as 'tually pu' ad coupt dls. Sk Fadlalla
typcally ssts ... tat Jws ws to ud
o obltat Isla ad Aab cultual dtty
od to advac t cooc ad poltcal
doato. [91]
Co ctg pots say Al-Maa, t Hzbolla-owd
ad opatd tlvso stato, accusd t Isal o
Jws o dlbatly spadg HIV ad ot dsass to
Aabs tougout t Mddl East.[92][93][94] Al-Maa
was ctczd t Wst o ag at-Stc popagada t o o a tlvso daa dpctg a
Jws wold doato cospacy.[95][96][97] T goup
as b accusd by Aca aalysts o gagg
Holocaust dal.[98][99][1]
I Novb 29, Hzbolla pssud a pvat
Egls-laguag scool to dop adg xcpts o
The Diary of Anne Frank, a book o t wtgs o t
day kpt by t Jws cld A Fak wl s was
dg wt aly dug t Naz occupato o
t Ntlads.[11][12] Ts was at Hzbolla s AlMaa tlvso cal coplad, askg ow log
Lbao would a a op aa o t Zost vaso o ducato?"[12]
26.3 Organization
26.2.4 Attitudes and actions concerning

Jews and Judaism
At t bgg ay Hzbolla lads av atad tat t ovt was ot a ogazato,
Ma atcl: Idology o Hzbolla Atttuds, stato ts bs cay o cads ad ba o spc c
ts, ad actos cocg Jws ad Judas
sposblts, [13] ad tat t ovt dos ot
av a claly d d ogazatoal stuctu. [14]
Hzbolla o cals say tat t goup dstguss b- Nowadays, as Hzbolla scola Magus Rastop tw Judas ad Zos. Howv, vaous at- pots, Hzbolla dos dd av a oal govStc statts av b attbutd to t.[89] g stuctu, ad kpg wt t pcpl o
Aal Saad-Goayb, a Lbas poltcal aalyst, a- Guadasp o t Islac Justs (velayat-e faqih), t
gus tat altoug Zos as ucd Hzbolla s coctat[s] ... all autoty ad pows ts lat-Judas, t s ot cotgt upo t bcaus gous lads, wos dcsos t ow o t ulaa
Hzbolla s atd o Jws s o lgously otvatd dow t t couty.
ta poltcally otvatd.[9] Robt S. Wstc, a stoa spcalzg t study o at-Sts, dscbd
T sup dcso-akg bods o
Hzbolla s dology cocg Jws:
t Hzbolla w dvdd btw t Majls
T at-Sts o Hzbolla lads
ad spoks cobs t ag o sgly vcbl Jws pow ... ad cug
wt t cotpt oally svd o wak
al-Sua (Cosultatv Assbly) wc was

add by 12 so clcal bs wt sposblty o tactcal dcsos ad supvso o ovall Hzballa actvty tougout Lbao, ad t Majls al-Sua al-Kaa
85
26.4. SOCIAL SERVICES
I 21, Ia s palatay spak Al Laja sad,

Ia taks pd Lbao s Islac sstac ovt o ts stadast Islac stac. Hzbolla utus t ogal das o Islac Jad. H also stad
cagd t Wst wt avg accusd Ia wt suppot
o tos ad sad, T al tosts a tos wo
povd t Zost g wt ltay upt to
bob t popl. [19]
26.3.1 Funding
Ma atcl: Fudg o Hzbolla
S also: Opato Soksc
Organizational chart of Hezbollah, by Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh.
(t Dcdg Assbly), add by Sk

Muaad Huss Fadlalla ad coposd
o lv ot clcs wt sposblty o
all statgc atts. Wt t Majls alSua, t xstd sv spcalzd cotts dalg wt dologcal, acal, ltay ad poltcal, judcal, oatoal ad
socal a as. I tu, t Majls al-Sua ad
ts sv cotts w plcatd ac
o Hzballa s t a opatoal aas (t
Baa, But, ad t Sout).[15]
Sc t Sup Lad o Ia s t ultat clcal
autoty, Hzbolla s lads av appald to o
gudac ad dctvs cass w Hzbolla s collctv ladsp [was] too dvdd ov ssus ad al[d]
to ac a cossus. [15] At t dat o Ia s st
Sup Lad, Ko, Hzbolla s govg bods dvlopd a o dpdt ol ad appald to
Ia lss ot.[15] Sc t Scod Lbao Wa, owv, Ia as stuctud Hzbolla to lt t pow
o Hassa Nasalla, ad vstd bllos o dollas abltatg Hzbolla.[16][17]
Hzbolla says tat t a souc o ts co cos

o doatos by Musls.[11] Hzbolla cvs substatal aouts o acal, tag, wapos, xplosvs, poltcal, dploatc, ad ogazatoal ad o
Ia ad Sya.[56][71][111] Accodg to pots lasd
Fbuay 21, Hzbolla cvd 4 llo o
Ia.[111][112][113][114] T US stats tat Ia as b
gvg Hzbolla about US6 1 llo p ya
acal assstac.[115] Ot stats a as g as
2-llo aually.[11]
Hzbolla as ld also o udg o t S't
Lbas Daspoa Wst Aca, t Utd Stats
ad, ost potatly, t Tpl Fot, o tbod aa, alog t jucto o Paaguay, Agta, ad Bazl.[116] U.S. law oct o cals
av dt d a llgal ultllo-dolla cgattsugglg ud asg opato[117] ad a dug sugglg opato.[118][119][12] Howv, Nasalla as patdly dd ay lks btw t Sout Aca dug tad ad Hzbolla, callg suc accusatos
popagada ad attpts " to daag t ag o
Hzbolla .[121][122]
Mbs o t Vzula govt av b accusd o povdg acal ad to Hzbolla by t

Utd Stats Dpatt o t Tasuy.[123] Accodg to t tstoy o a o Assstat Sctay o
Stat o Wst Hsp A as, Rog Noga,
Hugo Cvz's govt gav dspsabl suppot
to Ia ad Hzbolla t Wst Hsp.[124] I
a atcl by t cosvatv tk tak Aca Etps Isttut, Noga xplad ow two wtsss allgd tat Gaz At Nassdd, a Vzula dploat Sya, was a opatv o Hzbolla wo usd
Stuctually, Hzbolla dos ot dstgus btw ts Vzula tts to laud oy o Hzbolla wt
poltcalsocal actvts wt Lbao ad ts l- Psdt Ncolas Maduo's psoal appoval.[125]
tayjihad actvts agast Isal. Hzbolla as a sgl ladsp, accodg to Na Qass, Hzbolla s
scod coad. All poltcal, socal ad jad
wok s td to t dcsos o ts ladsp ... T 26.4 Social services
sa ladsp tat dcts t palatay ad govt wok also lads jad actos t stuggl Ma atcl: Hzbolla socal svcs
agast Isal. [18]
86
Hzbolla ogazs a xtsv socal dvlopt poga ad us osptals, ws svcs, ducatoal aclts, ad couagt o Nka ut a.[112][126] O o
ts stablsd sttutos, Jad Al Ba s Rcostucto Capag, s sposbl o uous cooc
ad astuctu dvlopt pojcts Lbao.[127]
Hzbolla as st up a Maty s Isttut (Al-Sad Socal Assocato), wc guaats to povd lvg ad
ducato xpss o t als o gts wo d
battl.[114] A IRIN ws pot o t UN O c o
t Coodato o Huataa A as otd:
Hzbolla ot oly as ad ad poltcal wgs t also boasts a xtsv socal dvlopt poga. Hzbolla cutly opats at last ou osptals, twlv clcs,
twlv scools ad two agcultual cts tat
povd as wt tccal assstac ad
tag. It also as a votal dpatt ad a xtsv socal assstac poga. Mdcal ca s also cap ta
ost o t couty s pvat osptals ad
o Hzbolla bs. [112]
Lebanon s majority Shi'a areas as of July 2006, where Hezbollah

is most prominent.
Accodg to CNN, Hzbolla dd vytg tat a govt sould do, o collctg t gabag to ug osptals ad pag scools. [128] I July 26,
dug t wa wt Isal, w t was o ug
wat But, Hzbolla was aagg suppls aoud
t cty. Lbas Sts s Hzbolla as a poltcal
ovt ad a socal svc povd as uc as t s
a lta. [128] Hzbolla also wads ts gulla bs wo av b woudd battl by takg t to
Hzbolla-u aust paks.[129]
26.5
Political activities
December 10, 2006 anti-government rally in Beirut
Ma atcl: Hzbolla poltcal actvts

Hzbolla alogsd wt Aal s o o two ajo
poltcal pats Lbao tat pst t St
Musls.[13] Ulk Aal, wos suppot s pdoatly t Sout o t couty, Hzbolla atas
boad basd suppot all t aas o Lbao wt a
ajoty Sa Musl populato: t Sout, But
ad ts suoudg aa, ad t ot Baa vally ad Hl go.[131] It olds 14 o t 128 sats
t Palat o Lbao ad s a b o t
Rsstac ad Dvlopt Bloc. Accodg to Dal
L. Bya, t s t ost powul sgl poltcal ovt Lbao. [132] Hzbolla, alog wt t Aal
Movt, psts ost o Lbas S'a. Howv, ulk Aal, Hzbolla as ot dsad. Hzbolla patcpats t Palat o Lbao.
staucly opposd to t Mac 14 Allac.[133] O

Dcb 1, 26, ts goups bga t 26 28
Lbas poltcal potsts, a ss o potsts ad st-s
opposto to t govt o P Mst Fouad
Soa.[43]
O May 7, 28, Lbao's 17-ot log poltcal css

spald out o cotol. T gtg was spakd by a govt ov to sut dow Hzbolla s tlcoucato twok ad ov But Apot's scuty c
ov allgd ts to Hzbolla. Hzbolla lad Hassa
Nasalla sad t govt s dcso to dcla t
goup s ltay tlcoucatos twok llgal was
a dclaato o wa o t ogazato, ad dadd
tat t govt vok t.[134] Hzbolla-ld opposHzbolla as b o o t a pats o Mac to gts szd cotol o sval Wst But g8 Allac sc Mac 25. Altoug Hzbolla booods o Futu Movt lta loyal to t
ad jod t w govt 25, t ad backd govt, stt battls tat lt 11 dad
87
26.6. MILITARY ACTIVITIES

ad 3 woudd. T opposto-szd aas w t
add ov to t Lbas Ay.[44] T ay also
pldgd to solv t dsput ad as vsd t dcsos o t govt by lttg Hzbolla psv
ts tlcos twok ad -statg t apot s scuty
c.[135] At t d, val Lbas lads acd cossus ov Doa Agt o May 21, 28, to d t
18-ot poltcal ud tat xplodd to gtg ad
aly dov t couty to a w cvl wa.[136] O t bass o ts agt, Hzbolla ad ts opposto alls
w ctvly gatd vto pow Lbao s palat. At t d o t co cts, Natoal uty govt was od by Fouad Soa o July 11, 28 ad
Hzbolla as o st ad cotols lv o tty
sats t cabt.[14]
t to pcs ad dv t out o Lbao, t Gola

ad Palst, wc I lov vy daly. [153]
26.6 Military activities

Ma atcl: Hzbolla ltay actvts
Hzbolla as a ltay bac kow as t Jad

Coucl,[15] o copot o wc s Al-Muqawama
al-Islamiyya ( T Islac Rsstac ), ad s t possbl sposo o a ub o lss-kow ltat goups,
so o wc ay b lttl o ta ots o Hzbolla tsl, cludg t Ogazato o t Oppssd,
Hzbolla cutly sts t opposto Mac 8 al- t Rvolutoay Justc Ogazato, t Ogazato
lac. Howv, ty wtdw o t govt ct- o Rgt Agast Wog, ad Follows o t Popt
g ablty to dscuss ssus ov t Spcal Tbual o Muaad.[71]
Lbao.
Utd Natos Scuty Coucl Rsoluto 1559 calld
o t dsaat o lta[154] wt t Ta agt at t d o t Lbas cvl wa. Hzbol26.5.1 Media operations
la doucd, ad potstd agast, t soluto.[155]
T 26 ltay co ct wt Isal as casd
Hzbolla opats a satllt tlvso stato, Alt cotovsy. Falu to dsa as a volato
Maa TV ( t Lgtous ), ad a ado stato,
o t soluto ad agt as wll as subsut
al-Nou ( t Lgt ).[137] Al-Maa boadcasts o
Utd Natos Scuty Coucl Rsoluto 171.[156]
But, Lbao.[137] Hzbolla laucd t stato
Sc t bot Isal ad Hzbolla av asstd tat
1991[138] wt t lp o Iaa uds.[139] Alt ogazato as gad ltay stgt.[39] A
Maa, t sl-poclad Stato o t Rsstac,
Lbas publc opo poll tak August 26 sows
(qanat al-muqawama) s a ky play wat Hzboltat ost o t Sa dd ot blv tat Hzbolla
la calls ts "psycologcal waa agast t Zost sould
dsa at t 26 Lbao wa, wl t
y"[139][14] ad a tgal pat o Hzbolla s pla to
ajoty
o Su, Duz ad Cstas blvd tat
spad ts ssag to t t Aab wold.[139] I addty sould.[157] T Lbas cabt, ud psdt
to, Hzbolla as a wkly publcato, Al Ahd, wc
Mcl Sula ad P Mst Fouad Soa,
was stablsd 1984.[141] It s t oly da outlt
gudls stat tat Hzbolla joys t gt to lbwc s oply a latd wt t ogazato.[141]
at occupd lads. [158] I 29, a Hzbolla coaHzbolla s tlvso stato Al-Maa as poga- d (spakg o codto o aoyty) sad, "[W]
g dsgd to sp sucd attacks Gaza, t Wst av a o ockts ad ssls [ow] ta w dd
Bak, ad Ia.[56][138][142] Al-Maa s tassso 26. [159]
Fac s pobtd du to pooto o Holocaust dal, a cal o s Fac.[143][144][145] T Utd
Stats lsts Al-Maa tlvso twok as a tost 26.6.1 Lebanese Resistance Brigades
ogazato.[146]
Al-Maa was dsgatd as a "Spcally Dsgatd
Global Tost tty, ad bad by t Utd Stats
Dcb 24.[147] It as also b bad by
Fac, Spa ad Gay.[148][149][15]
Matals ad at stllg pcpls o atoals
ad Isla cld a a aspct o Hzbolla s da opatos.[151] T Hzbolla Ctal Itt Buau lasd a vdo ga 23 ttld Special Force
ad a sul 27 wc plays a wadd wt
pots ad wapos o kllg Isals.[152] I 212, AlMaa ad a tlvso spcal pasg a 8-ya-old
boy wo asd oy o Hzbolla ad sad: W
I gow up, I wll b a coust sstac wao wt
Hzbolla, gtg t Utd Stats ad Isal, I wll ta
T Lebanese Resistance Brigades (Aabc: Saraya

al-Lubnaniyya al-Moukawama), also kow as t
Lebanese Brigades to Resist the Israeli Occupation,
w od by Hzbolla 1997 as a ultat (Csta, Duz, Su ad Sa) volut oc to cobat
t Isal occupato o Sout Lbao. Wt t Isal wtdawal o Lbao 2, t ogazato
was dsbadd.[161]
I 29, t Rsstac Bgads w actvatd,

aly copsg Su suppots o t sout
cty o Sdo. Its stgt was ducd lat 213 o
5 to 2 25 du to sdts coplats about so
gts o t goup xacbatg tsos wt t local
couty.[162]
88
26.6.2 Alleged suicide and terror attacks

T 1994 AC Flgt 91 attack, kllg 21,
Paaa.[172] Hzbolla clad sposblty.[171]
T 1994 Lodo Isal Ebassy attack, jug
29, t Utd Kgdo.[173]
T 1996 Koba Tows bobg, kllg 19 US
svc.[174]
Povdg dct assstac to al Qada, cludg
tag ad xplosvs, ocstatg t 1998
Utd Stats bassy bobgs.[175]
I 22, Sgapo accusd Hzbolla o cutg
Sgapoas a ald 199s plot to attack U.S.
ad Isal sps t Sgapo Stats.[176]
T Jauay 15, 28, bobg o a U.S. Ebassy
vcl But.[177]
A smoke cloud rises from the bombed American barracks at

Beirut International Airport, where over 200 U.S. marines were
killed
Btw 1982 ad 1986, t w 36 sucd attacks

Lbao dctd agast Aca, Fc ad Isals
ocs by 41 dvduals, kllg 659.[52] Hzbolla ds
volvt ts attacks, toug t as b accusd
o so o all o ts attacks:[163][164][165]
I 29, a Hzbolla plot Egypt was ucovd,

w Egypta autots astd 49 o plag attacks agast Isal ad Egypta tagts
t Sa Psula.[178][179]
T 212 Bugas bus bobg, kllg 6,
Bulgaa.[18]
Tag Sa sugts agast US toops dug
t Ia Wa.[181]
T 1982 1983 Ty aduats bobgs

T Apl 1983 U.S. Ebassy bobg (by t 26.6.3 Con ict with Israel
Islac Jad Ogazato),[166]
South Lebanon con ict
T 1983 But baacks bobg (by t Islac
Jad Ogazato), tat klld 241 U.S. as, Ma atcl: Sout Lbao co ct (1982 2)
58 Fc paatoops ad 6 cvlas at t US ad
Fc baacks But[167]
Hzbolla as b volvd sval cass o ad
T 1983 Kuwat bobgs collaboato wt t co ct wt Isal:
Ia Dawa Paty.[168]
Dug t 1982 2 Sout Lbao co ct,
T 1984 Utd Stats bassy ax bobg,
Hzbolla wagd a gulla capag agast Isal
kllg 24.[169]
ocs occupyg Sout Lbao. I 1982, t
Palst Lbato Ogazato (PLO) was basd
A spat o attacks o IDF toops ad SLA lta Sout Lbao ad was g Katyusa ock sout Lbao.[52]
ts to ot Isal o Lbao. Isal Hjackg o TWA Flgt 847 1985,[167]
vadd Lbao to vct t PLO, ad Hzbolla b[17]
ca a ad ogazato to xpl t Isals.[56]
T Lbao ostag css o 1982 to 1992.
Hzbolla s stgt was acd by t dspatcg o o tousad to two tousad bs
Sc 199, to acts ad attpts o wc Hzbolla
o t Iaa Rvolutoay Guads ad t as b blad clud t ollowg bobgs ad atacal backg o Ia.[182][183][184] Iaa cltacks agast cvlas ad dploats:
cs, ost otably Fzlolla Maallat supvsd ts
actvty.[185] It bca t a poltco-ltay
T 1992 Isal Ebassy attack Buos As,
oc aog t Sa couty Lbao ad
kllg 29, Agta.[167] Hzbolla opatvs
t a a o wat bca kow lat as t
[171]
boastd o volvt.
Islac Rsstac Lbao. Wt t collaps
T 1994 AMIA bobg o a Jws cultual co t SLA, ad t apd advac o Hzbolla
t, kllg 85, Agta.[167] Hzbolla clad
ocs, Isal wtdw o May 24, 2 sx wks
sposblty.[171]
bo t aoucd July 7 dat. [54] Hzbolla
89
ld a vctoy paad, ad ts populaty Lbao 2006 Lebanon War

os.[186] Isal wtdw accodac wt 1978 s
Utd Natos Scuty Coucl Rsoluto 425.[85] Ma atcl: 26 Lbao Wa
Hzbolla ad ay aalysts cosdd ts a vc- T 26 Lbao Wa was a 34-day ltay co ct
toy o t ovt, ad sc t ts populaty
as b boostd Lbao.[186]
O July 25, 1993, ollowg Hzbolla s kllg
o sv Isal solds sout Lbao, Isal laucd Opato Accoutablty (kow
Lbao as t Sv Day Wa), dug wc t
IDF cad out t avst atlly ad a attacks o tagts sout Lbao sc 1982.
T a o t opato was to adcat t tat
posd by Hzbolla ad to oc t cvla populato ot to But so as to put pssu o
t Lbas Govt to sta Hzbolla.[187]
T gtg dd w a uwtt udstadg was agd to by t wag pats. Appatly, t 1993 udstadg povdd tat Hzbolla cobatats would ot ockts at ot Isal, wl Isal would ot attack cvlas o cvla tagts Lbao.[188]
I Apl 1996, at cotud Hzbolla ockt attacks o Isal cvlas,[189] t Isal ad ocs
laucd Opato Gaps o Wat, wc was
tdd to wp out Hzbolla s bas sout
Lbao. Ov 1 Lbas ugs w klld
by t sllg o a UN bas at Qaa, wat t Isal ltay sad was a stak.[19] Fally, ollowg sval days o gotatos, t two sds sgd
t Gaps o Wat Udstadgs o Apl 26,
1996. A cas- was agd upo btw Isal
ad Hzbolla, wc would b ctv o Apl
27, 1996.[191] Bot sds agd tat cvlas sould
ot b tagtd, wc at tat Hzbolla would
b allowd to cotu ts ltay actvts agast
IDF ocs sd Lbao.[191]
2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid

Ma atcl: 2 Hzbolla coss-bod ad
O Octob 7, 2, t Isal solds Ad Avta, Sta Sgt. Bya Avaa, ad Sta Sgt. Oa
Sawadw w abductd by Hzbolla wl patollg t Isal sd o t Isal-Lbas bod.[192]
T solds w klld t dug t attack o ts
dat atat.[193] Isal Ds Mst Saul
Moaz as, owv, sad tat Hzbolla abductd t
solds ad t klld t.[194] T bods o t
sla solds w xcagd o Lbas psos
24.[195]
Hezbollah posters in the aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon War
Lbao ad ot Isal. T pcpal pats

w Hzbolla paaltay ocs ad t Isal ltay. T co ct was pcptatd by a coss-bod ad
by Hzbolla dug wc ty kdappd ad klld Isal solds. T co ct bga o July 12, 26 w
Hzbolla ltats d ockts at Isal bod tows
as a dvso o a at-tak ssl attack o two aod Huvs patollg t Isal sd o t bod
c, kllg t, jug two, ad szg two Isal
solds.[196]
Isal spodd wt astks ad atlly o
tagts Lbao tat daagd Lbas astuctu, cludg But s Ra c Ha Itatoal Apot
(wc Isal sad tat Hzbolla usd to pot wapos
ad suppls),[197] a a ad aval blockad,[198] ad a
goud vaso o sout Lbao. Hzbolla t
laucd o ockts to ot Isal ad gagd
t Isal Ds Focs (IDF) gulla waa o
add postos.[199] T wa cotud utl August
14, 26. Hzbolla was sposbl o tousads o
Katyusa ockt attacks agast Isal cvla tows ad
cts ot Isal,[2] wc Hzbolla sad w
talato o Isal s kllg o cvlas ad tagtg Lbas astuctu.[21] T co ct s blvd
to av klld 1,191 1,3 Lbas ctzs cludg Bulgaa, t Bulgaa govt o cally accusd t
cobatats[22][23][24][25][26][27] ad 165 Isals - Lbas-ltat ovt Hzbolla o cottg
cludg solds.[28]
t attack.[213] Fv Isal ctzs, t Bulgaa bus
dv, ad t bob w klld. T bob xplodd
as t Isal tousts boadd a bus o t apot to
2010 gas eld claims
t otl.
I 21, Hzbolla clad tat t Dalt ad Taa gas
ld, dscovd by Nobl Egy ougly 5 ls (8
k) wst o Haa Isal xclusv cooc zo,
blog to Lbao, ad wad Isal agast xtactg
gas o t. So o cals o Hzbolla wad
tat ty would ot stat to us wapos to dd
Lbao s atual soucs. Fgus t Mac 14
Focs statd spos tat Hzbulla was pstg
aot xcus to old o to ts as. Lbas MP
Ato Zaa sad tat t ssu s aot t t
dlss lst o xcuss at to justy t cotud xstc o Hzbulla s asal.[29]
2011 attack in Istanbul
I July 211, Itala wspap Corierre della Sera potd, basd o Aca ad Tuks soucs,[21] tat
Hzbolla was bd a bobg Istabul May 211
tat woudd gt Tuks cvlas. T pot sad
tat t attack was a assassato attpt o t Isal cosul to Tuky, Mos Kc. Tuks tllgc soucs dd t pot ad sad Isal s t
abt o catg dsoato capags usg d t paps. [21]
Tsvta Tsvtaov, Bulgaa s to st, potd

tat t two suspcts sposbl w bs o t
ltat wg o Hzbolla; sad t suspctd tosts td Bulgaa o Ju 28 ad ad utl July
18. Isal ad alady pvously suspctd Hzbolla o
t attack. Isal P Mst Bja Ntayau
calld t pot ut cooboato o wat w av
alady kow, tat Hzbolla ad ts Iaa patos a
ocstatg a woldwd capag o to tat s spag couts ad cotts. [214] Ntayau sad tat
t attack Bulgaa was just o o ay tat Hzbolla
ad Ia av plad ad cad out, cludg attacks
Talad, Kya, Tuky, Ida, Azbaja, Cypus
ad Goga.[213]
Jo Ba, Dcto o t Ctal Itllgc
Agcy, as sad tat Bulgaa s vstgato xposs
Hzbolla o wat t s a tost goup tat s wllg to
cklssly attack oct , wo ad cld, ad
tat poss a al ad gowg tat ot oly to Euop,
but to t st o t wold. [215] T sult o t Bulgaa vstgato cos at a t w Isal as b
pttog t Euopa Uo to jo t Utd Stats
dsgatg Hzbolla as a tost ogazato.[215]
2012 planned attack in Cyprus
26.6.4 Assassination of Ra c Hariri
Ma atcl: 212 Cypus tost plot
Ma atcl: Assassato o Ra c Ha
I July 212, a Lbas a was dtad by Cypus

polc o possbl cags latg to tos laws
o plag attacks agast Isal tousts. Accodg
to scuty o cals, t a was plag attacks o
Hzbolla Cypus ad adttd ts at ustog. T polc w altd about t a du to a
ugt ssag o Isal tllgc. T Lbas
a was posssso o potogaps o Isal tagts
ad ad oato o Isal als yg back ad
ot o Cypus, ad plad to blow up a pla o
tou bus.[211] Isal P Mst Bja Ntayau
statd tat Ia assstd t Lbas a wt plag
t attacks.[212]
O Fbuay 14, 25, o Lbas P Mst Ra c Ha was klld, alog wt 21 ots, w

s otocad was stuck by a oadsd bob But.
H ad b PM dug 1992 1998 ad 2 24. I
29, t Utd Natos spcal tbual vstgatg
t ud o Ha potdly oud vdc lkg
Hzbolla to t ud.[216]
I August 21, spos to ot cato tat t UN

tbual would dct so Hzbolla bs, Hassa
Nasalla sad Isal was lookg o a way to assassat
Ha as aly as 1993 od to cat poltcal caos
tat would oc Sya to wtdaw o Lbao, ad to
pptuat a at-Sya atosp [ Lbao] t
wak o t assassato. H wt o to say tat 1996
Hzbolla appdd a agt wokg o Isal by t
2012 Burgas attack
a o Ad Nasalla o lato to Hassa Nasalla wo allgdly cotactd Ha s scuty dtal ad
Ma atcl: 212 Bugas bus bobg
told t tat ad sold poo tat Hzbolla was plag to tak s l. Ha t cotactd Hzbolla ad
Followg a vstgato to t 212 Bugas bus advsd t o t stuato.[217] Saad Ha spodd
bobg tost attack agast Isal ctzs tat t UN sould vstgat ts clas.[218]

O Ju 3, 211, t Spcal Tbual o Lbao, stablsd to vstgat t dat o Ha, ssud ast
waats agast ou so bs o Hzbolla, cludg Mustaa Bad Al D.[219] O July 3, Hassa Nasalla jctd t dctt ad doucd t tbual
as a plot agast t paty, vowg tat t ad psos
would ot b astd ud ay ccustacs.[22]
26.6.5 Involvement in the Syrian Civil War

Fut oato:
Lbao
Sya Cvl Wa spllov
Hzbolla as log b a ally o t Ba'at govt o Sya, ld by t Al-Assad aly. Hzbolla as

lpd t Sya govt dug t Sya cvl wa
ts gt agast t Sya opposto, wc Hzbolla as dscbd as a zost plot to dstoy ts allac
wt al-Assad agast Isal.[47] Gv Abdo opd
tat Hzbolla s suppot o al-Assad t Sya wa
as tasod t o a goup wt suppot aog
t Su o datg Isal a battl 26 to a
stctly Sa paaltay oc .[221]
I August 212, t Utd Stats sactod Hzbolla
o ts allgd ol t wa.[222] Gal Sctay Nasalla dd Hzbolla ad b gtg o bal o
t Sya govt, statg a Octob 12, 212,
spc tat gt o t stat t Sya opposto as
b tllg t da tat Hzbulla st 3, gts
to Sya, wc w av dd .[223] Howv, accodg
to t Lbas Daily Star wspap, Nasalla sad
t sa spc tat Hzbolla gts lpd t Sya
govt ta cotol o so 23 statgcally locatd vllags [ Sya] abtd by Sts o Lbas
ctzsp . Nasalla sad tat Hzbolla gts av
dd Sya dog t jadst duts .[224]
I 212, Hzbolla gts cossd t bod o
Lbao ad took ov gt vllags t Al-Qusay
Dstct o Sya.[225] O Fbuay 16 17, 213, Sya opposto goups clad tat Hzbolla, backd by
t Sya ltay, attackd t gbog Su vllags cotolld by t F Sya Ay (FSA). A FSA
spoksa sad, Hzbolla s vaso s t st o ts
kd ts o ogasato, plag ad coodato
wt t Sya g s a oc . Hzbolla sad t
Lbas Sts, actg sl-ds , w klld
t class wt t FSA.[225][226] Lbas scuty
soucs sad tat t t w Hzbolla bs.[227]
I spos, t FSA allgdly attackd two Hzbolla postos o Fbuay 21; o Sya ad o
Lbao. Fv days lat, t sad t dstoyd a covoy cayg Hzbolla gts ad Sya o cs to Lbao,
kllg all t passgs.[228]
91
cal wapos was also daagd. A sla attack o
wapos dstd o Hzbolla occud May o t
sa ya.
T lads o t Mac 14 allac ad ot pot Lbas gus calld o Hzbolla to d ts volvt Sya ad sad t s puttg Lbao at
sk.[229] Sub al-Tuayl, Hzbolla s o lad, sad
Hzbolla sould ot b ddg t cal g
tat klls ts ow popl ad tat as v d a sot
ds o t Palstas . H sad tos Hzbolla gts wo a kllg cld ad tozg popl ad dstoyg ouss Sya wll go to ll .[23]
T Cosultatv Gatg, a goup o Sa ad Su
lads Baalbk-Hl, also calld o Hzbolla ot
to t Sya. Ty sad, Opg a ot
agast t Sya popl ad daggg Lbao to wa
wt t Sya popl s vy dagous ad wll av
a gatv pact o t latos btw t two .[227]
Wald Jublatt, lad o t Pogssv Socalst Paty,
also calld o Hzbolla to d ts volvt[229] ad
clad tat Hzbolla s gtg sd Sya wt ods o Ia .[231] Egypta Psdt Moad Mos
codd Hzbolla by sayg, W stad agast
Hzbolla ts aggsso agast t Sya popl.
T s o spac o plac o Hzbolla Sya .[232]
Accodg to at last o souc, Sya govt suppot o Hzbolla as b wakd dug t Sya
cvl wa.[233][234] Suppot o Hzbolla aog t Sya publc as wakd sc t volvt o Hzbolla ad Ia poppg up t Assad g dug t
cvl wa.[235]
Accodg to t U.S., t Assad loyalst lta kow
as al-Jays al-Sa'b was catd ad s atad by
Hzbolla ad Ia s Islac Rvolutoay Guad CopsQods Foc, bot o wo povd t wt oy,
wapos, tag ad advc.[236]
O May 12, 213, Hzbolla wt t Sya ay attptd to tak pat o Qusay.[237] I Lbao, t
as b a ct cas t uals o Hzbolla gts ad Sya bls av slld Hzbollacotolld aas. [237]
O May 25, 213, Nasalla aoucd tat Hzbolla s
gtg t Sya Cvl Wa agast Islac xtsts
ad pldgd tat s goup wll ot allow Sya ltats
to cotol aas tat bod Lbao .[238] H co d
tat Hzbolla was gtg t statgc Sya tow o
Al-Qusay o t sa sd as Assad's ocs.[238] I t
tlvsd addss, sad, I Sya alls t ads o
Aca, Isal ad t tak s, t popl o ou go
wll go to a dak pod. [238]
O May 26, 213, two ockts t a Hzbolla aa o

But jug v popl wlst aot two ockts
causd popty daag to buldgs t al-Hl
I Jauay 213, a wapos covoy cayg SA-17 at- dstct o But. Sya bls av b blad o
acat ssls to Hzbolla was dstoyd allgdly by t attack as ty ad posd to attack Hzbolla tat Isal A Foc. A aby sac ct o c- gts Lbao talato o t lpg t Sya
92
ay patculaly t bod tow o Al-Qusay. Sya bls av also slld al-Hl pvously.[239][24]
It was potd tat Hzbolla s posssso o Scud

ssls tat w povdd to t by Sya.[253] T [254]
O May 28, 213, F Sya Ay Gal Sal Ids pots w dd by Sya.
gav Hzbolla 24 ous to wtdaw o Sya o Accodg to vaous pots, Hzbolla s ad wt
ay od FSA uts to attack Hzbolla tagts at-tak gudd ssls, aly, t Russa-ad ATLbao.[241][242]
3 Sagg, AT-4 Spgot, AT-5 Spadl, AT-13 Saxo2 'Mts-M',
14 Spgga 'Kot'; Iaa-ad
I aly Ju, Hzbolla as ow cottd gts
Ra'ad
(vso
o
AT-3 Sagg), Towsa (vso o ATto t battl Alppo, so 2,, potdly puttg
Toopa
(vso o BGM-71 TOW); ad
5
Spadl),
sta o t ogasato. Ts as sultd Hzbolla
Euopa-ad
MILAN
ssls. Ts wapos av
toducg a cag to ts otato polcy o ts gts
b
usd
agast
IDF
solds,
causg ay o t
o 7 days gtg ollowd by 7 days lav, Hzbolla
[255]
26
Lbao
Wa.
A sall udats
dug
t
as casd t to 2 days gtg ad ollowd by 7 days
M47 Dago)
b
o
Sag-2s
(Iaa-ad
vso
o
[243]
lav o ts gts.
w also usd t wa.[256]
Fo a ds, Hzbolla as at-acat wapos
26.6.6 Involvement in Iranian-led inter- tat clud t ZU-23 atlly ad t a-potabl,

vention in Iraq
sould- d SA-7 ad SA-18 suac-to-a ssl
(SAM).[257] O o t ost ctv wapos dployd

Bgg July 214, Hzbolla st a udsclosd by Hzbolla as b t C-82 at-sp ssl.[258]
ub o tccal advss ad tllgc aalysts
I Apl 21, U.S. Sctay o Ds Robt Gats
to Bagdad suppot o t Iaa-ld tvto
clad tat t Hzbolla as a o ssls ad
Ia. Sotly tat, Hzbolla coad Iba
ockts ta t ajoty o couts, ad sad tat Sya
[244]
al-Hajj was potd klld acto a Mosul.
ad Ia a povdg wapos to t ogazato. Isal also clas tat Sya s povdg t ogazato
wt ts wapos. Sya as dd supplyg ts
26.6.7 Other
wapos ad vws ts clas as a Isal xcus o
[259]
Lakd cabls o Aca dploats
I 21, Abas ad Hzbolla bs w volvd a attack.
suggst
tat
t
Utd Stats as b tyg usuccss a stt battl wc was pcvd to b ov pakg
ully
to
pvt
Sya o supplyg as to Hzbolssus, bot goups lat t to o a jot copsato
la
Lbao
,
ad tat Hzbolla as aassd a ug
ud o t vcts o t co ct.[245] Hzbolla was
stockpl
(o
as)
sc ts 26 wa wt Isal"; t
accusd o ltatg Sout Aca ad avg ts wt
as
w
dscbd
as casgly sopstcatd. [26]
Lat Aca dug catls.[246]
Gats addd tat Hzbolla s possbly ad wt ccal o bologcal wapos, as wll as 65-l (15 k)
at-sp ssls tat could tat U.S. sps.[261]
26.7
Armed strength
Hzbolla dos ot val ts ad stgt. Mustaa

Ala, scuty dcto at t Duba-basd Gul Rsac
Ct, statd tat Hzbolla s ad wg copss
1, ull-t Hzbolla bs, alog wt a ut 6, 1, voluts.[247] Accodg to t Iaa Fas Nws Agcy, Hzbolla as up to 65,
gts.[248] It s ot dscbd as o ltaly powul ta t Lbas Ay.[249][25][251] Isal coad Gu Zu calld Hzbolla: by a t gatst
gulla goup t wold .[252]
Hzbolla posssss t Katyusa-122 ockt, wc as
a ag o 29 k (18 ) ad cas a 15-kg (33-lb)
waad. Hzbolla also posssss about 1 log-ag
ssls. Ty clud t Iaa-ad Faj-3 ad Faj5, t latt wt a ag o 75 k (47 ), ablg t
to stk t Isal pot o Haa, ad t Zlzal-1, wt
a statd 15 k (93 ) ag, wc ca ac Tl
Avv. Faj-3 ssls av a ag o 4 k (25 ) ad a
45-kg (99-lb) waad, ad Faj-5 ssls, wc xtd
to 72 k (45 ), also old 45-kg (99-lb) waads.[247]
As o 21, t Isal govt blvd Hzbolla

ad a asal o o ta 15, log-ag ockts
statod o ts bod wt Lbao. So o ts
ssls w sad to b capabl o ptatg cts as
a away as Elat.[262] T IDF as accusd Hzbolla o
stog ts ockts bat osptals, scools, ad cvla os.[262] T Isal Abassado to Utd Stats
Mcal O xpssd dp coc wt t vlato.
T Sya-Iaa backd Hzbulla poss
a vy sous tat to Isal ... Hzbulla today ow as ou ts as ay ockts as t
ad dug t 26 Lbao wa. Ts ockts a log-ag. Evy cty Isal s
wt ag gt ow, cludg Elat.[262]
As o July 212, Hzbolla was potd to av up to
5, ssls o ta t ts t 13, t potdly ld w t bga laucg ockts at Isal
sx yas ago, ladg to t Scod Lbao Wa. [263]
93
26.9. ATTACKS ON HEZBOLLAH LEADERS
Hzbolla as also usd dos agast Isal, by ptat- 26.9 Attacks on Hezbollah leaders
g a ds systs, a pot v d by Nasalla,
wo addd, Ts s oly pat o ou capablts .[264][265] Hzbolla as also b t tagt o bob attacks ad
Isal ltay o cals ad aalysts av also daw at- kdappgs. Ts clud:
tto to t xpc ad wapoy t goup would
av gad o t volvt o tousads o ts
I t 1985 But ca bobg, Hzbolla lad
gts t Sya Cvl Wa. Ts kd o xpMoaad Huss Fadlalla was tagtd, but t
c caot b bougt, sad Gab Sbo, dcto o t
assassato attpt ald.
ltay ad statgc a as poga at t Isttut o
O July 28, 1989, Isal coados kdNatoal Scuty Studs at Tl Avv Uvsty. It s a
appd Sk Abdul Ka Obd, t lad
addtoal acto tat w wll av to dal wt. T s
o Hzbolla.[275] Ts acto ld to t adopto
o plact o xpc, ad t s ot to b sco d
[266]
o UN Scuty Coucl soluto 638, wc
at.
codd all ostag takgs by all sds.
I 1992, Isal lcopts attackd a otocad
sout Lbao, kllg t Hzbolla lad
Abbas al-Musaw, s w, so, ad ou ots.[54]
26.8
Targeting policy
At t Sptb 11, 21 attacks, Hzbolla codd Al Qada o tagtg t cvla Wold Tad
Ct, but ad slt o t attack o T Ptago.[3][267] Hzbolla also doucd t assacs
Alga by Ad Islac Goup, Al-Gaa'a alIslayya attacks o tousts Egypt,[268] ad t ud
o Nck Bg.[269]
Altoug Hzbolla as doucd cta attacks o
cvlas, so popl accus t ogazato o t
bobg o a Agt syagogu 1994. Agt
poscuto Albto Nsa, Maclo Matz Bugos,
ad t sta o so 45 popl [27] sad tat Hzbolla ad t cotacts Ia w sposbl o t
1994 bobg o a Jws cultual ct Agta,
wc "[]gty- v popl w klld ad o ta
2 ots jud. [271] I Ju 22, sotly at t
Isal govt laucd Opato Dsv Sld,
Nasalla gav a spc wc ddd ad pasd
sucd bobgs o Isal tagts by bs o Palsta goups o catg a dtc ad ualzg
a. Nasalla statd tat occupd Palst, t
s o d c btw a sold ad a cvla, o ty
a all vads, occups ad usups o t lad. [3]
O Fbuay 12, 28, Iad Mug was klld

by a ca bob Daascus, Sya.[276]
O Dcb 3, 213, so ltay coad Hassa al-Las was sot outsd s o, two
ls (t klots) soutwst o But. H
dd a w ous lat o Dcb 4.[277]
26.10 Foreign relations

Ma atcl: Hzbolla og latos
Hzbolla as clos latos wt Ia.[278] It also as

ts wt t ladsp Sya, spc cally wt Psdt Haz al-Assad (utl s dat 2) ad s
so ad succsso Basa al-Assad.[279] Altoug Hzbolla ad Haas a ot ogazatoally lkd, Hzbolla povds ltay tag as wll as acal ad
oal suppot to t Su Palsta goup.[28] Futo, Hzbolla s a stog suppot o t ogog Al-Asa Itada.[3] Aca ad Isal couttos o cals cla tat Hzbolla as (o ad) lks
to Al Qada, altoug Hzbolla s lads dy ts
allgatos.[281][282][283] Also, so al-Qada lads, lk
Abu Musab al-Zaaw[284] ad Waab clcs, cosd
Hzbolla to b apostat.[285] But Utd Stats tllgc o cals spculat tat t as b cotact bI August 212, t Utd Stats Stat Dpatt s tw Hzbolla ad low-lvl al-Qada gus wo d
cout-tos coodato Dal Bja wad Agasta o Lbao.[286]
tat Hzbolla ay attack Euop at ay t wtout ay
wag. Bja sad, Hzbolla atas a psc Euop ad ts ct actvts dostat tat 26.10.1 Public opinion
t s ot costad by cocs about collatal daag
o poltcal allout tat could sult o coductg op- Accodg to Mcl Saaa, Lbao s st o atos t ... W assss tat Hzbolla could attack oato, Hzbolla s s as a lgtat sstac oEuop o lsw at ay t wt lttl o o wag gazato tat as ddd ts lad agast a Isal ocad tat Hzbolla as stppd up tost capags cupyg oc ad as cossttly stood up to t Isal
ay.[3]
aoud t wold. [272][273][274]
94
Accodg to a suvy lasd by t But Ct o

Rsac ad Ioato o July 26 dug t 26
Lbao Wa, 87 pct o Lbas suppot Hzbolla s talatoy attacks o ot Isal ,[287] a s
o 29 pctag pots o a sla poll coductd
Fbuay. Mo stkg, owv, was t lvl o
suppot o Hzbolla s sstac o o-St couts. Egty pct o Cstas polld suppotd
Hzbolla, alog wt 8 pct o Duz ad 89 pct
o Sus.[288]
I a poll o Lbas adults tak 24, 6% o spodts gav uual d suppot to t statt Hzbolla sould b dsad . 41% potd uual d
dsagt.[289] A poll o Gaza Stp ad Wst Bak
sdts dcatd tat 79.6% ad a vy good vw
o Hzbolla, ad ost o t ad ad a good
vw .[29] Polls o Jodaa adults Dcb 25
ad Ju 26 sowd tat 63.9% ad 63.3%, spctvly, cosdd Hzbolla to b a lgtat sstac
ogazato.[291] I t Dcb 25 poll, oly 6% o
Jodaa adults cosdd Hzbolla to b tost.[292]
acts av b dscbd as tost attacks. Tougout ost o t Aab ad Musl wolds, Hzbolla s
d to as a sstac ovt, gagd atoal ds.[12][298][299] Ev wt Lbao, Hzbolla s status s cottous.
I May 213, Fac ad Gay lasd statts
tat t wll jo ot Euopa couts callg o a
EU-blacklstg o Hzbolla as a to goup.[3]
Couts ad ogazatos blow av o cally lstd
Hzbolla at last so pat as a tost ogazato.
In the Western World

I 1999, Hzbolla was placd o t US Stat Dpatt lst o Fog Tost Ogazatos. At
Hzbolla s codato o t Sptb 11, 21 attacks o t USA, t was ovd o t lst, but t was
lat tud.[38]
O Mac 1, 25, t Euopa Palat passd a

o-bdg soluto cogzg cla vdc o
tost actvts by Hzbolla [39] ad ugg t EU
Coucl to bad Hzbolla a tost ogazato ad
EU govts to plac Hzbolla o t tost
blacklsts, as t bloc dd wt t Palsta Haas
goup 23.[39] T Coucl was luctat to do
so bcaus Fac ad Spa ad tat suc a ov
could ut daag t pospcts o Mddl East pac
talks.[39] I 212, Bts Fog Mst Wlla
Hagu ugd t Euopa Uo to plac Hzbolla s
ltay wg o ts lst o tost ogazatos. [31]
T Utd Stats also ugd t EU to classy Hzbolla
as a tost ogazato.[25] I lgt o dgs plcatg Hzolla t bus bobg Bugas, Bulgaa
212, t was wd dscusso wt t Euopa Uo to labl Hzbolla s ltay wg as a tI 21, a suvy o Musls Lbao sowd tat
ost goup.[311] O July 22, 213, t Euopa Uo
94% o Lbas Sa suppotd Hzbolla, wl 84%
agd to blacklst Hzbolla s ltay wg ov coo t Su Musls ld a uavoabl opo o t
cs about ts gowg ol t Sya co ct.[312]
[294]
goup.
I t dst o t 26 co ct btw Hzbolla ad
So publc opo as statd to tu agast HzbolIsal, Russa s govt dcld to clud Hzbolla o t suppot o Sya Psdt Assad s attacks
la a wly lasd lst o tost ogazatos, wt
o t opposto ovt Sya.[295] Cowds
Yu Sapuov, t ad o at-tos o t Fdal
Cao soutd out agast Ia ad Hzbolla, at a pubScuty Svc o t Russa Fdato, sayg tat
lc spc by Haas Psdt Isal Haya Fbuty lst oly ogazatos wc pst t gatst
ay 212, w Haas cagd ts suppot to t Sya
tat to t scuty o ou couty .[313] Po to t opposto.[296]
las o t lst, Russa Ds Mst Sg Ivaov
calld o Hzbolla to stop sotg to ay tost
[314]
26.10.2 Designation as a terrorist organi- tods, cludg attackg gbog stats.
A July 26 USA TodayGallup poll oud tat 83% o
t 1,5 Acas polld blad Hzbolla, at last
pat, o t 26 Lbao Wa, copad to 66%
wo blad Isal to so dg. Addtoally, 76%
dsappovd o t ltay acto Hzbolla took Isal, copad to 38% wo dsappovd o Isal s ltay acto Lbao.[293] A poll August 26 by
ABC Nws ad t Washington Post oud tat 68% o
t 1,2 Acas polld blad Hzbolla, at last
pat, o t cvla casualts Lbao dug t
26 Lbao Wa, copad to 31% wo blad Isal
to so dg.[293] Aot August 26 poll by CNN
sowd tat 69% o t 1,47 Acas polld blvd
tat Hzbolla s udly towads, o a y o, t
Utd Stats.[293]
zation or resistance movement
Hzbolla s status as a lgtat poltcal paty, a tost goup, a sstac ovt, o so cobato
to s a cottous ssu.[297] Sval Wst couts o cally classy Hzbolla o ts xtal scuty
wg as a tost ogazato, ad so o t volt
T Quatt s out b, t Utd Natos, dos

ot ata suc a lst,[315] owv, t Utd Natos as ad patd calls o Hzbolla to dsa ad
accusd t goup o dstablzg t go ad causg a to Lbas cvlas.[316][317][318][319] Hua
gts ogazatos Asty Itatoal ad Hua
Rgts Watc av accusd Hzbolla o cottg wa
26.10. FOREIGN RELATIONS
95
cs agast Isal cvlas.[32][321][322][323]
a tost goup ad accusd t o suppotg t

[337][338]
O 1 Apl, 213, Baa blackAgt poscutos old Hzbolla ad t a- potsts.
lstd
Hzbolla
as
a tost goup, bg t st Aab
cal suppots Ia sposbl o t 1994 AMIA
[339]
stat
ts
gad.
Bobg o a Jws cultual ct, dscbd by t
Assocatd Pss as t wost tost attack o A- Dug t 211 Sya upsg Hzbolla s as vocd
gt sol, wc "[]gty- v popl w klld suppot o Sya Psdt Basa Assad's govt,
ad o ta 2 ots jud. [271][324] Dug t wc as poptd ctcs o at-govt SyIsal occupato o sout Lbao, Fc P as. As Hzbolla suppotd ot ovts t
Mst Lol Josp codd attacks by Hzbol- cotxt o t Aab Spg, at-govt Syas
la gts o Isal ocs sout Lbao, sayg av statd tat ty l btayd by a doubl staty w tos ad ot acts o sstac. Fac dad allgdly appld by t ovt. W ducods Hzbolla s attacks, ad all typs o to- g t su o 211 t volc Sya scast attacks wc ay b cad out agast solds, o latd ut, Hzbolla avodd talkg about Sya s
possbly Isal s cvla populato. [325] Itala Fog upsg.[331] Followg Hzbolla s ad Assad g s
Mst Masso D'Ala d tatd t wgs o vctoy Qusa, at-Hzbolla dtoals bga guHzbolla: Apat o t wll-kow tost ac- laly appag t Aabc da ad at-Hzbolla
tvts, ty also av poltcal stadg ad a socally ga t as b s sout Lbao.[34]
gagd. [326] Ga o cals dcat tat ty would
lkly suppot a dsgato o Hzbolla as a tost
ogazato.[327] T Ntlads gad Hzbolla as In Lebanon
tost dscussg t as suc o cal pots o t
gal tllgc ad scuty svc[328] ad o - I a tvw dug t 26 Lbao Wa, tcal asws by t Mst o Fog A as.[329] O Psdt El Laoud statd Hzbolla joys utost
July 22, 213, t Euopa Uo dclad t ltay pstg Lbao, bcaus t d ou couty ... v
[341]
Followwgs o Hzbolla as a tost ogazato; ctvly toug t s vy sall, t stads up to Isal.
[33]
g t 26 Wa, ot Lbas cludg bs o
blacklstg t tty.
t govt w stul o t lag daag sustad by t couty ad saw Hzbolla s actos as ujust d dagous advtus at ta lgtat
In the Arab and Muslim world
sstac. Ty accusd Hzbolla o actg o bal
[342]
A o cal o t Futu MovI 26, Hzbolla was gadd as a lgtat ss- o Ia ad Sya.
pat
o
t
Mac
14 Allac, wad tat Hzbolt,
tac ovt tougout ost o t Aab ad Musla
as
all
t
caactstcs
o a tost paty , ad
[12]
T dctts o t Ha kllg ,
l wold.
tat
Hzbolla
s
ovg
Lbao
towad t Iaa Ist Assocatd Pss potd August 211, da[343]
lac
syst
o
govt.
ags t goup s cossov appal t Mdast s sctaa dvds. [331] Futo, ost o t Su Aab
wold ss Hzbolla as a agt o Iaa uc,
ad to, would lk to s t pow Lbao
dsd.[332] Egypt, Joda, ad Saud Aaba av
codd Hzbolla s actos, sayg tat t Aabs
ad Musls ca't a od to allow a sposbl ad
advtuous ogazato lk Hzbolla to dag t go to wa ad callg t dagous advtus ,[333]
At a allgd 29 Hzbolla plot Egypt, t
Egypta g o Hos Mubaak o cally class d
Hzbolla as a tost goup.[334] Followg t 212
Psdtal lctos t w govt cogzd
Hzbolla as a al poltcal ad ltay oc
Lbao. T Egypta abassado to Lbao, Asa
Hady, statd tat Rsstac t ss o ddg Lbas ttoy ... Tat s t pay ol. W
... tk tat as a sstac ovt ty av do
a good job to kp o ddg Lbas ttoy ad
tyg to ga lad occupd by Isal s lgal ad
lgtat. [335][336]
I August 28, Lbao s cabt copltd a polcy

statt wc cogzd t gt o Lbao s popl, ay, ad sstac to lbat t Isal-occupd
Sbaa Fas, Kaa Suba Hlls, ad t Lbas scto o Gaja vllag, ad dd t couty usg all
lgal ad possbl as. [45]
Gba Tu, a lat cosvatv Otodox Csta dto o a-Naa, d to Hzbolla as a Iaa pot ad sad ty av otg to do wt Aab cvlzato. Tu blvd tat Hzbolla s voluto s costc, cocalg a sst log-t statgy to Islacz Lbao ad lad t to a uous wa wt Isal.[3]
Tu was klld a ca bob 25, but t plotts
av ot b dt d.[344]
Wl Hzbolla as suppotd popula upsgs

Egypt, Y, Baa ad Tusa Hzbolla publcly
sdd wt Ia ad Sya t ow volt pssos
o dsst. I August 21, 8 popl dostatd
But agast Sya Psdt Basa Assad, ad polc w calld to cota t sall po-Sya alDug t Baa upsg, Baa og s- ls tat ollowd. Dostatos w soutg, Sya
t Kald b Aad Al Kala labld Hzbolla wats do, Ayo wo klls s popl s a u-
96
d ad a cowad, ad t popl wat a d to t

g. [345]
Hstoy o Lbao
Scholarly views
Isal-Lbas co ct
So Aca ad Isal acadcs spcalzg a

wd vaty o t socal sccs blv tat Hzbolla s a xapl o a Islac tost ogazato.
T Acas clud, Lbas-bo tos scola
Wald Pas ad stoa Mak LV.[346][347] Isal
stoas tat av d to Hzbolla as a Islac
tost ogazato clud Avaa Sla, Robt S.
Wstc, ad Eyal Zss.[348][349][35] Iaa scola
Saak Kata, Sgapoa scola Roa Guaata,
Austala scola Nu Gaba, ad Nowga scola
To Bjgo av all d to Hzbolla usg sla
ts.[281][351][352][353]
26.10.3 Views of foreign legislators

J. Gsa Batt bougt up lgslato t U.S.
Hous o Rpstatvs wc, aog ot tgs, d to Hzbolla as a tost ogazato. Cogss
bs To Latos, J Saxto, Tad McCott,
Cs Says, Cals Boustay, Alc Hastgs, ad
Robt Wxl d to Hzbolla as a tost ogazato t spcs suppotg t lgslato.[354]
Sotly bo a spc by Ia P Mst Nou
al-Malk, U.S. Cogssa Ds Hastt sad, H
[Malk] doucs tos, ad I av to tak at
s wod. Hzbolla s a tost ogazato. [355]
I 211, a bpatsa goup o bs o Cogss toducd t Hzbolla At-Tos Act. T act sus tat o Aca ad to Lbao wll t t
ads o Hzbolla. O t day o t act s toducto, Cogssa Dall Issa sad, Hzbolla s a tost goup ad a cac o Lbao. T Hzbolla At-Tos Act sugcally tagts ts cac ad
wll stgt t posto o Lbas wo oppos
Hzbolla. [356]
I a Sky Nws tvw dug t 26 Lbao wa,
o Bts MP Gog Galloway sad tat Hzbolla
s: ot a tost ogazato .[357]
Fo Swss b o palat, Ja Zgl, wo
as acd ctcs o sdg wt vcous dctatos suc
as Gada , sad 26: I us to dscb Hzbolla as a tost goup. It s a atoal ovt o
sstac. [358]
26.11
See also
28 co ct Lbao
Fog latos o Lbao
Hstoy o tos
Jad Costucto
Poltcs o Lbao
Hzbolla Al-Hjaz
Mlta usu
26.12 References
[1] Hzbolla lat abadod ts goal o a Iaa-styl
Islac stat, ad s ow atoalst ad Islac
ts poltcal otato. (ttp:tos.about.cood
goupslad1pHzbolla.t)
[2] Lvtt, Mattw (213). Hezbollah: The Global Footprint
of Lebanon s Party of God. p. 356. Hzbolla s atWst ltacy bga wt attacks agast Wst tagts Lbao, t xpadd to attacks aboad tdd
to xact vg o actos tatg ts o Ia s tsts, o to pss og govts to las captud
opatvs.
[3] Wo a Hzbolla . BBC Nws. May 21, 28. Rtvd August 15, 28.
[4] An International History of Terrorism: Western and NonWestern Experiences. p. 267. Basd upo ts bls,
Hzbolla bca vtly at-Wst ad at-Isal.
[5] Criminology: Theories, Patterns & Typology. p. 396.
Hzbolla s at-Wst ad at-Isal ad as gagd
a ss o tost actos cludg kdappgs, ca
bobgs, ad al jackgs.
[6] El Alaga, Josp (211). Hizbullah s Documents:
From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto. Astda Uvsty Pss. pp. 15, 2. ISBN 9-855537-8.
[7] Sata, Sa (212). Islamist Politics in the Middle
East: Movements and Change. Routldg. p. 176. ISBN
-415-78361-5.
[8] Hussa, Rola El (21). Hzbolla ad t Axs o
Rusal: Haas, Ia ad Sya . Third World Quarterly
31 (5). do:1.181436597.21.52695.
[9] Hzbolla . The Collins English Dictionary. Glasgow:
HapColls. 213. Rtvd May 7, 213.
[1] Hzbolla . Webster s New World College Dictionary.
Clvlad: Wly Publsg, Ic. 212. Rtvd May
7, 213.
[11] Ot tasltatos clud Hizbollah, Hezballah, Hisbollah, Hizbu'llah ad Hizb Allah.
26.12. REFERENCES
[12] Jaal, Da (July 2, 26). Hzbolla s tasoato . Asia Times. Rtvd Octob 23, 27.
[13] A Twt too a: US dto latst vct o Itt Iusto . RT. Rtvd Octob 19, 21.
[14] Hzbolla (a.k.a. Hzbolla, Hzbu'lla)". Coucl o
Fog Rlatos. Sptb 13, 28. Rtvd
Sptb 15, 28.
of Lebanon s Party of God. p. 15. ... t Jad Coucl
coodats 'sstac actvty'.
[16] Gattas Saab, Ato (May 15, 214). Hzbolla cuttg costs as Iaa ad ds up . The Daily Star. Rtvd Ju 1, 214. ... Hzbolla s ltay wg ...
Kow as t Jad Coucl
[17] Jas B. Stbg. Dsgato o Kata'b Hzballa as a
Fog Tost Ogazato . Buau o Publc A as,
O c o t Spoksa. Rtvd Mac 12, 213.
[18] Jws Lads Applaud Hzbolla To Dsgato
by Fac . Algemeiner Journal. Apl 4, 213. Rtvd
Sptb 4, 213.
[19] GCC: Hzbolla to goup . Arab News. Ju 3,
213. Rtvd Ju 3, 213.
[2] Poscbd to goups o ogasatos . GOV.UK.
Ho O c ad Mst o Scuty ad Igato.
Ju 27, 214. p. 8. Rtvd 11 July 214.
[21] Lstd tost ogasatos - Hzballa s Extal Scuty Ogasato (ESO)". Austala Natoal Scuty.
Rtvd 11 July 214.
[22] Lsts assocatd wt Rsoluto 1373 . Nw Zalad
Polc. 2 July 214. Rtvd 16 August 214.
[23] Lstd Tost Etts - Cutly Lstd Etts .
Government of Canada. Publc Saty Caada. Mac
24, 214. Rtvd 11 July 214.
[24] Noa, Lawc; Facloug, Godo (Sptb 7,
212). Pssu Mouts o EU to Put Hzbolla o To Lst . Wall Street Journal. Rtvd Novb 3,
212.
[25] Kg, Hlay Lla; , Wtal, Bja (Octob 26,
212). US o cal ugs EU to a Hzbolla 'tosts . Jerusalem Post. Rtvd Novb 3, 212.
[26] Dutc FM ugs EU to plac Hzbolla o to goup
lst . JTA. Sptb 6, 212. Rtvd Novb 3,
212.
[27] Mul Assa, Pospcts o Addg Hzbolla to t
EU Tost Lst , Sptb 27
[28] Kat, Jas, Rudo, Jod (July 22, 213). Euopa
Uo Adds Mltay Wg o Hzbolla to Lst o Tost Ogazatos . New York Times. Rtvd Sptb 4, 213.
[29] Hzbolla - Itatoal tost ogazato . Isal
Msty o Fog A as. July 22, 213.
97
[3] Ada Satz (Apl 29, 24). I Sac o Hzbolla .
The New York Review of Books. Rtvd August 14,
26.
[31] Hubbad, B (Mac 2, 214). Sya Fgtg Gvs
Hzbolla Nw but D us Pupos . New York Times.
Rtvd May 3, 214. ... t gtg as also dlutd
t soucs tat usd to go xclusvly to acg Isal,
xacbatd sctaa dvsos t go, ad alatd
lag sgts o t ajoty Su populato wo oc
bacd Hzbolla as a lbato oc... Nv bo
av Hzbolla gullas ougt alogsd a oal ay,
wagd wa outsd Lbao o tatd boad o svs
ad at szg ttoy.
[32] Db, Laa (July 31, 26). Hzballa: A P . Mddl East Rpot. Rtvd May 31, 211.
[33] Golda, Ada (May 28, 214). Hzbolla opatv
watd by FBI ds gtg Sya . Washington Post.
Rtvd May 3, 214. ... Hasa Nasalla as calld
t dployt o s gts to Sya a 'w pas' o t
ovt, ad t aks t st t t goup as st
sg cat ubs o outsd Lbao s bods.
[34] Ia-Sya vs. Isal, Roud 1: Assssts & Lssos
Lad . Defense Industry Daily. Sptb 13, 213.
Rtvd Fbuay 19, 213.
[35] Hug But potst backs Sya . BBC Nws. Mac 8,
25. Rtvd Fbuay 7, 27.
[36] Ha: Sus 'us' to jo Hzbolla-Al Qada wa .
AFP, Jauay 25, 214.
[37] T Csta Scc Moto. Wy Hzbolla as
oply jod t Sya gt . The Christian Science
Monitor.
[38] UN: Hzbolla as casd ltay stgt sc
26 wa . Haaretz. Octob 25, 27. Rtvd
Sptb 5, 213.
[39] Fykbg, Ml (August 29, 28). Mdast Pows,
Poxs ad Payasts Blust ad Ra . Middle East
Times. Rtvd May 31, 211. Ad t s o tg
tat dologcally ad datcally opposd Hzbolla
ad Isal ag o, t s Hzbolla s gowg ltay
stgt.
[4] Baad, A (May 2, 213). Hzbolla s Rol
Sya Wa Saks t Lbas . Nw Yok Ts.
Rtvd Ju 2, 213. Hzbolla, stog ta t
Lbas Ay, as t pow to dag t couty to
wa wtout a govt dcso, as 26, w t
st o t wa by captug two Isal solds
[41] Mos, Lovday (Ju 12, 213). Fo Lbao s Sus,
gowg ag at Hzbolla ov ol Sya . Washington
Post. Rtvd Ju 2, 213. ... Hzbolla, wc as
a gtg oc gally cosdd o powul ta
t Lbas ay.
[42] Flks, Dxt (Sptb 3, 213). T Sadow
Coad . The New Yorker. Rtvd 4 Octob
213. Fo 2 to 26, Ia cotbutd a udd
98

llo dollas a ya to Hzbolla. Its gts a attactv poxs: ulk t Iaas, ty spak Aabc, akg t btt uppd to opat Sya ad lsw
t Aab wold.
[55] Had, Toy (Fbuay 21, 24). Vdo gas attact youg to Hzbolla . The Daily Telegraph (Lodo).
Acvd o t ogal o July 21, 26. Rtvd
Octob 2, 212.
[43] Gattas, K (Dcb 1, 26). Poltcal t

Lbao . BBC Nws. Rtvd August 15, 28.
[56] I t Paty o God: A tosts Lbao ppag

o a lag wa? by J y Goldbg . The New Yorker.
Octob 14, 22. Rtvd Mac 3, 27.
[44] St, Yoav; Issacao , Av (May 1, 28). Hzbolla

gts tat o But at 37 d class .
Haaretz. Acvd o t ogal o May 12, 28.
Rtvd Octob 2, 212.
[57] T statgy ad tactcs o Hzballa s cut 'Lbaozato pocss . Mediterranean Politics, Volu 3, Issu
1 Su 1998, pags 13 134.
[45] Naz Qawas (August 6, 28). B suos Palat to vot o polcy statt . The Daily Star. Rtvd August 6, 28.
[58] Alaga (26), pp. 41 44
[46] Baad, A (Jauay 3, 214). Mysty Hzbolla

Opatvs L ad Dat . The New York Times.
[6] Hzbolla bs astd Talad: pot . The

Daily Star. 14 Apl 214. Rtvd 16 Apl 214.
[47] Baad, A (July 9, 213). Ca Bobg Ijus

Dozs Hzbolla Scto o But . The New York
Times. Rtvd August 3, 213. Hzbolla as potayd t Sya upsg as a Isal-backd plot to dstoy ts allac wt M. Assad agast Isal.
[61] Maus Db, Mltat Islac Movts Lbao:

Ogs, Socal Bass, ad Idology, Occasoal Pap
Ss (Wasgto, DC, Gogtow Uvsty, 1986)
p.19
[48] Hzbolla s Sya Quags (PDF). T Wasgto

Isttut o Na East Polcy. Rtvd 17 Sptb
214. By sdg wt t Assad g, t g s
Alawt suppots, ad Ia, ad takg up as agast
Su bls, Hzbolla as placd tsl at t pct o a sctaa co ct tat as otg to do wt t
goup s pupotd aso d t: 'sstac' to Isal occupato.
[49] Ks, Isabl (Mac 1, 214). Isal Watcs Waly as Hzbolla Gas Battl Sklls Sya . New York
Times. Rtvd May 3, 214. ... t Lbas goup s
ag at o ad t boad Aab wold as b
svly daagd bcaus t s gtg Su bls
Sya wl ts lgtacy std o ts ol gtg Isal.
[5] Av Sla (21) The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab
World W.W. Noto, ISBN -393-32112-6 Capt 1;
T Lbas Quag 1981 1984 . pp 384 423
[51] Noto, Augustus (29). Hezbollah: A Short History.
Pcto Uvsty Pss. p. 33. ISBN -691-131244.
[52] Pap, Robt (25). Dying to win: the strategic logic
of suicide terrorism. Nw Yok: Rado Hous. ISBN
1-4-6317-5. Spc cally: Sucd Tost Capags, 198 23 , Appdx 1. (Pag 253 o Austala papback dto, publsd by Scb Publcatos)
[53] H. CON. RES. 19, 1st ssso, 11st cogss (August
4, 1989). Expssg t ss o t Cogss ov
t potd ud o Lutat Colol Wlla Hggs ad Hzbolla-sposod tos. . T Lbay o
Cogss. Rtvd August 8, 26.
[54] Lbao po l . BBC Nws. Sptb 3, 213. Rtvd Sptb 5, 213.
[59] Alaga (26), p. 47
[62] al-Naa, Sptb 7, 1985

[63] LaRvu du Lba, July 27, August 3, 1985
[64] al-Nahar al-Arabi, Ju 1
[65] Ma'aretz, Dcb 16, 1983
[66] Le Point, July 3, 1987
[67] al-Shira, August 28, 1988
[68] Nouveau Magazine, July 23, 1988
[69] Rastop, Hzb'alla (1997), p.67
[7] s also Bats, Jo D. (Psdg) (Sptb 23).
A Daall t al. v. Islac Rpublc o Ia
(PDF). Dstct o Coluba, U.S.: T Utd Stats Dstct Cout o t Dstct o Coluba. Acvd o
t ogal o Dcb 31, 25. Rtvd Sptb
21, 26.
[71] US Dpatt o Stat (Octob 8, 1999). Backgoud
Ioato o Fog Tost Ogazatos .
Acvd o t ogal o Fbuay 8, 27.
Rtvd Octob 2, 212.
[72] Isal Msty o Fog A as (Apl 11, 1996).
Hzbulla . Rtvd August 17, 26.
[73] SOR23-53: Cal Cod; Rgulatos Adg
t Rgulatos Establsg a Lst o Etts . Canada
Gazette Part II 137 (1 xta): 1. Fbuay 12, 23.
Acvd o t ogal o Jauay 18, 212.
[74] Baak, O. Hzballa. The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Avaa Sla. Nw
Yok: Cotuu, 22. p. 35.
[75] Rostal, Doa. The Israelis: Ordinary People in an
Extraordinary Land. Nw Yok: F Pss, 23. p. 15.
26.12. REFERENCES
99
[76] Coll, Robt. Evyo castg suspcous y o

Ia s Hzbolla. San Francisco Chronicle. Dcb
29, 23. Mac 14, 28.
[92] Block, Mlssa. "'Nw Yok' Wt Was o Hzbolla s Radcals. Natoal Publc Rado. August 16,
26. Fbuay 16, 28.
[77] Wgt, Rob (July 13, 26). Optos o U.S. Ltd

As Mdast Css Spad . Washington Post. p. A19.
[93] Scolo, Ela.

Fc Cout Dlays Dcso o
Hzbolla-Ru TV Cal. The New York Times Dcb 12, 24. Fbuay 14, 28.
[78] Itaa Rabovc. Israel in the Middle East. UPNE. Rtvd Novb 18, 21.
[79] Ada Satz, Nw Yok Rvw o Books, Apl 29, 24
I Sac o Hzbolla. Rtvd August 15, 26.
Fc Cout Ods a Ba o
[94] Cavajal, Do.
zbolla-Ru TV Cal. The New York Times. Dcb 14, 24. Fbuay 14, 28.
[8] Utd Natos Docut A54723 S255, ctg

Al Hayyat, Octob 3, 1999 Ltt datd Jauay 25,
2 o t Pat Rpstatv o Isal to t
Utd Natos addssd to t Sctay-Gal at t
Wayback Mac (acvd Mac 1, 27). Rtvd
August 17, 26.
[95] Scolo, Ela. " A Nw Fc Hadac: W Is

Hat o TV Illgal?" The New York Times. Dcb 9,
24. Fbuay 16, 28.
[81] T Sts Hzbulla s Idology: Rlgous Idology, Poltcal Idology, ad Poltcal Poga"By Josp
El Alaga,Publsd by Astda Uvsty Pss,
26,ISBN 9-5356-91-3, ISBN 978-9-5356-918,38.
[97] Ug Psdt Cac to Block Hzbolla s Atstc

ad Hat TV o boadcastg to Fac . So
Wstal Ct. May 21, 28.
[82] Josua Mtck. Bd t dsput ov Sbaa Fas,

Christian Science Monitor, August 22, 26.
[83] Wtak, Ba (May 1, 26). Flaspot alad .
The Guardian (Lodo). Rtvd Sptb 8, 213.
[96] At-Stc Ss As o Aab Tlvso. ADL. Jauay 9, 24. Fbuay 16, 28.
[98] Hzbolla Pssus Scool Ito Doppg 'A

Fak.'" The Jewish Daily Forward. Novb 9, 29.
[99] Satlo , Rog. T Holocaust s Aab Hos. T
Wasgto Isttut o Na East Polcy. Octob 8,
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[1] Stalsky, Stv. Hzbolla s Naz Tactcs. The New

[84] Ctal to ts ssu s Hzballa s cla, wc was also
York Sun. July 26, 26. Jauay 14, 29.
spousd by Lbao s o po-Sya govt,
tat t dsputd Sbaa Fas a Lbas at ta [11] Hzbolla psss scool to pullg A Fak .
Sya ttos ad a occupd by Isal. To,
Jws Tlgapc Agcy. Novb 9, 29
Hzballa atas tat t s a lgtat sstac ovt gtg o t lbato o Lbas ttoy. U- [12] Yazbck, Nataca A Fak Day o ds Lbao s
d ts ptxt, Hzballa, suppotd by so Lbas
Hzbolla Agc Fac-Pss. Novb 29
pats, could agu tat t s ot a lta ad tus t s outsd t jusdcto o Rsoluto 1559. Robt Rabl. [13] al-Nahar al-Arabi walduwali, Ju 1 16, 1985; ad La
Revue du Liban, July 27 August 3, 1985. uotd
Rocg Lbao s Sovgty, Wasgto Isttut
Rastop, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.41
o Na East Polcy, Novb 8, 25.
[85] Scuty coucl doss sctay-gal s cocluso [14] Rastop, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 64
o Isal wtdawal o Lbao as o 16 Ju .
Utd Natos Scuty Coucl. Ju 18, 2. R- [15] Rastop, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 45
tvd Sptb 29, 26.
Sya, Ia dtd to potct
[16] Naas, Ro.
[86] Isal vws o Sbaa Fas ad, BBC
Hzbulla. Ynetnews. July 19, 26. July 31, 21.
[87] Saad-Goayb, Aal (July 23, 26). Hzbolla s [17] Katz, Yaakov (Sptb 18, 29). Hzbulla uts bApocalyps Now . The Washington Post. Rtvd May
g coadd by Iaa o cs . Jerusalem Post. R21, 211.
tvd May 21, 211.
[88] Ts (Sya wspap) Ju 21, 1999, ptd by
[18] Daaga, Bozou. Lbao s Hzbolla savos casMEMRI Sctay Gal o Hzbulla Dscusss t
g lgtacy. Los Angeles Times. Apl 13, 29. Apl
Nw Isal Govt ad Hzbulla s Stuggl Agast
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27. Souc: Zogby Itatoal Ioato Ita[273] "'Hzbolla could t Euop at ay t, wt o watoal T Aab Aca Isttut
g'". The Jerusalem Post. August 1, 212. Rtvd
August 1, 212.
[29] Agus Rd Global Moto: Polls & Rsac Pals[274] Hzbolla ay stk Euop at ay t: US . Fac
tas Hold Hzbolla Hg Rgad . Agus Rd
24. AFP. August 1, 212. Acvd o t ogal o
Global Moto. July 29, 26. Rtvd Octob 28,
August 11, 212. Rtvd August 1, 212.
27. Souc: A-Naja Natoal Uvsty
26.12. REFERENCES
15
[291] Agus Rd Global Moto: Polls & Rsac Haas, [38] Lab, Fakl. Wy s Hzbolla o t Tos
Hzbolla Lgtat o Jodaas . Agus Rd Global
Lst?". Acvd o t ogal o May 22, 28. RMoto. July 14, 26. Rtvd Octob 28, 27.
tvd May 4, 28.
Souc: Ct o Statgc Studs at t Uvsty o
[39] ISN Scuty Watc (Mac 11, 25). EU lawakJoda
s labl Hzbolla 'tost' goup . Rtvd Mac 3,
[292] Agus Rd Global Moto: Polls & Rsac Jo27.
daas Rvw Lgtacy o Spc c Goups . Agus
Rd Global Moto. Jauay 11, 26. Rtvd Octo- [31] UK ugs EU to classy Hzbolla ltay wg as tost goup. Jewish Journal. Sptb 11, 212.
b 28, 27. Souc: Ct o Statgc Studs at t
Uvsty o Joda
[311] Gay backs to labl o Hzbolla. Ynetnews.
[293] IsalPalstas. PollgRpot.co. Dcb 1,
May 22, 213.
26.
[312] Kat, Jas (July 22, 213). Euopa Uo Adds
[294] Musls o xd vws o Haas, Hzbolla, jct
Mltay Wg o Hzbolla to Lst o Tost Ogazaal Qada, CNN. Dcb 3, 21
tos . New York Times. Rtvd Novb 6, 213.
[295] Su Clc Rss To Callg Hzbolla I Lbao . [313] My, Hy (July 28, 26). Hzbolla ot o Russa s
NPR. August 1, 212. Rtvd August 25, 212.
tost lst . The Washington Post. Assocatd Pss.
Rtvd
Octob 27, 27. Sapuov told Rossskaya
[296] Aka, Fas (Fbuay 24, 212). I Bak, Haas
Gazta
t
lst o 17 cluds oly tos ogazatos
Suppots Sya Opposto . The New York Times.
wc pst t gatst tat to t scuty o ou
[297] ""Hzbolla s Mltay ad Poltcal: Ay D c?" By
couty. Goups lkd to spaatst ltats CcRcad Hoowtz, Wold Polcy Isttut, Sptb 25,
ya ad Islac adcals Ctal Asa ad t lst.
213 .
[314] Russa ds st says Hzbolla uss 'tost
[298] Hzbulla: Vws ad Cocpts . Alas. Ju 2,
tods ". Haaretz Service and News Agencies. July 15,
1997. Rtvd Jauay 27, 211.
26. Rtvd Octob 27, 27.
[299] Statt o pupos . Alas. Mac 2, 1998. [315] Utd Natos Scuty Coucl Cout-Tos
Rtvd Jauay 27, 211.
Cott Potal. Rtvd August 7, 26.
[3] Blacklstg Hzbolla EU s Blacklstg Hzbolla .
Patyogta Dapa. Pratiyogita
[316] Bajpa, Auoday.
The Times of Israel.
Darpan. Octob 26. Jauay 9, 211.
[31] Hzballa Extal Scuty Ogasato Rlstd .
[317] Lbao tuc olds dspt class . CNN. August 15,
Austala Natoal Scuty. July 18, 25. Rtvd
26. Rtvd Sptb 4, 213.
Ju 12, 29.
[32] Baa s palat dclas Hzbolla a tost [318] Natos, Utd (Octob 22, 29). Ba K-oo:
Hzbulla poss tat to stablty . Jerusalem Post. Rgoup . Jusal Post. Mac 26, 213.
tvd May 21, 211.
[33] S:
[319] Fak, Toas. Isal says t dos't pla to occupy
Rc lst . O c o t Suptdt o
Lbao. USA Today. July 18, 26. Jauay 9, 211.
Facal Isttutos Caada. Rtvd July 25,
[32] IsalLbao: Hzbolla Must Ed Attacks o Cvl26.
as. Hua Rgts Watc. August 4, 26. Jauay 9,
Lstd tts pusuat to t At-Tos Act
211.
(21, c. 41)". Publc Saty ad Egcy
Ppadss Caada (PSEPC), Govt o
[321] Asty: Hzbolla gulty o wa cs . CNN.
Caada. Rtvd Ju 12, 29.
Sptb 14, 26. Rtvd Sptb 4, 213.
[34] Jws lads applaud Hzbolla to dsgato by
[322] Cowll, Ala (Sptb 14, 26). Asty ItaFac JNS.og
toal Says Hzbolla Cottd Wa Cs . The New
York Times. Rtvd Sptb 4, 213.
[35] EU placs Hzbolla ltay wg o to blacklst .
The Jerusalem Post. July 22, 213. Rtvd July 22,
[323] Kat Ftlad (Sptb 14, 26). Asty: Hzbol213.
la cottd wa cs agast Isal . Globe and Mail
Ho O c.
[36] Poscbd tost ogasatos .
(Tooto). Acvd o t ogal o Ju 5, 28.
Novb 23, 212. Rtvd May 17, 213.
Rtvd Octob 2, 212.
[37] Fog Tost Ogazatos (FTOs)". Utd Stats [324] Judg: Ast Ex-Psdt O Ia . The New York Sun.
Dpatt o Stat. Octob 11, 25. Acvd o
Novb 1, 26. Rtvd May 21, 211.
t ogal o July 12, 26. Rtvd July 16, 26.
Cut Lst o Dsgatd Fog Tost Ogaza- [325] Fc PM lass Hzbolla 'tos'". BBC Nws.
Fbuay 24, 2. Rtvd Sptb 5, 213.
tos ... 14. Hzballa (Paty o God)".
16
[326] Dsowtz, Ala M. (August 29, 26). Itala FM: [346] Pas, Wald. Future Jihad: Terrorist Strategies against
Hzbolla, Haas a ot al-Qada . Jerusalem Post. RAmerica. Nw Yok: Palgav MacMlla, 25. p. 148.
tvd May 21, 211.
[347] LV, Mak. Isal, Lbao, Hzbolla, Haas,
[327] Gay s Rlatos wt Isal: Backgoud ad Iplgtg, tos, pac, by Mak LV . Becatos o Ga Mddl East Polcy Cogssoal Rliefnet.com. Rtvd Jauay 18, 211.
sac Svc (Jauay 19, 27)
[348] Hzballa ployd at-Isal tos to pusu ts
[328] Aual Rpot 24 (PDF). Ntlads Gal tlgoal o tug Lbao to a stat ad socty uld
lgc ad scuty svc.
solly by t Sa'a. Sla, Avaa. Tos. The
Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed.
[329] Asws to ustos o Hzbolla ad t EU (
Avaa Sla. Nw Yok: Cotuu, 22. pp. 822
Dutc)". Ntlads Msty o Fog A as. Oc836.
tob 14, 28. Acvd o t ogal o Jauay 7,
29.
[349] T St Hzbolla as dd bco a tustd [33] Kat, Jas; Rudo, Jod (July 22, 213). Euopa
to ad ol odl to t Su udatalst Haas.
Uo Adds Mltay Wg o Hzbolla to Lst o TBot ogazatos av scbd o t ba t ost Ogazatos . The New York Times.
jcto o ay tats o pac agts wt Isal,
gtcally wok o ts ds ad couag sucd
[331] Kaa, Za. Sya s cackdow ts ally Hzbolla s
tos to tat d. Wstc, 731.
ag. Boston Globe. August 1, 211. August 1, 211.
[332] Javdaa, M. A Isal Oppotuty a Lbas
Css The Atlantic. Jauay 31, 211. August 1, 211.
[35] Zss, Eyal. T Tat Posd by Hzbolla. Middle

East Forum. Novb 26, 22. Jauay 18, 211.
[333] Kald Abu Toa (July 17, 26). Aab wold d up [351] Kata, Saak. Iran: A View from Within. Jaus Publsg Copay L. Jauay 21, 211.
wt Hzbulla . The Jerusalem Post.
[334] Egypt: Cao calls Hzbolla tost ogazato, LA [352] Gaba, Nu. Hezbollah: in transition. La Tob UvTs (Apl 13, 29). Rtvd May 5, 213.
sty. 27. Jauay 21, 211.
[335] Kas, Ro (Dcb 3, 212). Evoy: Egypt to tgt [353] Bjgo, To. Root Causes of Terrorism. Psycology
latos wt Hzbolla . Ynetnews. Rtvd Apl 25,
Pss. Jauay 21, 211.
213.
[354] Cogss. Congressional Record, V. 151, Pt. 4 .... Gov[336] Wllas, Lau (Dcb 29, 212). Nw Egypt
t Ptg O c. Mac 11 to Apl 6, 25. Jawas up to Hzbolla: abassado . The Daily Star
uay 23, 211.
(Lebanon). Rtvd Apl 25, 213.
[337] Spagl, Toty (Mac 25, 211). Baa co- [355] Wsa, Joata (July 27, 26). Ia P Mst Psss o Mo Ad . Washington Post. Rtvd
plas ov Hzbolla cots o potsts . Jerusalem
Sptb 4, 213.
Post. Rtvd Novb 22, 211.
[338] Ka, Gab (Mac 31, 211). Baa: Hzbulla a [356] Rps. Ba, Issa, Boustay, Raall Itoduc Bpatsa Lgslato to Mak Cta No Taxpay Fuds BTost Goup . Arutz Sheva. Rtvd Apl 1, 211.
t Hzbolla . T Utd Stats Hous o Rpsta[339] "'Baa st Aab stat to blacklst Hzbolla'".
tvs. Ju 16, 211. Acvd o t ogal o Ju
Jerusalem Post. Apl 1, 213. Rtvd Apl 1, 213.
2, 211.
[34] Kas, Ro (Ju 8, 213). Hzbolla s a 'cac,' say
[357] Gog Galloway, Aa Bottg. Getting a word in (TV)
Aab da . Ynetnews. Rtvd Ju 9, 213.
(Nws). Sky Nws. Evt occus at 3:59 4:4. Rtvd
Jauay 22, 211. But ty' ot a tost ogazato.
[341] SPIEGEL Itvw wt Lbas Psdt El Laoud: 'Hzbolla Fd Ou Couty'. Der Spiegel. July
[358] Bja Wtal (August 14, 213). Swtzlad
25, 26.
oats Hzbolla advocat o UN Hua Rgts
[342] Ita, Faysal (27). Hzbulla ad Lbas NatoalCoucl . Jerusalem Post. Rtvd August 14, 213.
s . Bologna Center Journal of International A airs 10.
[343] Allouc: Hzbolla ual s as a tost goup. YaLba. May 23, 211
[344] Hut, Nao (July 22, 211). FEATURE: I Lbao,
Mudd Joualsts Also Dsv Justc . Itatoal
Pss Isttut. Rtvd Sptb 4, 213.
[345] Spagl, Toty. Sya upsg sts old dvsos
gbog Lbao . Jerusalem Post. Rtvd
Novb 22, 211.

Books
Josp Alaga (26). The Shifts in Hizbullah s Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology. Astda Uvsty Pss. ISBN 9-5356-91-3.
17
To Daz, Babaa Nwa (25). Lightning Out 26.14.2 UN resolutions regarding Hezbolof Lebanon: Hezbollah Terrorists on American Soil.
lah
Psdo Pss. ISBN -345-47568-2.
UN Pss Rlas SC8181 UN, Sptb 2, 24
Aad Nza Haz (24). In The Path Of
Lbao: Clos Scuty Coucl vot backs
Hizbullah. Syacus Uvsty Pss. ISBN lctos, ugs og toop pullout UN, Spt8156-353-.
b 2, 24
Judt Pal Hak (26). Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism. I.B. Taus. ISBN 1-8451126.14.3 Other links
24-2.
Hala Jab (1997). Hezbollah. Coluba Uvsty
Pss. ISBN -231-1834-6.
Av Josc (24). Beacon of Hatred: Inside
Hizballahs Al-Manar Television. Wasgto Isttut o Na East Polcy. ISBN -94429-88-4.
Augustus Rcad Noto (2). Hizballah of
Lebanon: Extremist Ideals vs. Mundane Politics.
Coucl o Fog Rlatos.
Augustus Rcad Noto (27). Hezbollah: A
Short History. Pcto Uvsty Pss. ISBN
978--691-13124-5.
Qass, Na (25). Hizbullah: The Story from
Within. Sa Books. ISBN 978--86356-517-5.
Magus Rastop (1996). Hizb'Allah in Lebanon:
The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis. St. Mat s Pss. ISBN -312-16491-2.
Aal Saad-Goayb (21). Hizbullah: Politics
and Religion. Pluto Pss. ISBN -7453-1793-6.
Jaal Saka (25). Fadlallah: The Making of a
Radical Shi'ite Leader. Sa Books. ISBN -86356596-4.
Articles
Natala Atlava (Ju 2, 26). Isd Lbas
Hzbolla lta . Bts Boadcastg Copoato. Rtvd July 24, 29.
26.14
External links
26.14.1 O cial sites

Islac Rsstac Lbao
Pos Fo t Rsstac Movt Suppot
Hzbulla t Paty o God
cal wbsts ad docuts
Lst o lks to o -
Is Hzbolla Cootg a Css o Popula Lgtacy? D. Ec Lob, Cow Ct o Mddl East

Studs, Mac 214
Hzbolla: Facg To toug Cal Etps, Tstoy o Mattw Lvtt, Hag o
t Cott o Holad Scuty ad Govtal A as, Utd Stats Sat
Hzbulla s two publcs by Moad B Jllou, Al-Ahram, Fbuay 15 21, 27
Isd Hzbolla, sot docutay ad xtsv
oato o Frontline/World o PBS.
Hzbulla t 'Paty o God' act l at Ytws
Chapter 27
Quds Force
T Quds Force (altatvly splld Ghods o Qods)
(Psa: Nr-ye Qods o Sephe Qods) s a spcal ocs ut o Ia's Rvolutoay
Guads ad s sposbl o t xtattoal opatos.[1]
cotacts wt udgoud Islac ltat ogazatos

tougout t Islac wold.[1]
I Jauay 21, accodg to a US tktak, t sso o t Quds Foc was xpadd ad t Foc alog
wt Hzbolla statd a w capag o attacks wc
T Quds Foc pots dctly to t Sup Lad tagts clud ot oly t US ad Isal but also ot
o Ia, Al Ka.[2][3] Its coad s Majo Wst bods.[18]
Gal Qas Sola[4] ad s dputy s Hoss
Haada.[5] Wl lttl s lably kow about t
oc,[6] as o 27, ts sz was statd at 15, 27.3 Organization
toops.[7]
27.1
History
T Quds Foc was catd dug t Ia-Ia wa

as a spcal ut o t boad IRGC ocs. Bot
dug ad at t wa, t Quds Foc povdd
suppot to t Kuds gtg Sadda Huss. T
Quds also xpadd t opatos to gbog
Agasta, ost otably adg Abdul Al Maza's
S'a Hzb Wadat t 198s agast t govt
o Moaad Najbulla. It t bga udg ad
suppotg Aad Sa Massoud's Not Allac
agast t Talba.[8] Howv, ct yas, t Quds
Foc s blvd to b lpg ad gudg t Talba
sugts agast t NATO-backd Kaza adstato.[9][1][11][12][13][14][15] T w also pots o t
Quds ocs ldg suppot to Bosa Musls gtg
t Bosa Sbs dug t Yugoslav was.[16]
8 directorates of Quds Force Operations
T oc s dscbd as actv dozs o

couts .[6] Accodg to o U.S. Ay tllgc o c Davd Dos, t Quds oc s
ogazd to gt d t dctoats basd o
gogapc locato:[19]
Accodg to t Egypta wspap Al-Ahram, o

Iaa Psdt Maoud Aadjad lpd ud
t Quds Foc wl was statod at t Raaza
gaso a Ia dug t lat 198s.[17]
Wst couts
Ia
Agasta, Paksta, ad Ida
Isal, Lbao, ad Joda
Tuky
27.2
Mission
Not Aca
Aaba psula
A 1998 docut by t Fdato o Aca Sc Rpublcs o t o USSR
tsts says tat a pay ocus o t Qods Foc s
tag Islac udatalst tost goups. It ut stats tat t Quds Foc was lkd to Ias s O c Accodg to joualst Dxt Flks, t ocs o Lbato Movts, wc atas ad bulds bs a dvdd btw cobatats ad tos wo
18
19
27.4. ACTIVITIES
ta ad ovs og assts , ad t oc s dvdd
to bacs ocusg o tllgc, ac, poltcs,
sabotag, ad spcal opatos. Mbs a cos
bot o t skll ad allgac to t doct o t
Islac Rvoluto .[2]
27.3.2 Size
T sz o t Quds Foc s ukow, wt so

xpts blvg tat Quds Foc ubs o o
ta 2, popl, wt 8 co opatvs, ad ottat t could ub ayw o 3, to
I addto, Dos assts s book American Hi- s sayg
[24][25][26]
5,.
roshima tat t Iaa Quds Foc aduats o opatos Ia was ovd 24 to t Ia-Ia bod od to btt supvs actvts Ia.[19] T
27.3.3 Independence and talent
Quds Foc also as a aduats basd t o
copoud o t U.S. Ebassy, wc was ovu
Wl t pots dctly to t Sup Lad o Ia,
1979.[21]
t a dbats ov ow dpdtly Quds Foc
Accodg to Flks ad Aca Gal Staly A. opats.[24]
McCystal, t was t Quds Foc tat oodd Ia
wt xplosvly od pojctls (EFP) wc a Maa Abd, dcto o sac at t Lodo-basd
olt copp slug abl to ptat ao, ad wc ac- Ct o t Study o Tos (ad dto o Islamism
coutd o aly 2%" o Aca cobat dats Digest), blvs t ut s ot dpdt: Quds
Ia (.. udds o solds).[2] I Sptb 27, a Foc, altoug t s a gly spcalzd dpatt, t s
w yas at t publcato o American Hiroshima: subjct to stct, o-clad ltay dscpl. It s coThe Reasons Why and a Call to Strengthen America s pltly cotolld by t ltay acy o t IRGC,
by t gst lvDemocracy July 26, Gal Davd Ptaus - ad t IRGC s vy tgtly cotolld
[27]
ls
o
t
adstato
Ia.
potd to Cogss tat t Quds Foc ad lt Ia. Ptaus sad, T Quds Foc tsl, w blv, by ad Quds Foc s cosdd by so aalysts as o o t
lag tos dvduals av b pulld out o t cou- bst spcal ocs uts t wold , accodg to a Los
ty, as av t Lbas Hzbolla tas tat w Angeles Times pot.[24] I Abd s vw, "[I]t s a vy
bg usd to augt tat actvty. [22]
capabl oc t popl a xtly taltd, [ad]
[27]
O July 7, 28, Pultz Pz-wg auto Syou ty td to b t bst popl t IRGC .
Hs wot a atcl The New Yorker valg tat
Psdt Bus ad sgd a Psdtal Fdg autozg t CIA ad Jot Spcal Opatos Coad to coduct coss-bod paaltay opatos
o Ia ad Agasta to Ia. Ts opatos
would b agast al-Quds (AKA Qods Foc) ad gvalu tagts .[23] T Fdg was ocusd o udg Ia s ucla abtos ad tyg to ud
t govt toug g cag , a pso ala wt ts cotts sad, ad volvd wokg wt opposto goups .[23]
27.3.1 Focus of the force

T Quds oc as ou a aas o tst:
27.4 Activities
T Quds Foc tas ad ups og Islac volutoay goups aoud t Mddl East. T paaltay
stucto povdd by t Quds Foc typcally occus
Ia o Suda. Fog cuts a taspotd o
t o couts to Ia to cv tag. T Quds
Foc sots plays a o dct ol t ltay opatos o t ocs t tas, cludg p-attack
plag ad ot opato-spc c ltay advc.[19]
27.4.1 Afghanistan
Sc 1979, Ia ad suppotd t S'a Hzb Wadat

ocs agast t Aga govt o Moaad NaHzbolla opatos Lbao. I t past t jbulla. W Najbulla stppd dow as Psdt
Quds oc as also suppotd t stablst o 1992, Ia cotud suppotg Hzb Wadat agast
Hzbolla bacs Joda ad Isal.
ot Aga lta goups. W t Talba took ov
Agasta 1996, Hzb Wadat ad lost ts oud
ad a lad, Abdul Al Maza, so t goup jod
Ia Kudsta
Aad Sa Massoud's Not Allac. Ia bga suppotg t Not Allac agast t Talba,
Agasta, Balocsta ad Kas
wo w backd by Paksta ad t Aab wold.[28]
I 1999, at sval Iaa dploats w klld by
Y
t Talba Maza- Sa, Ia aly got to a wa
wt t Talba.[29][3] T Quds Foc potdly ougt
Sya
alogsd t Utd Stats ad t Not Allac
11
CHAPTER 27. QUDS FORCE
t Battl o Hat. Howv, ct yas Ia s

accusd o lpg ad tag t Talba sugts
agast t NATO-backd Kaza adstato.[9][1]
Iaa-ad wapos, cludg powul xplosv dvcs a ot oud sd Agasta.[11][13][14][15]
W dd tdct a spt, wtout
usto t Rvolutoay Guad's co Quds
Foc, toug a kow Talba acltato.
T o t dvduals w klld... Iaas
ctaly vw as akg l o d cult o
us Agasta s ustabl. W do't av
tat kd o latosp wt t Iaas.
Tat s wy I a patculaly toubld by t
tcpto o wapos cog o Ia.
But w kow tat t s o ta wapos; t s
oy; t s also accodg to so pots,
tag at Iaa caps as wll. [12]
Gal Davd Ptaus
I Mac 212, Najbulla Kabul, lad o t National Participation Front (NPF) o Agasta, accusd
t so lads o Ia s Rvolutoay Guads o
plottg to assassat .[31] So bs o t
Aga Palat accuss Ia o sttg up Talba
bass sval Iaa cts, ad tat Ia s dctly volvd ag tc, lgustc ad sctaa tsos
Agasta. [32] T a pots about Ia s Rvolutoay Guads tag Agas sd Ia to cay out
tost attacks Agasta.[33]
Cutly, t Rvolutoay Guads
cut youg popl o tost actvts
Agasta ad ty to vv t Hzb--Isla
Agasta ld by Gulbad Hkatya ad
Talba goups [33]
Syd Kaal, a sl-cossd agt o
Ia s Rvolutoay Guads ad b o
Spa--Moad
27.4.2 India
Followg a attack o a Isal dploat Ida
Fbuay 212, Dl Polc at t t cotdd
tat t Iaa Rvolutoay Guad Cops ad so
volvt.[34] Ts was subsutly co d July
212, at a pot by t Dl Polc oud vdc
tat bs o Iaa Rvolutoay Guad Cops ad
b volvd t Fbuay 13 bob attack t
captal.[34]
27.4.3 United States
t Quds Foc was volvd wt t plot to assassat

Saud Aaba s Abassado to t Utd Stats Adl alJub, wc also tald plas to bob t Isal ad
Saud basss locatd Wasgto, D.C.[35][36][37]
27.4.4 South America

It s b potd tat Ia as b casg ts psc Lat Aca toug Vzula. Lttl s
kow publcly wat t objctvs a t go,
but 29, Ds Sctay Robt Gats doucd
Ia o ddlg subvsv actvts usg Quds
Focs. Howv, Ia clas t s ly sug t
suvval o t g by popagatg goal uc. Du to t cotovsal atu o ts uts, t
as b wdly ackowldgd by uous dpdt PMC (Pvat Mltay Cotacto s collctg
SIGINTHUMINT opatos t go ad tat t
Al Quds"Quds Focs " plas clud ug t ow
uvalt to black opatos a Mxco ( od
to bld wt TCOs Tasatoal Cal Ogs ad
ot wly avg Jadst ad ot ACM lts
a ow bg advsd o ow to bst attack t soutwst bods placs lk Txas, CA, ad lsw. It
as also b uo cally co d tat ty av go
to ua ta ckg wt coyots wo suggl popl ad, wost o all, possbl ACMTo clls a suc
glydsly populatd aas t aotod aas CA, Baja, tc. Also, t a uous pots
o Aab spakg goups (ad Fas as wll) ovg to
d t postos (uc lk t N.Koa tul twoks to possbly attack ususpctg Aca cts
wt possbl cbo wapos as wll. Luckly , a
labl souc sd a sall, copattalzd a
o JSOC ad t Wst Coast a t NAVSPECWAR
uts cutly patollg ts aas, ot to to
wassstac o spcalzd AFO-typ jot USUK
SOF uts lk t aous Dlta ad ots tat w
askd by, ost lkly t go s ow SOF uts to assst captus o suc sall Al Quds clls.[38][39] As a
back as 1994, t Quds w suspctd o acg ad
adg Hzbolla a 1994 attack at t AMIA Jws
ct Buos As wc sultd t dats o 85
vcts.[4]
27.4.5 Iraq
T Quds Foc as b dscbd as t Iaa ut
dployd to callg t Utd Stat psc Ia
ollowg t U.S. vaso o tat couty, wc put
165, Aca toops alog [Ia s] wst bod, addg to t Aca toops alady Ia s ast gbo Agasta.[41]
T oc opatd tougout Ia, ag, adg, ad

O 11 Octob 211, t Obaa Adstato - abttg St ltas .., t Sup Coucl o
vald t Utd Stats Govt s allgatos tat Islac Rvoluto Ia, Dawa, ad t Mad Ay
27.4. ACTIVITIES
111
"all o wc ad clos ts to Ia, so datg back t goal Kuds govt wl t Russa govdcads as pat o t stuggl agast Sadda Hus- t calld t dtats uaccptabl.[52]
s's oppssv Aab atoalst g.[41]
Alza Nouzad, a poltcal aalyst at Voc o AI Novb 26, wt sctaa volc Ia - ca, stats tat t asts a causg coc Iaa
casg, U.S. Gal Jo Abzad accusd t Quds tllgc bcaus t v allgd o cals a kowlFoc o suppotg S'a dat suads v wl t dgabl o a wd ag o Quds Foc ad Iaa acgovt o Ia pldgs suppot stablzato.[42] tvts Ia.[53] Accodg to Aca abassado
Slaly, July 27, Majo Gal Kv Bg o Zalay Kallzad, o o t custody s Quds
t U.S. Ay allgd tat bs o t Quds Foc Foc s dcto o opatos.[54]
add t plag o a ad o U.S. ocs t Ia Iaa ad Ia o cals av atad t dtad
cty o Kabala Jauay 27.[43]
w pat o a dploatc sso t cty o Abl,
Fo CIA o c Robt Ba assts t Quds Foc Ia.[55] T v Iaa dtas w stll bg ld

uss cous o all sstv coucatos.[44]
at a U.S. pso Ia as o 8 July 27.[56] T U.S.
says ty a stll bg togatd ad tat t as o
plas to t wl ty a s as a scuty sk
2006 detainment in Iraq
Ia .[57] Ia says t dtas a kdappd dploats ad tat ty a ld as ostags .[58]
O 24 Dcb 26, t New York Times potd tat
O 9 July 29, t v dtad dploats usto
at last ou Iaas w captud by Aca toops
w lasd o U.S. custody to Ia o cals.[59]
Ia t pvous w days. Accodg to t atcl, t U.S. govt suspctd tat two o t w
bs o Quds Foc, wc would b so o t st
pyscal poo o Quds Foc actvty Ia.[45] Accodg to T Ptago, t allgd t Quds Foc bs
w volvd t tas o IED tcologs o
Ia to Ia .[46] T two ad td Ia lgally, Allegations of involvement in Karbala attack
altoug ty w ot accdtd dploats. Ia o cals blvd tat t vdc agast t was oly
ccustatal, but o 29 Dcb, ad ud U.S. ps- Ma atcl: Kabala povcal aduats ad
su, t Ia govt odd t to lav Ia.
Ty w dv back to Ia tat day.[47] I d-Jauay O 2 Jauay 27, a goup o gu attackd t
27 t was sad tat t two allgd Quds oc o - Kabala Povcal Jot Coodato Ct Kabala,
cs szd by Aca ocs w Bg. G. Mos captud ou Aca solds, ad subsutly klld
Caz ad Col. Abu Aad Dava. Accodg to t t. T attacks passd toug a Ia cckpot
Washington Post. Caz s t td gst o c o at aoud 5 p, a total o v black GMC Sububas,
Quds Foc, akg t gst-akd Iaa to sla to tos dv by U.S. scuty ad dploatc
v allgdly b ld by t Utd Stats.[48]
o cals. Ty w also wag Aca ltay uAca wspap The New York Sun potd tat
t docuts dscbd t Quds Foc as ot oly coopatg wt S'a dat suads, but also wt gts latd to al-Qada ad Asa al-Sua. It sad tat
t Quds Foc ad studd t Ia stuato a sla a to t U.S. Ia Study Goup, ad ad cocludd tat ty ust cas ots wt Su ad
St goups od to cout t uc o Su
stats.[49]
U.S. raid on Iranian liaison o ce
Ma atcl: US ad o Iaa laso o c Abl
Fut oato: Kll o Captu statgy
O 11 Jauay 27, U.S. ocs add ad dtad v
ploys o t Iaa laso o c Ibl, Ia. T
U.S. ltay says t v dtas a coctd to t
Quds Foc.[5][51] T opato as daw potsts o
os ad spok ut Egls. Bcaus o t sopstcato o t attack, so aalysts av suggstd tat

oly a goup lk t Quds Foc would b abl to pla ad
cay out suc a acto.[6] Fo CIA o c Robt
Ba also suggstd tat t v Acas w klld
by t Quds Foc vg o t Acas oldg
v Iaas sc t Jauay 11 ad Ibl.[61] It was
potd tat t U.S. ltay s vstgatg wt o
ot t attacks w tad by Iaa o cals; owv, o vdc bsds t sopstcato o t attack
as yt b pstd.[62]
O 2 July 27, t U.S. ltay sad tat oato

o captud Hzbolla gt Al Moussa Dakdouk stablsd a lk btw t Quds Foc ad t Kabala
ad. T U.S. ltay clas Dakdouk wokd as a laso btw Quds oc opatvs ad t Sa goup
tat cad out t ad. Accodg to t Utd Stats,
Dakdouk sad tat t Sa goup could ot av coductd ts coplx opato wtout t suppot ad
dcto o t Quds oc .[63]
112
Allegations of support for Iraqi militants

I Ju 27, U.S. Gal Ray Odo asstd tat Iaa suppot o ts Sa lta casd as t Utd
Stats tsl pltd t 27 "toop sug".[64] Two
d t studs av atad tat appoxatly al
o all og sugts tg Ia co o Saud
Aaba.[65]
I Dcb 29 vdc ucovd dug a vstgato by The Guardian wspap ad Guada Fls
lkd t Quds Foc to t kdappgs o v Btos
o a govt sty buldg Bagdad 27.
T o t ostags, Jaso Cswll, Jaso Swdlust, ad Alc Maclacla, w klld. Ala Mcy s body was v oud but Pt Moo was lasd
o 3 Dcb 29. T vstgato ucovd vdc tat Moo, 37, a coput xpt o Lcol
was tagtd bcaus was stallg a syst o t
Ia Govt tat would sow ow a vast aout o
tatoal ad was dvtd to Ia s lta goups
Ia. O o t allgd goups udd by t Quds oc
dctly s t Rgtous Lagu, wc gd 26
ad as stayd lagly t sadows as a poxy o t
Quds Foc. Sa clc ad ladg gu o t Rgtous Lagu, Qas al-Kazal, was add ov by t
U.S. ltay o las by t Ia govt o 29
Dcb 29 as pat o t dal tat ld to t las
o Moo.[66]
pat o t Iaa govt. Wat atts s, s tat w' spodg. T da tat

soow w' auactug t da tat t
Iaas a povdg IEDs s ppostous. ...
My job s to potct ou toops. Ad w w
d dvcs tat a tat couty tat a
utg ou toops, w' gog to do sotg
about t, pu ad spl. ... dos ts a
you' tyg to av a ptxt o wa? No. It
as I' tyg to potct ou toops. [67]
Mos Sazgaa, wo was a g-akg Ta o cal bo tug agast t govt, as agud
tat Aadjad dos ot cotol t Guads outsd o
Ia. Not oly t og sty o Ia; v t
psdt dos ot kow wat t Rvolutoay Guads
dos outsd o Ia. Ty dctly pot to t lad ,
sad, g to Gad Ayatolla Al Ka.[68]
Altoug Al Ka s t ultat pso cag
o t Quds Foc, Gog Bus dd ot to .[69]
Accodg to Rcad Clak, Quds oc pots dctly to t Sup Ayatolla, toug t coad-c o t volutoay guads. [69]
Detainment of alleged bomb smuggler
O 2 Sptb 27, t U.S. ltay astd a Iaa dug a ad o a otl Sulaaya, a cty t
Kuds-cotolld ot. T ltay accusd t IaAllegations by U.S. President Bush
a o bg a b o t lt Quds Foc ad sugglg powul oadsd bobs, cludg ao-pcg
I a 14 Fbuay 27 ws coc U.S. Psdt xplosvly od ptatos (EFPS), to Ia. T
Gog W. Bus tatd s cla tat t Quds Foc ltay sad tllgc pots asstd t suspct was
was causg ust Ia, statg:
volvd t ltato ad tag o og gts
to Ia as wll.[7]
I ca say wt ctaty tat t Quds
oc, a pat o t Iaa govt, as
povdd ts sopstcatd IEDs tat av
ad ou toops. Ad I'd lk to pat, I
do ot kow wt o ot t Quds Foc
was odd o t top clos o govt. But y pot s wat s wos t odg t ad t appg, o t ot odg t ad t appg? Ad so w wll cotu to potct ou toops. ... to say t [ts
cla] s povokg Ia s just a wog way to
caactz t Coad--C s dcso to do wat s cssay to potct ou solds a s way. Ad I wll cotu to do
so. ... Wt Aadjad odd t Quds
oc to do ts, I do't tk w kow. But w
do kow tat ty' t, ad I td to do
sotg about t. Ad I'v askd ou coads to do sotg about t. Ad w'
gog to potct ou toops. ... I do't tk w
kow wo pckd up t po ad sad to t
Quds Foc, go do ts, but w kow t s a vtal
O 22 Sptb 27, Ia Psdt Jalal Talaba

ctczd t Utd Stats o astg t Iaa ad
calld o s dat las. Talaba agud s
a cvl svat wo was o a o cal tad sso
t Kuds Rgo ad statd Ia ad Kuds goal
govt pstatvs w awa o t a s psc t couty. I xpss to you ou outag o
ts Aca ocs astg ts Iaa cvl o cal
vsto wtout og o coopatg wt t govt o t Kudsta go, wc as sult ad
dsgad o ts gts , Talaba wot a ltt o stt to Rya Cock, U.S. abassado to Ia, ad
G. Davd Ptaus.[71]
Allegations of 2007 market attack
O 24 Novb 27, ltay o cals accusd a Iaa spcal goup o placg a bob a bd box tat
blw up at a popula aal akt ctal Bagdad.
T goup s pupos was to ak t appa Al Qada
Ia was sposbl o t attack , Adal St sad.
113
27.5. DESIGNATION AS A TERRORIST ORGANIZATION
H ut paszd t was o vdc Ia o- Govt.[8][81]

dd t attack .[72] I May 28, Ia sad t ad o vdc tat Ia was suppotg ltats o Ia sol.[73]
Al-Sad spoksa Al-Ubayd sad t psc o Ia- Fighting the ISIS
a wapos Ia s ut oal, sc ty a
Ia st t Quds Foc battalos to lp t Ia govbougt ad sold ad ay paty ca buy t. [74]
t pl t Islac Stat Ia ad t Lvat's
214 Not Ia o sv.[82]
Allegations of ties to Al-Qaeda
Accodg to pots poducd by Agc Fac-Pss
(AFP), The Jerusalem Post, ad Al Aabya, at t ust o a b o t Utd Stats Hous Pat Slct Cott o Itllgc, 211 Cogssoal cout-tos advso Mcal S. St II o
Koos Advsoy, LLC poducd a pot o Ia s ts
to Al-Qada tat was dstbutd to bs o t Cogssoal At-Tos Caucus.[75][76][77] Ttld T
al-Qa'da-Qods Foc Nxus: Scatcg t Suac o a
Kow Ukow , a dactd vso o St s pot
s avalabl ol va t blog st owd by Aca
ltay gostatgst ad The Pentagon s New Map auto Toas P.M. Batt.[78] T pot s Issu Suay scto xplas: Ts pot ocuss o t stoy o Ia s latosp wt al-Qa'da, ad b y addsss pottal plcatos o ts ts. Addtoally,
ts auto povds a lst o codd acto ts
o Mbs o t Utd Stats Cogss, as wll as a
lst o ustos tat ay lp Mbs dvlop a btt
udstadg o ts ssu toug tactos wt ds ad tllgc o cals . A b o t Quds
Foc was allgd astd wt 21 ot suspcts t
attack o t Isal ad Utd Stats basss o 14
Mac 212 Azbaja.
27.5 Designation as a terrorist organization

T Utd Stats Dpatt o t Tasuy dsgatd
t Qods Foc ud Excutv Od 13224 o povdg atal suppot to US-dsgatd tost ogazatos o 25 Octob 27, pobtg tasactos btw t goup ad U.S. ctzs, ad zg ay assts
ud U.S. jusdcto.[83] T Govt o Caada
dsgatd t Quds Foc as a tost ogasato o
17 Dcb 212.[84]
27.6 Notes
[1] Qods (Jusal) Foc . Fdato o Aca Sctsts Itllgc Rsouc Poga. August 21, 1998.
Acvd o t ogal o 1999-2-18.
[2] Dos, 7
[3] Ia dads atoals las . BBC. 14 Jauay 27.
Rtvd 14 Fbuay 27.
Combat against ISIS
[4] Rct, Paul (24 Octob 27). Top Iaas dct

Ia ssos . Los Angeles Times. Rtvd 21 Dcb 27.
I 214 Quds Foc was dployd to Ia to lad Iaa

acto agast ISIS.
[5] Fta l'a d Sula, cabo d vtc al Quds .

AnalisiDifesa. Rtvd 29 August 214.
[6] Wgt, Rob, Dreams and Shadows: the Future of the
Middle East, Pgu Pss, 28, pp. 332 333.
27.4.6 Syria
Sya Cvl Wa ad Iaa
[7] Atoy Codsa ad Mat Klb, Iran s Asymmetric War ghting Capabilities. Wasgto, D.C.: Ct
o Statgc ad Itatoal A as. 27.
IRGC Coad Jaa aoucd o 16 Sptb

212 tat Qods Foc w pst Sya.[79]
[8] Ia s Rvolutoay Guads . Telegraph. 4 Octob

27. Rtvd 1 Mac 213.
Fut oato:
suppot
Cocdg wt t Gva II Coc o Sya [9] B Fa, d. (1 August 212). Talba ops o c
Ia . T Tlgap. Rtvd 18 May 213.
214, Ia boostd ts psc Sya wt sval
udd ltay spcalsts, cludg so coads o t Quds Foc, accodg to Iaa soucs [1] Abas Zao, d. (2 May 212). Ia, Paksta
out to wak Agasta, MPs told . Pajwok Aga
ad scuty xpts. Wl ctly td so IRGC
Nws. Rtvd 18 May 213.
coad told tat t w at last 6 to 7 Quds
oc coads o t goud Sya at ay gv [11] Ba Todd ad Pa Bso, d. (23 Mac 21).
t.[8] T pay ol o ts ocs s to gat Talba gts tag Ia, U.S. o cals say . CNN.
tllgc ad aag t logstcs o battl o t Sya
Rtvd 18 May 213.
114
[12] Ja, Lalt K (16 Mac 211). Coc US ov

casg Iaa actvty Agasta . Pajhwok
Afghan News. Rtvd 18 May 213.
[31] Kwaja Bas Aad, d. (4 Mac 212). Ia s Rvolutoay Guads plottg to kll : Kabul . Pajhwok
[13] O'Rouk, B (18 Apl 27). Agasta: U.S.

Says Iaa-Mad Wapos Foud . Radio Free Europe.
Rtvd 18 May 213.
[32] Abas Za, d. (27 Mac 212). Aga MPs ault

Aadjad s aks . Pahjwok Afghan News. Rtvd 18 May 213.
[14] Agas d tos o xplosv dvcs tasd o

Ia . CNN. 6 Octob 21. Rtvd 18 May 213.
[33] Kwaja Bas Aad, d. (7 May 212). Allgd sps

say Ia s Rvolutoay Guads tad t . Pahjwok
[15] Is Ia Suppotg t Isugcy Agasta?

[16] Hs, Mcal; Dgaps, Babak; Hosball,
Mak. "T Nw Ey?", Newsweek, 15 Fbuay
27. Rtvd 17 Fbuay 27.
[17] Nawa, Iba. "Maoud Aadjad: Justc vsus do", Al Ahram Weekly, 3 Ju 25. Rtvd
7 Jauay 26.
[18] Mattw, Lvtt (Jauay 213). Hzballa ad t Qods
Foc Ia s sadow wa wt t Wst (Polcy Focus
(No. 123)). The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
Rtvd 5 August 213.
[19] Doss, 8
[2] Flks, Dxt| "T Sadow Coad"| The New
Yorker, Spt 3, 213.
[21] Wlco to Ia Focus . Iran Focus. Rtvd 1 Mac
213.
[22] Ptago, Stat Dpatt Dbuk Bus Fabcatos
o Ia . Alternet. 18 Sptb 27. Rtvd 1
Mac 213.
[23] Hs, Syou (7 July 28). Ppag t Battl ld:
T Bus Adstato stps up ts sct ovs agast
Ia . The New Yorker.
[24] Daaga, Bozou ad Spgl, Pt. "Ia s lt ad
ystous gts", Los Angeles Times, 15 Fbuay
[25] "Expts: Ia s Quds Foc Dply Esd Ia",
Fox News, 15 Fbuay 27. Rtvd 15 Fbuay
27.
[26] Sa, Scott. "Iaa Foc, Focus o U.S., Stll a Mysty", New York Times, 17 Fbuay 27. Rtvd 17
Fbuay 27.
[27] Golaz Esada (16 Fbuay 27). Ia: Expt Dscusss Ia s Quds Foc Ad U.S. Cags Cocg
Ia . Radio Free Europe. Rtvd 17 Octob 27.
[28] Opatos Aacoda tg scod wk . CNN. 8
Mac 22.
[29] Kao, Toy. "TIME.co P: T Talba ad
Agasta", Time Magazine, 18 Sptb 21. Rtvd 16 Octob 26.
[3] T Elusv Quds Foc: T Iaa Spcal Ops ut
accusd o ddlg Ia as a c stoy ad powul ds , Newsweek, 26 Fbuay 27. Rtvd
14 Mac 27.
[34] Cops a Ia ltay a o attack o Isal dploat , Times of India, 3 July 212
[35] USDOJ: Two M Cagd Allgd Plot to Assassat
Saud Aaba Abassado to t Utd Stats
[36] Plot to kll Saud abassado casts lgt o sadowy goup
tat pots to Ia s lad. T Assocatd Pss. 13
Octob 211
[37] Obaa Says Facts Suppot Accusato o Iaa Plot.
T Nw Yok Ts. 13 Octob 211
[38] T a oly a w docutd (ad gly dactd)
pots o also g spd PMCs (pvatzd opatoal dtacts spcalzg wt Asytc Waa...Sotg ost lkly taugt t US by t US
Ay s AWG uts. Ts a all, o t ost pat,
stctly pov wtout a sadow o a doubt, but ow
t a uous pots cog ad t ss to
sd JSOC s st as wll as a adul o PMC cotacto
goud tas, wos sso would ot to b to captu,
but to lat ts goups. Vzula, luckly, as o
poo tat US volvt utlzg T 1 assts ad occud, to t was ost all spculato.
[39] Ia s Quds oc Vzula, Lat Aca: Ptago", AFP, 22 Apl 21. Rtvd 23 Apl 21.
[4] Toug U.S. Sactos to suspct gts Iaa
post?", Jweekly, 27 August 29. Rtvd 23 Apl
21.
[41] Wgt, Rob, Dreams and Shadows: the Future of the
Middle East, Pgu Pss, 28, pp. 333 4
[42] "G. Abzad O Stablzg Ia", 60 Minutes, 26
Novb 26. Rtvd 27 Novb 26.
[43] Mddl East - Ia The New York Times, 3 July 27
[44] Ba, Robt. "W s t Sokg Gu o Ia?",
Time Magazine, 13 Fbuay 27. Rtvd 13 Fbuay 27.
[45] Glaz, Jas ad Tavs, Saba. "U.S. Is Holdg
Iaas Szd Rads Ia", The New York Times, 24
Dcb 26. Rtvd 25 Dcb 26.
[46] Goup: Iaas W Pat o Elt Foc . The Washington Post. 28 Dcb 26. Rtvd 1 Mac 213.
[47] Tavs, Saba ad Glaz, Jas. "U.S. ad Ia Dsput Rol o Iaas but F T", New York Times,
3 Dcb 26. Rtvd 3 Dcb 26.
115
27.7. REFERENCES
[48] Wgt, Rob ad Tjos, Nacy. "Iaas captud sd Ia", The Washington Post, 12 Jauay 27. Rtvd 13 Jauay 27.
[67] Pss Coc by t Psdt . O c o t Pss

Sctay. 14 Fbuay 27. Rtvd 14 Fbuay
27
[49] Lak, El. "Ia s Sct Pla Fo May", The New

York Sun, 3 Jauay 27. Rtvd 3 Jauay 27.
[68] Iaa dssdt was o US actos agast Ia .

Ap.googl.co. 23 August 27. Rtvd 1 Mac
213.
[5] Astd Iaas td to goup ag Ias: U.S.,

Ruts 14 Jauay 27
[51] Ia coplas to U.N. ov dploats ast -TV,
Ruts, 2 Jauay 27
[69] Wo s Bd Ia s Dat Suad? ABC News, 14 Fbuay 27

[7] Mltay Cts Mxd Rsults Bagdad
[52] Ia FM: Laso O c Radd Tusday s Opato

Ibl
[71] Ia psdt ugs las o Iaa dta . CNN.

22 Sptb 27. Rtvd 1 Mac 213.
[53] Zad, Al Nou. "US-Hld Iaas Souc o Majo

Coc o Ta", Asharq Alawsat, 23 Jauay 27.
Rtvd 24 Jauay 27.
[72] U.S. Stats Fst Majo Pullout Fo Ia, Bgg Wt

Bgad Mbs
[54] Hust, Stv. "U.S. Evoy: Guad Quds Dcto Dtad", The Guardian, 24 Jauay 27. Rtvd 25
Jauay 27.
[55] Kuds lad: US sougt to captu Iaa Rvolutoay Guad o cals Ibl ad . International Herald Tribune. 6 Apl 27. Rtvd 7 Apl 27.
[56] albawaba.co ddl ast ws oato::Ia coplas about dtto codtos o dploats U.S. custody
[57] Rcad Bsto (27 Mac 27). Kdappg could b
tacd back to asts by US ocs . The Times (Lodo).
Rtvd 3 Apl 27.
[58]
."
213.
"
M Nws. Rtvd 1 Mac
[59] Iaas ld Ia sc 27 lasd . CNN. 9 July

29.
[73] "'No vdc' Ia backs ltas Bagdad . The Daily

Star. 5 May 28. Rtvd 1 Mac 213.
[74] Rdolo, Katl (4 May 28). "[Ia: Al-Sad Russ
to Mt Bagdad Dlgato I Ia . Radio Free Europe.
Rtvd 1 Mac 213.
[75] Rpot glgts allgd Ia ocs al-Qada lks. AFP.
4 May 211
[76] US cogssoal pot: Ia o g suppot to alQada. T Jusal Post. 5 May 211
[77] Rpot o Cogssoal pal says Ia s Rvolutoay Guad lps Al-Qada. Al Aabya. 5 May 211
[78] T al-Qa'da-Qods Foc Nxus (PDF). 29 Apl 211.
Rtvd 1 Mac 213.
[79] Alo, Al (21 Sptb 212). Wat Is Ia Dog
Sya?". Foreign Policy. Rtvd 29 July 213.
[8] Ia boosts suppot to Sya, Tlgap, 21 Fb 214
[6] Scppt, Stv. "Quds Foc, Kabala ad t Laguag

o Wa", Threats Watch, 29 Jauay 27. Rtvd 3
Jauay 27.

[61] Ba, Bob. "A t Iaas Out o Rvg?", Time

Magazine, Jauay 3, 27. Rtvd Jauay 3, 27.
[82] Fass, Faaz (11 Ju 214). Ia Dploys Focs to

Fgt al Qada-Ispd Mltats Ia . The Wall Street
Journal. Rtvd 12 Ju 214.
[62] Jas Glaz ad Mak Mazztt. "Ia May Hav Tad

Attacks Tat Klld 5 Aca Solds, U.S. ad
Ias Say", New York Times, 3 Jauay 27. Rtvd
31 Jauay 27.
[83] Fact St: Dsgato o Iaa Etts ad Idvduals o Polato Actvts ad Suppot o Tos .
U.S. Dpatt o t Tasuy. 25 Octob 27. Rtvd 11 Novb 214.
[63] "[US lks Ia to attack Ia ttp:ws.bbc.co.uk2

ddl_ast62669.st]", BBC Nws, 2 July 27.
Rtvd 2 July 27.
[84] Cutly lstd tts . Publcsaty.gc.ca. Rtvd

214-11-11.
[64] Pss, Al. "US Could Bg Wtdawal Ias Ca

Tak Ov o Sug, says Coad", VOA, 22 Ju
27. Rtvd 22 Ju 27.
27.7 References
[65] Hy Scust (17 Mac 25). T battl o Saud

ats ad ds . CNN. Rtvd 1 Mac 213.
[66] Gadja, Guy (3 Dcb 29). Rvald: Had
o Ia bd Btos Bagdad Kdappg . The
Guardian (Lodo). Rtvd 22 May 21.
Dos, Davd J. American Hiroshima: The Reasons

Why and a Call to Strengthen America s Democracy.
Ta od Publsg, 25. ISBN 1-412-4421-9
Saz Publsg o t 2627 Koa vso.
116
27.8
External links
U.S. Rlass N Iaas Ia
Chapter 28
Basij
T Basij (Psa: ), ull a Szmn-e Basije Mostaz'a n (Psa: , T Ogazato o Moblzato o t Oppssd )[1][2] s a
paaltay volut lta stablsd 1979 by od o t Islac Rvoluto s lad Ayatolla Ko. T ogal ogazato copsd t cvla voluts wo t Ayatolla Ko ugd to gt
t Ia Ia wa.[3] T oc cossts o youg Iaas wo av volutd, ot xcag o o cal
b ts. Cutly Basj sv as a auxlay oc gagd actvts suc as tal scuty as wll as law
oct auxlay, t povdg o socal svc, ogazg o publc lgous cos, ad polcg o
oals ad t suppsso o dssdt gatgs.[4][5]
Basij s t a o t oc; a basiji s a dvdual
b.[6]
tat ag catgoy. Accodg to auto Ba Mo, t

goup wc was od as a cvl dc oc, but
pactc bca a gass-oots tllgc ogasato,
was lagly ad up o youg boys agd btw t ad
sxt ad, dug t wa, uployd old , so
t gts. [13]
Dug t Ia-Ia Wa udds o tousads volutd o t Basj, cludg cld as youg as 12 ad

uployd old , so t gts. Ts voluts w swpt up S' lov o atydo ad t
atosp o patots o t wa oblzato. Ty
w couagd toug vsts to t scools ad a tsv da capag. T Basj ay bst b kow
o t ployt ua wav attacks wc clad
lds o daw t y s .[13] It s statd tat
ts o tousads w klld t pocss. So T Basj a st up as[7] subodat to, cvg t pots av t Basj acg to battl akg t
ods o, t Iaa Rvolutoay Guads ad t xpctd ty to av by wag plastc "kys to pacut Sup Lad Ayatolla Ka to wo ads" aoud t cks.
ty a kow o t loyalty.[8] Ty av also b T typcal ua wav tactc was o Basjs (ot vy
dscbd as a loosly alld goup o ogazatos lgtly ad ad usuppotd by atlly o a pow)
cludg ay goups cotolld by local clcs. [7] Ty to ac owad stagt ows. Wl casualts w
av a local ogazato alost vy cty Ia.[9]
g, t tactc ot wokd. Ty co towad ou poAs o Octob 29 Moaad Rza Nad was t stos ug ods wt t sts swgg, a Ia
coad o t Basj.[1][11] T oc was ot o c coplad t su o 1982. You ca
pst ad actg agast t wdspad potsts soot dow t st wav ad t t scod. But at
wc occud datly at t 29 Iaa psso pot t copss a plg up ot o you, ad
dtal lcto ad t ots ollowg.[12]
all you wat to do s sca ad tow away you wapo.
Tos a ua bgs, at all. [14]
Accodg to Dlp Ho, by t spg o 1983 t Basj

ad tad 2.4 llo Iaas t us o as ad
28.1 History
st 45, to t ot.[15] Ta Buau stats t
pak ub o Basjs at t ot at 1, by D28.1.1 Origins
cb 1986.[6] By t d o t wa btw 7,
8, Basj voluts w st to t ot.[16] I
Dug t Iaa voluto, Sup Lad Ayatolla 1985 t IRNA put t ub o Basjs at 3 llo.[17]
Ruolla Ko ssud a dc oudg t Basj
as a lag popl s lta , Novb 1979. H
s potd to av statd tat a couty wt 2 l- 28.1.2 Duties after the war
lo youts ust av 2 llo o a ltay
wt 2 llo solds; suc a couty wll v b By t d o t wa, ost o t Basjs lt t svc
dstoyd. [1] Ts popl s lta was stablsd o ad w tgatd back to t lvs, ot at
3 Apl 198.[6] T Basj was op to tos abov t yas o bg t ot. At t wa, t Basj was ag o 18 ad blow t ag o 45, cludg all wo ogazd ad gadually dvlopd to o o t Islac
117
118
CHAPTER 28. BASIJ
g s pay guaatos o dostc scuty. [16]

By 1988 t ub o Basj cckpots daatcally
dcasd, but t Basj w stll actv otog
t actvts o ctzs.[18] Ty oc jab, astg
wo o volatg t dss cod, ast youts o attdg xd gd pats o bg publc wt ulatd bs o t oppost sx,[19] szd 'dct'
atal ad satllt ds ata.[1]
Alog wt t Iaa ot polc ad t Asa-Hzbolla, t Basj av b actv ct yas

suppssg studt dostatos Ia. T Basj a
sots d tatd o t Asa bg o
dscpld ad ot batg, o at last ot bg as
uck to bat dostatos.[2] Ot soucs dscb
t Asa--Hzbolla as pat o t loosly alld goup
o ogazatos tat ak up t Basj.[7]
I 1988 collg Basj ogazatos w stablsd o

collg capuss to gt "Wstox cato" ad pottal
studt agtato agast t govt.[19] Basj bs playd a ctal ol bakg up t studt
ots Ta 1999. Ty w also stutal
ullg sval outbaks o tc ust t ol-c
povc o Kuzsta, wc s o to t ajoty o
Ia s tc-Aab populato.[16]
So blv t cag ocus o t Basj o ts

ogal sso o gtg to dd Ia t Ia-Ia
Wa to ts cut tal scuty cocs as ld to a
loss ts pstg ad oal. Accodg to a uad
sasod aalyst uotd by csoto.co, You d
yousl by you s, ad tos w t suppows
back t. ... But ow ty a gtg youg popl wo
put gl t a. Tat s t y. So t s dag,
ad ot at all lvatg o t sl-ag. [21]
Basj also act as a gcy aagt svc, bg oblzd cas o atuaks o ot atual o T Basj ca ud t oal autoty o t
ua-ad dsasts. It ay supplt law oc- Rvolutoay Guad (IRGC) coad 27 ad
t by sttg up stt spcto posts uba aas w copoatd to IRGC goud ocs 28. [6]
to tcpt dug sugglg ad pottal sugcy.
T Asua Bgads a potd to av b catd
1993 at at-govt ots uptd vaous Ia- 28.1.4 2009 election protests
a cts. Ts Islac bgads w ad up o bot
Rvolutoay Guads ad t Basj ad by 1998 u- M Huss Moussav, opposto psdtal caddat
29, as dcd t volc cad out by t
bd 17,.[1]
Basj dug potsts ollowg t dsputd psdtal
lcto, coplag tat t basj attack t dostatos wt oss, clubs, o bas, tucos ad so28.1.3 Revival
ts as, 'just bo t polc sow up.'[7] T
tactcs usd by t Basj agast lcto dostatos
Accodg to t Nw Yok Ts, at t spotaous av b dscbd as volvg coosg tagts at t
clbatos ollowg Ia wg a spot t 1998 dgs o t cowds, gog o t vulabl ad uFIFA Wold Cup, ad t studt potsts July 1999, way staggls, attackg supttously ... jupg
t Islac govt lt tat t ad lost cotol o dostatos as ty tu o o dakd stts at
t stts, ad vtd t Basj to coct ts gt, [22] ad also wldg ty kvs o azo blads to
pobl.[7] Gvg a slgtly d t tl, GlobalSus agast potstos o bd t backs. [23] T
cuty.og pots tat t was ud t adstato o av also b pots o poo poac by basj aPsdt Maud Aadjad (lctd 25) tat
t t 29 lcto, wt so basj ald to suppss
t Basj appad to b udgog sotg o a dostatos, dstd t assgts , ad bg
vval. [18]
uwllg to bat up gbos wo potstd agast
I lat Sptb 25, t Basj stagd a ss o uba t lcto sult by catg 'God s gat' o t
ds xcss acoss t couty. Its st dputy coos. [6] Accodg to Ta Buau, o Ju 22
ad aoucd t cato o 2, Asua battal- owad, t Basj costtutd oly a oty o t ocs
os wt t Basj tat wll av ot-cotol spo- cackg dow o potsts, at avg ad toubl
sblts. So spculatd t vval o t Basj was atag od ajo uba cts patculaly
coctd wt ppaatos o possbl cvl ust. [1] Ta. Ts was tougt to b a aso o t placT Iaa Govt as daw up a ub o d- t o coad Hoss Tab ad t Basj s oal
Rvolutoay Guads goud ocs
t plas to kp t Basj alv. Aog ts plas s tgato to t
[6]
Octob
29.
t pass o das suc as Dvlopt Basj (Basj-Sazadg). Fas Nws Agcy potd. Aog
t ost potat tasks o t Basj a boostg vlastg scuty, stgtg dvlopt astuctus, uppg sstac bass, [ad] casg ployt, Hjaz addd. H dscbd t pobto
o vc ad t pooto o vtu socty as t dv polcy o t Basj.[18]
Followg t potsts, Hojjatolsla Hoss Tab,

coad o t Basj, cautod Iaas tat t US
was g agts ad cas a ot to cotu ts plots o a sot ovtow o t Islac Rpublc, accodg to t Iaa Fas ws agcy.[24] Tab
as also statd tat t at-govt ots klld gt
bs o t Basj ad woudd 3 ots. [25][26]
119
28.2. ORGANIZATION AND MEMBERSHIP
28.1.5 Syrian Civil War, 2011present

Fut oato: Iaa suppot o Sya t
Sya Cvl Wa
Sya s gopoltcal potac to Ia ad ts ol as o
o Ia s cucal alls poptd t volvt o Basj
lta t ogog Sya Cvl Wa. T Basj
lta, sla to Hzballa gts, as b wokg
sd by sd wt t Sya ay agast bl ocs.
Suc volvt poss w og polcy callgs o
a ub o couts acoss t go, patculaly Isal ad Tuky as Ia s uc bcos o ta
just dologcal ad otay o t goud t Sya
co ct.[27][28] T Basj volvt t Sya Cvl
Wa cts pvous uss o t lta as a poxy oc
o Iaa og polcy a ot to asst Iaa
doac t go[29] ad gts Sal Idss,
ad o t F Sya Ay.[3]
Actv Mbs, wo av ad xtsv dologcal ad poltcal doctato, ad wo also cv

payt o pact wok. ad
Spcal Mbs, wo a pad dual bs o
t Basj ad t IRGC ad sv as t IRGC
goud ocs. [6]
Basj o t t bac o t Ay o t Rvolutoay Guad, ad t t a ad wgs o t

Basj a t Asoua ad Al-Zaa Bgads, t Ia
Hoss Bgads (coposd o Basj wa vtas wo
coopat closly wt t IRGC goud ocs) ad t
Ia Al Bgads (wc dal wt scuty tats).[6]
Accodg to Rado F Euop, t backbo o t
Basj copss 2,5 Al-Zaa battalos (all wo)
ad Asua battalos (al), ubg 3 35 psol ac. T IRGC as to a 3 pct o ts
battalos wt s-avy ad avy wapos. Howv, all bs o t battalos a tad to us lgt
As o Dcb 213, a Wst aalyst blvd tou- as ad s.[16] Ty a tad ot-cotol tacsads o Iaa paaltay Basj gts w statod tcs ad ow to dal wt dostc upsgs, [16] ad o Sya.[31]
cally taskd wt ddg t gbooods cas
o gcs. [6]
28.2
Organization and membership
28.2.1 Organization
Subgoupgs o t Basj clud t Pupl Basj [Basij-e
Danesh-Amouzi], t Studt Basj [Basij-e Daneshjouyi],
t Uvsty Basj, t Publc Svc Basj [Basij-e
Edarii], ad t Tbal Basj,[16] (aka Basij-e Ashayer o
t o tbal lvs copoatd to t Basj). I t
Studt Basj, ddl-scool-agd bs a calld
Sks (Puyandegan), ad g-scool bs a
calld t Vaguad (Pishgaman).[18] Ta Buau
also lsts a Basj o t Gulds [Basij-e Asnaf], ad a
Labo Basj [Basij-e Karegaran].[6]
I addto, sc 27 t Basj av stablsd 3,

w cobat clls, ac o t 15 2 bs stog,
ad Kabala ad Zolaa . T clls coopat
closly o gcy stuatos a cotolld by t
Rvolutoay Guad.[16][33]
Commanders
T cut coad o t Basj s Moaad Rza
Nad, wo placd Hoss Tab Octob 29.[16]
Hoss Tab was appotd coad o t Basj o
14 July 28.[1][11]
T st dputy coad Gal Maad was oally stalld o 4 Sptb 25. T Ta coad s Syyd Moaad Haj Aa. T dputy
Basj coad o Ta, Gal Aad Zolad,
was oally stalld o 5 Sptb 25; t w
Basj as b calld a uas-dctalsd twok .
Basj coad Tabz, Bgad Gal MoaIts ogazatoal stuctu ad tag vas o o
ad Yus Sak, o 29 Sptb 25.[18]
povc to aot, accodg to t atu ad svty o t pottal tats dt d by t IRGC ad
Basj coads d t gos. [16] T Basj 28.2.2 Size
av bacs alost vy Iaa osu ,[32] wt
oos akd Paygah-e-Basij o Basj bas, wc Estats o t ub o Basj vay, wt ts ladsp
svs as a kd o Islac club w studts study t gvg g gus ta outsd cotatos. AccodKoa, ogaz spots tas ad pla ld tps. [7] Ac- g to RFERL,
codg to t Ta Buau, t Basj statut dstguss btw t typs o bs":
Accodg to a o coad o t
Basj, Bgad Gal Moaad Hjaz,
Rgula bs, wo a oblzd wat
t stgt o t oc 24 was 1.3 lad gag dvloptal actvts pact.
lo. By 27, ts stgt stood at 12.6 lRgula bs a voluts ad a upad, ulo. T cut coad o t Basj,
lss ty gag wa-t duty.
Hasa Tab, told t s-o cal Fas ws
12
CHAPTER 28. BASIJ

agcy o Novb 25 tat t oc ow
ubs 13.6 llo, wc s about 2 pct o t total populato o Ia. O ts
ub, about 5 llo a wo ad 4.7
llo a scoolcld. ... I act t Basj
ay b abl to oblz o o ta 1.5 llo ad wo o ltay ag.[34]
As t Basj s a volut paaltay ogasato, ost

Basj a ot pttd to cay a a xcpt o spcal uts. Ts as tat oly about 25% o
Basj cay as, usually a AK-47. Howv t s
o ul sayg tat ty caot us ay ot wapoy,
a ssu wc as bougt ajo cotovsy.
A al study 25 by a Wasgto tk-tak, t 28.3

Ct o Statgc ad Itatoal Studs, put t
ub o ull-t, uod, ad actv bs at
9,, wt aot 3, svsts ad so 1 llo tat could b oblzd w cssay. [6]
28.3.1
28.2.3 Duties and activities

I t capacty o atag law ad od, Basj act
as oalty polc tows ad cts by ocg t
wag o t jab; astg wo o volatg t
dss cod; pobtg al-al atzato; otog ctzs actvts; co scatg satllt dss ad
'obsc' atal; tllgc gatg; ad v aassg govt ctcs ad tllctuals. Basj voluts also act as bal s o local couts. [34]
Duts ay vay by povc, wt Basj dployd agast
dug ta cks t ast bod gos, bad
goods suggls Houzga ad Bus, ad cayg out bod-guad duts o t bod wt Ia.[34]
As o 28, govt costucto ad cooc
pojcts ca b cotactd to t Basj ,[34] ad 21,
tousads o basj w ducatd bloggg ad ltg o dssdt wbsts o t tt.[6]
28.2.4 Bene ts and pro le of members

Accodg to a 26 pot o Globalscuty.og
Basj bsp s tougt to cops aly boys,
old , ad tos wo ctly sd t ltay
svc, [1] wl 29 t Nw Yok Ts dscbs
t as agg ag o g scool to about 3
yas old. [7]
Human rights and political

activism
Human rights controversies
Accodg to allgatos cvd by t UNHCR

ts o tousads o Basjs ad b odd to
powl about vy actoy, o c ad scool to su tat vyo add to t Islac cod. [...]
At t su 1999 ots Basj uts w vvd, ad ad st out to t stts to lp
oc Islac law. T Basjs a potdly ud t cotol o local osus. It was ut sad
tat t Basjs st up cckpots aoud t cts
ad stoppd cas to s t occupat s bat o
alcool ad cck o wo wag ak-up o
tavllg wt a a ot t clos latv o usbad. It was potd tat t Law o Judcal Suppot o t Basjs, publsd t O cal Gaztt
No. 13946 o 8.1.1371 (Dcb 1992), povdd o dss agast abtay dtto by t
Basjs. Ia s pat pstatv to t U.N.
dd ts cags.[37]
Asty Itatoal clas tat vstgatos by
Palat ad t Natoal Scuty Coucl dcatd tat actos by Rvolutoay Guad o cals
ad Basj (Moblzato) ocs, aog ots, pcptatd t ust ad jus ollowg t July
1999 studts dostatos .[38]
B ts o bs o t Basj potdly clud xpto o t 21 ots o ltay svc ud

o Iaa , svd spots uvsts, ad a sall
stpd.[7] Mbs o Basj a o lkly ta obs to obta govt postos, spcally scuty latd postos wt govt cotolld sttutos. May Iaas potdly jo Basj oly to
tak advatag o t b ts bsp ad to gt adsso to uvsty o as a tool to gt pooto govt jobs.[35]
Hua Rgts Watc as potd tat t Basj blog to t Paalll sttutos (nahad-e movazi),
t uas-o cal ogas o psso tat av bco casgly op cusg studt potsts,
dtag actvsts, wts, ad joualsts sct
psos, ad tatg po-docacy spaks
ad audcs at publc vts. Ud t cotol o
t O c o t Sup Lad ts goups st
up abtay cckpots aoud Ta, uod
polc ot ag o dctly cootg
ts placlots agts. Illgal psos, wc a
outsd o t ovsgt o t Natoal Psos Oc, a sts w poltcal psos a abusd,
tdatd, ad totud wt puty. [39]
I past lctos lta bs av votd o bot

adls ad osts. Psdt Aadjad joys
sg cat suppot o lta bs, ay o wo
av b td o s polcs.[36]
O 13 Novb 26, Tod Ga azad, a studt at Islac Azad Uvsty o Sabzva was potdly klld by a Basj b at t Uvsty wl Ga azad was talkg to s gld.
121
28.5. NOTES
T kll potdly appoacd Ga azad ad
stabbd wt a k xplag tat wat dd
was accodg to s lgous bls.[4]
O 15 Ju 29, pots lkd t Basj lta to
ud o cvlas Azad Sua, Ta, dug t 29 Iaa lcto potsts.[41][42] Nws
agcs potd 7 dad ad ov 5 woudd.[43]
O 27 Ju 29, Hua Rgts Watc sad
t Basj w adg os at gt, dstoyg
popty, batg popl, ad co scatg satllt dss. Ty sad t ads w to stop atgovt catg ad to pvt popl o
watcg og ws boadcasts.[44]
Dug ts sa pod, sval Basj bs
av b ld bakg to ouss ad sootg
to cowds.[45][46][47][48][49][5][51][52]
Dug t 29 lcto potsts, t IRG ad t
Basj also attackd Uvsts ad studts dos
at gt,[53] ad dstoyd popty.[54][55]
28.3.2 Politics
28.5 Notes
[1] Jo Pk. GlobalScuty.og Itllgc: Moblsato
Rsstac Foc . Rtvd 1 Novb 214.
[2] AEI Outlook Ss: Wat Do Stuctual Cags t
Rvolutoay Guads Ma?
[3] ""Basj Mlta (2 Dcb 211) The New York Times".
Rtvd 1 Novb 214.
[4] Molav, As, The Soul of Iran, W.W. Noto, (25),
p. 88, 316 318
[5] Nl MacFaua (19 Ju 29). Sadowy Iaa
Vglats Vow Bold Acto . New York Times. Rtvd 19 Ju 29.
[6] a p t basj sstac oc by ALI ALFONEH,
pbs.og, 21 Octob 21
[7] Basj Mlta. NYT.co 19 Ju 29
[8] Sup Lad s Spc to Basj Mbs .
Ka.. 3 May 28. Rtvd 8 Apl 213.
[9] Molav, As, The Soul of Iran, W.W. Noto, (25),
p.88
[1] Hos Tab Ia Rss. 3 August 29. accssd 23Sptb-29
I toy t Basj a bad o volvt poltcs by t Iaa costtuto, but ts ladsp s co- [11] Ia s u sd css. Naz Asa, 16 9 29 .
openDemocracy. Rtvd 1 Novb 214.
sdd actv, patculaly dug ad at t 25 lc[6]
to o Psdt Maoud Aadjad. Accodg
[12] Asty ugs Ia to stop usg Basj lta . The
to Aca stat-sposod boadcast RFERL, Basj
Gazette. 23 Ju 29. Rtvd 23 Sptb 29.
suppot cotbutd to Aadjad's vctoy t 25
psdtal lcto . I t Mac 28 palatay [13] Ko: l o t Ayatolla By Ba Mo]
lctos, t Basj ad IRGC coads
oply backd Aadjad s pcpalsts (osulgaaya)". I Fbuay 28, Majo Gal Jaa was uotd as sayg tat
t pcplsts a cotol o t xcutv
ad lgslatv bacs ad, God wllg, t
judcay wll soo ollow sut. Hasa Tab,
t dputy coad o t Basj, slaly stssd tat Basj bs sould av
a axu psc t lctos.[34]
[14] Ctd : Ec Wda, Mt d Paads-Sclssl

d Sclact, : Der Spiegel, o. 311982, p. 93.
[15] Ho, Dlp, Iran under the Ataytollahs, Routldg ad

Kga, 1985, p.237
[16] Ia s Basj Foc T Mastay O Dostc Scuty. 15 Jauay 29 . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
Rtvd 1 Novb 214.
[17] by Hojjatolsla Raa a 1985 Iaa Nws Agcy
pot, uotd Nuy Mogavat Basj Moblsato
Rsstac Foc
Sup Lad Ka, to wo t Basj av b [18] Ia: Paaltay Foc Ppas Fo Uba Ust,
Sptb 25 GlobalScuty.og
dscbd as vy loyal to, dscbd Basj as t gatst
[8]
op o t Iaa ato ad a aculat t .
[19] Molav, The Soul of Iran (25), p. 89
[2] Molav, The Soul of Iran (25), p. 318
28.4
See also
[21] T Csta Scc Moto. Ia s agy youg

adults upt poltcal potst 16.6.23 . The Christian
Science Monitor. Rtvd 1 Novb 214.
Ay o t Guadas o t Islac Rvoluto
[22] Jo L Adso: Udstadg T Basj . 19 Ju

29
Hzbolla o Ia
[23] Wll Ia s Basj stay loyal? By Jo Ly 13 August 29
122
CHAPTER 28. BASIJ
[24] Basj Coad: US Hg Agts o Sot Ovtow

o Islac Rpublc
[48] IRAN: Sootg at t cowd . Youtub. 17 Ju 29.

Rtvd 17 Ju 29.
[25] Polc, Basj 'posts astd Ia PssTV, 29 Ju

29
[49] Ia Polc Focs Soot to Po-Mousav Cowd .

Youtub. 17 Ju 29. Acvd o t ogal o
28 July 29. Rtvd 17 Ju 29.
[26] Ia opposto says 72 dd post-poll ust Ruts. 3

Sptb 29
[27] Iaa Focs o t Gola?". Jerusalem Center For
Public A airs. Rtvd 1 Novb 214.
[5] Ia ots latst ws about Basj sootg sowg dad

body o youg boy . YouTub. 17 Ju 29. Rtvd
17 Ju 29.
[28] Cla cato dd
[51] BasjAt Rot Polc Op F o Iaa Potsts .

YouTube. 17 Ju 29. Rtvd 17 Ju 29.
[29] T Aab wold as t 'Saavd'". Jerusalem Center

For Public A airs. Rtvd 1 Novb 214.
[52] Basj Attackg Popl s Codo at Ngt . YouTube. 17

Ju 29. Rtvd 17 Ju 29.
[3] Godo, Mcal R. (21 May 213). Ia ad Hzbolla s Suppot o Sya Coplcats U.S. Statgy o
Pac Talks . The New York Times.
( " Psa).
[53] Kooy dasga
YouTub. 18 Ju 29. Acvd o t ogal o
28 July 29. Rtvd 18 Ju 29.
[31] Ia boosts suppot to Sya, 21 Fbuay 214
[54] Ta Uvsty Dos, Ravagd by po govt

ad lta. Ju 15t ( Psa). Youtub. 18 Ju
29. Rtvd 18 Ju 29.
[32] T Us o Cld as Solds t Mddl East ad

Not Aca Rgo at t Wayback Mac (acvd
August 13, 24), Joda Isttut o Dploacy, August
21
[33] Abaaa, Evad, History of Modern Iran, Coluba
Uvsty Pss, 28 p.175-6
[34] Ia s Basj Foc T Mastay O Dostc Scuty,
By Hoss Aya, RFERL, Dcb 7, 28
[35] McDowall, Agus (21 Ju 29). Ia s Basj oc: t
sock toops tosg potsts . Lodo: Daly Tlgap.
[36] Po l: Basj lta oc . BBC. 18 Ju 29. Rtvd 27 Ju 29.
[55] 88 24 ( Psa). YouTube]. 18

Ju 29. Rtvd 18 Ju 29.

Golka, Sad. (212) Paaltazato o t
Ecooy: T Cas o Ia s Basj Mlta, Armed
Forces & Society, Vol. 38, No. 4
28.7 External links
[37] Fal pot o t stuato o ua gts t Islac

Rpublc o Ia, UNHCR, (ECN.419945)
Video Archive of Basij
[38] Rpot 21, Islac Rpublc o Ia, Asty Itatoal
Ltts o Ia o YouTub
Uvsts
[39] Hua Rgts Watc, Ovvw o ua gts ssus

Ia, 31 Dcb 24
Basj Studts Ogazato o cal wbst at t

Wayback Mac (acvd August 3, 24)
[4] Advaws.co (Psa)
Heavy Weapons for Baseej Volunteer Militia at t

Wayback Mac (acvd Apl 23, 26) o
Rooz Online
[41] Ia potst sla at ug po-o ally (AP)

[42] Potstos sot Ta (Cal4.co)
[43] AP Top Nws at 2:5 a.. EDT (AP)
[44] Ia lta ads 'tagt os ". BBC. 27 Ju 29.
Rtvd 27 Ju 29.
[45] Ta Polc Gusot 2 Ju 29 ( Psa).
Youtub. 22 July 29. Rtvd 22 July 29.
[46] Ta-Ia Polc Gusot 2 Ju 29 ( Psa]).
Youtub. 22 July 29. Rtvd 22 July 29.
[47] Polc soot to popl Ia Ta ( Psa]).
Youtub. 22 July 29. Acvd o t ogal o 28
July 29. Rtvd 22 July 29.
T Basj t
Ia P: T Basj Rsstac Foc by ALI

ALFONEH, 21 Oct 21
Chapter 29
Free Syrian Army

Not to b cousd wt Sya Ay.
T Free Syrian Army (Aabc: , alJaysh as-Sr al- urr, FSA) s a goup o dctd Sya
Ad Focs o cs ad solds,[14][15] oudd dug
t Sya upsg o cvl wa o 29 July 211[16] by
v[15] o sv dctd Sya o cs.[16][17] T goup
d d all [Sya] scuty ocs attackg cvlas as
t s,[16][17] ad sad ts goal to b to bg dow
t syst [16] o to bg ts g dow .[15]
O 23 Sptb 211, t F Sya Ay gd
wt t F O cs Movt (Aabc:
, arakat a - ubb al-A rr); Wst obsvs
lk The Wall Street Journal cosdd t FSA sc
t t a ltay dctos goup.[18][19][2] 9 pct o t FSA cossts o Su Musls,[21] but a sall
oty a (Sa) Alawts[21] ad so Duz ougt
FSA uts,[22] so FSA uts a ld by Duz.[23]
As o ut tc ots, a Palsta bl coad t Yaouk clav sout Daascus
212 cosdd s bl bgad to b pat o FSA.[24]
T FSA coodatd wt t Sya Natoal Coucl statg Dcb 211,[25] ad suppotd t
Natoal Coalto o Sya Rvolutoay ad Opposto Focs at t coalto s Novb 212
cato.[26] Btw July 212 ad July 213, lldscpl ad gtg wakd FSA, wl jadst
goups td ot Sya ad bca o ctv
ta FSA.[27] I Apl 213, t US posd 123 llo ad to bls, to b uld toug t t lad
o t FSA, Sal Idss.[28] Sc Fbuay 214, AbdulIla al-Bas s t appotd C o Sta ad lad o
t FSA.[2] A coalto o odat Musl bl goups
gtg ud t Sup Mltay Coucl o Sya,
wc cluds t FSA, o 25 Sptb 214 alld
wt a pdoatly Csta coalto calld Syac
Mltay Coucl, to ut t gt agast t Assad
govt ad t Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat
(ISIL).[1]
t sout (Daaa ad Houa), t ast (Day al-Zaw,

Abu Kaal), ad t Daascus aa, wt t lagst
coctato o ocs, battalos o o,
Hos, Haa ad suoudg aas.[3][31] By Novb 214, a gowg coalto o 58 US-backd goups,
t Sout Fot o t F Sya Ay, was gag
ttoy sout o Daascus sout Sya.[32][33] T
FSA s actv pockts o Alppo[34] ad s takg pat
t ogog ds o Koba.[35]
29.1 History
S also: F Sya Ay opatos ad Cts ad
tows dug t Sya cvl wa
29.1.1 Background of desertions

T st dctos o t Sya ay dug t
Sya upsg ay av occud d o Apl 211
w t ay was st to Daaa to ull ogog
potsts. T w pots tat so uts usd to
o potsts ad ad splt o t ay.[36] Vdo
ootag sowd cvlas lpg dctg solds wo
ad b sot o usg ods.[37]
Dctos, accodg to uv d pots, cotud
tougout t spg as t govt usd ltal oc
to clap dow o potsts ad lay sg to potstg cts acoss t couty, suc as Bayas, Haa,
Talkalak, ad D z-Zo, ad t w pots o solds wo usd to o cvlas ad w sualy
xcutd by t ay.[38]
I Octob 211, Aca tllgc soucs gav stats o 1, Sya dsts.[39]
Wst soucs Dcb 211 aga gav stats

o 1, Sya dsts, dcatd tat al t Sya
ay coscpts ad ot potd to ay duty t last
At t outst o t cvl wa, t FSA opatd tougt call-ups, ad tat low-lvl o cs w dstout Sya, bot uba aas ad t coutysd,[29]
g lag ubs; so cass, wol uts ad d t otwst (Idlb, Alppo), t ctal go
std en masse.[4] A aoyously spakg U.S. o (Hos, Haa, Al-Rasta), t coast aoud Lataka,
cal owv statd Dcb 211 1, to 3,5
123
124
CHAPTER 29. FREE SYRIAN ARMY
dctos total.[41]
F Sya Ay, wt t goals o potctg uad

O 7 Jauay 212, Colol A Maoud Sula potsts ad lpg to bg dow ts g , a
Rad al-Asaad spok alogo t Sya A Foc logstcs dvso dctd o vdo o t Itt w[16][5]
sd
sval
ot
dctos.
Basa Al Assad s g alog wt at last ty o s
. H aoucd s goup s dcto o lv tlv- Al-Asaad xplad tat t F Ay s oato so ad odd s to potct potsts t cty sultd o t dctg solds ss o atoalstc
o Haa. Colol Sula a statt dclad: W duty, loyalty to t popl, t d o dcsv acto
a o t ay ad w av dctd bcaus t gov- to stop govt kllgs, ad t ay s sposblty
t s kllg cvla potsts. T Sya ay at- to potct uad popl. H pocdd to aouc
tackd Haa wt avy wapos, a ads ad avy t oato o t F Sya Ay, ad ts tto
o taks W ask t Aab Lagu obsvs to co to wok ad ad wt t popl ad wt dovst aas a ctd by a ads ad attacks so you ca s statos to acv do ad dgty, bg t govt daag wt you ow ys, ad w ask you to sd t ( t g""t syst ) dow, potct t
soo to ucov t t cts Haa lld voluto ad t couty s soucs, ad stad t
wt o ta 46 copss. [42] A opposto blogg ac o t sposbl ltay ac tat potcts
o 16 Jauay aoucd Gal Moua ac Haz t syst .[15][5]
t cty o Qusay Hos povc to av dctd to Asaad calld o t o cs ad o t Sya ay
t opposto.[43]
to dct o t ay, stop potg t s at t
Aoud 18 Fbuay 212, Gal Fayz Ao o t
Sya a oc, wo was o t Bab A dstct
Hos ad o Tuk og, dctd to Tuky. Aot tllgc gal o t Sya ay also dctd at ts t to Tuky. Hs a was ot dsclosd
du to scuty asos, opposto ocs sad.[44] 22
Fbuay, a bgad gal dctd Idlb wt 2
o s solds.[45] I Mac, Gal Ada Fazat o
t cty o Rasta ad two ot gals dctd.[46][47]
Tuks govt soucs potd tat sa ot
a sug dstos wt 2, dstos t past
ot alo bgg t total ub o dsts o
t Sya ay to ov 6, solds.[48]
popl s csts, jo t ay, ad o a atoal

ay tat ca potct t voluto ad all sctos o
t Sya popl wt all t scts. H sad tat t
Sya ay "[psts] gags tat potct t g ,
ad dclad tat as o ow, t scuty ocs tat kll
cvlas ad bsg cts wll b tatd as lgtat
tagts. W wll tagt t all pats o t Sya
ttos wtout xcpto. [5]
29.1.3 AugustDecember 2011
Sc t Sya su o 211 t was a stady ow

o dctos to t F Sya Ay, docutd
By July 212, t w ov 1, dctos o t dcto vdos.[51][52] Opatos o FSA w odst
ad ocs potd, accodg to actvst ad da ollowg ts oato lat July 211, but gadually
soucs.[49]
xpadd. As dstd govt solds ad o aod vcls ad oly lgt wapoy ad utos,
FSA August Octob 211 ostly abusd scuty
29.1.2 Formation FSA, July 2011
ocs ad t stat s Saba (gost) lta, ad attackd
tucks ad buss bgg scuty octs by
platg bobs o wt t-ad-u attacks, but sldo
cootd ot gula ay solds.[21]
O 23 Sptb 211, t F Sya Ay gd
wt t F O cs Movt (Aabc:
, arakat a - ubb al-A rr); Wst obsvs
lk The Wall Street Journal cosdd t FSA sc
t t a ltay dctos goup.[18][19][2]
By Octob 211, t FSA would stat to cv ltay suppot o Tuky, wo allowd t bl ay
to opat ts coad ad aduats o t couty s sout Hatay povc clos to t Sya bod,
ad ts ld coad o sd Sya.[53] I a ot
to wak t po-Assad ocs, t F Ay lasd
a statt d-Novb wc aoucd tat a
Colonel Riad al-Asaad and others announcing the FSA s formatpoay ltay coucl ad b od.[54] I Dtion in an online video statement.
cb 21, t FSA coodatd wt t Sya NaO 29 July 211, Colol Rad al-Asaad ad a goup toal Coucl.[25] Dug t 211212 Sya wt,
o uod o cs aoucd t oato o t t FSA cotud to aouc t oato o w
125
29.1. HISTORY
ay uts, publcly dclag to Basa al-Assad tat
you wll d us vyw at all ts, ad you wll
s tat wc you do ot xpct, utl w -stabls
t gts ad do o ou popl. [55]
o kw o cta w t Sya Ay would b

at a gv t.[62] O 24 Mac 212, t F Sya Ay utd wt t Hg Mltay Coucl. T
goups agd to put t d cs bd t, ad
a statt sad: Fst, w dcdd to ut all t
ltay coucls ad battalos ad all t ad battalos sd t couty ud o u d ladsp o t
F Sya Ay ad to ollow t ods o t coad o t FSA, Col. Rad al-Asaad. [63]
I May 212, t ad o t Utd Natos, Ba Koo, sad tat t F Sya Ay cotolld sgcat pats o so cts.[64] By Ju 212, CNN statd t [Sya] opposto ocs (wc s ot t
sa as t FSA ) to av gow to 4, .[65]
29.1.6 JulyDecember 2012, weakening,

reorganization
The FSA operates throughout Syria, both in urban areas and in
the countryside.
29.1.4 January 2012, high-ranked o cers

O 6 Jauay 212, Gal Mustaa al-Sk o t
Sya Ay dctd o t govt ocs to jo
t FSA.[57] Gal Mustaa al-Sk told Ruts tat
up to 2, solds total ad dstd t ay sc
t bgg o t co ct, ad tat t FSA ad tak
cotol o lag swats o lad. H sad a tvw o 12 Jauay 212: I w gt 25, to 3,
dsts outg gulla waa sall goups o
sx o sv t s oug to xaust t ay a ya
to a ya-ad-a-al, v ty a ad oly wt
ockt-poplld gads ad lgt wapos , ad also
tod tat t ajoty o ay dsts ad go
to b wt t als, at ta jo t bllo.[58]
O 29 Jauay, t w pots o a w oud o gakg dctos at t Sya Ay was dployd
to gt t Daascus sububs, so o t jog
FSA. At last two gals ad udds o solds wt
t wapos dctd at ts t.[59][6][61]
29.1.5 MarchJune 2012,

HMC
union with
I Mac 212, two pots o The New York Times wtssd a FSA attack wt a oadsd bob ad AK-47
s o a colu o aod Sya taks Saab
Idlb Govoat, ad lad tat FSA ad a stock o
abl, tad solds ad x-o cs, ogazd to so
xtd, but w wtout t wapos to put up a alstc gt. FSA gts clad to ow ad cotol t
back oads t coutysd, but also adttd tat o
An FSA ghter engaged in a re ght in Aleppo
Btw July 212 ad July 213, ll-dscpl ad

gtg wakd t FSA.[27] Mawl, jadst
goups td ot Sya ad bca o ctv ta FSA.[27] T FSA Sptb 212 ovd
ts coad aduats o sout Tuky to blcotolld ttoy o ot Sya.[66]
At t cato o t Natoal Coalto o Sya
Rvolutoay ad Opposto Focs Novb 212,
t FSA suppotd tat coalto.[26] O 7 Dcb
212, about 26 to 55 coads ad pstatvs o t Sya ad opposto t Atalya ad
lctd a w 3-pso ltay coucl o t FSA.
Colol Rad al-Asaad, wo was ot pst at t tg, tad s oal ol as Coad--C but
lost ctv pow to Bgad Gal Sal Ids, wo
was lctd as t w C o Sta o t FSA ad ctv lad. Scuty o cals o t Utd Stats,
Utd Kgdo, Fac, t Gul Coopato Coucl ad Joda w pst at t tg.[3][4][67] About
two-tds o tos lctd to t w coad w
dvduals assocatd wt t Musl Botood
Sya. Al-Nusa Fot ad Aa as-Sa w ot vtd to t tg.[3] Toso Ruts statd tat t
w C o Sta G. Sal Ids s ot dologcal ,
126
wl two o s w dputy coads, Abdlbasst
Tawl o Idlb Govoat ad Abdlad Sal o
Alppo Govoat a Islast.[4] The Hu ngton Post
statd tat t FSA coad "[appad] to wat to sdl xtst goups tat av b playg a bgg ol
ct ots ad tat t would b a total o v
dputy coads assocatd wt v d t gos
o Sya.[3]
29.1.7 2013

Locals a t Tuks bod coplad Novb 213 tat, cotast wt al-Nusa Fot, t goups
algd wt FSA w bcog casgly coupt.[7]
11 Dcb 213, U.S o cals sad tat FSA s Gal
Ids was dv out o s aduats ot Sya
by t Islac Fot ad was xl Doa, Qata.[71]
Bot Ids ad ot FSA spoks dd ts,[72] ad
wt 24 ous t U.S. wtdw ts stoy, sayg t ad
sc lad tat Ids ad b Tuky tougout t
cuso o Islac Fot.[73]
29.1.8 2014
I Apl 213, t US aoucd t would tas 123

llo oltal ad to Sya bls toug t I Fbuay 214, Colol Qass Saaddd o t
Sup Mltay Coad ld by dctd gal FSA aoucd tat C o Sta Ids ad b placd wt Bgad Gal Abdul-Ila al-Bas, du
Sal Idss, t t C o Sta o FSA.[28]
to t paalyss wt t ltay coad ts past
FSA was Apl May 213 losg gts to Islast
ots. [2]
ogasato Al-Nusa Fot wc was gg as t
bst-uppd, acd ad otvatd at-Assad oc. Abu Yusa, a g-lvl coad o Islac Stat o
FSA coad Basa sad tat t last w ots Ia ad t Lvat (ISIL), sad August 214, tat
3, FSA gts ad go ov to al-Nusa, aly ay o t FSA bs wo ad b tad by
bcaus FSA lacks wapos ad auto. Aot Utd Stats ad Tuks ad Aab ltay o cs
FSA coad sad tat also t Islac doct o al- w ow actually jog ISIL. I t East o Sya,
Nusa attacts FSA gts. A Wst dploat playd t s o F Sya Ay ay log. All F Sya
dow suggstos as tat Nusa would b cla, btt Ay popl [t] av jod t Islac Stat,
ad stog: gts a ovg o o goup to a- sad.[74]
ot , but you ca t say tat Nusa as gal o O 12 Sptb 214, subub Haja al-Aswad just 4
otu ta ots, atad.[68]
k sout o t ct o Daascus, odat ad IsI May 213, Sal Idss, t FSA lad, sad tat
t bls w badly agtd ad lackd t ltay skll dd to toppl t govt o Psdt
Basa al-Assad. Idss sad was wokg o a coutywd coad stuctu, but tat a lack o atal
suppot auto ad wapos, ul o t cas ad
oy o logstcs ad salas was utg tat ot.
T battls a ot so spl ow, Idss sad. Now
t s vy potat o t to b u d. But uyg
t a a to wok lk a gula ay s stll d cult. H dd ay coopato wt Al-Nusa Fot but
ackowldgd coo opatos wt aot Islast
goup Aa as-Sa.[28]
last bl goups av sgd a o-aggsso agt wt ISIL, potd t Sya Obsvatoy o

Hua Rgts. Uspc d ot soucs to
ulabl a sad to av clad tat t sgg oISIL goups blogd to t FSA.[75]
O 11 July 213, a FSA o c was assassatd by a

jadst goup, ot o Lataka.[27] Md-August 213, a
dlgato o FSA t wt a o cal o Psdt Assad, to suggst talks btw govt ad FSA about
a Sya soluto to t wa.[69] T govt accptd ts poposal o a dalogu wt t Sya
olad . Sx wks lat, sv bl-ld aas o
Alppo, cvl ploys could tu to wok, ad govt sttutos ad scools could op.[69]
t Sya popl s opposto to t g ,[76] ad t

as to bg dow t govt by ad opatos,
couagg ay dctos ad by cayg out ad
acto.[5] As t Sya ay s gly ogazd ad
wll-ad, t F Sya Ay as adoptd gullastyl tactcs t coutysd ad cts. T FSA s
ltay statgy s ocusd o a dspsd coutywd
gulla capag wt a tactcal ocus o ad acto t captal o Daascus. T capag s ot
A coalto o odat Musl bl goups gtg ud t Sup Mltay Coucl o Sya, wc cluds t FSA, o 25 Sptb 214 at a tg
Tuky acltatd by t U.S. Hous Fog A as
Cott ad t Wasgto-basd Sya Egcy
Task Foc, sgd a agt wt a pdoatly
Csta coalto calld t Syac Mltay Coucl, to
ut t gt agast t Assad govt ad t
T gowt o al-Nusa Fot ad ot Islast goups, Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat (ISIL).[1]
t st al o 213, dsllusod tousads o FSA
wo lt tat t ow voluto agast t govt
as b stol o t.[69] I aas o Hos povc, 29.2 Strategy
gtg btw FSA ad t Sya ay ad vtually
casd.[69]
T F Sya Ay as to b t ltay wg o
127
29.3. WEAPONS
29.3 Weapons
S also: Lst o ltay upt usd by Sya opposto ocs
T F Sya Ay s aly ad wt AK-47s,
FSA soldiers plan during the Battle of Aleppo (October 2012).
at to old ttoy, but at, to spad govt

ocs ad t logstcs cas t battls o uba
cts, to caus attto t scuty ocs, to dgad oal, ad to dstablz Daascus, t ct o
FSA soldiers cleaning their AK-47s during the Battle of Aleppo
govt.[77]
(October 2012).
T F Sya Ay s ad actos ocus o t govt s cobat advatags, wc clud t ablty to

out coodatd opatos o a lag scal, t ablty
to ov ts ocs at wll, ad t ablty to ploy avy
pow.[78] To cout ts advatags, t FSA as
outd attacks o t govt s coad ad cotol ad logstcal astuctu. A sabotag capag
as bgu Sya, wt pots o attacks o d t govt assts. T FSA as outd attacks
o scuty svc coad cts, ad posts oato o Sya socal da sts about blockg oads,
attackg logstcs vcls, cuttg coaxal coucatos cabls svcg a lds, dstoyg tlcoucatos tows, sabotagg govt vcls by sugag ul taks, ad attackg always ad ppls.[79][8]
T F Sya Ay o t local lvl gags ad
abuss t stat s saba lta[21] ad coots t
ay dug wc t couags dctos.[81] So
bs o t F Sya Ay av statd tat t
ogazato dos ot av t soucs to occupy ad
tak cotol o ttos, ad stad ls paly
o t ad u attacks to popt t Sya ay to
wtdawg.[82] T FSA also uss povsd xplosv dvcs to attack ltay covoys o buss, tucks
ad taks tat a taspotg suppls ad scuty octs ad gags attack ad tat opatos
o govt cckpots.[21][83] I gbooods opposd to t govt, t FSA as actd as a ds oc, guadg stts wl potsts tak plac
ad attackg t ltas, kow as saba, wc a
a tgal pat o t govt s ots to suppss
dsst.[84] I D z-Zo, Al-Rasta, Abu Kaal ad
ot cts t F Sya Ay, owv, gagd
stt battls tat agd o days wt o patcula sd
gag t advatag.[21] T FSA as also sougt tatoal lp bgg dow t Assad govt. It
as askd t tatoal couty o as ad t
pltato o a o y zo ad aval blockad o
Sya[2]
DSKs ad RPG-7s.[85] As dctg solds lack a

cov, dstg solds av to abado t aoud
vcls. Solds dct cayg oly t ay ssud lgt as ad d cts, sububs o t cov
o t coutysd.[21] Bsds AK-47s, so FSA solds also av M16s, Sty AUGs, FN FALs, SVDs
ad sotgus,[86] G3 Battl R s,[87] ad PK ac
gus.[88] Potos av suacd o so bls usg salvagd StG 44 assault s.[89] T FSA as a w avy
wapos captud o t Sya govt. I Fbuay 212, vdo ootag was postd ol sowg a
captud govt tak, bg usd Hos by FSA
ocs. T tak cad Sya opposto ags ad was
s g wt ad cvla clots takg cov
bd t.[9] A FSA spoksa as sad tat t ogazato cvd t taks o a goup o 1 dsts
o t Sya ay.[61] T FSA as also potdly
acud a ub o at-acat ssls.[91]
T F Sya Ay as ctly bgu auactug
ts ow otas ad ockts.[92]
Rads o govt cckpots ad as dpots
a cad out to supply t FSA wt uc o ts
auto ad w as. T FSA also pucass
wapos o t Sya black akt wc s suppld by
as suggls o gbog couts ad coupt
loyalst ocs sllg govt as. T av b
pots tat wol as dpots av b o d o sal,
altoug ts o s w usd bcaus o as o a
pottal tap.[93][94] FSA gts a also sots abl
to pucas wapos dctly o ay supply bass,
povdd tat ty av oug oy to satsy t govt toops guadg t. It s also potd tat t
FSA pucass uc o ts avy wapoy o Ia
as suggls.[95]
Col. Rad Asaad as askd t tatoal couty
to supply t FSA wt as to allvat t ogazato s supply ssus.[96][97] Wl ay atos av b
128
stat to povd Sya wt as out o as o scalatg t co ct,[98] t ogazato dos appa to b

cvg so outsd as spts. I Apl 212,
t Lbas Navy tcptd a Sa Lo-gstd
vssl cayg a lag ub o as ad auto blvd to b dstd o t F Sya Ay.
So o t as w labld as Lbya.[99] Saud Aaba as suppld t F Sya Ay wt wapos o
Coata.[1]
lat 211, t FSA stablsd cotol ov a ub o

tows ad vllags acoss Idlb povc.[15][16] Lat
Jauay 212, t F Sya Ay succdd takg
cotol o t tow o Zabada Daascus povc,
ollowg ts class wt t gula toops. O
21 Jauay, t FSA tpoaly captud t tow o
Doua, a Daascus.[17] T F Sya Ay also
o t ots cotolld aoud two-tds o Hos,
Sya s td lagst cty, accodg to Sya ltay ocs sd t cty.[18] I Jauay, so Daascus
I Ju 213, bls potd to av cvd 25
sububs ll ud patal opposto cotol. Fo x9M113 Kokus at-tak ssls wt a ag o 4
[11]
I August 213, apl, t tow o Saba, a ast subub o Daklots ad accuacy o 9%.
ascus ll ud opposto cotol o a wk utl t
bls captud a govt wapos dpot ad szd
MILAN at-tak ssls, o Kokus ssls, ad FSA was ocd to tactcally tat to t local populato at sustad avy bobadt by t Sya
BM-21 Gad ockts.[12]
Ay.[19][11] I lat Fbuay, t cty o Idlb was ud opposto cotol, wt opposto ags yg t
cty ct.[111]
29.4
Location
I May, Utd Natos otos co d da pots tat lag aas o Sya s coutysd ad povcal
cts w ud d acto FSA o obody s cotol.[112]
T F Sya Ay as statd tat t oly as patal
cotol ov ts ld aas, ad tat a ad to ad battl wt t Sya ay was uabl ost cass to old
t ttoy. T FSA s goal as o wt was to loos
govt cotol ov aas, at ta to pos
cotol o ts ow.[113]
29.5 Command structure

29.5.1 Head command
Current military situation in the Syrian Civil War.

Controlled by the Syrian Arab Republic
Controlled by Kurdish forces
Controlled by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Controlled by al-Nusra
Controlled by other rebels
Disputed areas
(For a more detailed map, see Cities and towns during the Syrian
Civil War)
T F Sya Ay opats tougout Sya, bot

uba aas ad t coutysd. Focs a actv
t otwst (Idlb, Alppo), t ctal go (Hos,
Haa, ad Rasta), t sout (Daaa ad Houa), t
ast (Day al-Zaw, Abu Kaal), ad t Daascus aa.
T lagst coctato o ts ocs appas to b
t ctal go (Hos, Haa, ad suoudg aas),
wt o o battalos actv t.[3]
Po to Sptb 212, t F Sya Ay opatd ts coad ad aduats o Tuky s sout Hatay povc clos to t Sya bod wt ld
coads opatg sd Sya.[97][114] I Sptb
212, t FSA aoucd tat t ad ovd ts aduats to Idlb Govoat sd Sya,[115] wc was lat
[71]
T FSA uss gulla waa tactcs w t gts ad ovu by t Islac Fot Dcb 213.
dos ot a to occupy ta oc a gt s ov, ow- T FSA s oal lad s ts Coad--C
v, by lat 211 lag swats o aa Sya ad all Colol Rad al-Asaad; owv, t ay s ctv
ud patal cotol o t F Sya Ay.[13][14] I ltay lad s ts C o Sta Bgad Gal
29.6. WAR CRIMES ALLEGATIONS

Abdul-Ila al-Bas. Bat Gal al-Bas t
a v dputy c o sta s wo a cag o v
d t gos o Sya. Two o ts dputy cs o
sta a Abdlbasst Tawl o Idlb Govoat ad
Abdlad Sal o Alppo Govoat.[3][4]
29.5.2 Regional command

T F Sya Ay as ld uts locatd acoss t
couty. T ld uts a ud t dct coad
o goal coads wc a basd t
povcs o Hos, Haa, Idlb, D al-Zo, Daascus,
Alppo ad Lataka. T goal coads clud
Colol Qas Saad al-D wo dcts ltay opatos Hos povc ad Colol Kald al-Habous
wo dcts ltay opatos t captal. T goal coads a ud t dct opatoal coad o Colol Rad Asaad ad old coc calls alost daly.[118][119][12] Fo tal coucato ad
opatos, t FSA appas to av a xtsv tt basd coucato twok tat stat scuty as
td to ptat.[121][122]
29.5.3 Field units
129
ad callg o t to alt ts ulawul pactcs.[131]
T Utd Natos-sposod "Idpdt Itatoal Cosso o Iuy o t Sya Aab Rpublc" as docutd wa cs Sya sc t stat
o t cvl wa. It sad tat bls ad cottd wa
cs, but tat ty dd ot ac t gavty, ucy
ad scal o tos by stat ocs.[132][133] So FSAalgd goups av also b ctczd o t allgd
a lato wt Islasts.
T FSA as b accusd o sualy xcutg uous psos wo t clas a govt solds
o saba,[134] ad popl wo t clas a os. A bl coad Daascus sad tat ov t
ots s ut ad xcutd paps 15 popl tat t
ltay coucl ad oud to b os. H xplad: I a a s accusd o bg a o,
s judgd by t ltay coucl. T s t xcutd o lasd .[135] Nad Houy, a Mddl East sac o Hua Rgts Watc agud tat Ittoally kllg ayo, v a saba, oc s outsd o
cobat s a wa c, gadlss o ow obl t pso ay av b .[136] O 1 August 212, a pot dcatd tat Hua Rgts Watc was vstgatg bl
ocs o suc kllgs. T FSA, o ts pat, statd tat
ty would put tos gts tat ad coductd t ulawul kllgs o tal.[137]
T F Sya Ay as adoptd t co guato ad

tactcs o a gulla oc. A typcal ld ut suc as
t Tl Kalak Matys Bgad ubs btw 3
to 4 gts splt to cobat uts o sx to 1 .
Eac a t ut s ad wt a lgt wapo, suc
as a AK-47, ad t cobat ut as a wol s uppd
wt a RPG lauc ad a lgt ac gu.
Wtsss av also potd bls coductg 'tal by

gav' wc a allgd govt sold was gv
a ock tal xt to a p-ad gav ad xcutd
o t spot by bs o t FSA A b al-Aas
bgad. O bl sad: W took gt to s gav
ad, at ag t wtsss statts, w sot
dad .[138][139]
F Sya Ay uts spcalz d t tasks.

Uts clos to t bods a volvd wt logstcs ad
t taspot o jud solds out o t couty ad
also wt t taspot dcal upt, atal suppls ad wapos to t couty.[126] Ot uts suc
as t Faou Bgads wc a basd t cty o
Hos a volvd potctg cvlas ad dg
o t Sya ay. T Faou Bgad s o o t
o actv FSA battalo uts. It s ld by Lutat
Abdul-Razza Tlass, t pw o o Ds Mst Mustaa Tlass.[117] Lutat Tlass was o o t
st dctos ad s o o t ky gus t Sya upsg. Hs ut o 5 2, solds as gagd
t Sya ay Hos ad add Sya cckpots
ad coad cts.[8][127][128] As o Jauay 212,
t ay ad aoud 37 ad battalo uts, 17 23 o
wc appad to b gagd cobat.[129][13]
T Daoud Battalo, opatg t Jabal-al-Zawya

aa, as potdly usd captud solds poxy
bobgs. Ts volvd tyg t captud sold to
a ca loadd wt xplosvs ad ocg to dv to
a Ay cckpot, w t xplosvs would b otly dtoatd.[135][14][141]
T UN otd so cdbl allgatos tat bl ocs,
cludg t FSA, w cutg cld as solds,
dspt statd FSA polcy o ot cutg ayo ud
t ag o 17.[142] O bl coad sad tat s 16ya-old so ad dd gtg govt toops.[143]
I a vdo uploadd to t Itt aly August, a

FSA pstatv aoucd tat, spos to tatoal cocs, FSA uts would ollow t Gva
Covto s gudls o t tatt o psos
ad would guaat ts captvs ood, dcal attto ad oldg aas away o cobat zos. H
also vtd Rd Coss woks to spct t dtto
aclts.[135] O 8 August, FSA coads dstbutd
29.6 War Crimes Allegations
a 11-pot cod o coduct sgd by scos o bgad
coads ad bl lads. It stats tat all gts
O 2 Mac 212, Hua Rgts Watc ssus a op
ust spct ua gts ou tolat lgous pltt to t opposto (cludg t FSA), accusg
cpls ad tatoal ua gts law t sa ut o cayg out kdappgs, totu ad xcutos,
13
a gts tat w a stugglg o today .[144][145]

T ollowg s a tl o allgd wa cs by FSAalgd goups:
O 22 May 212, a FSA bgad kdappd 11
Lbas plgs cog o Ia.[146] Fou o
t w klld a astk by t Sya A
Foc ad t st w lasd uad.[147]
O 2 July 212, Ia s dputy to st,
Ada al-Assad, sad tat Ia bod guads ad
wtssd t FSA tak cotol o a bod post,
dta a Sya Ay lutat colol, ad t
cut o s as ad lgs bo xcutg 22 Sya
solds.[148]
O 21 July 212, Tuks tuck dvs sad tat ty
ad t tucks stol by bs o t FSA w
t captud a bod post. Ty sad tat so o
t tucks w but ad ots sold back to t
dvs at t goods w lootd.[149]
T Utd Natos pot o wa cs stats
tat t FSA s xcuto o v Alawt solds
Lataka, post-July 212 was a wa c. T pot
stats, I ts stac, t FSA pptatd t wa
c o xcuto wtout du pocss. [133]
(HRW) co d t auttcty o t ootag,

ad statd tat T utlato o t bods o s s a wa c . T bl was Abu Sakka,
a coad o t Idpdt Oa al-Faou
Bgad . T BBC calld t a o soot o t
FSA s Faou Bgads, wl HRW sad t s ot
kow wt t Bgad s pat o t FSA.
T cdt was codd by t FSA s C o
Sta ad t Sya Natoal Coalto sad tat Abu
Sakka would b put o tal.[16][161] Abu Sakka
sad t utlato was vg. H sad oud a
vdo o t sold s cllpo wc t sold
sxually abuss a woa ad two daugts,[162]
alog wt ot vdos o Assad loyalsts apg,
totug, dsbg ad kllg popl, cludg cld.[163]
29.7 Rivals and allies in this war

I May 213, Sal Idss, t t FSA lad, ackowldgd coo opatos wt Islast goup Aa asSa but dd ay coopato wt Islast goup alNusa Fot.[28]
A lad o a Sala st-jadst ovt Joda as

pootd s vw, July 213 Ammon News (a
ol Jodaa pvat ws agcy, wll-vstd t
O 13 August 212, a ss o t vdos suAab wold), tat coclabl d cs xst btw
acd sowg xcutos o psos, appatly
t as o FSA ad tos o ot Su ltas gtg
by bl ocs, Alppo povc. I o vdo,
Sya agast Assad.[164]
sx postal woks w bg tow o t a
postal buldg Al-Bab to t dats, pupot- Dug 213, wt t Sya at-Assad opposto as
dly by FSA gts. T gu clad ty a wol, FSA o ot FSA, allacs btw t dpdtly opatg bl bgads w costatly cagg;
w saba.[15][151][152][153]
ay FSA bgads a ov 213 to t Islac Fot.
O 9 Sptb 212 t FSA xplodd a ca
bob a al-Hayat Hosptal ad t Ctal Hosptal Alppo. Accodg to Sya stat da,
29.8 Communications
at last 3 popl w klld[154] ad o ta 64
woudd.[155] T FSA clad tat t Ay ad
occupd t osptal buldgs ad w usg t Coucato sd t battalo ut s cad out by
walk talk.[165] T FSA battalo uts wok closly
as a bas.[156]
wt t local populato ad dctos typcally jo
O 1 Sptb 212 t FSA s Hawks o Sya uts o t go o tow tat ty co.[122] T
bgad xcutd o ta 2 Sya solds cap- FSA s closly tlkd wt ad oc actvst ttud Haao ltay bas.[157]
woks ad t woks closly wt t cvla od local coucls.[166][167] Aoud ky populato cts, suc
O 2 Novb 212 t FSA s al-Sdd Battal- as Daascus, Alppo, Daaa ad Haa, t FSA opo kdappd ad xcutd pot Sya ac- ats ltay coucls tat coodat opatos t
to Moad Ra. It clad was a b aa.[168][169]
o t saba ad was cayg a gu ad ltay
T ay s coad ad cotol s xcsd toug a
ID.[158][159]
vaty o as, cludg obl pos, voc ov
I May 213, a vdo was postd o t tt IP, al, cous ad socal da.[3] I Novb
sowg a bl cuttg ogas o t dad body 211, t ay spt 2-llo to pov couo a Sya sold ad puttg o s out, as cato lks btw opposto gts Sya.[93]
s takg a bt out o t . H calld bls to T Basa al-Assad govt captud a ub o
ollow s xapl ad toz t Alawt sct, sopstcatd coucatos dvcs o opposto
wc ostly backs Assad. Huas Rgts Watc gts, cludg Tuaya obl satllt pos, vy
131
29.10. RELATIONS WITH THE POLITICAL OPPOSITION

g ad ulta-g ucy (VHFUHF) dvcs, ad
Iasat obl coucato satllt systs.[3] I
Fbuay 212, Qata ad suppld t ay wt 3,
satllt pos.[17] T Utd Stats as also povdd
coucato upt to lp cat a o stuctud ay.[171][172][173]
29.9
International support
T Lbya Natoal Tastoal Coucl aoucd

Novb 211 tat t ad b talks wt t Sya
Natoal Coucl ad was cosdg supplyg wapos
ad volut gts o t Natoal Lbato Ay
to t F Sya Ay, ad tat tatoal tvto ay oly b wks away. Accodg to popl wt
lks to t Natoal Coucl, t Lbyas w o g
oy, wapos ad tag ocs loyal to t Sya
Natoal Coucl.[186] At t d o t ot, t was potd tat at last 6 gts o t Natoal Lbato
Ay o Lbya ad b dspatcd to suppot t F
Sya Ay ad ad td Sya toug Tuky.[187]
P Mst o Tuky Rcp Tayyp Edoa as
b tyg to cultvat a avoabl latosp wt
watv govt would tak t plac o Assad. [188]
I Fbuay 212, Bts og sctay Wlla
Hagu sad tat Bta was ppad to sd advacd
coucatos upt to t FSA to lp t
coodat t ocs, but dd ot to supplyg
wapos.[189] A wk lat t Saud Gaztt potd
tat t Gul Coopato Coucl was tkg o cogsg t F Sya Ay as t sol ad lgtat
pstatv o t Sya popl , ctg a uad
Baa o cal wo ustd aoyty.[19]
By t d o Fbuay 212, t was xtsv talk by
Gul Stats o ag t F Sya Ay. T FSA
ladsp, owv, potd Mac tat t ad ot
yt cvd ay uds, wapos, o upt o ay
govt dspt ct pldgs to lp suppot t
ad stuggl. I a tvw wt t Wall Stt Joual, FSA lad Rad Asaad sad tat: T s o pactcal suppot o t tatoal couty, ad tat
It s b all talk. [191] T F Sya Ay o ow
plad o lyg o tsl ad ads o as dpots,
owv, t stll opd o outsd as suppot.[121]
O 1 Mac, Kuwat s palat dclad suppot o t
FSA.[192] By d-May, t was potd accodg to opposto actvsts ad og o cals tat t FSA ad
statd to cv sg cat acal suppot o t
Psa Gul atos o t pucas o as.[193]
29.9.1 Foreign combatants

T ub o og Su ltats actv wt t
FSA s ad to assss. I lat May 212, basd o
tvws wt FSA gts, t was potd tat 3
Lbas ad jod t FSA. T psc o Algas, Tusas, Jodaas ad gts o Saud Aaba was also co d.[195][196] A lad o t FSA told
a AFP cospodt tat v Lbya cobatats av
b klld class wt t Sya Ay. T sa
lad, wl dyg t psc o ay og gts, sad tat t a w o d t atoalts. Pt Halg, o t Itatoal Css Goup, told t
AFP tat t popoto o og gts s cutly
vy sall, but gt gow at Saud Aaba ad Qata
aoucd t suppot o ag t bls.[197]
Coata Gal Mako K co d tat t
a btw 8 ad 1 Coat cas btw t
ags o 4 ad 6 lpg t F Sya Ay. Ty
a vtas o t Coata Wa o Idpdc
(1991 95) o Bosa Wa (1992 95), but also ougt
as cas Ia Wa (23 11), Lbya Cvl
Wa, Tusa voluto ad Egypta voluto. K
statd tat so a svg as scuty, stuctos wl
ots a kllg. H also statd tat ty a vy wll
tad ad tat ty a t o wo wll pobably kll
at ta b klld . K statd tat t payt
s up to 2, US a day du to c og doatos .
H also addd tat t ajoty o t voluts cog
o t Balkas to lp t FSA a Sbs ad ctzs
o Bosa ad Hzgova.[198][199][2] Soucs clos to
t Blgad ltay ccls co d tat t o
bs o t Kosovo Lbato Ay a also adg t FSA. Ty a ostly stuctos wo ta t
bls ostly o t uba ad t gulla waa.[21]
A st potd dat o a b o t Kosovo Lbato Ay was aoucd o 13 Novb. Naa
Dol, a o b o t KLA was klld a
Sya-Tuks bod.[22]
T a dozs o Kuwat's voluts tg o
Tuky tat a gtg aks o t FSA. T voluts a gv Sya IDs as a pcautoay asu cas ty a astd, bo ty a ad
ad st to gt d t locatos acoss t toubld
couty.[23]
29.10 Relations with the political

opposition
I July 212, a o-govtal ogazato basd

Wasgto DC, calld Sya Suppot Goup, cvd
claac o t U.S. Tasuy Dpatt to ud t S also: Sya opposto
F Sya Ay.[194]
132
29.10.1 National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces

T F Sya ay suppots t Natoal Coalto o
Sya Rvolutoay ad Opposto Focs, a coalto
o Sya opposto goups catd Novb 212
tat cluds ay SNC bs ts coucl.[26]
Syrian National Council
[6] Jabat al-Nusa, IS clas Daaa . Al Monitor. 16 Dcb 214. Rtvd 2 Dcb 214.
[7] Sya sugts attack govt-ld tow a Isal . Reuters. 2 Novb 214. Rtvd 23 Novb 214.
Rtvd 12 Jauay 214.
[9] FSA ad YPG coopat agast ISIL ltats Sya s
Tl Abyad . ARA Nws. 12 May 214. Rtvd 17
May 214.
At t bgg o Dcb 211, t F Sya

Ay agd to coodat ts actvts wt t Sya [1] Bost, Scott; G , Dw (26 Sptb 214).
Natoal Coucl (SNC).[25] O 6 Fbuay 212, Rad
Sya bl goups ut to gt ISIS . CNN. Rtvd
1 Octob 214.
al-Asaad vocd s coc about t SNC s lack o poltcal ad atal suppot o t FSA, ad statd tat
[11] Los Agls Ts (28 Novb 214). Islac Stat,
d cs could ot b solvd t FSA would bak
val Al Nusa Fot ac stgt gp o Sya . la[24]
o ts latos wt t SNC.
times.com. Rtvd 6 Dcb 214.
I lat Fbuay 212, t Sya Natoal Coucl stablsd a ltay buau to ovs ltay opatos. Ts tatv was t wt ctcs by F
Sya Ay lads wo sad tat ty ad ot b
od.[25] Dctd Gal Mustaa al-Sk catd a sla dscod t ay w stablsd
a val goup calld t Hg Mltay Rvolutoay
Coucl wc was jctd by t FSA ladsp ad
ld uts.[126] Eal t Musl Botood ad also
td to coopt t FSA but t ladsp jctd t
attpt.[25] Colol Al Kud, t dputy lad o t
FSA, dsssd t tal dsputs ad sad tat dspt
dsagts, t opposto ad utd agast
t govt ad t call o as.[25]
29.11
See also
Sya Islac Lbato Fot

29.12
References
[1] Sya opposto ad ISIS cotu Idlb battl . Asa

Al-Awsat. 12 Jauay 214. Rtvd 12 Jauay 214.
[12] U.S.-backd Sya bls outd by gts lkd to alQada . The Washington Post. 1 Novb 214. Rtvd 8 Dcb 214.
[13] Wy Dd Jud Al-Asa Jo Nusa Fot Takg Out
'Modat' Rbls Idlb?". Hu gto Post. 6 Novb 214. Rtvd 1 Novb 214.
[14] Albayak, Ayla (5 Octob 211). Tuky s addg to
pssu o Daascus . Wall Street Journal. Rtvd
19 August 214.
[15] Dctg toops o 'F Sya Ay', tagt Assad
scuty ocs . World Tribune. 3 August 211. Rtvd 1 Sptb 214.
[16] Lads, Josua (29 July 211).
F Sya Ay
Foudd by Sv O cs to Fgt t Sya Ay .
Sya Cot. Rtvd 1 Sptb 214.
[17] Hollday, Josp (Mac 212). Sya s Ad Opposto . Institute for the Study of War. Mddl East Scuty
Rpot 3. Rtvd 3 Sptb 214. (Pags 6, 14 17.)
[18] Albayak, Ayla (4 Octob 211). Tuky Plas Mltay Excs o Sya Bod . Wall Street Journal. Rtvd 4 Octob 211.
[19] Sya Ay Dctos Pss Coc 9 23 11 .
Sya211acvs. Rtvd 9 Octob 211.
[2] F Sya Ay s ltay c . Al Jaza Egls. 18 Fbuay 214. Rtvd 16 Sptb 214.
[2] Buc, Joato (7 Octob 211). Wa s oly opto

to toppl Sya lad . Reuters. Rtvd 7 Octob
211.
[3] Mou, Bass; Suza Fas (212-12-8).

Sya
Rbls Cat Nw U d Mltay Coad . Assocatd Pss. Rtvd 212-12-8.
[21] Haz, Sala (8 Octob 211). Sya Opposto Call

o No-Fly Zo . The Journal of Turkish Weekly. Rtvd 8 Octob 211.
[4] Ows, Kald Yacoub; Jaso Wbb (212-12-8).

Sya bls lct ad o w ltay coad .
Toso Ruts. Rtvd 212-12-8.
[22] Sya s Duz oty s stg ts suppot to t opposto . The Washington Post, 8 Fbuay 213. Rtvd
22 Fbuay 213.
[5] Top Wst-Backd Rbl Sya Is Focd to Fl .

Wall Street Journal. 11 Dcb 213. Rtvd 28
Octob 214.
[23] Duz pacs Swada ug dctos . The Daily

Star (Lebanon), 18 Fbuay 213. Rtvd 22 Fbuay
213.
133
29.12. REFERENCES
[24] Sya bls a Palstas agast Assad . Ruts,
31 Octob 212. Rtvd 22 Fbuay 213.
[25] Zavs, Alxada; Maouc, Ra (211-12-1). Sya
opposto goups ag to coodat ots . Los Angeles Times. Rtvd 1 Fbuay 212.
[26] Islac goups jct Sya opposto bloc . Fac 24.
212-11-19. Rtvd 212-11-2.
[27] Mat Culov (12 July 213). F Sya Ay tats blood ud at so o c klld by jadsts .
Lodo: T Guada. Rtvd 213-8-31.
[28] Sya bl lad Sal Idss adts d culty o uyg gts . McClatchyDC. 7 May 213. Rtvd 19
Sptb 214.
[29] Modat bls ac wosg stuato Alppo
[3] Wt, J y (3 Novb 211). Asad s Ad Opposto: T F Sya Ay . PolicyWatch #1878.
T Wasgto Isttut o Na East Polcy. Rtvd
8 Fbuay 212.
[31] Haz, Sal. Sya: How Fa Has Upsg Spad?".
Isttut o Wa ad Pac Rpotg. Rtvd 27 Octob 211.
[32] Gattas, K (Dcb 9, 214). Sya wa: Sout
bls s US as ky to succss . BBC Nws. Rtvd
Dcb 22, 214.
[33] US-backd Sya bls ak w pus sout o Daascus . Fox Nws. Assocatd Pss. Novb 28, 214.
Rtvd Novb 28, 214.
[34] Sya bls sout g as Wst s last op as odats cusd lsw . 13 Novb 214. Rtvd
13 Novb 214.
[44] Ccal wapos usd agast Syas, says dctd sold. Huyt Daly Nws, 21 Fbuay 212. Rtvd
o 22 Sptb 214.
[45] Dozs klld Sya as top ltay o c dcts wt
udds o solds. Haatz, 22 Fbuay 212. Rtvd o 22 Sptb 214.
[46] Soloo, Eka. ( 8 Mac 212) Fou o gals
dct o Sya ay: bls. Ruts. Rtvd o
212-3-23.
[47] AFP: Two o Sya gals dct: Tuks dploat.
Googl. Rtvd o 212-3-23.
[48] Pk, E. (212-3-15) Sya Ad Focs Dsto Sad to Sug to 6,. Bloobg. Rtvd o
212-3-23.
[49] Ov 1, Dctd o Sya ay , pot . LB:
Ya Lba. 212-7-1. Rtvd 213-8-31.
[5] Sya Ay Colol Dcts os F Sya Ay .
Asa Alawsat. 1 August 211. Rtvd 7 August
211.
[51]
12 15 .YouTub. Rtvd o 212-3-23.
[52]
.
23.
YouTub (211-11-3). Rtvd o 212-3-
[53] Yzda, pk (1 Sptb 212). Sya bls: Too

agtd, uuly . Hurriyet Daily News. Rtvd 21
Sptb 212.
[54] Lp, Mcal (16 Novb 211). Sya Ay Dctos Go o O s, Mltazg Sya s Upsg .
Voice of America. Rtvd 8 Fbuay 212.
[35] Islac Stat css: Sya bl ocs boost Koba dc . BBC Nws. 29 Octob 214. Rtvd 13
Novb 214.
[55] Raa, Suby. T Bggs o t Sya Cvl Wa .
[36] Fs volc ts Sya tow. Al Jaza (211-4-3).

Rtvd o 212-3-23.
[56] Global tg o Sya acs pssu. CNN (212-222). Rtvd o 212-3-23.
[37] Sya Lv Blog

212-3-23.
[57] Blo ld, Ada (6 Jauay 212). Daascus bob

klls 25 as g su s g lvl dcto . The Telegraph (Lodo). Rtvd 8 Fbuay 212.
Apl 28. Al Jaza. Rtvd o
[38] "'Dctd Sya scuty agt' spaks out . Al Jazeera.

8 Ju 211. Rtvd 21 Ju 211.
[39] Bak, Nada (26 Octob 211). Dctos Cla Attack
Tat Klld Sya Solds . The New York Times.
[4] Issacao , Av; Hal, Aos (21 Dcb 211).
Assad losg cotol as 1, solds dst Sya ltay . Haaretz. Rtvd 7 Fbuay 212.
[58] Ows, Kald Yacoub (13 Jauay 212). Sya s ay

wakd by gowg dstos . Ruts. Rtvd 8
Fbuay 212.
[59] Yzda, pk (31 Jauay 212). Sya opposto: dctos s . Hrriyet Daily News. Rtvd 8 Fbuay
212.
[41] Bak, Nada (15 Dcb 211). Sya Ay Dctos

Rpotdly Kll 27 Solds . The New York Times.
[6] Igatus, Davd (31 Jauay 212). Edga Sya .

The Washington Post. Rtvd 8 Fbuay 212.
[42] Scos o solds dct o Sya ay . Al

Jazeera. 7 Jauay 212. Rtvd 8 Fbuay 212.
[61] I Rakous, Baly Holdg O. The New York Times

(212-1-29). Rtvd o 212-3-23.
[43] Wav, Mattw (16 Jauay 212).

Sya: Aab
Lagu splt ov sdg toops 16 Jauay 212 . The
Guardian (Lodo). Rtvd 8 Fbuay 212.
[62] Tyl Hcks, Bag Wtss Sya: A Cospodt s Last Days , New York Times (3 Mac 212). Rtvd 2 Sptb 214.
134
[63] Mltay dctos ut ud F Sya Ay . CNN.

25 Mac 212.
[81] Bag Wtss Sya: A Cospodt s Last Days.

NYTs (212-3-4)
[64] Sya: Ba K-Moo, ay tows bls ads
[82] Rg o log cotols al o Sya, bls say .

NOW Lebanon. 31 Jauay 212. Rtvd 7 Fbuay
212.
[65] Wy Sya Ay Ca't Cus Opposto . CNN. 25

[66] Baad, A; Moutada, Haa (23 Sptb 212).
Rbl Goup Says It Is Now Basd Sya, a Majo
Stp . The New York Times. Rtvd 23 Sptb
212.
[67] Slock, Rut (212-12-11). Sya bls dy US ad
pldg allgac to jad goup . Lodo: T Daly
Tlgap. Rtvd 212-12-11.
al-Nusa . The Guardian (Lodo). 8 May 213. Rtvd 13 Octob 214.
[69] Fsk, Robt (29 Sptb 213). A Sya soluto
to cvl co ct? T F Sya Ay s oldg talks
wt Assad s so sta . The Independent (Lodo).
Rtvd 19 Sptb 214.
[7] Ja Dtt (213-1-12). Sya s Rbl Rvaly Btw Jadsts ad FSA . The Daily Beast. Rtvd
213-8-31.
[71] Top U.S.-backd Coad Sya Ru Out, U.S.
O cals Say . The Wall Street Journal. 12 Dcb
213.
[72] Sya bls dy pots top coad ocd to
. Ruts. 12 Dcb 213. Rtvd 12 Dcb 213.
[73] Top Wst-Backd Rbl Sya Is Focd to Fl .
The Wall Street Journal. 12 Dcb 213. Rtvd 9
Sptb 214.
[74] T tosts gtg us ow? W just sd tag
t. . The Washington Post. 18 August 214. Rtvd
19 Sptb 214.
[75] Mas, Alssada (12 Sptb 214). US-Backd
Modat Goup I Sya Sgs Tuc Wt ISIS: Rpots . International Business Times. Rtvd 13 Octob 214.
[76] Slock, Rut (3 Novb 211). "'15, stog'
ay gats to tak o Sya . The Daily Telegraph (Lodo). Rtvd 25 Sptb 214.
[77] Davd Eds ad Joata S. Laday. O ya , wll
Sya bco a gulla wa?". Mcclatcydc.co. Rtvd 213-8-31.
[78] J y Wt Basa al-Assad vs. t Sya Popl.
wasgtosttut.og. 14 Fbuay 212
[79] J y Wt Idct Itvto Sya: Catg a
E ctv Rspos to t Css. Wasgto Isttut. 21
Fbuay 212
[8] Flac caaa povds a a glps to Hos.
CNN (212-2-24). Rtvd o 212-3-23.
[83] Q&A: T F Sya Ay . BBC News. 16 Novb 211.

[84] Sly, Lz (25 Sptb 211). I Sya, dctos o
dssdt ay sg upsg ay b tg w
pas . Washington Post. Rtvd 6 Octob 211.
[85] F Sya Ay sold: W lack wapos"". The Observers. 211-11-18.
[86] A Foc s Bo Sya. YouTub (211-11-22). Rtvd o 212-3-23.
[87] Sya to lt otos stay; Obaa ups pssu Wold
ws MdastN. Aca sbc.co. MSNBC (2121-17). Rtvd o 212-3-23.
[88] Poto gally: T Syas Fgt Back SPIEGEL ONLINE Nws Itatoal. Spgl.d (211-12-23).
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[89] Stugw 44 usd by Sya Rbls
Blog, August 22, 212
T Fa
[9] AJE lv blog. Al Jaza (212-2-1). Rtvd o

212-3-23.
[91] Hubbad, B ad Hdaw, Haza (23 Octob 212).
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[93] Sya upsg as good busss o gu-suggls .
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[94] Abdul-Aad, Gat (11 Dcb 211). Isd Sya:
t bl call o as ad auto . The Guardian
(Lodo).
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[98] Loyd, Atoy (17 Jauay 212). No slt o F
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[99] Lbao olds sp 'cayg wapos o Sya
bls. BBC Nws.
29 Apl 212.
Accssd
ttp:www.bbc.co.ukws
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23.(gstato ud)
[125]
[15] As F Sya Ay gas goud, couty as allout cvl wa . France 24. 27 Jauay 212. Rtvd 8 [126] Wad Kald: T F Sya Ay Bas Lbao
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Bobg Hos. The Daily Beast (212-2-28). Ro 212-3-23.
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[18] Gu , uals ad a Sya s potst ct.
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[19] Sya Rbls Mak Ioads Wt Hlp o Ad Fgts. The New York Times (212-1-28). Rtvd o [13] J y Wt T F Sya Ay Blds t Assad
Rg. Wasgto Isttut. 27 Jauay 212
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[11] Outsd Sya s captal, sububs look lk wa zo. [131] Sya: Ad Opposto Goups Cottg Abuss .
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Ccago Tbu. Rtvd o 212-3-23.
[111] Opposto Stogold Ppas Fo Assault. Sky Nws. [132] Sya a ad klls 3 bl-ld tow -actvsts .
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o t Sya Aab Rpublc, Fbuay 213,
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[113] Soloo, Eka (1 Fbuay 212). Sya bls op
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[114] Cacks t ay . The Economist. 29 Octob 211.
[135] Alla, Haa (212-8-3). Accouts o Sya bls
[115] Slock, Rut (212-9-23). Sya bl ay sts
xcutg psos as w ua gts cocs .
o Tuky . Lodo: Tlgap. Rtvd 213-8Mcclatcydc.co. Rtvd 213-8-31.
31.
[136] J. Davd Gooda (212-8-2). Sya bl xcuto
could b 'wa c'". Sydney Morning Herald. Rtvd
[116] Hollday, Josp (Mac 212). Sya s Ad Opposto . Institute for the Study of War. Mddl East Scuty
213-8-31.
Rpot. Rtvd 25 Dcb 212.
[137] McEloy, Da (212-8-1). Sya bls accusd
Fb 212 At
o wa cs . Telegraph (Lodo). Rtvd 213-8[117] 1 wk wt t sya ay
potag 1 o 2. YouTub. Rtvd o 212-3-23.
31.
[118] Rbls aouc tal Sya coad stuctu . [138] Salc, Hadl Al (212-8-1). Sya sold xChicago Tribune. 212-3-29.
cutd at gavsd tal"". Ruts. Rtvd 2138-31.
"
""
[119]
Aawsat.co. 212-3-3. R- [139] Expt: Pac o Sya wll ot co o t outsd .
."
,
tvd 213-8-31.
Rtvd 213-8-31.
136
[14] Rbl gROupS I Jbl Al-ZAwIyAH (PDF). Rtvd [16] Sya: Bgad Fgtg Hos Iplcatd Atoc213-8-31.
ts . Hua Rgts Watc. 13 May 213. Rtvd 14
May 213.
[141] Sya bls ty to us pso o sucd bobg .
BBC Nws. 22 August 212. Acvd o t ogal [161] Outag at Sya bl sow 'atg sold s at'".
BBC. 14 May 213. Rtvd 14 May 213.
o 22 August 212. Rtvd 23 August 212.
[142] F Sya Ay accusd o cutg cld . Al [162] Exclusv: W Wll Slaugt All o T. T Rbl
Bd T Sya Atocty Vdo . Time. 14 May 213.
Jaza. 212-6-12. Rtvd 213-8-31.
Rtvd 14 May 213.
[143] Pctu gs o ladlss, dvdd Sya bl
ocs . Daily News (New York) (Nw Yok). 212-6- [163] Sya 'cabal' bl xplas s actos . The Telegraph. 19 May 213. Rtvd 22 May 213.
21. Rtvd 213-8-31.
[144] Sya bls cla jt sot dow . Tsows.co. [164] Jodaa Sala st Lad Foss Co ct wt Scula Sya Opposto . E.aows.t. 213-7-16.
212-8-14. Rtvd 213-8-31.
Rtvd 213-8-31.
[145] Sya bl atocts o vdo spak outag . Daily Star.
[165] A dcto s tal: How a Sya sold tud bl.
212-8-14. Rtvd 213-8-31.
Christian Science Monitor (212-2-21). Rtvd o
[146] F Sya Ay Abducts 16 Lbas St Plgs
212-3-23.
Alppo . Nahamet. 22 May 212. Rtvd 16 August
[166] Mousa Lada Sya: T g s sakg lts
212.
o dual pow g. Maxst (212-1-29)
[147] Masou says kdappd Lbas plgs sa, bls
say ou dad . The Daily Star. 6 August 212. Rtvd [167] Sya Dssdts Stat to Call Cao Ho. Wgt, Nat.
Foreign Policy (212-1-2). Rtvd o 212-3-24.
18 August 212.
[148] Saata Mad (212-2-2). Sya bls tak bo- [168] F Sya Ay Fos Daascus Mltay Coucl. Isal Natoal Nws. Rtvd o 212-3-24.
d as UN bd blockd . Haldsu.co.au. Austala
Assocatd Pss. Rtvd 213-8-31.
[169] Wt, J y (23 Mac 212). T Tds o Battl
Sya . The Washington Institute. Rtvd 25 Mac
[149] Tuks tuck dvs accus bl gts o lootg,
212.
AFP, July 21, 212
[15] Upoa as ootag sows Sya bl atocts . [17] Rpot: US ad alls 'cosdg plas o ltay ad
to Sya bls . Fox Nws. 8 Fbuay 212. Rtvd
Abc.t.au. 212-8-14. Rtvd 213-9-1.
9 Fbuay 212.
[151] Sya vdo sad to sow bls towg bods o
oo . Latsblogs.lats.co. 212-8-12. R- [171] Q&A: N Ros o Sya s ad opposto . Al
Jaza Egls. Rtvd 213-8-31.
tvd 213-9-1.
[152] Vdo Appas to Potay Has Tactcs By Sya [172] U.S. ad to Sya opposto cluds spcalzd coucatos upt Blogs . CNN. 2 Apl 212. RRbls . Al-oto.co. Rtvd 213-9-1.
tvd 213-8-31.
[153] F Sya Ay accusd o butalty . Al Jaza. R[173] Cs Hugs (212-8-3). CIA st to lp Sya
tvd 213-9-1.
bls gtv Basa al-Assad by US Psdt Baack
[154] Mou, Bass; Kll, Gg (1 Sptb 212).
Obaa . Daily Mirror. Rtvd 213-8-31.
Sya Css: Alppo Ca Bob Blast Klls At Last 3 .
[174] Tousads o Sya Ay dctos jo ltas .
Hu ngton Post. Rtvd 11 Sptb 212.
World tribune. 27 Sptb 211. Rtvd 5 Octob
[155] Ca bob klls 27, wouds 64 Alppo . The Daily
211.
Star. 1 Sptb 212. Rtvd 1 Sptb 212.
,
[175] 28 2 Idlb
[156] Sya co ct: Alppo ca bob 'klls 17'". BBC. 1
. YouTub (212-2-28). Rtvd o 212Sptb 212. Rtvd 1 Sptb 212.
3-24.
[157] Suay xcutos ovsadow class Alppo . [176]
The Daily Star. 11 Sptb 212. Rtvd 11
Sptb 212.
24.
27 2 212 .YouTub. Rtvd o 212-3-
[158] Dck, Mal (5 Novb 212). Bab al-Haa acto [177] Moutd, P (14 Octob 211). "'F Sya
udd o allgd po-g actvty . The Daily Star.
Ay' poss gowg tat to Assad . Fac 24. RRtvd 13 Novb 212.
tvd 16 Octob 211.
[159] Aja, Atul (12 Novb 212). Tpd spos to [178]
U.S. ov . The Hindu (Ca, Ida). Rtvd 13
.
Novb 212.
3-24.
YouTub (212-2-28). Rtvd o 212-
137

[179]
25 Fbuay [199] Balkask plac: Assada u stotu vatsk bojovka ( Coata). Vdpotal.ba. 17 August 212.
Rtvd 18 August 212.
[18] Sya Rvolts|Docutg t Sya upsg. Syavolts.wodpss.co. Rtvd o 212-3-24.
[2] Potv Asada s bo vatsk plac ( Coata).
Tpotal.. 16 August 212. Rtvd 18 August 212.
[181]
YouTub (212-1-3). Rtvd o [21] K, Ds (17 August 212). Od Oluj do Alpa
.
212-3-24.
tko j sv u ovu?". Slobodna Dalmacija ( Coata).
Rtvd 19 August 212.
[182]
YouTub. Rtvd o 212-3-24.
.
[22] Ppadk OVK sa sjsk pobujca ( Sba). Rado Tlvso o Sba. 13 Novb 212.
[183] Lbao ws
NOW Lbao -Assad s gowg
Rtvd 14 Novb 212.
wak. NOW Lbao (211-1-3). Rtvd o
212-3-24.
[23] Fgts o Kuwat jog Sya bls Kud w
SNC lad . Kuwait Times. Rtvd 1 Sptb
[184]
212.
YouTub. Rtvd o 212-3-24.
.
212. YouTub. Rtvd o 212-3-24.
[185] Slto, Tacy (Ju 7, 212). Isd Sya: Wo As [24] Cacks t Sya opposto as Assad laucs o sv . Tabeer.
t Rbls?". PBS. Rtvd 213-8-31.
[186] Slock, Rut (27 Novb 211). Lbya to a sy- [25] Dvsos, lack o as udsco wakss o F Sya Ay. The National (21-5-25). Rtvd o
a bls . The Sydney Morning Herald (Msata). Asso212-3-24.
catd Pss. Rtvd 27 Novb 211.
[187] Lbya gts jo Sya ay ocs. Al Bawaba
(211-11-29). Rtvd o 212-3-24.
[188] Epatko, Lasa (Novb 15, 212). Sya ad Tuky:
A Coplx Rlatosp . PBS NEWSHOUR. Rtvd
15 Novb 212.
[189] Sya Fdo, W'll lp bls ovtow Sya uds: Hagu s wag to dctato Assad ov scalato
volc Sya. Syadols.tubl.co (2122-7). Rtvd o 212-3-24.
[19] GCC to cogz F Sya Ay. Saudi Gazette. Rtvd o 212-3-24.
[191] Malas, Nou. (212-3-3) Sya Rbls Sk As
Ad Rpots o Excutos. Wall Street Journal. Rtvd o 212-3-24.
[192] Kuwat palat says suppots Sya s bl ay .
Ruts. 212-3-1.
[193] DYoug, Ka; Sly, Lz (16 May 212). Sya bls
gt ux o as wt gul gbos oy, U.S. coodato . The Washington Post.
[194] US Autozs Facal Suppot to F Sya Ay .
LB: Ya Lba. 212-7-28. Rtvd 213-8-31.
[195] Lbas jo t F Sya Ay s stuggl . Dalysta.co.lb. Rtvd 213-8-31.
[196] Lbas gt tas w gato o jads o
Sya . Gulws.co. 212-6-2. Rtvd 213-831.
[197] Fog ltats gtg Sya battl lds . Agc
Fac-Pss. 7 Mac 212. Rtvd 2 Apl 212.
[198] Jadjv-Toas, Saa (16 August 212). Mako
K, pdsjdk udug Hvatsk galsk zbo : Assada u stotu vatsk bojovka . Slobodna Dalmacija ( Coata). Rtvd 18 August 212.
29.13 External links

F Sya Ay wbst (Aabc)
F Sya Ay o Twtt (Aabc)
Ogal vdo dclaato o oato o YouTub
(Aabc)
Hollday, Josp (Mac 212). Sya s Ad
Opposto 3 (MIDDLE EAST SECURITY REPORT). Isttut o t Study o Wa.
Hollday, Josp (Ju 212). Sya s Matug
Isugcy 5 (MIDDLE EAST SECURITY REPORT). Isttut o t Study o Wa.
O'Bagy, Elzabt (Mac 213). T F Sya
Ay 9 (MIDDLE EAST SECURITY REPORT).
Isttut o t Study o Wa.
Sya Cvl Wa Ovvw
Chapter 30
Syria Revolutionaries Front

T Syria Revolutionaries Front (Aabc:
, Jabhat Thowar Suriyya, SRF, also taslatd Syrian Rebel Front[1] ) s a allac od Dcb
213 by F Sya Ay (FSA) bgads, as a spos
to t g o Islast Sya Rbls to t Islac
Fot.[14] Followg tal class, t Islac Fot ad
t Sya Rvolutoas Fot agd to cocl lat
tat ot.[15] T coalto s spaadd by Jaal
Maaou, ad o t Sya Matys Bgad, a b
o t SRF basd Jabal al-Zawya, Idlb.[16] T goup
as suppotd t Gva II Mddl East pac coc tat s ad at solvg t Sya cvl wa.[16]
1 bs o a SRF subut w klld by t AlNusa Fot o 16 July 214.[17] O 29 Octob 214
class uptd aga btw t SRF ad Al-Nusa
al-Naou wc sultd a takov o a cckpot by
Al-Nusa ocs.[18] I t ollowg days, Nusa szd
by oc sval vllags Idlb cotolld by t SRF,
wt t goup su g dozs o dctos ad avg
to wtdaw o t stogolds t go.[19]
Accodg to FSA coads a sct tg was ld
btw t Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat, t alNusa Fot ad ot goups o 2 Novb wc sultd a pact btw t pats to gt t SRF utl
t was datd.[2]
30.1
Aa al-Saal Bgad
Ryad al-Sal Battalos o Daascus
Faou Battalos o Haa
Spcal Assgts Rgt o Daascus[2]
Oa Bgads[21]
Al-Aal Bgad
9t Dvso o Alppo[22] (lt t SRF ad jod
t Hazz Movt)[23]
30.2 See also

30.3 References
[1] FSA allac puss back agast Islac Fot . T
Daly Sta. 17 Dcb 213. Rtvd 16 Sptb
214.
[2] Lud, Ao (13 Dcb 213). T Sya Rvolutoas Fot . Carnegie Middle East Center. Rtvd 16
Sptb 214.
A liated groups
[3] Al-Qada dats Sya odat bls Idlb . ARA

Nws. 2 Novb 214. Rtvd 3 Novb 214.
Idlb Mltay Coucl

Sya Matys Bgad

Sptb 214.
Aa al-Zawa Bgads
Asa Bgads
[5] Jadsts captug sout Sya, local gt was .

Ts o Isal. 11 May 214. Rtvd 16 Sptb
214.
Cog Vctoy Bgads

7t Dvso
[6] Taslato: t Foato o t Sya Rvolutoay

Coad Coucl . Goa s Nal. 3 August 214. Rtvd 16 Sptb 214.
Faou al-Saal Battalos

Gab Wolvs Bgad
[7] Ao Lud (21 Mac 214). Dos t Sout Fot

Exst?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Rtvd 14 Novb 214.
Idlb Matys Bgad

138

[8] Alppo: Sya s Stalgad?". Natoal Itst. 22 Apl
214. Rtvd 16 Sptb 214.
[1] Sya bls ut ad lauc w volt, agast jadsts . AFP. 4 Jauay 214. Rtvd 16 Sptb
214.
[11] Al Qada szs ttoy o odat Sya goup .
Ruts. 28 Octob 214. Rtvd 28 Octob 214.
[12] Nw Sya bl allac dclas wa o Al Qada .
AFP. 4 Jauay 214. Rtvd 16 Sptb 214.
[13] Rocts us to Alppo as battls ag . T
Daly Sta. 9 July 214. Rtvd 16 Sptb 214.
[14] Sya: Nw Rbl Allac to Rval Islasts . Autz
Sva. 17 Dcb 213. Rtvd 16 Sptb
214.
[15] FSA, Islast actos pldg to cocl . T Daly
Sta. 18 Dcb 213. Rtvd 16 Sptb 214.
[16] Sya bls ty to ag pac talks stac Tuky .
Ruts. 18 Jauay 214. Rtvd 16 Sptb 214.
[17] At ISIL, Jabat al-Nusa aoucs Islac Eat
Sya . ARA Nws. 22 July 214. Rtvd 16
Sptb 214.
[18] . SOHR. 29 Octob 214 ttps:www.acbook.co
syao?. Rtvd 3 Octob 214. Mssg
o pty |ttl (lp)
[19] Al Qada goup szs basto o Wst-backd bls
Sya s Idlb go
[2] AP soucs: IS, al-Qada ac accod Sya . AP. 13
Novb 214. Rtvd 4 Dcb 214.
[21] Vdo sows Sya bls ay av U.S.-ad attak
ssls . Los Agls Ts. 24 Apl 214. Rtvd
16 Sptb 214.
[22] T Modat Rbls: A Coplt ad Gowg Lst o
Vttd Goups . 21 Octob 214. Rtvd 3 Dcb
214.
[23] Haakat Haz: Aca s w avot jadst goup .
Al Akba. 25 May 214. Rtvd 4 Dcb 214.
30.4
External links
SRF wbst
139
Chapter 31
Hazzm Movement
T Hazzm Movement (Aabc: , Harakat
Hazzm, ag Movement of Steadfastness[4] ) s a allac o sl-dclad odat Sya bls.[1] T
goup as b suppld BGM-71 TOW at-tak
ssls[1] by a Wst souc .[8] So o t goups
cutly volvd t allac w pat o t
Faou Bgads.[1] T goups tat bca t Ay
o Mujad w ogally gog to jo t Hazz
Movt.[11] T pvous caato o t goup,
calld Haakat Zaa Moad (The movement of the
time of Muhammad), was suppotd by t Sya Musl Botood.[11]
31.1
31.3 References
[1] Sya sugts acu TOW ssls . IHS Ja s
36. 7 Apl 214. Rtvd 15 May 214.
[2] Aouct o t Haz Mltay Coalto . 3 Jauay 214. Rtvd 9 July 214.
[3] Rbls Wot Suppotg: Sya s Haakat Haz .
Wasgto Isttut o Na East Polcy. 28 Apl 214.
Rtvd 15 May 214.
[4] Sya bls wo cvd st U.S. ssls o wa s
spt as a potat st stp ". Wasgto Post.
28 Apl 214. Rtvd 15 May 214.
[5] T w ac o t Sya bllo . T Aab Cocl. 5 Mac 214. Acvd o t ogal o 26
Mac 214. Rtvd 15 May 214.
A liated groups
Katab Faou al-Saal

Coad Coucl . Goa s Nal. 3 August 214. Rtvd 6 August 214.
9t Spcal Focs Bgad

1st Bgad o Madaat
[7] Sya Updat: Jauay 6-12, 215 . Isttut o t

Study o Wa. Jauay 13, 215.
Lwa Aya Bl Alla
[8] Sya ay ts Hos gbouoods . Al Jaza

Egls. 15 Apl 214. Rtvd 15 May 214.
Katbat Ab Hat - Faou Haa
[9] Rocts us to Alppo as battls ag . T

Daly Sta. 9 July 214. Rtvd 9 July 214.
Katbat Aa al-Salya - Faou Haa

Lwa Abab Alla
6t Bgad
Katbat Sad Abdul Ga a Has
Katbat Sad Abdulla Buka
Saaya Sawt al-Ha
[1] Aca At-Tak Wapos Appa Sya Rbl

Hads (Updatd)". Hu gto Post. 11 Apl 214. Rtvd 15 May 214.
[11] Haakat Haz: Aca s w avot jadst goup .
Al Akba. 25 May 214. Rtvd 14 Sptb 214.
31.4 External links

Hazz Movt o Twtt (Aabc)
Katbat Abu Asad al-N[1]
31.2
Hazz Movt s YouTub Cal

Hazz Movt wbst
See also

14
Chapter 32
Al-Nusra Front
T al-Nusra Front, o Jabhat al-Nusra, (JN, Aabc:
Jabhat an-Nurah li-Ahli ash-Shm,
T Suppot Fot o t Popl o Al-Sa"), sots calld Tanzim Qa'edat Al-Jihad Bilad AlSham o al-Qaeda in Syria,[25] s a bac o al-Qada
opatg Sya[26] ad Lbao.[27]
vtually stablsg a Islac ttoy ud t

adstato. [45]
Mbs o t goup av d to t Utd Stats

ad Isal as s o Isla[44] ad wad agast
Wst tvto Sya.[46] Sya bs o t
goup cla ty a oly gtg t Assad govt
T goup aoucd ts oato o 23 Jauay 212, ad would ot attack Wst stats.[46] T Utd Stats
dug t Sya Cvl Wa.[28] Sc t, t as b accusd t o bg a latd wt al-Qada Ia;[47]
dscbd as bot t ost aggssv ad succssul [29] Apl 213, t lad o al-Qada Ia lasd a auad o o t ost ctv bl ocs Sya.[3] do statt a g ts cocto.[48][49][5]
T goup as b dsgatd as a tost ogazato by t Utd Natos,[31] Austala,[32] Caada,
Nw Zalad,[33][34] Russa,[35] Saud Aaba, t Utd 32.2 Analysis
Kgdo,[36] t Utd Stats,[37] ad Tuky.
32.1
Ideology
T lad, a sl-poclad E, o al-Nusa gos

by t a o Abu Moaad al-Jula (also transliterated as: Moad and al-Jawla, or: al-Gola),
wc pls tat s o t Gola Hgts (alJawla, Aabc). Vy lttl s kow about , wt
v s atoalty ucla.[51] Howv, a tvw
wt Al Jaza, spok Classcal Aabc wt a Sya
acct.[52]
al-Nusa as to ovtow t Assad g ad plac

t wt a Su Islac stat. Altoug t goup s a latd wt al-Qada, al-Nusa dos ot pasz Wst tagts o global jad, ocusg stad o t a
O 18 Dcb 213, gav s st tlvso y o t Sya stat.[38]
a joualst ogally o
Ts sstac goup s gally ad up o atv Sy- tvw, to Tays Allou,
[52]
Sya,
o
Al
Jaza.
a ujad wo ad to Su Isla.[39][4] Its goal
s to ovtow Basa al-Assad's g Sya ad c- T stuctu o t goup vas acoss Sya. I

at a Islac Eat ud Saa law.[41][42]
Daascus t ogasato opats a udgoud
I aly 214, D. Sa Al Oad, a top Saa o cal cladst cll syst, wl Alppo, t goup s
ogazd alog s-covtoal ltay ls, wt
t goup, ackowldgd tat s goup s ucd
[51]
by t tacgs o Abu Musab al-Su. T statgs uts dvdd to bgads, gts, ad platoos.
dvd o Abu Musab s gudls clud: povd- All pottal cuts ust udtak a 1-day lgousollowd by a 15-to-2-day ltayg svcs to popl, avod bg s as xtsts, tag cous, [1]
tag
poga.
atag stog latosps wt couts ad
ot gtg goups, ad puttg t ocus o gtg Al-Nusa cotas a acy o lgous bods, wt a
t g.[43]
sall Majlis-ash-Shura (Cosultatv Coucl) at t top,
Mbs o t goup a accusd o attackg t akg atoal dcsos o bal o t goup. Rllgous bls o o-Sus Sya, cludg t gous psol also play a potat ol t goal
Alaws.[44] New York Times joualst C. J. Cvs cts JN ladsp, wt ac go avg a coad ad
so aalysts ad dploats as otg tat al-Nusa a sk. T sk supvss t coad o a
s kow as dabet al-shar'i (Fot ad t Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat ca lgous pspctv ad
[51]
lgous
cosso).
appa lss ocusd o topplg t al-Assad govt
ta o stablsg a zo o uc spag Ia s A casg ub o Acas av b attptAba Povc ad t dst ast aas o Sya, ad g to jo t gtg Sya, As MD Aad Zakal
141
142
CHAPTER 32. AL-NUSRA FRONT
ad Tay al-at ad ty o ds spc cally wt

al-Nusa.[53] Most ctly, S V Ngo Nguy, also
kow as Hasa Abu Oa Gaou, was astd
Caloa o 11 Octob 213, o cags o attptg to tavl to jo Al Qada at potdly avg
ougt Sya.[53] As o Novb 213 t ad also
b v addtoal publcly dsclosd cass o Acas gtg Sya, t o wc w lkd to alNusa.[54]
32.3.2 Role in the Syrian Civil War
T Qulla Foudato, a b g pap, pots

tat ay o t goup s bs a Syas wo w
pat o Abu Musab al-Zaaw's Islast twok gtg
t Aca ocs Ia. May o ts Syas ad Ia at t wtdawal o Aca ocs,
but upo t outbak o Sya cvl wa 211, t
Islac Stat o Ia st t Sya ujad ad dvdual Ia xpts gulla waa to Sya. A
ub o tgs w ld btw Octob 211
ad Jauay 212 R Das ad Hos w t
objctvs o t goup w dtd.[51]
Wl so FSA lads a wod by t al-Nusa

Fot s tocatc dology ad plas o Sya s utu,
ty s og xtsts as a wlcod boost to t
gt agast t Assad g, bgg xpc o
Ia ad Agasta.[46][58] Wl FSA as cossttly
statd t dsappoval o al-Nusa Fot s us o sucd
bobs, ty av also takd t o so sucd opatos wt statgc b t, suc as t attack o t
Mag Abas.[58][66] So dsgutld vocs wt
t FSA accusd t al-Nusa Fot ad ots o jackg a voluto tat bga as a upsg to dad
a docatc syst. [46] T lad o a bl goup
Idlb Povc sad W a ot gtg Basa al-Assad
to go o lvg a autocatc to a lgous pso .[46]
A so poltcal o cal o t FSA sad T psc s ducg t popula suppot tat w dspatly
d aas w w opat [...] I appcat t otvs o cog to Sya. W caot dy Musls t
gt to jad, but w wat t to lav .[58] I so
pats o Sya, Jadst ad scula bl goups watc
ac ot s ltay bass waly, uclaspg t saty
catcs o t gus as ty pass. [46] So bs
o t FSA blv tat, at t Assad govt as
b ovtow, t xt wa wll b btw t FSA
ad t Islasts.[46]
T al-Nusa Fot as b a gat lp to Sya bls

t Battl o Alppo. O bl sad tat bs o
t goup us to t scu o bl ls tat co ud pssu ad old t [...] Ty kow wat ty
All statts ad vdos by t al-Nusa Fot av a dog ad a vy dscpld. Ty a lk t spb lasd by ts da outlt, al-Maaa al-Bayda cal ocs o Alppo. [58] At t US dsgatd t al(T Wt Mat), va t ladg jadst wbou Nusa Fot as a al-Qada lkd tost goup, sval
Saouk al-Isla.[1]
bl goups d d t US class cato ad alld bd t al-Nusa Fot, dclag, W a all Jabat Al
Nusa. [63] A F Sya Ay (FSA) lad Alppo
batd t ov, ad a FSA spoksa Alppo sad,
32.3 History
W gt ot sa t sa bls as Jabat al-Nusa,
but w a gtg t sa y. [64] So FSA gt32.3.1 Background
s dctd to t al-Nusa Fot.[65]
T al-Nusa Fot lasd ts st publc statt o

Jauay 24, 212, wc ty calld o ad stuggl agast t Sya govt. T goup clad sposblty o t 212 Alppo bobgs, t Jauay
212 al-Mda bobg, t Mac 212 Daascus
bobgs,[28] t ud o joualst Moad alSad,[55] ad possbly t 1 May 212 Daascus
bobgs.
Ia Fog Mst Hosya Zba as sad tat alQada Ia bs av go to Sya, w t

ltats pvously cvd suppot ad wapos, od to jo t al-Nusa Fot.[56] Ty a cosdd to
b t bst tad ad ost xpcd gts aog
t Sya bls.[57] T goup as usd calls o a T lad o t Natoal Coalto o Sya Rvolucas Sya.[58]
toay ad Opposto Focs, Moaz al-Katb, calld
US tllgc agcs ad ogally suspctd al- o t US to cosd ts dcso to lst t al-Nusa
Qada Ia o t bobgs Alppo ad Fot as a og tost ogazato; al-Katb as
Daascus.[59] Ia s dputy to st sad aly statd tat all bl ocs wos a goal s t all
Fbuay tat wapos ad Islast ltats w t- o t g sould b lt alo.[67] At t lstg
g Sya o ts couty.[6] T Fot clad cdt o al-Nusa as a tost ogasato by t US Do sucd attacks t Sya captal o Daascus al- cb 212, a goup o 29 opposto goups, cludg
Zaa al-Zubayd.[61] A dctd dploat ad Nawa bot gtg uts ad cvla ogazatos sgd a oal-Fas statd a tvw wt t T Daly Tl- l ptto callg o dostatos ts suppot.[68]
gap tat jads w usd by t Sya govt O 14 Dcb 212, tousads o Syas potstd
attacks agast cvlas so tat t govt could agast t US ov, ud t sloga o T s o
bla t dats o Sya bls.[62]
tos Sya xcpt tat o Assad. [69]
32.4. ATTACKS
143
32.3.3 Split with Islamic State of Iraq
al-Nusa s Idlb c Abu Moaad al-Asa togt

wt s aly, t Sya Obsvatoy o Hua Rgts
potd.[8] I May 214, op gtg soo bok out
I Apl 213, t lad o t Islac Stat o Ia btw ISIS ad al-Nusa D z-Zo Govoat,
(ISI), Abu Bak al-Bagdad, lasd a codd au- lavg udds dad o bot sds.[81] By July 214,
do ssag o t Itt, wc aoucd tat al-Nusa ad lagly b xplld o t povc.[82]
Jabat al-Nusa was a xtso o al-Qada Ia
Sya.[48] Al-Bagdad sad tat Abu Moaad al- I July 214, a audo codg attbutd to al-Jula
Jula, t lad o Jabat al-Nusa, ad b dspatcd appad ol, wc sad tat al-Nusa plad
by t goup alog wt a goup o to Sya to t to stabls a Islac at t aas o Sya tat
wt p-xstg clls t couty. Al-Bagdad sad ty av a psc. A statt ssud o 12 July 214
tat t ISI ad povdd Jabat al-Nusa wt t plas by al-Nusa s da cal a d t auttcty o
ad ot yt dclad
ad statgy dd o t Sya Cvl Wa ad ad t codg, but statd tat ty
[83][84][85][86]
[7]
t
stablst
o
a
at.
b povdg t udg o a otly bass. AlBagdad t dclad tat t two goups w ocally gg ud t a, Islac Stat o Ia
ad Al-Sat Lvat (ISISISIL).[7] T xt day al- 32.4 Attacks
Jula jctd t g ad a d t goup s allgac to Al-Qada ad ts lad, Aya al-Zawa. Dug t Sya Cvl Wa, t goup laucd ay
al-Jula was uotd as sayg W o you tat - attacks, ostly agast tagts a latd wt o suppotv
t t al-Nusa coad o ts cosultatv coucl, o t Sya govt. As o Ju 213, al-Nusa
o ts gal aag w awa o ts aouct. Fot ad clad sposblty o 57 o t 7 sucd
It acd t va t da ad t spc s aut- attacks Sya dug t co ct.[87]
tc, w w ot cosultd. [71]
O o t st bobgs wc al-Nusa was suspctd
I May 213, Ruts potd tat Abu Bak al- o ad t st sucd attack o t wa ca o 23 DBagdad, lad o t ISI, ad tavld o Ia to cb 211, w two sgly coodatd bobSya s Alppo Govoat povc ad bga cut- gs occud t Sya captal o Daascus, kllg
g bs o al-Nusa. T w da pots tat 44 popl ad woudg 166.[88]
ay o al-Nusa s og gts ad lt to jo alBagdad s Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat (ISIS), T al-Mda bobgs o Jauay 212 w allgdly
wl ay Sya gts lt t goup to jo ot cad out by a gt ad Abu al-Baaa al-Sa.
by t blast was Islast bgads.[72][73][74] Sot May 213, Abu Footag o t dstucto causd
[59]
T
vdo assts tat
lasd
o
a
jadst
ou.
Moaad al-Jula, t lad o al-Nusa, was jud
t
atydo-skg
opato
was
xcutd [75]
by a astk coductd by t Sya Rg.
I
vg
o
ou
ot
U
Abdulla
o
t cty o
Ju 213, Al Jaza potd tat t ad obtad a ltHos
agast
wo
t
cals
o
t
g
vot wtt by al-Qada lad Aya Al-Zawa, adlatd
dgty
ad
tatd
to
slaugt
so,
dssd to bot Abu Bak al-Bagdad ad Abu MoaSITE potd. T vdo sows a xcpt o allad al-Jula, wc uld agast t g o
t two ogasatos ad appotd a ssay to ov- gacs, opatos, ad tag o t al-Nusa Fot as
wll as a gt aogst t asss a publc dos latos btw t ad put a d to tsos.[76]
Lat t sa ot, a audo ssag o Abu stato, advsg t to do t pays ad ad to
t tuals o Isla.
Bak al-Bagdad was lasd wc jctd alZawa s ulg ad dclad tat t g o t two T al-Nusa Fot aoucd t oato o t F
ogazatos to t Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat Os o t Lvat Bgads , a YouTub vdo statwas gog aad. Ts suc o vts s sad to av t tat was lasd o Jauay 23. I t statt,
causd uc couso ad dvso aogst bs t goup clad tat t attackd t aduats o
o al-Nusa.[72]
scuty Idlb povc.[89] To all t popl o
So uts o al-Nusa bga takg pat class Sya, w aouc t oato o t F Os o
agast t Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat,[77] ad t Lvat Bgads, t statt sad, accodg to
Fbuay 214, at cotud tsos, al-Qada pub- a taslato obtad by T Log Wa Joual. W
lcly dsavowd ay latos wt ISIS.[78] I t sa pos Alla, ad t w pos you, tat w wll b
ot, al-Jula tatd to go to wa wt ISIS ov a sld ad a stkg ad to pl t attacks o ts
t suspctd ol t kllg o so Aa as- cal Al Assad ay wt all t gt w ca ust.
Sa coad Abu Kald al-Sou. al-Jula gav W pos to potct t lvs o cvlas ad t posISIS v days to subt vdc tat ty w o- sssos o scuty ad t Saba [po-govt]
W a a popl wo wll t ga vctoy o
ct t attack to t psod Jadst clcs, lta.
[89]
d.
Abu Muaad al-Mads, Abu Qatada al-Falast,
ad Sula al-Alwa.[79] O 16 Apl 214, ISIS klld T 1 May 212 Daascus bobgs w allgdly
144
clad by al-Nusa Fot a Itt vdo,[9] owv, o 15 May 212, soo clag to b a
spoksa o t goup dd tat t ogazato was
sposbl o t attack, sayg tat t would oly las
oato toug jadst ous.[91]
O 29 May 212, a ass xcuto was dscovd a
t ast cty o D z-Zo. T udt d copss
o 13 ad b dscovd sot to dat xcutostyl.[92] O 5 Ju 212, t al-Nusa Fot clad
sposblty o t kllgs, statg tat ty ad captud ad togatd t solds D z-Zo ad
justly pusd t wt dat, at ty cossd
to cs.[93]
O 17 Ju 212, Wald Aad al-Ays, dscbd
by Sya autots as t gt ad o t al-Nusa
Fot, was klld w Sya autots dscovd s
dg plac. H was potdly sposbl o t akg o ca bobs tat w usd to attack Daascus t
pvous ots.[94] T Sya autots potd t
kllg o aot pot b o t goup, Wal
Moaad al-Majdalaw, klld o 12 August 212
a opato coductd Daascus.[95]

wl t ca was tly dstoyd. A sall buldg
wt t O cs club was ud as wll.[12][13]
T al-Nusa Fot also clad sposblty o attackg uous Sya ltay bass, cludg:
Alppo dstct: a a ds bas, o: 12 Octob
212
Alppo cty: t Haao baacks
Raa: t Sulu baacks
I t a ds bas assault ty potdly dstoyd
buldgs ad sabotagd ada ad ockts at ovug t bas coopato wt t al-Faj Islac
Movt ad a goup o Cc gts. Dug t
stog o t Haao baacks 11 solds w klld
ad ty ld t coplx o sx ous bo tatg.
Ty also clad kllg 32 solds dug t ad o
t Raa bas.[14]
I Octob 212, ty jod ot bls a attack o
t Wad D bas aoud Maaat al Nua, a pologd gtg tat tud to a sg o t bas.[15]
Ty also ld a attack o t Tataaz A Bas
Novb 212, a potat ad statgc bas o t
Sya ay, cotag up to 48 lcopts.[57]
O 27 Ju 212, a goup o Sya bls attackd a

po-govt TV stato t tow o Dousa, just
sout o t captal Daascus. T stato s studos w
dstoyd wt xplosvs. Sv popl w klld
t attack o Al-Ikbaya TV, cludg ou guads ad
t joualsts.[96] Al-Nusa clad sposblty o T goup szd t ay cckpots aoud Saab
t attack ad publsd potos o 11 stato ploys at t d o Octob 212, ocg t Sya Ay to
ty kdappd ollowg t ad.[97]
wtdaw o t aa t xt day. I t battl, 28
I d-July 212, Moad al-Sad, a wll-kow Sya solds w klld as wll as v Nusa gts.
govt TV ws pst, was kdappd by t So o t captud solds w sualy xcutd
goup. O 3 August 212, al-Nusa publsd a stat- at bg calld Assad dogs . T vdo o ts xcutos was wdly codd, wt t Utd Natos
t sayg tat al-Sad ad b xcutd.[55][98]
g to t as pobabl wa cs.[16][17]
Mbs o t al-Nusa Fot cad out two sucd

attacks aly Novb 212. O occud a ual
dvlopt ct Sal al-Gab Haa povc,
w a ca bob klld two popl; wl t ot
occud t Mzz gbouood o Daascus,
w a sucd bob klld 11 popl.[18] T SOHR
clad a total o 5 solds w klld t Sal alGab attack.[19]
Al Jaza potd o 23 Dcb 212 tat t alNusa Fot ad dclad a o- y-zo ov Alppo,
usg 23 ad 57 at-acat gus to dow
The scene at Saadallah Al-Jabiri Square after the attacks on 3
plas. Ts would clud cocal gts wc
October 2012
al-Nusa blvd taspotd ltay upt ad
wad cvlas
O 3 Octob, t sucd ca bobs xplodd at t toops. I a vdo st to Al Jazeera, ty
[11]
agast
boadg
cocal
gts.
ast co o t ctal Saadalla Al-Jab Sua
kllg 48 popl,[99] as t was aoucd by t Msty I Fbuay 213, Al Nusa gts w volvd
o to. Mo ta 122 popl w potd to b gtg Sa a wt g octs, pvtg
avly jud.[1] Al-Nusa clad sposblty o ts ocs o acg t dstato o t cty
t attack.[11] T bobs tagtd t O cs club ad o Alppo. A otog goup clas ts sultd
t aby buldgs o t Toustc Hotl ad t s- o ta two udd casualts ov a pod o two
toc Joua Ca". T otl cvd ajo daag wks.[111]
145
32.6. WEAPONRY AND TACTICS
Toug t was tally potd tat Sya Catolc pst ad t Mddl East, as ppls to Sya o tos
Faos Muad was badd at a cuc Gassa, locatos a btt stablsd ad avgabl.[13] How was actually sot dad.[112]
v, as o Novb 213, t w also 6 publcly
T goup as tak pat ltay opatos wt t dsclosd cass o Aca ctzs ad pat swo jod o attptd to jo al-Nusa 213
F Sya Ay.[113] Abu Hada, a Sya FSA co- dts[131]
alo.
odato Alppo's Sa al-Dawla dstct sad tat alNusa Fot av xpcd gts wo a lk t
voluto s lt coado toops. [114]
I Dcb 213, al-Nusa abductd 13 us o a

Csta oasty Maaloula. Ty w ld
t tow o Yaboud utl 9 Mac 214, T us potd ty ad ot b aassd ad could kp lgous sybols.[115]
As o July 213, al-Nusa cotols As-Saddad, a
tow o ougly 16,.[116]
O 28 August 214, ltats o t goup kdappd
45 UN packps o Fj o Gola Hgts
t Utd Natos Dsgagt Obsv Foc
Zo.[117] T goup dadd tat t b ovd o
t UN s lst o tost ogazatos xcag o
t lvs o t packps. I addto to UN psol, t goup outly captus UN vcls to us
as ca bobs.[118] At t sa t, two goups o UN
packps o Plpps w tappd ud
aby Rwa.[119] O 31 August, o goup o
32 Flpos solds was scud ad t ot goup
o 4 solds scapd.[12] T scu opato was
cad out by Is packps.[121] Colol Eza Euz o t Plpps, wo ov-saw t opatos,
sgd ov dsagts wt Ida Lutat Gal Ibal Sg Sga. Sga ad allgdly odd
t Flpos packps to sud as to su
t sa las o t Fja solds.[122] O 8 Sptb, Rodgo Dutt, t ayo o Davao Cty, calld
o Sga s dat at allgdly calld t Flpos
solds cowads.[123] O 11 Sptb, t kdappd
Fja solds w lasd.[124]
32.5.1 Khorasan
Khorasan, also kow as t Khorasan Group, s
to a goup o so al-Qada bs wo opat
Sya.[132] T goup s potd to cosst o a sall
ub o gts wo a all o tost watclsts,
ad coodat wt t al-Nusa Fot, al-Qada s alat Sya. At a tllgc gatg Wasgto, D.C. o 18 Sptb 214, Dcto o Natoal
Itllgc Jas Clapp statd tat ts o tat
to t olad, Koasa ay pos as uc o a dag as ISIS. [133] T t st appad ws da
Sptb 214, altoug t Utd Stats ad potdly b kpg tack o t goup o two yas
pvously.[134]
32.6 Weaponry and tactics

T ogasato s blvd to av usd, at vaous
ts ad vaous placs, t ollowg tactcs: cabobs, sucd-attacks, tagtg o cckpots, covtoal assault o ltay bass, assassato o poltcal
ad ltay gus ad bs o t saba,[51] tagtg (dstuctokllg) o po-govt da statos ad psol.
By Ju 213, t ad b appatly 7 sucdattacks Sya. O ts, t goup dd sposblty o 13 but clad sposblty o t ot 57. I
Ju 212, t goup attackd t po-govt TV
I lat Octob 214, al-Nusa bga attackg t F stato at Dousa, a Daascus. T ollowg ot
Sya Ay ad ot odat Islast goups tat t t govt-TV pst Moad al-Sad dswas oly alld wt, a bd to stabls ts ow appad; t goup lat dclad dad.
Islac stat t cts t cotolld t Idlb GovI Ju 214 Hua Rgts Watc potd tat sval
oat ad ot gbog Govoats.[125][126]
bl goups cludg al-Nusa av lstd cld solds to t aks.[135]
32.5
External support
At last o Aab govt as accusd Qata o lpg al-Nusa.[127] T US Govt as b sdg wapos to bls Sya sc at last lat 213,
ad paps as aly as 211, dug t bgg
pass o t co ct. Ts wapos av b potdly allg to ads o xtsts, suc as al-Nusa ad
ISIL.[128][129]
32.6.1 Chemical weapons
A pot suacd Ju 213 o o Ia Ba'at

o cals supplyg t ccal wapo Sa to t alNusa Fot toug o Ia Bg. G. Ada alDula. T pot dtald ow sval o Ia
ltay gs tad t al-Nusa Fot o ow to
us ts ccal wapos addg tat all plas ts
cocto w ppad by al-Dula ad stagd at
al-Nusa as also b atally suppotd by ultpl Izzat Iba al-Dou s appoval. T soucg o ts
og gts. Most o ts gts a o Euop pot s sad to b a ad to al-Dou.[136]
146
O 3 May, Tuks wspaps potd tat Tuks scuty ocs ad astd al-Nusa gts t sout
povcs o Ms ad Adaa a t Sya bod
ad co scatd 2 kg o sa gas.[137][138][139] T govo o Adaa clad tat t scuty ocs ad ot
oud sa gas but ukow ccals, wtout o g ut laboato.[14] T Tuks Abassado to
Moscow lat sad tat tsts sowd t ccal szd
was at-z, ot sa.[141] I Sptb sx o tos
astd May w cagd wt attptg to acu
ccals wc could b usd to poduc sa; t dctt sad tat t was possbl to poduc sa gas by
cobg t atals pop codtos. [142] T
dctt sad tat T suspcts av pladd ot gulty
sayg tat ty ad ot b awa t atals ty ad
td to obta could av b usd to ak sa gas.
Suspcts av b cossttly povdg co ctg ad
cot acts o ts att. T suspcts w sad
to b lkd to al-Nusa ad to Aa as-Sa.[143][144]
[14] Sya sugts attack govt-ld tow a Isal . Reuters. 2 Novb 214. Rtvd 23 Novb 214.
32.7
[15] Class wd btw Islast goups a Sya s

Hasaka . ARA Nws. 18 Mac 214. Rtvd 9
Novb 214.
Designation as a terrorist organization

USNews. 11 Ju 214. Rtvd Ju 11, 214.
[9] Astks Sya Tat Tagtd Koasa Goup Dsuptd Plots Agast US, G. Dpsy Says . ABC
News. 7 Octob 214. Rtvd 1 Octob 214.
[1] AP soucs: IS, al-Qada ac accod Sya . 21411-13. Rtvd 214-11-13.
214. Rtvd 22 May 214.
[12] Nw Sya jadst body od to gt ISIS . Al Moto. 28 May 214. Rtvd 3 Ju 214.
[16] O'Bagy, Elzabt (212). Middle East Security Report:

Jihad in Syria 6. Wasgto, DC. p. 27.

[17] Fo Guataao dta klld wl ladg jt al-Nusa Fot as a tost ogazato.
adst goup Sya . Long War Journal. 4 Apl 214.

Rtvd 21 May 214.
32.8
See also

Tak
32.9
References
[1] Itvw wt O cal o Jabat al-Nusa, Sya s Islast Mlta Goup . Time. 25 Dcb 212. Rtvd 29 Novb 213.
[2] Hzbolla ad Al Qada Fgts Edgg Clos to Full
Scal Cootato . 1 May 214. Rtvd Novb 214.
[3] Al-Nusa Fot . 212. Rtvd Novb 214.
[4] TIME Exclusv: Mt t Islast Mltats Fgtg
Alogsd Sya s Rbls . Time. 26 July 212. Rtvd
29 Novb 212.
[5] Abdalla Sula Al (12 Fbuay 214). ISIS losg goud Sya to Jabat al-Nusa . Al-Moto. Rtvd 14 Fbuay 214.
[6] Nck Pato Wals ad Laua St-Spak (Novb 6,
214). Rpot: Astks tagt aot Islast goup
Sya . CNN. Rtvd Novb 214.
[7] Nusa Fot clas Lbao sucd attack . Al Jazeera
English. 11 Jauay 215. Rtvd 12 Jauay 215.
[18] Sya bls advac Haa . ARA Nws. 12 July

214. Rtvd 12 July 214.
[19] McLaugl, Elott; Caplouto, Susaa (28 Sptb
214). U.S. ad ts alls stk ISIS tak, s ad
cckpots . CNN. Rtvd 28 Sptb 214.
[2] Motada, Radwa (19 May 214). Hzbolla gts
ad t jads:" Mad, duggd, ocdal, ad ugy .
al-Akhbar English. Rtvd 9 Ju 214.
[21] Jabat al-Nusa ys Idlb o Islac at . AlMonitor. Rtvd 14 Novb 214.
[22] Al Qada szs ttoy o odat Sya goup .
Reuters. Rtvd 3 Octob 214.
[23] Ad Masal. "
."
.
214.
Rtvd 3 Octob
[24] Al-Qada dats Sya odat bls Idlb . ARA

Nws. 2 Novb 214. Rtvd 12 Novb 214.
[25] Al-Qada Upgads Its Psc I Sya . MEMRI. 25
Novb 213. Rtvd 12 Dcb 213.
[26] Zawa dsbads a Qada acto Sya . GlobalPost. 213-11-8. Rtvd 213-11-15.
[27] Al Qada-lkd goup Al Nusa Fot clas dadly ca
bobg Lbas captal But ABC, 21 Jauay
214
147
32.9. REFERENCES
[28] Islast goup clas Sya bobs 'to avg Sus ".
Al Aabya. 21 Mac 212. Rtvd 23 Mac 212.
[29] Igatus, Davd (3 Novb 212). Al-Qada a lat
playg lag ol Sya bllo . Washington Post.
Rtvd 1 Dcb 212.
[3] Blaod, Ncolas (Octob 1, 213). Jads ay
wat to kll Assad. But s lucky to av t?". csmonitor.com. Rtvd 7 Jauay 214.
[31] UN blacklsts Sya s al-Nusa Fot . Al Jaza Egls. 31 May 213. Rtvd 11 Ju 213.
[32] Ju 213 Austala Govt lsts at-Assad
Sya goup as tost ogasato - ABC Nws (Austala Boadcastg Copoato)". Abc.t.au. 2136-29. Rtvd 213-11-15.
[33] Tuky lsts al-Nusa Fot as tost ogazato .
Hurriyet Daily News. Ju 3, 214. Rtvd Ju 3,
214.
[47] Sya Rbls Td to Al Qada Play Ky Rol Wa .

The New York Times. 8 Dcb 212. Rtvd 21212-8.
[48] Qada Ia co s Sya s Nusa s pat o twok .
Agence France-Presse. 9 Apl 213. Rtvd 9 Apl
213.
[49] Sya bls post ag o slvs by bug US Captol o Facbook pag . Washington Times. 8 Dcb
212. Rtvd 212-12-8.
[5] Al Qada-lkd goup Sya bls oc dd ow ky
to at-Assad vctos . McClatcy. 8 Dcb 212.
Rtvd 212-12-8.
[51] Jabat al-Nusa A Statgc B g . Qulla Foudato. 8 Jauay 213. Rtvd 213-3-31.
[52] Al-Qada lad Sya spaks to Al Jaza . Al
Jaza. 213-12-19. Rtvd 214-8-2.
[34] ttp:www.polc.govt.zstsdaultls
publcatosdsgatd-tts-26-11-214.pd
[53] Caloa Ast Udscos Ogog Coc Ov

Acas Jog Al Qada Aboad . Access ADL. AtDaato Lagu.
[35] Russa calls o all stats to put Islac Stat, Jabat alNusa o tost lsts . Russa Nws Agcy TASS .
Rtvd 29 Dcb 214.
[54] Not Caola Ast Maks 6t Aca I 213 Assocatd Wt Al Qada I Sya . Access ADL. AtDaato Lagu.
[36] ( July 213) Bta bas Sya s al-Qada-lkd Nusa

Fot o tos gouds . Fox Nws. 213-7-19. Rtvd 213-11-15.
[55] Sya TV pst xcutd - Doa Fdo Ct .

dc4.og. August 4, 212.
[37] ( Dcb 212) US blacklsts Sya bl goup alNusa . Al Jaza. 11 Dcb 212. Rtvd 11
Dcb 212.
[38] Al-Nusa Fot . 212. Rtvd Novb 214.
[39] Nw s acoss Sya bod . August 214. Rtvd 215.
[4] T Sya bl goups pullg og
213. Rtvd 215.
gts .
[41] al-Katb, Moad (July 214). Jabat al-Nusa,

IS copt o og gts . Al-Monitor. Rtvd
214.
[42] Al-Nusa Fot ot yt dad as ts dvss Islac
Eat o t Lvat"". al-akba. July 214. Rtvd
214.
[43] Hassa Hassa (4 Mac 214). A jadst blupt o
ats ad ds s gag tacto Sya . T Natoal.
[56] Kaa, Za (76212). Ia: Al-Qada gats to

Sya . Assocatd Pss. Cck dat valus : |dat,
|accssdat (lp);
[57] Sya Co ct: Rbls, Ay Battl Ov Tataaz Abas . Hu ngton Post. 3 Novb 212. Rtvd
213-5-7.
[58] Wt way y, Sya bls wlco Islasts to t
aks . The Times of Israel. 25 Octob 212. Rtvd
212-11-28.
[59] Ukow Islast goup clas sucd attacks Sya .
Egls.alaabya.t. 212-2-29. Rtvd 212-325.
[6] Jadsts, wapos 'ovg o Ia to Sya'". AFP.
212-2-11. Rtvd 212-3-25.
[61] Elzabt O'Bagy (Sptb 212). Jad Sya
(PDF). Isttut o t Study o Wa. Rtvd 2135-7.
[44] Po l: Sya s al-Nusa Fot . BBC News. 15 May

212. Rtvd 31 July 212.
[62] Slock, Rut (2 Jauay 214). Exclusv tvw:

wy I dctd o Basa al-Assad s g, by o
dploat Nawa Fas . Telegraph (Lodo). Rtvd
2 Jauay 214.
[45] Cvs, C. J. (Sptb 5, 213). Butalty o Sya

Rbls Posg Dla Wst . New York Times. Rtvd 5 Sptb 213.
[63] Sya bls dy US ad pldg allgac to jad

goup . The Telegraph (Lodo). 1 Dcb 212.
Rtvd 14 Dcb 212.
[46] Slock, Rut (2 Dcb 212). Isd Jabat al

Nusa - t ost xt wg o Sya s stuggl . The
Daily Telegraph (Lodo). Rtvd 2 Dcb 212.
[64] Islast goups gag poc Sya gt . USA

Today. 1 Dcb 212. Rtvd 14 Dcb
212.
148

al-Nusa . The Guardian (Lodo). 8 May 213.
[66] Wc Isugts Captud Mag Abas . eaworldview. 7 August 213. Rtvd 7 August 213.
[67] Fo wly cogzd Sya bl coalto, a st dsput wt US . Christian Science Monitor. 12 Dcb
212. Rtvd 16 Dcb 212.
[68] Sya bls dy US ad pldg allgac to jad
goup . The Telegraph (Lodo). 1 Dcb 212.
Rtvd 26 Dcb 212.
[69] Sya potsts sla U.S. blacklstg o jadst
goup . Daily Star. AFP. 14 Dcb 212. Rtvd
26 Dcb 212.
[7] ISI Co s Tat Jabat Al-Nusa Is Its Extso I
Sya, Dclas 'Islac Stat O Ia Ad Al-Sa' As
Nw Na O Mgd Goup . MEMRI. 213-4-8.
Rtvd 213-4-1.
[71] Al-Nusa Cots to al-Qada, Dy Ia Bac
'Mg'". Agc Fac Pss. 1 Apl 213. Rtvd 18 May 213.
[72] Ia al-Qada c jcts Zawa ods . Al Jaza.
213-6-15. Rtvd 213-6-15.
[73] Isgt: Sya s Nusa Fot clpsd by Ia-basd al
Qada . Ruts. 213-5-17. Rtvd 213-5-18.
[86] Rbls Call o Al Nusa Fot to Rtk Establsg ts

Eat . Syrian National Coalition Of Syrian Revolution
and Opposition Forces. Rtvd 24 Octob 214.
[87] Sucd bobs kll 14 Daascus . Rtvd 24 Octob 214.
[88] Ja Dtt (213-1-4). Jadsts A Cpg
Ito Sya s Rbl Factos . The Daily Beast. Rtvd
213-5-7.
[89] Bll Roggo (212-2-26). Al Nusa Fot clas sucd attack Sya . T Log Wa Joual. Rtvd
212-3-25.
[9] Jadst goup cla sposblty o Daascus blasts .
ITV Nws. 12 May 212. Rtvd 12 May 212.
[91] Jadst goup ds clag Daascus bobgs .
Dawn. AFP. 212-5-15. Rtvd 213-5-7.
[92] Gladsto, Rck (3 May 212). U.S. Evoy Ss G
Outco o Sya . New York Times. Rtvd 11 Ju
213.
[93] Mltat goup clas kllg o 13 Sya . Ruts. 5
Ju 212. Rtvd 11 Ju 212.
[94] Tost Al-Ays, Wo Supvsd Rggg Ca Bobs
Dtoatd Daascus, Klld . Rtvd 24 Octob
214.
[95] ttp:28.43.232.81g337212812435965.t
[74] Spc, Rcad (213-5-19). Sya: Jabat al-Nusa

splt at lad s pldg o suppot o al-Qada . Lodo: T Tlgap. Rtvd 213-5-21.
[96] Sv klld attack o Sya TV stato . Mg.co.za.

212-6-27. Rtvd 213-5-7.
[75] Al-Nusa lad jud by g bobadt .

Facbook.co. Rtvd 213-5-16.
[97] Jadsts cla Sya attacks . Associated Press. 4 July

212. Rtvd 15 Novb 213.
[76] Qada c auls Sya-Ia jad g .

Jaza. 213-6-9. Rtvd 213-6-1.
[98] Sya TV pst Moaad al Sad as b xcutd by Islast ad goup Al-Nusa, says gts
goup . Blogs.aljaza.co. 212-8-4. Rtvd
213-5-7.
Al

Rtvd 9 Jauay 214.
[78] Lz Sly (3 Fbuay 214). Al-Qada dsavows ay ts
wt adcal Islast ISIS goup Sya, Ia . The
Washington Post. Rtvd 7 Fbuay 214.
[79] Sya: al-Nusa Fot dclas wa o ISIS . Al Akba
Egls. 214-2-26. Rtvd 214-8-18.
[8] Al-Nusa c klld by vals Sya . 214-4-16.
Rtvd 214-4-16.
[99] Mltat goup Al-Nusa cla sucd bobgs

Alppo . Yaoo! Nws. 4 Octob 212. Rtvd 5
Novb 212.
[1] Sada l-Balad . El-balad.co. 3 Octob 212. Rtvd 213-5-7.
[11] Mltat goup Al-Nusa cla sucd bobgs
Alppo . Reuters. 4 Octob 212. Rtvd 8 Octob
212.
[81] Hudds klld as ISIL sugts ga goud ast

[12] ABC Nws:Dozs klld Alppo bob blasts .
Sya . Reuters. 1 Ju 214. Rtvd 12 July 214.
Abc.t.au. 3 Octob 212. Rtvd 213-5-7.
[82] Al Qada lavs ast Sya stogolds to Islac Stat
[13] Albt Aj ad Za Kaa (3 Octob 212). Sya
-oto . Rtvd 24 Octob 214.
o cal: 27 klld Alppo bobgs . Assocatd Pss.
Rtvd 5 Jauay 214.
[83] Al Qada s s sout Sya puss odat
bls to sdl . Rtvd 24 Octob 214.
[14] Mltat goup says was bd Alppo a ds bas
assault . Ruts.co. 2 Octob 212. Rtvd
[84] Wll t 'Eat o t Lvat' b aoucd o Ed
213-5-7.
al-Ft?". Rtvd 24 Octob 214.
[85] Jabat al-Nusa, IS copt o og gts . Al- [15] Sya, ost bls ag to ou-day tuc . A.co. 25
Monitor. Rtvd 24 Octob 214.
Octob 212. Rtvd 213-5-7.
32.9. REFERENCES
149
[16] Sya bls kll 28 solds as gtg cotus . T [125] Los Agls Ts (28 Novb 214). Islac Stat,
Joda Ts. 212-11-1. Rtvd 213-5-7.
val Al Nusa Fot ac stgt gp o Sya . latimes.com. Rtvd 6 Dcb 214.
[17] Mattw Wav (212-11-2). Sya co ct: bl
'wa c' caugt o vdo . The Guardian (Lodo). [126] U.S.-backd Sya bls outd by gts lkd to alQada . The Washington Post. 1 Novb 214. RRtvd 213-5-7.
tvd 8 Dcb 214.
[18] At last 5 po-Assad ocs klld Sya sucd bobg, actvsts say . Haaretz. 5 Novb 212. Rtvd [127] How Qata szd cotol o t Sya voluto
Financial Times, 17 May 213
5 Novb 212.
[19] Kaouy, Maa (5 Novb 212). Sucd bob [128] By Lsa LudustApl 27, 214 12:41 PM (214-427). T sadowy ow o US wapos to Sya - Tat
klls 5 Sya scuty : opposto . Ruts.co.
Matx . Logwajoual.og. Rtvd 214-8-18.
Rtvd 213-5-7.
[11] Sya 'scus ccal wapos stockpl'". Al Jaza. [129] By Esto Lodoo ad Gg Mll (213-9-11).
CIA bgs wapos dlvy to Sya bls - T
23 Dcb 212. Rtvd 29 Dcb 212.
Wasgto Post . M.wasgtopost.co. Rtvd
[111] Sya bls pus o sv o ajo apot . Yt. 18
214-8-18.
Fbuay 213. Rtvd 11 Ju 213.
[13] Aca ad Itatoal Mltats Daw to Sya .
[112] Pst Badd O Vdo By Sya Jadsts Bas 'No
At-Daato Lagu.
Rlato To Dat O Fat Faos Muad [CORRECTION]". International Business Times. 2 July 213. [131] Not Caola Ast Maks 6t Aca I 213 Assocatd Wt Al Qada I Sya . Access ADL. AtRtvd 21 Jauay 214.
Daato Lagu. Rtvd 13 Novb 213.
[113] Bll Roggo (212-8-4). Al Nusa Fot coducts
jot opato wt F Sya Ay - Tat Matx . [132] Kaouy, Maa (26 Sptb 214). Isgt - U.S.ld stks pssu al Qada s Sya goup to jo wt
Logwajoual.og. Rtvd 213-6-11.
Islac Stat . Ruts. Rtvd 19 Octob 214.
[114] Sya volt attacts otly og jad cops . Agc
[133] US adts t s a uc sca tost goup ta
Fac Pss. 18 August 212. Rtvd 2 August
ISIS . RT. 21 Sptb 214. Rtvd 3 Novb
214.
214.
[115] Baad, A; Saad, Hwada (9 Mac 214). Nus R[134] Sya Astks Fald To Cppl Koasa Tat .
lasd by Syas At T-Mot Odal . The New
AP. 9 Octob 214. Rtvd 1 Octob 214.
York Times.
[135] Dboa E. Bloo. Sya bl goups cut cld sol[116] Sya s al-Nusa Fot utlss, ogasd ad takg
ds, says gts watcdog . CNN. Rtvd Ju 27,
cotol . Guada. 1 July 213. Rtvd 19 Dc214.
b 213.
[136] ttp:www.wd.co2136
[117] UN o cal dds Ida gal Sya packpput-clas-poo-sya-bls-usd-ccal-wapos
g cotovsy . Zee News. IANS. 4 Sptb 214.
Rtvd 13 Sptb 214.
[137] McDoll, Patck J. (213-9-13). Sya bl goups
sougt sa gas atal, Tuks poscutos say . Los
[118] Kas, Ro. Qada-bls: UN Packps to b judgd
Angeles Times. Rtvd 213-11-22.
accodg to God. Ynetnews. 5 Sptb 214. 5
[138] Rpot: Polc ol al-Nusa bob attack plad o
Sptb 214.
Adaa . 213-5-3. Rtvd 213-6-19.
[119] UN solds szd by bls Gola Hgts . Al
[139] Kt R. Ta, The Daily Caller, 3 Sptb
Jazeera. Rtvd 13 Sptb 214.
213, Cogss ust ask t gt ustos o Sya
[12] UN solds scap sg by Sya bls . Al Jazeera. 31
ccal wapos us
August 214. Rtvd 13 Sptb 214.
[14] Buc, Joato (3 May 213). Tuky asts 12
[121] Is toops vacuat Flpo packps Sya .
ads o 'tost' ogazato . Ruts. Rtvd 8
Irish Times. 3 August 214. Rtvd 13 Sptb
August 213.
214.
[141] No Ccal As Szd o Sya Mltats, Tuk[122] UN o cal dds Ida gal Sya packps Evoy Says . Global Scuty Nwsw. 5 July 213.
g cotovsy . 4 Sptb 214. Rtvd 13
Rtvd 12 Sptb 213.
Sptb 214.
[142] Aydnlk, 12 Sptb 213, Al-Nusa Lkd to C[123] Dutt: Soot Udo c t ad . Inquirer. Rcal Poducto Tuky
tvd 13 Sptb 214.
[143] Huyt Daly Nws, 12 Sptb 213, Sya bl
[124] Sya co ct: Rbls las Fja UN packps .
goups sougt to buy atals o ccal wapos,
BBC News. Rtvd 13 Sptb 214.
poscutos say
15
[144] Patck J. McDoll, Los Angeles Times, 13 Sptb

213, Sya bl goups sougt sa gas atal, Tuks poscutos say
[145] Jabat al-Nusa | Austala Natoal Scuty . Natoalscuty.gov.au. Rtvd 214-8-18.
[146] About t lstg pocss . Publcsaty.gc.ca. Rtvd
214-8-18.
[147] ttp:www.tso.coo.gouv.Fl4363
[148] Wdsday, July 2, 214 9:24 AM (214-7-2).
Russa sks UN ba o ol tad wt tosts Sya .
E.alala.. Rtvd 214-8-18.
[149] UN tats sactos o ayo tadg ol wt ISIS
tosts
RT Nws . Rt.co. 214-7-29. Rtvd
214-8-18.
[15] Saud Aaba lsts tost goups - Xua | Egls.ws.c . Nws.xuat.co. 214-3-8. Rtvd 214-8-18.
[151] Doa Jos (214-6-4).
Tuky Dsgats AlNusa Fot as a Tost Ogazato . Voaws.co.
Rtvd 214-8-18.
[152] UAE to ty o cutg ltats to gt Sya:
agcy . Ruts. 214-5-19. Rtvd 214-8-18.
[153] Lst o Poscbd ogasatos UK govt.
us-dsgats-sya-al-usa-ot-as-tost-goup.
tl?_
32.10
External links
Fst v boadcast tvw wt Abu Moad

al-Joula
Taslato o al-Qada c Aya al-Zawa s
ltt to t lads o t two Jad goups
Chapter 33
Khorasan (Islamist group)

Khorasan, also kow as t Khorasan Group, s
to a goup o so al-Qada bs wo opat
Sya.[1] T goup s potd to cosst o a sall ub o gts wo a all o tost watclsts, ad
coodat wt t al-Nusa Fot, al-Qada s a lat
Sya. At a tllgc gatg Wasgto,
D.C. o 18 Sptb 214, Dcto o Natoal Itllgc Jas Clapp statd tat ts o tat
to t olad, Koasa ay pos as uc o a dag as ISIS. [11] T t st appad ws da
Sptb 214, altoug t Utd Stats ad potdly b kpg tack o t goup o two yas
pvously.[12]
So cotatos av allgd tat t tat t Koasa Goup pstd was xaggatd to gat
publc suppot o Aca tvto Sya, ad
so av ustod wt t goup v xsts as a
dstct tty.[13]
33.1
Name
o al-Qada co bs, ag t g-akg

bs o al-Qada wo ovd to Paksta ollowg t 21 vaso o Agasta.[1] A Aca
tllgc souc dcatd t goup ubs about
5 bs.[7] Mbs o t goup a sad to av
wokd wt bob-aks o Y, cludg a alQada a latd bob-ak ad Iba al-As[1]
to tagt cvla acat adg to t Utd Stats[18]
ad ot Wst tagts.[1] Aot b o t
goup s Fca Davd Dugo;[12] s tougt to
av wokd as a bobak o t goup.[19]
T ogazato s potd to b ld by Mus alFadl, a pot al-Qada b wo wt to Ia
at t US vaso o Agasta.[11] al-Fadl was potd dad o socal da by sval kow al-Qada
bs, cludg Saa al Nas;[2] owv, ad
Dugo a ow tougt to av suvvd t attacks.[19]
Aot Koasa Goup b potdly klld was
Abu Yusu Al-Tuk, a Tuks atoal ad jadst.[21]
Al Tuk was potd to av b klld o 23 Sptb 214 by US astks Sya.[21]
T a dcatos tat so bs o t Koasa

Goup (cludg Abu Yusu Al-Tuk) w pat o a
Koasa s a stocal t o a go ovlappg
lt sp subut o t al-Nusa Fot tat was kow
od-day Tuksta, Ia, ad Agasta.[14]
as t "Wolf Group".[22]
T a o t goup was cod by tllgc agcs as a c to t g-akg Koasa Sua, a
ladsp coucl wt al-Qada, wc ay bs o t goup blog to.[15] Utd Stats Ctal
Coad, t U.S. Dpatt o Ds ltay
coad sposbl o opatos Sya ad Ia, 33.3 Activities
dscbd t Koasa Goup a a 6 Novb
214 pss las as: a t usd to to a twok
T goup was tally potd to pos a t
o Nusa Fot ad al-Qa'da co xtsts wo sa
tat to t Utd Stats, wt pots o pottal
a stoy o tag opatvs, acltatg gts ad
plots volvg a bob ad o a otallc dvc
oy, ad plag attacks agast U.S. ad Wst
lk a tootpast cota o clots dppd xplosv
[16]
tagts.
atal .[23]
Lat statts by o cals dcatd tat t w o
kow tagts o attacks xpctd t xt w wks
33.2 Membership
at t t t US bga bobg Sya.[23] O 5 Octob 214, FBI dcto Jas Coy statd, I ca't st
T goup s dscbd as a vy sall goup - dozs o ad tll you wt t pla s tooow o t
gts oly , coposd o xpcd jads o va- wks o t ots o ow , but tat w av to
ous couts.[1][17] T goup s blvd to b ad up act as t s cog tooow. [24]
151
152
33.4
CHAPTER 33. KHORASAN (ISLAMIST GROUP)
Criticism of term
stll alv. Howv, Dugo was vald to b badly

woudd, ad was cupatg sd o a Koasa[3]
A 23 Sptb 214 atcl by t Cag Edowt opatd osptal.
o Itatoal Pac statd tat t sudd uy o
vlatos about t 'Koasa Goup' t past two
wks sacks o statgc laks ad poltcal sp .[25] 33.6 References
T atcl also statd tat Watv o dcds to call
t, ts s ot lkly to b a dpdt ogazato, [1] Pllps, Jas; Sgl, Jos (2 Sptb 214).
Q&A: Mt Koasa, t Tost Goup Tat Mgt
but at a twok-wt-t-twok, assgd to dal
[25]
B
Sca Ta ISIS . The Daily Signal. Htag Fouwt spc c tasks.
I a atcl The Intercept, joualsts Gl Gwald ad Mutaza Hussa statd tat T a sous
ustos about wt t Koasa Goup v xsts
ay agul o dt abl a , dscbg pots o t goup as popagadstc ad lgal atoal
o ltay tvto.[26]
33.5
American-led intervention
Fut oato: Aca-ld tvto Sya

O 23 Sptb 214, Utd Stats Ctal Coad
statd tat ty ad coductd gt a stks agast t
goup s tag caps, coad ad cotol aclts,
ad ot sts t aa wst o Alppo, Sya.[5] T
attacks w ctv ad klld oly o o two ltats, lagly bcaus t bs o t goup ad b
wad advac.[12]
dato. Rtvd 19 Octob 214.

wk, Al-Qada b twts . Haatz. 28 Sptb 214. Rtvd 19 Octob 214.
[4] Dtals o t sso agast ltats Sya . Associated Press. 23 Sptb 214. Rtvd 13 Jauay
215.
[5] Hdg, Cat (23 Sptb 214). US stks
tagt Al Qada vtas Sya plottg 't attack'". Fox Nws. Rtvd 6 Octob 214.
[6] US stks Koasa Goup tagts Sya . Aadolu
Agcy. 6 Novb 214.
[8] T stag stoy bd t Koasa goup s a .
Wasgto Post. 25 Sptb 214. Rtvd 13 Octob 214.
O 6 Novb 214, US-ld coalto ocs bobd

tagts t Idlb ad Alppo povcs.[6] Dspt US [9] Sya Ay Lays a Hug Abus o t Koasa
ltay o cals statg tat oly t Koasa Goup
Goup Lataka . Al-Masdar. Rtvd 26 Novb
was tagtd, local actvsts ad t Sya Obsvatoy
214.
o Hua Rgts clad tat bot Aa as-Sa ad
Jabat al-Nusa w also t.[27] It was lat aoucd [1] Kaouy, Maa (26 Sptb 214). Isgt - U.S.ld stks pssu al Qada s Sya goup to jo wt
tat t Koasa s c bobak Davd Dugo was
Islac Stat . Ruts. Rtvd 19 Octob 214.
[28]
blvd to av b klld t attack, but lat [3]
[11] US adts t s a uc sca tost goup ta
pots dcatd was oly woudd.
A td ad o t goup was cad out o 13 Novb
214.[29]
ISIS . RT. 21 Sptb 214. Rtvd 3 Novb

214.
[12] Sya Astks Fald To Cppl Koasa Tat .
O 18 Novb, t Sya Ay abusd a goup o

AP. 9 Octob 214. Rtvd 1 Octob 214.
Koasa ltats t coutysd o Lataka a spaat opato. Elv bs o t goup w klld [13] Makac, Ka (29 Sptb 214). Dd t govt vt a t tat to bolst suppot o
ad aot 13 w woudd o captud. T Kazak
wa?". Vanity Fair.
ad Cc ld coads o t ut, alog wt
[3]
Bus ad Saud jadsts, w aog t dad.
[14] Kos . Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Rtvd
T attack also lt 7 al-Nusa Fot gts dad.[3]
23 Novb 214.
O 19 Novb, t US laucd aot astk o [15] Al Qada Plotts Sya Wt Dak, U.S. Sps Say .
Koasa a Haz, wc stuck ad dstoyd a stoNewsweek. 23 Sptb 214. Rtvd 13 Octob
ag aclty assocatd wt t goup.[31]
214.
O 1 Dcb, t US cad out aot astk o [16] Nov. 6: U.S. Mltay Focs Coduct Astks Agast
Koasa a Alppo.[32] O 1 Dcb, t CIA Koasa Goup Tost Ntwok Sya . United
vald tat bot Mus al-Fadl ad Davd Dugo,
States Central Command. 6 Novb 214. Rtvd
wo w bot tougt dad at US astks, w
1 Novb 214.
153

[17] Mt T Koasa, T Tost Goup Tat s Suddly A Bgg Tat Ta ISIS . Business Insider Australia. 24 Sptb 214. Rtvd 6 Octob 214.
[18] Sya s ad cll: Rs o Koasa goup alas U.S. .
T Publo Cta. 14 Sptb 214. Rtvd 6
Octob 214.
[19] Fc bob-ak wt Koasa adcalzd ov
'sval yas ". CNN. 1 Novb 214. Rtvd 3
Novb 214.
[2] Al Qada lad clas ky opatv so-calld 'Koasa goup' was klld . The Long War Journal. 3
[21] Koasa lad s dat suggstd ltat twts .
AFP. 28 Sptb 214. Rtvd 6 Octob 214.
[22] Paaszczuk, Joaa (2 Octob 214). Wol o Koasa: Wo Was Jabat al-Nusa s Abu Yusu al-Tuk?".
Chechens in Syria. Rtvd 1 Octob 214.
[23] Lvs, Jos; Cucksak, Paul; Lst, T (23 Sptb
214). U.S. stks Koasa Goup Sya . CNN.
Rtvd 6 Octob 214.
[24] Koasa tosts wll attack US 'vy, vy soo,' FBI
dcto was . RT. 8 Octob 214. Rtvd 1 Octob 214.
[25] Wat Is t Koasa Goup ad Wy Is t U.S.
Bobg It Sya?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 23 Sptb 214. Rtvd 6 Octob
214.
[26] Gwald, Gl; Hussa, Mutaza (28 Sptb
214). T ak to tat usd to justy bobg
Sya . The Intercept. Rtvd 6 Octob 214.
[27] Rpot: Astks tagt aot Islast goup
Sya . CNN. 6 Novb 214. Rtvd 6 Novb
214.
[28] U.S. stk Sya potdly klls ky bob-ak .
CNN. 6 Novb 214. Rtvd 6 Novb 214.
[29] US bobs Al-Qada o soot Koasa o td t .
AFP. 13 Novb 214. Rtvd 13 Novb 214.
[3] Sya Ay Lays a Hug Abus o t Koasa
Goup Lataka . Al-Masda Nws. 18 Novb
214. Rtvd 18 Novb 214.
[31] Astks Cotu Agast ISIL Sya, Ia . Utd
Stats Dpatt o Ds. 19 Novb 214. Rtvd 19 Novb 214.
[32] Astks Cotu Agast ISIL Sya, Ia . Utd
Stats Dpatt o Ds. 1 Dcb 214. Rtvd 22 Dcb 214.

Cstop Pauluss, Testing the Validity of US
Self-Defence Arguments against the Khorasan Group
in Syria (Itatoal Ct o Cout-Tos
- T Hagu, 214)
Chapter 34
Al-Qaeda
Ts atcl s about t ltat goup. Fo t Ia Jws allac s cospg to dstoy Isla.[53] As
Sala st jadsts, ty blv tat t kllg o cvlas
wspap, s Al-Qada (wspap).
s lgously sactod, ad ty go ay aspct o Al-Qaeda (lkad al-KY-d o lk d AL-kah- lgous scptu wc gt b tptd as obddg
[1][54]
AlEE-d; Aabc: al-qidah, Aabc: [l d ], t ud o cvlas ad tc gtg.
a-ad
laws,
Qada
also
opposs
wat
t
gads
as
taslato: T Bas ad altatvly splld alwats to plac t wt a stct o o saa
Qaida ad sots al-Qa'ida) s a global ltat ad [55]
law.
Islast ogazato oudd by Osaa b Lad,
Abdulla Azza,[41] ad sval ot ltats,[42]

at so pot btw August 1988[43] ad lat
1989,[42] wt ogs tacabl to t Sovt wa
Agasta.[44][45] It opats as a twok copsg
bot a ultatoal, statlss ay[46] ad a Islast,
xtst, waab, jadst goup.[47] It as b dsgatd as a tost ogazato by t Utd Natos
Scuty Coucl, t Not Atlatc Taty Ogasato
(NATO), t Euopa Uo, t Utd Stats, Russa, Ida ad vaous ot couts (s blow). AlQada as cad out ay attacks o tagts t cosds
ka r.[48] Dug t Sya cvl wa, al-Qada actos
statd gtg ac ot, as wll as t Kuds ad t
Sya govt.
Al-Qada s also sposbl o stgatg sctaa volc aog Musls.[56] Al-Qada lads gad lbal
Musls, Sas, Su s ad ot scts as tcs ad av
attackd t osus ad gatgs.[57] Exapls o
sctaa attacks clud t Yazd couty bobgs, t Sad Cty bobgs, t Asoua Massac ad
t Apl 27 Bagdad bobgs.[58] Sc t dat
o Osaa b Lad 211 t goup as b ld by
Egypta Aya al-Zawa.
Al-Qada as outd attacks o cvla ad ltay

tagts vaous couts, cludg t Sptb 11
attacks, t 1998 US bassy bobgs ad t 22
Bal bobgs. T US govt spodd to t
Sptb 11 attacks by laucg t "Wa o To".
Wt t loss o ky lads, culatg t dat o
Osaa b Lad, al-Qada s opatos av dvolvd
o actos tat w cotolld o t top dow, to
actos by acs assocatd goups ad lo-wol opatos.
Al-Qada s aagt plosopy as b dscbd

as ctalzato o dcso ad dctalzato o
xcuto. [59] It s tougt tat al-Qada s ladsp,
ollowg t Wa o To, as bco gogapcally solatd, ladg to t gc o dctalzd ladsp o goal goups usg t al-Qada
bad .[6][61]
34.1 Organization
May tos xpts do ot blv tat t global jadst ovt s dv at vy lvl by al-Qada s
ladsp. Altoug b Lad stll ld cosdabl
dologcal sway ov so Musl xtsts bo s
dat, xpts agu tat al-Qada as agtd ov
t yas to a vaty o goal ovts tat av
lttl cocto wt o aot. Mac Saga, a psycatst ad o Ctal Itllgc Agcy (CIA)
o c, sad tat al-Qada s ow just a loos labl o
a ovt tat ss to tagt t Wst. T s o
ublla ogasato. W lk to cat a ytcal tty
calld [al-Qada] ou ds, but tat s ot t alty
w a dalg wt. [62]
Caactstc tcus ployd by al-Qada clud

sucd attacks ad t sultaous bobg o d t tagts.[49] Actvts ascbd to t ay volv bs o t ovt wo av ad a pldg o loyalty to Osaa b Lad, o t uc o uous al-Qada-lkd dvduals wo av udgo
tag o o ts caps Agasta, Paksta,
Ia o Suda wo av ot.[5] Al-Qada dologus vso a coplt bak o all og ucs
Musl couts, ad t cato o a w woldwd
Islac calpat.[5][51][52] Aog t bls ascbd to Ts vw os t accout gv by Osaa b Lad
al-Qada bs s t covcto tat a Csta s Octob 21 tvw wt Tays Allou:
154
155
34.1. ORGANIZATION
"... ts att s't about ay spc c pso ad... s ot about t al-Qa'da Ogazato. W a t cld o a Islac Nato, wt Popt Muaad as ts lad,
ou Lod s o... ad all t tu blvs
[u'] a bots. So t stuato s't
lk t Wst potays t, tat t s a 'ogazato' wt a spc c a (suc as 'alQa'da') ad so o. Tat patcula a s
vy old. It was bo wtout ay tto
o us. Bot Abu Ubada... catd a ltay bas to ta t youg to gt agast
t vcous, aogat, butal, tozg Sovt
p... So ts plac was calld 'T Bas'
['Al-Qa'da'], as a tag bas, so ts
a gw ad bca. W a't spaatd
o ts ato. W a t cld o a ato, ad w a a spaabl pat o t, ad
o tos publc *** wc spad o t
a ast, o t Plpps, to Idosa, to
Malaysa, to Ida, to Paksta, acg Mautaa... ad so w dscuss t coscc o
ts ato. [63]
Islac Jad Uo
Islac Movt o Uzbksta
Jas--Moad
Jaa Islaya
Laska--Taba
Movt o Oss ad Jad Wst Aca
Moocca Islac Cobatat Goup
Raja Sulaa ovt
Al-Qada Kuds Battalos
34.1.1 Leadership
Ioato ostly acud o Jaal al-Fadl povdd

Aca autots wt a oug pctu o ow t
goup was ogazd. Wl t vacty o t oato povdd by al-Fadl ad t otvato o s coopato a bot dsputd, Aca autots bas
uc o t cut kowldg o al-Qada o s
Ots, owv, s al-Qada as a tgatd twok tstoy.[64]
tat s stogly ld o t Paksta tbal aas ad as
a powul statgc pupos. Buc Ho a, a tos Osaa b Lad was t ost stocally otabl ,
xpt at Gogtow Uvsty, sad It aazs tat o coad, ad So Opatos C o al-Qada
popl do't tk t s a cla advsay out t, ad po to s assassato o May 1, 211 by US ocs.
tat ou advsay dos ot av a statgc appoac. [62] Aya al-Zawa, al-Qada s Dputy Opatos C
po to b Lad s dat, assud t ol o coaAl-Qada as t ollowg dct a lats:
d, accodg to a aouct by al-Qada o Ju
16, 211. H placd Sa al-Adl, wo ad svd as
t coad.[65]
Al-Qada t Islac Magb
Al-Qada Soala
Al-Qada t Aaba Psula
Al-Qada Sya
Al-Qada t Ida Subcott
Al-Qada as t ollowg dct a lats:
Abdulla Azza Bgads
Al-Mulata Bgad
Al-Mouabtou
Asa D
Abu Sayya
Asa al-Isla
East Tuksta Islac Movt
Caucasus Eat
Fata al-Isla
B Lad was advsd by a Sua Coucl, wc cossts o so al-Qada bs, statd by Wst
o cals to cosst o 2 3 popl.
Atya Abd al-Raa was allgd to b scod coad po to s dat o August 22, 211.[66]
O Ju 5, 212, Paksta tllgc o cals aoucd tat al-Raa s allgd succsso Abu Yaya
al-Lb ad b klld Paksta.[67]
Al-Qada s twok was bult o scatc as a cospatoal twok tat daws o lads o all ts goal
ods as ad w cssay to sv as a tgal pat
o ts g coad. [68]
T Mltay Cott s sposbl o tag
opatvs, acug wapos, ad plag attacks.
T MoyBusss Cott uds t cutt ad tag o opatvs toug t hawala
bakg syst. U.S-ld ots to adcat t
soucs o tost acg[69] w ost succssul t ya datly ollowg t Sptb 11 attacks;[7] Al-Qada cotus to opat
toug ugulatd baks, suc as t 1, o so
156
CHAPTER 34. AL-QAEDA

hawaladars Paksta, so o wc ca adl
dals o up to 1 llo.[71] It also povds a
tckts ad als passpots, pays al-Qada bs,
ad ovss po t-dv bussss.[72] I t 9/11
Commission Report, t was statd tat al-Qada
ud 3 llo-p-ya to coduct ts opatos.
T Law Cott vws Saa law, ad dcds wt patcula couss o acto coo
to t.
assocato o dsllusod Islast ltats

wo w attactd by t w statgy. But
t was o ogazato. Ts w ltats wo ostly plad t ow opatos
ad lookd to b Lad o udg ad assstac. H was ot t coad. T s
also o vdc tat b Lad usd t t
al-Qada to to t a o a goup utl
at Sptb 11 attacks, w alzd
tat ts was t t t Acas ad gv
t.[76]
T Islac StudyFatwah Cott ssus lgous dcts, suc as a dct 1998 tllg Mus- As a att o law, t US Dpatt o Justc dd
to sow tat b Lad was t lad o a cal
ls to kll Acas.
ogazato od to cag in absentia ud
I t lat 199s, t was a publcly kow Mda t Rackt I ucd ad Coupt Ogazatos Act,
Cott, wc a t ow-duct wspap also kow as t RICO statuts. T a o t oNashrat al Akhbar (Newscast) ad adld publc gazato ad dtals o ts stuctu w povdd
latos.
t tstoy o Jaal al-Fadl, wo sad was a oudg b o t ogazato ad a o ploy
I 25, al-Qada od As-Saab, a da poo b Lad.[77] Qustos about t lablty o alducto ous, to supply ts vdo ad audo atFadl s tstoy av b asd by a ub o soucs
als.
bcaus o s stoy o dsosty, ad bcaus
was dlvg t as pat o a pla baga agt at
bg covctd o cospg to attack U.S. ltay
34.1.2 Command structure
stablsts.[64][78] Sa Scdt, o o s ds
W askd about t possblty o al-Qada s coc- lawys, sad:
to to t July 7, 25 Lodo bobgs 25,
Mtopolta Polc Cosso S Ia Bla sad:
Al-Qada s ot a ogazato. Al-Qada s a way o
wokg... but ts as t allak o tat appoac...
al-Qada claly as t ablty to povd tag... to
povd xpts... ad I tk tat s wat as occud
. [73]
O August 13, 25, owv, The Independent wspap, uotg polc ad MI5 vstgatos, potd
tat t July 7 bobs ad actd dpdtly o a
al-Qada to astd soplac aboad.[74]
T w slctv potos o al-Fadl s

tstoy tat I blv was als, to lp suppot t pctu tat lpd t Acas
jo togt. I tk ld a ub
o spc c tstoy about a u d ag o
wat ts ogazato was. It ad al-Qada
t w Ma a o t w Cousts. It
ad t dt abl as a goup ad to
ad t as to poscut ay pso assocatd wt al-Qada o ay acts o statts
ad by b Lad.[76]
Wat xactly al-Qada s, o was, as dsput.

Ctaly, t as b oblgd to volv ad adapt t
atat o 911 ad t lauc o t 'wa o to'.
34.1.3
Field operatives
Nass al-Ba, wo was Osaa b Lad s bodyguad

o ou yas t u-up to 911 gvs a gly dtald dscpto o ow t ogazato uctod at
tat t s o.[75] H dscbs ts oal adstatv stuctu ad vast asal, as wll as day-today l as a b.
Howv, auto ad joualst Ada Cuts agus tat
t da o al-Qada as a oal ogazato s paly
a Aca vto. Cuts cotds t a alQada was st bougt to t attto o t publc
t 21 tal o b Lad ad t ou accusd o
t 1998 US bassy bobgs East Aca:
T alty was tat b Lad ad Aya
al-Zawa ad bco t ocus o a loos
Pakistani journalist Hamid Mir interviewing al-Qaeda leader

Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan, in 1997
157
34.2. STRATEGY
T ub o dvduals t ogazato wo av
udgo pop ltay tag, ad a capabl o
coadg sugt ocs, s lagly ukow. Docuts captud t ad o b Lad copoud
211, sow tat t co al-Qada bsp 22
was 17.[79] I 26, t was statd tat al-Qada ad
sval tousad coads bddd 4 d t
couts.[8] As o 29, t was blvd tat o o
ta 2 3 bs w stll actv coads.[81]
Accodg to t awad-wg 24 BBC docutay The Power of Nightmares, al-Qada was so wakly
lkd togt tat t was ad to say t xstd apat o
b Lad ad a sall clu o clos assocats. T
lack o ay sg cat ubs o covctd al-Qada
bs, dspt a lag ub o asts o tos cags, was ctd by t docutay as a aso to
doubt wt a wdspad tty tat t t dscpto o al-Qada xstd.[82]
34.1.4 Insurgent forces

Accodg to Robt Cassdy, al-Qada cotols two spaat ocs dployd alogsd sugts Ia ad
Paksta. T st, ubg t ts o tousads,
was ogazd, tad, ad uppd as sugt cobat ocs t Sovt-Aga wa.[8] It was ad up
paly o og mujahideen o Saud Aaba ad
Y. May wt o to gt Bosa ad Soala
o global jihad. Aot goup, appoxatly 1,
stog, lv Wst stats ad av cvd udtay cobat tag.[8]
34.2 Strategy
O Mac 11, 25, Al-Quds Al-Arabi publsd xtacts
o Sa al-Adl's docut Al Qada s Statgy to
t Ya 22 .[88][89] Abdl Ba Atwa suazs ts
statgy as copsg v stags to d t Ua o
all os o oppsso:
1. Povok t Utd Stats ad t Wst to vadg a Musl couty by stagg a assv attack o
stg o attacks o US sol tat sults assv
cvla casualts.
2. Ict local sstac to occupyg ocs.
3. Expad t co ct to gbog couts, ad
gag t US ad ts alls a log wa o attto.
4. Covt al-Qada to a dology ad st o opatg pcpls tat ca b loosly acsd
ot couts wtout ug dct coad
ad cotol, ad va ts acss ct attacks
agast t US ad couts alld wt t US utl
ty wtdaw o t co ct, as appd wt
t 24 Madd ta bobgs, but wc dd ot
av t sa ct wt t July 7, 25 Lodo
bobgs.
5. T US cooy wll ally collaps by t ya
22 ud t sta o ultpl gagts
uous placs, akg t woldwd cooc
syst wc s dpdt o t U.S. also collaps ladg to global poltcal stablty, wc
tu lads to a global jad ld by al-Qada ad a
Waab Calpat wll t b stalld acoss t
wold ollowg t collaps o t U.S. ad t st
o t Wst wold couts.
Ot aalysts av dscbd al-Qada s ak ad l as

bg pdoatly Aab, ts st yas o opato, ad ow also cluds ot popls as o 27.[83]
It as b statd tat 62% o al-Qada bs Atwa also otd, gadg t collaps o t U.S., I
av uvsty ducato.[84]
ts souds a-tcd, t s sobg to cosd tat ts
vtually dscbs t dowall o t Sovt Uo. [88]
Accodg to Fouad Huss, a Jodaa joualst ad
auto wo as spt t pso wt Al-Zaaw, Al
34.1.5 Financing
Qada s statgy pla cossts o 7 pass ad s sla
to t pla dscbd Al Qada s Statgy to t ya
So acg o al-Qada t 199s ca o
22:[9]
t psoal walt o Osaa b Lad.[85] By 21
Agasta ad bco poltcally coplx ad d.
1. The Awakening. Ts pas was supposd to last
Wt ay acal soucs o al-Qada, b Lad s
o 21 to 23. T goal o t pas s to poacg ol ay av bco copaatvly vok t Utd Stats to attack a Musl couty
o. Soucs 21 could also av cludd Jaaa
by xcutg a attack o US sol tat klls ay
Al-Islayya ad Islac Jad, bot assocatd wt
cvlas.
Aga-basd Egyptas.[86] Ot soucs o co
21 cludd t o tad ad doatos o
2. Opening Eyes Ts pas was supposd to last o
suppots Kuwat, Saud Aaba ad ot Islac
23 to 26. T goal o ts pas was to couts.[85] A WkLaks lasd o o t
cut youg to t caus ad to taso t Al
Utd Stats Sctay o Stat st 29 asstd tat
Qada ogazato to a ovt. Ia was supt pay souc o udg o Su tost goups
posd to bco t ct o all opatos wt woldwd was Saud Aaba.[87]
acal ad ltay suppot o bass ot stats.
158
3. Arising and Standing up, was supposd to last

o 27 to 21. I ts pas Al Qada watd
to xcut addtoal attacks ad ocus t attto o Sya. Huss blvd tat ot couts
t Aabc Psula w also dag.
t mujahid ovt ad tat a goup calld al-Qada

was stablsd August 1988. Bot o ts docuts
cota uts o tgs ld to stabls a w ltay goup, ad cota t t al-Qada .[94]
5. The fth phase s t dclaato o a Islac

Calpat, wc was pojctd btw 213 ad
216. I ts pas Al Qada xpctd t sstac o Isal to b avly ducd.
Fo Bts Fog Sctay Rob Cook wot tat

t wod al-Qada sould b taslatd as t databas ,
ad ogally d to t coput l o t tousads o mujahideen ltats wo w cutd ad
tad wt CIA lp to dat t Russas.[95] I Apl
22, t goup assud t a Qa'idat al-Jihad,
wc as t bas o Jad . Accodg to Daa
Raswa, ts was appatly as a sult o t g
o t ovsas bac o Egypt s al-Jad (Egypta Islast Jad, o EIJ) goup, ld by Aya al-Zawa,
wt t goups B Lad bougt ud s cotol at s tu to Agasta t d-199s. [96]
6. The sixth phase s dscbd as t dclaato o

a Islac Ay ad a gt btw blvs
ad o-blvs , also calld total cootato .
34.4 Ideology
4. I the fourth phase, Al Qada xpctd a stady

gowt aog t aks ad ttos du to t
dclg pow o t gs t Aabc Psula. T a ocus o attack ts pas was supposd to b o ol suppls ad Cybtos, tagtg t US cooy ad ltay astuctu.
7. De nitive Victory, t svt ad last pas s S also: Qutbs

pojctd to b copltd by 22. T wold wll
b bat dow by t Islac Ay. Accodg
to t 7 pas statgy, t wa s't pojctd to last T adcal Islast ovt gal ad al-Qada
patcula dvlopd dug t Islac vval ad
log ta 2 yas.
Islast ovt o t last t dcads o t 2t
ctuy, alog wt lss xt ovts.
34.3
Name
So av agud tat wtout t wtgs o Islac

auto ad tk Sayyd Qutb, al-Qada would ot
av xstd. [97] Qutb pacd tat bcaus o t lack
I Aabc, al-Qaeda as ou syllabls (al-qidah, Aao sharia law, t Musl wold was o log Musbc poucato: [l d ] o [l d]). Howl, avg vtd to p-Islac goac kow as
v, sc two o t Aabc cosoats t a
jahiliyyah.
(t voclss uvula plosv [] ad t vocd paygal catv []) a ot pos oud t Egls la- To sto Isla, sad a vaguad ovt o gguag, t closst atualzd Egls poucatos - tous Musls was dd to stabls tu Islac
clud lkad, lkd ad lk d. Al-Qada s stats", plt sharia, ad d t Musl wold o
a ca also b tasltatd as al-Qaida, al-Qa'ida, o ay o-Musl ucs, suc as cocpts lk socals ad atoals. Es o Isla Qutb s vw el-Qaida.[91]
cludd tacous Otalsts [98] ad wold Jwy,
T a cos o t Aabc ou q'idah, wc
wo plottd cospacs ad wckd[ly]" opposd Isas foundation o basis, ad ca also to a ltay
la.
bas. T tal al- s t Aabc d t atcl the,
[92]
I t wods o Moad Jaal Kala, a clos collg
c the base.
d o b Lad:
B Lad xplad t og o t t a vdotapd tvw wt Al Jaza joualst Tays Alou
Isla s d t o ay ot lgo;
Octob 21:
t s a way o l. W [Kala ad b Lad]
w tyg to udstad wat Isla as to say
T a 'al-Qada' was stablsd a log
about ow w at, wo w ay, ow w talk.
t ago by cac. T lat Abu Ebda
W ad Sayyd Qutb. H was t o wo
El-Baas stablsd t tag caps o
ost a ctd ou gato.[99]
ou mujahedeen agast Russa s tos. W
usd to call t tag cap al-Qada. T
Qutb ad a v gat uc o b Lad s a stayd.[93]
to ad aot ladg b o al-Qada,[1] Aya
al-Zawa. Zawa s ucl ad atal aly patIt as b agud tat two docuts szd o t ac, Maouz Azza, was Qutb s studt, t potg,
Saajvo o c o t Bvolc Itatoal Fou- t psoal lawy, ad ally xcuto o s stat
dato pov tat t a was ot sply adoptd by o o t last popl to s Qutb bo s xcuto.
34.6. HISTORY
159
Youg Aya al-Zawa ad aga ad aga o

s blovd ucl Maouz about t puty o Qutb s
caact ad t tot ad dud pso. [11]
Zawa pad oag to Qutb s wok Knights under
the Prophet s Banner.[12]
O o t ost powul o Qutb s das was tat ay
wo sad ty w Musls w ot. Rat, ty w
apostats. Tat ot oly gav jadsts a lgal loopol
aoud t pobto o kllg aot Musl, but
ad t a lgous oblgato to xcut ts slpossd Musls. Ts allgd apostats cludd
lads o Musl couts, sc ty ald to oc
sharia law.[13]
34.5
Religious compatibility
CIA-funded and ISI-trained Afghan mujahideen ghters crossing the Durand Line border to ght Soviet forces and the Sovietbacked Afghan government in 1985.
Abdl Ba Atwa wts tat:

Wl t ladsp s ow tologcal
plato s sstally Sala , t ogazato s
ublla s su ctly wd to copass vaous scools o tougt ad poltcal lags.
Al-Qada couts aog ts bs ad suppots popl assocatd wt Waabs,
Sa 's, Malks, ad Haa s. T a
v so wos bls ad pactcs a dctly at odds wt Sala s, suc as Yus
Kals, o o t lads o t Aga ujad. H s a ystc wo vsts tobs o
sats ad sks t blssgs pactcs cal to b Lad s Waab-Sala scool o
tougt. T oly xcpto to ts pa-Islac
polcy s S's. Al-Qada ss placably
opposd to t, as t olds S's to b sy.
I Ia t as oply dclad wa o t Bad
Bgads, wo av ully coopatd wt t
US, ad ow cosds v S' cvlas to
b lgtat tagts o acts o volc.[14]
t Sovt Wa Agasta (Dcb 1979 Fbuay 1989).[45] T US vwd t co ct Agasta,

wt t Aga Maxsts ad alld Sovt toops o
o sd ad t atv Aga mujahideen, so o
wo w adcal Islac ltats, o t ot, as a
blatat cas o Sovt xpasos ad aggsso. A
CIA poga calld Opato Cyclo cald uds
toug Paksta s It-Svcs Itllgc agcy to
t Aga Mujad wo w gtg t Sovt
occupato.[16]
At t sa t, a gowg ub o Aab mujahideen
jod t jihad agast t Aga Maxst g, acltatd by tatoal Musl ogazatos, patculaly t Maktab al-Kdaat,[17] wc was udd by
t Saud Aaba govt as wll as by dvdual
Musls (patculaly Saud busss wo w appoacd by b Lad). Togt, ts soucs doatd
so 6 llo a ya to jad.[18]
I 1984, Maktab al-Kdaat (MAK), o t Svcs

O c , a Musl ogazato oudd to as ad
cal uds ad cut og mujahideen o t wa
agast t Sovts Agasta, was stablsd Psawa, Paksta, by b Lad ad Abdulla Yusu Azza, a Palsta Islac scola ad b o t
34.6 History
Musl Botood. MAK ogazd gust ouss
The Guardian as dscbd v dstct pass t d- Psawa, a t Aga bod, ad gatd suppls
vlopt o al-Qada: bggs t lat 198s, a o t costucto o paaltay tag caps to pwldss pod 199 96, ts yday 1996 pa og cuts o t Aga wa ot. B Lad
21, a twok pod o 21 to 25, ad a pod bca a ajo ac o t mujahideen, spdg
s ow oy ad usg s coctos wt t Saud
o agtato o 25 to today.[15]
oyal aly ad t pto-blloas o t Gul to uc publc opo about t wa ad as addtoal
[19]
uds.
34.6.1 Jihad in Afghanistan
Ma atcls: Sovt wa Agasta ad Islac ujad ovt
T ogs o al-Qada as a twok spg tos
aoud t wold ad tag opatvs ca b tacd to
Fo 1986, MAK bga to st up a twok o cutg o cs t US, t ub o wc was t Al Ka Rug Ct at t Faou Mosu o Bookly's
Atlatc Avu. Aog otabl gus at t Bookly ct w doubl agt Al Moad, wo
16

ad 1992 s potd to av b 35,.[116] B Lad
playd a ctal ol ogazg tag caps o t
og Musl voluts.[117][118]
T Sovt Uo ally wtdw o Agasta
1989. To t sups o ay, Moaad Najbulla's coust Aga govt ug o o t
o yas, bo bg ovu by lts o t mujahideen. Wt mujahideen lads uabl to ag o a
stuctu o govac, caos sud, wt costatly
ogazg allacs gtg o cotol o ll-d d
ttos, lavg t couty dvastatd.
34.6.2 Expanding operations

Towad t d o t Sovt ltay sso
Agasta, so mujahideen watd to xpad t
opatos to clud Islast stuggls ot pats o
t wold, suc as Isal ad Kas. A ub o ovlappg ad tlatd ogazatos w od, to
ut tos aspatos.
O o ts was t ogazato tat would vtually
b calld al-Qada, od by b Lad wt a tal
tg ld o August 11, 1988.[12][121]
Nots o a tg o b Lad ad ots o August 2,
1988, dcat al-Qada was a oal goup by tat t:
Omar Abdel-Rahman
bascally a ogazd Islac acto, ts goal s to lt
t wod o God, to ak Hs lgo vctoous. A lst
o uts o bsp tzd t ollowg:
FBI spcal agt Jack Clooa calld b Lad s st lstg ablty, good as, obdc, ad akg a
ta, [11] ad Bld Sk Oa Abdl-Raa, pldg (bayat) to ollow o s supos.[122]
a ladg cut o mujahideen o Agasta. AlI s o, b Lad s o bodyguad, Nass alQada volvd o MAK.
Ba, gvs t oly publcly avalabl dscpto o t
Azza ad b Lad bga to stabls caps tual o gvg bayat w swo s allgac to t
Agasta 1987.[111]
al-Qada c.[123]
US govt acal suppot o t Aga Islac
ltats was substatal. Ad to Gulbudd Hkatya,
a Aga mujahideen lad ad oud ad lad o
t Hzb- Isla adcal Islac ltat acto, alo
aoutd by t ost cosvatv stats to 6
llo. Lat, t aly 199s, at t US ad
wtdaw suppot, Hkatya wokd closly wt b
Lad.[112] I addto to cvg udds o llos
o dollas Aca ad, Hkatya was t cpt o t lo s sa o Saud ad.[113] T s vdc
tat t CIA suppotd Hkatya s dug tad actvts
by gvg uty o s opu ta ckg, wc
acd t opato o s ltat acto.[114]
Accodg to Wgt, t goup s al a was't usd

publc pooucts bcaus ts xstc was stll
a closly ld sct. [124] Hs sac suggsts tat alQada was od at a August 11, 1988, tg btw sval so lads o Egypta Islac Jad,
Abdulla Azza, ad b Lad, w t was agd to
jo b Lad s oy wt t xpts o t Islac
Jad ogazato ad tak up t jadst caus lsw at t Sovts wtdw o Agasta.[125]
B Lad wsd to stabls o-ltay opatos

ot pats o t wold; Azza, cotast, watd to
a ocusd o ltay capags. At Azza was
assassatd 1989, t MAK splt, wt a sg cat
MAK ad og mujahideen voluts, o Aga ub jog b Lad s ogazato.
Aabs, dd ot play a ajo ol t wa. Wl ov
25, Aga mujahideen ougt t Sovts ad t I Novb 1989, Al Moad, a o spcal
coust Aga govt, t s statd tat w ocs Sgat statod at Fot Bagg, Not Caola,
v o ta 2, og mujahideen t ld at lt ltay svc ad ovd to Caloa. H tavld
ad bca dply volvd
ay o t.[115] Notlss, og mujahideen vol- to Agasta ad Paksta
[126]
wt
b
Lad
s
plas.
uts ca o 43 couts, ad t total ub
tat patcpatd t Aga ovt btw 1982 A ya lat, o Novb 8, 199, t FBI add
161
34.6. HISTORY
t Nw Jsy o o Al Moad s assocat El
Sayyd Nosa, dscovg a gat dal o vdc o
tost plots, cludg plas to blow up Nw Yok Cty
skyscaps.[127] Nosa was vtually covctd cocto to t 1993 Wold Tad Ct bobg. I
1991, Al Moad s sad to av lpd ocstat
b Lad s locato to Suda.[128]
l o t Egypta p st, At Sdk. Egypta

publc opo tud agast Islast bobgs, ad t
polc astd 28 o al-Jad s bs ad xcutd
6.[131]
Followg t Sovt Uo s wtdawal o

Agasta Fbuay 1989, b Lad tud
to Saud Aaba. T Ia vaso o Kuwat August
199 ad put t Kgdo ad ts ulg Hous o Saud
at sk. T wold s ost valuabl ol lds w wt
asy stkg dstac o Ia ocs Kuwat, ad
Sadda s call to pa-AabIslas could pottally
ally tal dsst.
I Ju 1995, a v o ll-atd attpt to assassat Egypta psdt Mubaak ld to t xpulso o

EIJ, ad May 1996, o b Lad, by t Sudas
govt.
Du to b Lad s cotuous vbal assault o Kg

Fad o Saud Aaba, o Mac 5, 1994 Fad st a
ssay to Suda dadg b Lad s passpot; b
Lad s Saud ctzsp was also vokd. Hs aly
was psuadd to cut o s otly stpd, 7 llo
34.6.3 Gulf War and the start of US en- (11,1, today) a ya, ad s Saud assts w
mity
oz.[132][133] Hs aly publcly dsowd . T
s cotovsy ov wt ad to wat xtt cotMa atcl: Gul Wa
ud to ga suppot o bs o s aly ado
t Saud govt.[134]
I t ac o a sgly assv Ia ltay psc, Saud Aaba s ow ocs w wll ad but a

outubd. B Lad o d t svcs o s mujahideen to Kg Fad to potct Saud Aaba o t
Ia ay. T Saud oac usd b Lad s o, optg stad to allow US ad alld ocs to dploy
toops to Saud ttoy.[129]
Accodg to Paksta-Aca busssa Masoo

Ijaz, t Sudas govt o d t Clto Adstato uous oppotuts to ast b Lad.
Tos oppotuts w t postvly by Sctay o
Stat Madl Albgt, but spud w Susa Rc
ad cout-tos cza Rcad Clak psuadd Natoal Scuty Advso Sady Bg to ovul Albgt. Ijaz s clas appad uous Op-Ed pcs,
cludg o t Los Angeles Times[135] ad o
The Washington Post co-wtt wt o Abassado
to Suda Toty M. Cay.[136] Sla allgatos
av b ad by Vanity Fair cotbutg dto Davd
Ros,[137] ad Rcad Mt, auto o Losing bin
Laden, a Novb 23 tvw wt World.[138]
T dployt agd b Lad, as blvd

t psc o og toops t lad o t two
osus (Mcca ad Mda) poad sacd sol. At spakg publcly agast t Saud govt o Sval soucs dsput Ijaz s cla, cludg t Naabog Aca toops, was basd ad ocd toal Cosso o Tost Attacks o t US (t
to lv xl Suda.
9 11 Cosso), wc cocludd pat:
34.6.4 Sudan
Suda s st o ds, Fat Ewa,

as clad tat Suda o d to ad B
Lad ov to t US T Cosso as
oud o cdbl vdc tat ts was so.
Abassado Cay ad stuctos oly to
pus t Sudas to xpl B Lad. Abassado Cay ad o lgal bass to ask o o
o t Sudas sc, at t t, t was
o dctt out-stadg.[139]
Fo aoud 1992 to 1996, al-Qada ad b Lad

basd tslvs Suda at t vtato o Islast
totca Hassa al-Tuab. T ov ollowd a
Islast coup d'tat Suda, ld by Colol Oa alBas, wo possd a cott to odg Musl poltcal valus. Dug ts t, b Lad assstd
t Sudas govt, bougt o st up vaous busss tpss, ad stablsd caps w sugts
tad.
34.6.5 Refuge in Afghanistan
A ky tug pot o b Lad, ut pttg
agast t Sauds, occud 1993 w Saud Aaba Ma atcls: Talba s s to pow ad Aga
gav suppot o t Oslo Accods, wc st a pat o tag cap
pac btw Isal ad Palstas.[13]
Zawa ad t EIJ, wo svd as t co o al-Qada At t Sovt wtdawal, Agasta was ctvly
but also gagd spaat opatos agast t Egyp- ugovd o sv yas ad plagud by costat ta govt, ad bad luck Suda. I 1993, a youg gtg btw o alls ad vaous mujahideen
scoolgl was klld a usuccssul EIJ attpt o t goups.
162
Tougout t 199s, a w oc bga to g. T
ogs o t Talba (ltally studts ) lay t cld o Agasta, ay o t opad by t wa,
ad ay o wo ad b ducatd t apdly xpadg twok o Islac scools (adassas) t
Kadaa o t ug caps o t AgaPaksta bod.
Accodg to Ad Rasd, v lads o t Talba
w gaduats o Daul Uloo Haaa, a adassa
t sall tow o Akoa Kattak.[14] T tow s stuatd a Psawa Paksta, but lagly attdd by
Aga ugs.[14] Ts sttuto ctd Sala bls ts tacgs, ad uc o ts udg ca o
pvat doatos o walty Aabs. B Lad s cotacts w stll laudg ost o ts doatos, usg uscupulous Islac baks to tas t oy
to a aay o cats wc sv as ot goups
o al-Qada, o taspotg cas- lld sutcass stagt
to Paksta.[141] Aot ou o t Talba s lads
attdd a slaly udd ad ucd adassa
Kadaa.
May o t mujahideen wo lat jod t Talba
ougt alogsd Aga walod Moaad Nab Moaad's Hakat Ilab goup at t t o t Russa vaso. Ts goup also joyd t loyalty o ost
Aga Aab gts.
T cotug tc st btw vaous actos, ad accopayg lawlssss ollowg t Sovt wtdawal, abld t gowg ad wll-dscpld
Talba to xpad t cotol ov ttoy
Agasta, ad t ca to stabls a clav wc
t calld t Islac Eat o Agasta. I 1994, t
captud t goal ct o Kadaa, ad at akg apd ttoal gas tat, coud t captal
cty Kabul Sptb 1996.
At t Sudas ad t cla, May 1996,
tat b Lad would v b wlco to tu,
Talba-cotolld Agasta wt pvously stablsd coctos btw t goups, adstd wt
a sad ltacy,[142] ad lagly solatd o Aca poltcal uc ad ltay pow povdd a
pct locato o al-Qada to locat ts aduats.
Al-Qada joyd t Talba s potcto ad a asu o lgtacy as pat o t Msty o Ds, altoug oly Paksta, Saud Aaba, ad t Utd Aab
Eats cogzd t Talba as t lgtat govt o Agasta.
Wl Agasta, t Talba govt taskd alQada wt t tag o Bgad 55, a lt pat o
t Talba s ay o 1997 21. T Bgad was
ad up o ostly og gts, ay vtas o
t Sovt Ivaso, ad all ud t sa basc dology o t ujad. I Novb 21, as Opato
Edug Fdo ad toppld t Talba govt,
ay Bgad 55 gts w captud o klld, ad
tos tat suvvd w tougt to ad to Paksta

alog wt b Lad.[143]
By t d o 28, so soucs potd tat t Talba ad svd ay ag ts wt al-Qada,[144]
wl ots cast doubt o ts.[145] Accodg to so
US ltay tllgc o cals, t w w ta
1 bs o al-Qada ag Agasta
29.[146]
34.6.6 Call for global jihad

Aoud 1994, t Sala goups wagg jihad Bosa
td to a sgly vsbl dcl. As ty
gw lss ad lss aggssv, goups suc as EIJ bga
to dt away o t Sala caus Euop. Al-Qada
dcdd to stp ad assud cotol o aoud 8% o
t tost clls Bosa lat 1995.
At t sa t, al-Qada dologus stuctd t twok s cuts to look o Jihadi international Musls
wo blvd tat jihad ust b ougt o a global lvl.
T cocpt o a global Sala jihad" ad b aoud
sc at last t aly 198s. Sval goups ad od
o t xplct pupos o dvg o-Musls out o
vy Musl lad at t sa t ad wt axu
caag. Ts was, owv, a udatally dsv
statgy.
Al-Qada sougt to op t o sv pas o t
global Sala jihad.[147] Bosa Islasts 26 calld
o soldaty wt Islac causs aoud t wold , suppotg t sugts Kas ad Ia as wll as t
goups gtg o a Palsta stat.[148]
34.6.7 Fatwas
I 1996, al-Qada aoucd ts jihad to xpl og toops ad tsts o wat ty cosdd Islac lads. B Lad ssud a fatwa (bdg lgous
dct),[149] wc aoutd to a publc dclaato o wa
agast t US ad ts alls, ad bga to ocus alQada s soucs o lag-scal, popagadst stks.
O Fbuay 23, 1998, b Lad ad Aya alZawa, a lad o Egypta Islac Jad, alog wt
t ot Islast lads, co-sgd ad ssud a fatwa
callg o Musls to kll Acas ad t alls
w ty ca, w ty ca.[15] Ud t ba o
t Wold Islac Fot o Cobat Agast t Jws ad
Cusads, ty dclad:
[T] ulg to kll t Acas ad t
alls cvlas ad ltay s a dvdual
duty o vy Musl wo ca do t ay
couty wc t s possbl to do t, od
to lbat t al-Asa Mosu [ Jusal]
ad t oly osu [ Mcca] o t
gp, ad od o t as to ov out
o all t lads o Isla, datd ad uabl
163
34.6. HISTORY
to tat ay Musl. Ts s accodac
wt t wods o Algty Alla, 'ad gt
t pagas all togt as ty gt you all togt,' ad ' gt t utl t s o o
tuult o oppsso, ad t pval justc
ad at Alla'.[151]
Nt b Lad o al-Zawa possssd t tadtoal Islac scolaly ual catos to ssu a fatwa.
Howv, ty jctd t autoty o t cotpoay
ulema (wc ty saw as t pad svats o jahiliyya
uls), ad took t upo tslvs.[152] Fo Russa FSB agt Alxad Ltvko, wo was lat
klld, sad tat t FSB tad al-Zawa a cap
Dagsta gt ots bo t 1998 fatwa.[153][154]
34.6.8 Iraq
Ma atcl: Al-Qada Ia
Al-Qada s Su, ad ot attackd t Ia Sa
ajoty a attpt to ct sctaa volc ad
gat caos t couty.[155] Al-Zaaw pupotdly
dclad a all-out wa o Sts[156] wl clag sposblty o St osu bobgs.[157] T sa
ot, a statt clag to b by AQI jctd as
ak a ltt allgdly wtt by al-Zawa, wc
appas to usto t sugts tactc o dscatly attackg Sts Ia.[158] I a Dcb 27
vdo, al-Zawa ddd t Islac Stat Ia,
but dstacd sl o t attacks agast cvlas
cottd by ypocts ad tatos xstg aog t
aks .[159]
o ts butalty ad otoous tactablty .[162]
34.6.9 Somalia and Yemen

Ma atcls: Al-Sabaab (ltat goup) ad al-Qada
t Aaba Psula
I Soala, al-Qada agts ad b collaboatg
closly wt ts Soal wg, wc was catd o
t al-Sabaab goup. I Fbuay 212, al-Sabaab
o cally jod al-Qada, dclag loyalty a jot
vdo.[163] T Soala al-Qada actvly cut cld o sucd-bob tag, ad xpot youg popl to patcpat ltay actos agast Acas at
t APak bod.[164]
T pctag o tost attacks t Wst ogatg o t Agasta-Paksta (APak) bod dcld cosdably o alost 1% to 75% 27,
ad to 5% 21, as al-Qada std to Soala ad
Y.[165] Wl al-Qada lads a dg t
tbal aas alog t APak bod, t ddl-t o
t ovt dsplay gtd actvty Soala ad
Y. W kow tat Sout Asa s o log t pay bas, a US ds agcy souc sad. Ty a
lookg o a d-out ot pats o t wold, ad
cotu to xpad t ogazato.
I Jauay 29, al-Qada s dvso Saud Aaba
gd wt ts Y wg to o al-Qada t
Aaba Psula.[166] Ctd Y, t goup
taks advatag o t couty s poo cooy, dogapy ad dostc scuty. I August 29, ty ad
t st assassato attpt agast a b o t
Saud oyal dyasty dcads. Psdt Obaa askd
s Y coutpat Al Abdulla Sal to su
clos coopato wt t US t stuggl agast t
gowg actvty o al-Qada Y, ad posd
to sd addtoal ad. Bcaus o t was Ia ad
Agasta, t US was uabl to pay su ct attto to Soala ad Y, wc could caus pobls t a utu.[167] I Dcb 211, US Sctay o Ds Lo Patta sad tat t US opatos agast al-Qada a ow coctatg o ky
goups Y, Soala ad Not Aca. [168] AlQada t Aaba Psula clad sposblty
o t 29 bobg attack o Notwst Als Flgt
253 by Ua Faouk Abdulutallab.[169] T goup lasd potos o Abdulutallab slg a wt st
ad wt Islac skullcap, wt t al-Qada Aaba
Psula ba t backgoud.
US ad Ia o cals accusd AQI o tyg to sld Ia

to a ull-scal cvl wa btw Ia s ajoty Sts ad oty Su Aabs, wt a ocstatd capag o cvla assacs ad a ub o povocatv
attacks agast g-po l lgous tagts.[16] Wt attacks suc as t 23 Ia Al Mosu bobg, t
24 Day o Asua ad Kabala ad Naja bobgs,
t 26 st al-Aska Mosu bobg Saaa, t
dadly sgl-day ss o bobgs wc at last 215
popl w klld Bagdad s St dstct o Sad
Cty, ad t scod al-Aska bobg 27, ty
povokd St ltas to ulas a wav o talatoy
attacks, sultg dat suad-styl kllgs ad spalg ut sctaa volc wc scalatd 26 ad
bougt Ia to t bk o volt aacy 27.[161]
I 28, sctaa bobgs blad o al-Qada Ia
klld at last 42 popl at t Ia Husay S
Kabala Mac, ad at last 51 popl at a bus stop
Bagdad Ju.
34.6.10 United States operations
I Fbuay 214, at a pologd dsput wt alQada Ia s succsso ogasato, t Islac Stat I Dcb 1998, t Dcto o t CIA
o Ia ad t Lvat (ISIS), al-Qada publcly a- Couttos Ct potd to t psdt
oucd t was cuttg all ts wt t goup, potdly tat al-Qada was ppag o attacks t USA,
164

t st US ctz v placd o t CIA tagt lst.
Tat ud t cost o t U.S. Natoal Scuty Coucl, ad o cals sad t was appopat o a
dvdual wo posd a t dag to atoal
scuty.[181][182][183][184] I May 21, Fasal Sazad,
wo pladd gulty to t 21 Ts Sua ca bobg attpt, told togatos was spd by alAwlak, ad soucs sad Sazad ad ad cotact wt
al-Awlak ov t tt.[185][186][187] Rpstatv
Ja Haa calld tost ub o , ad
Investor s Business Daily calld t wold s ost
dagous a .[188][189] I July 21, t US Tasuy
Dpatt addd to ts lst o Spcally Dsgatd
Global Tosts, ad t UN addd to ts lst o dvduals assocatd wt al-Qada.[19] I August 21,
al-Awlak s at tatd a lawsut agast t U.S. govt wt t Aca Cvl Lbts Uo, callgg ts od to kll al-Awlak.[191] I Octob 21,
U.S. ad U.K. o cals lkd al-Awlak to t 21 cago
pla bob plot.[192] I Sptb 211, was klld
a tagtd kllg do attack Y.[193] It was potd o Mac 16, 212 tat Osaa b Lad plottd
to kll Utd Stats Psdt Baack Obaa.[194]
Anwar al-Awlaki
34.6.11 Death of Osama bin Laden
cludg t tag o psol to jack acat.[17] Ma atcl: Dat o Osaa b Lad

O Sptb 11, 21, al-Qada attackd t Utd O May 1, 211 Wasgto, D.C. (May 2, Paksta
Stats, jackg ou als ad dlbatly casg
t.[171] T attacks klld 2,977 popl.[172]
U.S. o cals calld Awa al-Awlak a xapl o alQada ac to t U.S. 28 at pobs to s
ts to t Sptb 11 attacks jacks. A o FBI
agt dt s Awlak as a kow so cut o alQada , ad a sptual otvato.[173] Awlak s sos
t U.S. w attdd by t o t 911 jacks, as wll as accusd Fot Hood soot Ndal Malk
Hasa. U.S. tllgc tcptd als o Hasa
to Awlak btw Dcb 28 ad aly 29. O
s wbst, Awlak as pasd Hasa s actos t
Fot Hood sootg.[174]
A uad o cal clad t was good aso to
blv Awlak as b volvd vy sous tost actvts sc lavg t U.S. [at 911], cludg plottg attacks agast Aca ad ou alls. [175]
I addto, Cstas Day bob Ua Faouk Abdulutallab sad al-Awlak was o o s al-Qada
tas, tg wt ad volvd plag
o ppag t attack, ad povdd lgous just cato o t, accodg to uad U.S. tllgc
o cals.[176][177][178] I Mac 21, al Awlak sad
a vdotap dlvd to CNN tat jad agast Aca was bdg upo sl ad vy ot abl
Musl.[179][18]
View of Osama bin Laden s compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan,

where he was killed on May 1, 2011.
Stadad T), U.S. Psdt Baack Obaa aoucd tat Osaa b Lad ad b klld by
a sall ta o Acas actg ud Obaa s
dct ods, a covt opato Abbottabad,
Paksta,[195][196] about 5 k (31 ) ot o
Islaabad.[197] Accodg to U.S. o cals a ta o 2
25 US Navy SEALs ud t coad o t Jot
Spcal Opatos Coad ad wokg wt t CIA
stod b Lad s copoud two lcopts. B
Lad ad tos wt w klld dug a gt wc U.S. ocs xpcd o jus o
US Psdt Baack Obaa appovd t tagtd casualts.[198] Accodg to o US o cal t attack
kllg o al-Awlak by Apl 21, akg al-Awlak was cad out wtout t kowldg o cost o
165
34.7. ATTACKS
t Paksta autots.[199] I Paksta so popl
w potd to b sockd at t uautozd cuso by US ad ocs.[2] T st s a w ls
o t Paksta Mltay Acady Kakul.[21] I s
boadcast aouct Psdt Obaa sad tat U.S.
ocs took ca to avod cvla casualts. [22] Dtals
soo gd tat t ad a woa w klld
alog wt b Lad, t woa bg klld w s
was usd as a sld by a al cobatat .[199] DNA
o b Lad s body, copad wt DNA sapls o
cod o s dad sst,[23] co d b Lad s
dtty.[24] T body was covd by t US ltay
ad was ts custody[196] utl, accodg to o US ocal, s body was bud at sa accodg to Islac
tadtos.[197][25] O U.S. o cal statd tat dg a
couty wllg to accpt t as o t wold s ost
watd tost would av b d cult. [26] U.S Stat
Dpatt ssud a Woldwd cauto o Acas
ollowg b Lad s dat ad U.S Dploatc aclts
vyw w placd o g alt, a so U.S o cal sad.[27] Cowds gatd outsd t Wt Hous
ad Nw Yok Cty s Ts Sua to clbat b
Lad s dat.[28]
(FSA).[214][215]
O Fbuay 2, 214, al-Qada dstacd tsl o ISIS
ad ts actos Sya.[216]
34.6.13 India
I Sptb 214 al-Zawa aoucd al-Qada was
stablsg a ot Ida to wag jad agast ts s, to lbat ts lad, to sto ts sovgty, ad to
vv ts Calpat. H oatd Ida as a bacad
o goal jad takg gbog couts suc as
Myaa ad Baglads. T otvato o t vdo
was ustod so uats w t was s t
ltat goup was stugglg to a lvat lgt o
t gg poc o ISIS.[217] Racto aogst
Musls Ida to t oato o t w wg, to b
kow as Qadat al-Jad sb al-aat al-Hdya
o al-Qada t Ida Subcott [AQIS], was o
o uy. Lads o sval Ida Musl ogazatos
jctd al-Zawa s poouct, sayg ty could
s o good cog o t, ad vwd t as a tat to
Musl yout t couty.[218]
US tllgc aalyst accusd t Paksta ltay o

'stag-aagg' t to out t s latst advac to Ida. Buc Rdl, a o CIA aalyst ad Natoal Scuty Coucl o cal o Sout Asa, also sad tat PakMa atcl: Sya cvl wa
S also: Al-Nusa Fot ad Islac Stat o Ia ad sta sould b wad tat t wll b placd o t lst
o stats sposog tos. Rdl also sad tat Zat Lvat
wa ad t tap s dout Paksta, o doubt,
ad ay Idas suspct t ISI (It Svcs ItllI 23, Psdt Basa al-Assad vald a tgc) s lpg to potct , wot.[219][22][221]
vw wt a Kuwat wspap tat doubtd t ogazato o al-Qada v xstd. H was uotd as
sayg, Is t ally a tty calld al-Qada? Was
t Agasta? Dos t xst ow?" H wt o u- 34.7 Attacks
t to ak about b Lad cotg, caot
talk o t po o us t Itt, but ca dct Ma atcl: Tl o al-Qada attacks
coucatos to t ou cos o t wold? Ts s Al-Qada as cad out a total o sx ajo tost
llogcal. [29]
34.6.12 Syria
Followg t ass potsts tat took plac lat 211

dadg t sgato o al-Assad, al-Qada a latd ogazatos ad Su sypatzs soo bga to
costtut t ost ctv gtg oc t Sya
opposto.[21] Utl t, al-Qada s psc Sya
was ot wot tog, but ts gowt tat was
apd.[211] Goups suc as t al-Nusa Fot ad t
Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat (ISIS; sots
ISIL) av cutd ay og Mujad to ta
ad gt wat as gadually bco a gly sctaa wa.[212][213] Idologcally, t Sya Cvl Wa
as svd t tsts o al-Qada as t pts a aly
Su opposto agast a Sa backd Alawt g.
Vwg Sa Isla as tcal, al-Qada ad ot udatalst Su ltat goups av vstd avly t cvl co ct, actvly backg ad suppotg t Sya Opposto dspt ts class wt odat opposto goups suc as t F Sya Ay
5
6
Map of major attacks attributed to al-Qaeda:

1. The Pentagon, US September 11, 2001
2. World Trade Center, US September 11, 2001
3. Istanbul, Turkey November 15, 2003; November 20, 2003
4. Aden, Yemen October 12, 2000
5. Nairobi, Kenya August 7, 1998
6. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Aug 7, 1998
attacks, ou o t ts jad agast Aca. I ac

cas t ladsp plad t attack yas advac,
166
al-Qaeda around the world.
aagg o t spt o wapos ad xplosvs ad

usg ts pvatzd bussss to povd opatvs wt
saouss ad als dtts.
Al-Qada usually dos ot dsbus uds o attacks, ad
vy aly aks w tass.[222]
34.7.1 1992
O Dcb 29, 1992, al-Qada s st tost attack
took plac as two bobs w dtoatd Ad, Y.
T st tagt was t Movpck Hotl ad t scod
was t pakg lot o t Goldou Hotl.
T bobgs w a attpt to lat Aca
solds o t way to Soala to tak pat t tatoal a l ot, Opato Rsto Hop. Itally, al-Qada cosdd t bobg a vctoy tat
gtd t Acas away, but t US t attack
was baly otcd.
No Acas w klld bcaus t solds w stayg a d t otl altogt, ad ty wt o to
Soala as scduld. Howv lttl otcd, t attack
was pvotal as t was t bgg o al-Qada s cag
dcto, o gtg as to kllg cvlas.[223]
Two popl w klld t bobg, a Austala
toust ad a Y otl wok. Sv ots, ostly
Ys, w svly jud.
Two atwas a sad to av b appotd by t
ost tologcally kowldgabl o al-Qada s bs, Madou Maud Sal, to justy t kllgs accodg to Islac law. Sal d to a aous atwa
appotd by Ib Tayyya, a 13t-ctuy scola
uc add by Waabs, wc sactod sstac
by ay as dug t Mogol vasos.[224]
34.7.2 1993 World Trade Center bombing
Ramzi Yousef
Yous opd ts would kll 25, popl. T tows

sook ad swayd but t oudato ld ad succdd kllg oly sx popl (altoug jud
1,42 ots ad causd aly 3 llo popty
daag).[225][226]
At t attack, Yous d to Paksta ad lat ovd
to Mala. T bga dvlopg t Bojka plot
plas to plod a doz Aca als sultaously, to assassat Pop Jo Paul II ad Psdt Bll
Clto, ad to cas a pvat pla to CIA aduats. H was lat captud Paksta.[225]
No o t US govt s dctts agast b
Lad av suggstd tat ad ay cocto wt ts
bobg, but Raz Yous s kow to av attdd a
tost tag cap Agasta. At s captu,
Yous dclad tat s pay just cato o t attack was to pus t US o ts suppot o t Isal
occupato o Palsta ttos ad ad o to o ay lgous otvatos.[226] A ollow-up attack
was plad by Oa Abdl-Raa t Nw Yok
Cty ladak bob plot. Howv, t plot was old
by t autots.
Ma atcl: Wold Tad Ct bobg
34.7.3 Late 1990s
I 1993, Raz Yous usd a tuck bob to attack t

Wold Tad Ct Nw Yok Cty. T attack was Ma atcls: 1998 Utd Stats bassy bobgs,
tdd to bak t oudato o Tow O kockg 2 llu attack plots ad USS Col bobg
t to Tow Two, bgg t t coplx dow.
167
34.7. ATTACKS
34.7.4 September 11 attacks

Ma atcl: Sptb 11 attacks
S also: Rsposblty o t Sptb 11 attacks
T Sptb 11, 21 attacks w t ost dvas-
Aftermath of the September 11 attacks
1998 Nairobi embassy bombing
I 1996, b Lad psoally gd a plot to assassat Clto wl t psdt was Mala o

t Asa-Pac c Ecooc Coopato. Howv, tllgc agts tcptd a ssag just uts bo
t otocad was to lav, ad altd t US Sct
Svc. Agts lat dscovd a bob platd ud a
bdg.[227]
T 1998 U.S. bassy bobgs East Aca sultd
upwad o 3 dats, ostly locals. A baag o
cus ssls laucd by t U.S. ltay spos
dvastatd a al-Qada bas Kost, Agasta, but
t twok s capacty was uad. I lat 19992,
Al-Qada plad attacks to cocd wt t llu, astdd by Abu Zubayda ad volvg
Abu Qatada, wc would clud t bobg Csta
oly sts Joda, t bobg o Los Agls Itatoal Apot by Ad Rssa, ad t bobg o
t USS The Sullivans (DDG-68).
tatg tost acts Aca stoy, kllg appoxatly 3, popl. Two cocal als w dlbatly ow to t Wold Tad Ct tows, a
td to T Ptago, ad a out, ogally tdd
to tagt t Utd Stats Captol, casd a ld
Stoyck Towsp a Saksvll, Psylvaa.
T attacks w coductd by al-Qada, actg accod
wt t 1998 fatwa ssud agast t U.S. ad ts alls by ltay ocs ud t coad o b Lad,
al-Zawa, ad ots.[228] Evdc pots to sucd
suads ld by al-Qada ltay coad Moad
Atta as t culpts o t attacks, wt b Lad, Aya
al-Zawa, Kald Sk Moad, ad Habal as
t ky plas ad pat o t poltcal ad ltay
coad.
Mssags ssud by b Lad at Sptb 11, 21
pasd t attacks, ad xplad t otvato wl
dyg ay volvt.[229] B Lad lgtzd t
attacks by dtyg gvacs lt by bot asta
ad Islast Musls, suc as t gal pcpto tat
t U.S. was actvly oppssg Musls.[23]
B Lad asstd tat Aca was assacg Musls 'Palst, Ccya, Kas ad Ia' ad tat
Musls sould ta t 'gt to attack psal'. H
also clad t 911 attacks w ot tagtd at wo
ad cld, but 'Aca s cos o ltay ad co[231]
I Octob 2, al-Qada ltats Y bobd oc pow'.
t ssl dstoy U.S.S. Cole a sucd attack, Evdc as sc co to lgt tat t ogal tagts
kllg 17 U.S. svc ad daagg t vssl wl o t attack ay av b ucla pow statos o
t lay o so. Ispd by t succss o suc a baz t ast coast o t U.S. T tagts w lat altd
attack, al-Qada s coad co bga to ppa o a by al-Qada, as t was ad tat suc a attack gt
attack o t U.S. tsl.
gt out o ad .[232][233]
168
34.8
Designation as terrorist organization
Al-Qada as b dsgatd a terrorist organization by

t ollowg couts ad tatoal ogazatos:
Austala[22]
Bazl[33]
Caada[234]
Euopa Uo[26]
Fac
Ida[29]
Ilad (Rpublc o)[27]
Isal[36][37]
Japa[34]
[235][236]
NATO
Ntlads[24]
[237]
Nw Zalad
Plpps
Russa[32]
Sout Koa[35]
Swd[28]
Lad s coplcty t attacks. US Psdt Gog

W. Bus spodd by sayg: W kow s gulty.
Tu ov ,[239] ad Bts P Mst Toy
Bla wad t Talba g: Sud b Lad,
o sud pow .[24]
Soo tat t US ad ts alls vadd Agasta,
ad togt wt t Aga Not Allac ovd
t Talba govt t wa Agasta.
As a sult o t US usg ts spcal ocs ad povdg
a suppot o t Not Allac goud ocs, bot
Talba ad al-Qada tag caps w dstoyd, ad
uc o t opatg stuctu o al-Qada s blvd
to av b dsuptd. At bg dv o t
ky postos t Toa Boa aa o Agasta, ay
al-Qada gts td to goup t uggd Gadz
go o t ato.
Swtzlad[238]
Tuky[25]
Utd Kgdo[21]
Utd Natos Scuty Coucl[19]
Utd Stats[2]
34.9
US troops in Afghanistan
[23]
War on Terrorism
Ma atcl: Wa o To
I t dat atat o t attacks, t US govt dcdd to spod ltaly, ad bga to ppa ts ad ocs to ovtow t Talba g
t blvd was abog al-Qada. Bo t US attackd, t o d Talba lad Mulla Oa a cac
to sud b Lad ad s top assocats. T st
ocs to b std to Agasta w Paaltay
O cs o t CIA s lt Spcal Actvts Dvso
(SAD).
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed after his arrest in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, in March 2003.
Aga, ud t cov o ts aal bobadt,

US aty ad local Aga ocs attackd, sattg
t al-Qada posto ad kllg o captug ay o
t ltats. By aly 22, al-Qada ad b dalt a
sous blow to ts opatoal capacty, ad t Aga
vaso appad a tal succss. Nvtlss, a sgT Talba o d to tu ov b Lad to a utal cat Talba sugcy as Agasta, ad
couty o tal t US would povd vdc o b al-Qada s top two lads, b Lad ad al-Zawa,
169
34.10. ACTIVITIES
vadd captu.
Dbat agd about t xact atu o al-Qada s ol
t 911 attacks, ad at t US vaso bga,
t US Stat Dpatt also lasd a vdotap sowg b Lad spakg wt a sall goup o assocats
sow Agasta sotly bo t Talba was
ovd o pow.[241] Altoug ts auttcty as
b ustod by so,[242] t tap appas to plcat b Lad ad al-Qada t Sptb 11 attacks ad was ad o ay tlvso cals all ov
t wold, wt a accopayg Egls taslato povdd by t U.S. Ds Dpatt.
I Sptb 24, t US govt 911 Cosso vstgatg t Sptb 11 attacks o cally
cocludd tat t attacks w cocvd ad pltd by al-Qada opatvs.[243] I Octob 24, b
Lad appad to cla sposblty o t attacks a
vdotap lasd toug Al Jaza, sayg was spd by Isal attacks o g-ss t 1982 vaso
o Lbao: As I lookd at tos dolsd tows
Lbao, t td y d tat w sould pus t
oppsso kd ad tat w sould dstoy tows
Aca od tat ty tast so o wat w tastd
ad so tat ty b dtd o kllg ou wo ad
cld. [244]
By t d o 24, t U.S. govt poclad
tat two-tds o t ost so al-Qada gus o
21 ad b captud ad togatd by t CIA:
Abu Zubayda, Raz b al-Sb ad Abd al-Ra alNas 22;[245] Kald Sk Moad 23;
ad Sa al Isla l Masy 24. Moad At
ad sval ots w klld. T Wst was ctcsd
o ot bg abl to copd o dal wt Al-Qada
dspt o ta a dcad o t wa. Ts also at
o pogss as b ad global stat scuty.[246]
Front page of T Guada Wkly on the eighth anniversary

of the September 11 attacks. The article claimed that al-Qaeda s
activity is increasingly dispersed to 'a liates or 'franchises in
Yemen and North Africa. [247]
I Mal, t Asa D acto was also potd as a

ally o Al-Qada 213.[25] T Asa al D acto
algd tslvs wt t AQIM.[251]
Followg t Lbya Cvl Wa, t oval o Gadda

ad t sug pod o post-cvl wa volc
Lbya allowd vaous Islast ltat ogazatos alatd wt Al-Qada to xpad t opatos t
go.[252] T 212 Bgaz attack, wc sultd
t dat o US Abassado J. Cstop Stvs
ad 3 ot Acas, s suspctd o avg b cad out by vaous Jadst twoks, suc as Al-Qada
34.10 Activities
t Islac Magb, Asa al-Saa ad sval
ot Al-Qada a latd goups.[253][254] T captu o
Naz Abdul-Had al-Rua, a so Al-Qada op34.10.1 Africa
atv watd by t Utd Stats o s volvt
t 1998 Utd Stats bassy bobgs, o Octob
Ma atcl: Al-Qada volvt Aca
Al-Qada volvt Aca as cludd a ub 5, 213 by US Navy Sals, FBI ad CIA agts llusad ot Wst alls
o bobg attacks Not Aca, as wll as suppotg tats t potac t US[255]
av
placd
o
Not
Aca.
pats cvl was Eta ad Soala. Fo 1991 to
1996, b Lad ad ot al-Qada lads w basd
Suda.
Islast bls t Saaa callg tslvs al-Qada
t Islac Magb av stppd up t volc
ct yas.[248] Fc o cals say t bls av o
al lks to t al-Qada ladsp, but ts s a att
o so dsput t tatoal pss ad aogst
scuty aalysts. It ss lkly tat b Lad appovd
t goup s a lat 26, ad t bls took o
t al Qada acs labl , alost a ya bo t
volc bga to scalat.[249]
34.10.2 Europe
Ma atcl: Al-Qada volvt Euop

Bo t 911 attacks ad t US vaso o
Agasta, cuts at Al-Qada tag caps wo
ad Wst backgouds w spcally sougt at
by Al-Qada s ltay wg o coductg opatos
ovsas. Laguag sklls ad kowldg o Wst cul-
17
tu w gally oud aog cuts o Euop,
suc was t cas wt Moad Atta, a Egypta atoal studyg Gay at t t o s tag, ad
ot bs o t Habug Cll. Osaa b Lad
ad Moad At would lat dsgat Atta as t
glad o t 911 jacks. Followg t attacks,
Wst tllgc agcs dtd tat Al-Qada
clls opatg Euop ad add t jacks wt acg ad coucatos wt t ctal ladsp
basd Agasta.[256][257]
I 23, Islasts cad out a ss o bobgs
Istabul kllg ty-sv popl ad jug sv udd. Svty-ou popl w cagd by t Tuks autots. So ad pvously t b Lad, ad
toug ty spc cally dcld to pldg allgac to
al-Qada ty askd o ts blssg ad lp.[258][259]
I 29, t Lodos, Tav Hussa, Assad Sawa
ad Ad Abdulla Al, w covctd o cospg
to dtoat bobs dsgusd as sot dks o sv aplas boud o Caada ad t U.S. T assvly
coplx polc ad MI5 vstgato o t plot volvd
o ta a ya o suvllac wok coductd by ov
two udd o cs.[26][261] Bts ad U.S. o cals
sad t pla ulk ay ct ogow Euopa tost plots was dctly lkd to al-Qada ad
gudd by so Islac ltats Paksta.[262][263]

ulkly b Lad o Saud al-Qada w dctly volvd, t psoal coctos ty ad would b stablsd ov t xt dcad ad usd t USS Cole
bobg.[265] Cocs gow ov Al Qada s goup
Y.[266]
I Ia, al-Qada ocs loosly assocatd wt t ladsp w bddd t Jaa'at al-Tawd wal-Jad
ogazato coadd by Abu Musab al-Zaaw.
Spcalzg sucd opatos, ty av b a ky
dv o t Su sugcy.[267] Altoug ty playd
a sall pat t ovall sugcy, btw 3% ad
42% o all sucd bobgs wc took plac t
aly yas w clad by Zaaw s ogazato.[268]
Rpots av dcatd tat ovsgts suc as t alu to cotol accss to t Qa'aa utos actoy
Yusu ya av allowd lag uatts o utos to
all to t ads o al-Qada.[269] I Novb 21,
t Islac Stat o Ia ltat goup, wc s lkd to
al-Qada Ia, tatd to xtat Ia Cstas".[27][271]
Sg catly, t was ot utl t lat 199s tat al-Qada

bga tag Palstas. Ts s ot to suggst tat sstac gts a udpstd t twok as
a ub o Palstas, ostly cog o Joda,
watd to jo ad av s to sv g-po l ols
Agasta.[272] Rat, lag goups suc as Haas
I 212, Russa Itllgc dcatd tat al-Qada ad Palsta Islac Jad wc coopat wt alQada ay spcts av ad d cults accptad gv a call o ost jad ad as b statg assv ost s as pat o a statgy o tousad g a statgc allac, ag tat al-Qada wll co-opt
t sall clls. Ts ay av cagd ctly, as
cuts .[264]
Isal scuty ad tllgc svcs blv al-Qada
as aagd to ltat opatvs o t Occupd
Ttos to Isal, ad s watg o t gt t to
34.10.3 Arab world
out a attack.[272]
Ma atcls: Al-Qada volvt t Mddl East,
Al-Qada t Islac Magb, Al-Qada t Aa34.10.4 Kashmir
ba Psula ad USS Col bobg
Followg Y u cato 199, Waab t- Ma atcl: Kas co ct
USS Col after the October 2000 attack
B Lad ad Aya al-Zawa cosd Ida to b

a pat o t 'Cusad-Zost-Hdu' cospacy agast
t Islac wold.[273] Accodg to t 25 pot 'Al
Qada: Po l ad Tat Asssst' by Cogssoal
Rsac Svc, b Lad was volvd tag
ltats o Jad Kas wl lvg Suda
t aly ts. By 21, Kas ltat goup
Hakat-ul-Mujad ad bco a pat o t alQada coalto.[274] Accodg to t Utd Natos
Hg Cosso o Rugs al-Qada was tougt
to av stablsd bass Paksta-adstd Kas ( Azad Kas, ad to so xtt Glgt
Baltsta) dug t 1999 Kagl Wa ad cotud to
opat t wt tact appoval o Paksta s Itllgc
svcs.[275]
woks bga ovg ssoas to t couty May o t ltats actv Kas w tad
a ot to subvt t captalst ot. Altoug t s t sa Madasas as Talba ad al-Qada. Fazlu
34.10. ACTIVITIES
Ra Kall o Kas ltat goup Hakat-ulMujad was a sgatoy o al-Qada s 1998 dclaato o Jad agast Aca ad ts alls.[276] I
a 'Ltt to Aca Popl' wtt by b Lad
22 statd tat o o t asos was gtg
Aca s bcaus o ts suppot to Ida o t Kas ssu.[277][278] I Novb 21, Katadu apot
wt o g alt at tats tat b Lad plad
to jack a pla o t ad cas t to a tagt
Nw Dl.[279] I 22, US Sctay o Ds Doald
Rusld, o a tp to Dl, suggstd tat al-Qada
was actv Kas toug dd ot av ay ad
vdc.[28][281] H poposd tc goud ssos
alog t l o cotol to pvt ltats o ltatg to Ida adstd Kas.[281] A vstgato 22 uatd vdc tat al-Qada ad ts
a lats w pospg Paksta-adstd Kas wt tact appoval o Paksta s Natoal Itllgc
agcy It-Svcs Itllgc[282] I 22, a spcal
ta o Spcal A Svc ad Dlta Foc was st to
Ida Adstd Kas to ut o b Lad at
pots tat was bg sltd by Kas ltat
goup Hakat-ul-Mujad wc ad pvously b
sposbl o 1995 Kdappg o wst tousts
Kas.[283] Bta s gst akg al-Qada opatv Ragzb Ad ad pvously ougt Kas
wt t goup Hakat-ul-Mujad ad spt t
Ida pso at bg captud Kas.[284]
171
Accodg to Aca cout-tos xpt Buc
Rdl, al-Qada ad Talba w closly volvd
t 1999 jackg o Ida Als Flgt 814 to
Kadaa wc ld to t las o Maulaa Masood
Aza & Ad Oa Sad Sk o a Ida
pso xcag o t passgs. Ts jackg,
Rdl statd, was gtly dscbd by t Ida Fog st Jaswat Sg as a 'dss asal' o
Sptb 11 attacks.[295] B Lad psoally wlcod Aza ad tw a lavs paty s oo at s las, accodg to Abu Jadal, bodyguad o
b Lad.[296][297] Ad Oa Sad Sk, wo ad
b Ida pso o s ol 1994 kdappgs o
Wst tousts Ida, wt o to ud Dal Pal
ad was stcd to dat by Paksta. Al-Qada opatv Rasd Rau, wo was o o t accusd 26
tasatlatc acat plot, was latd to Maulaa Masood
Aza by aag.[298]
Laska--Taba, a Kas ltat goup wc s

tougt to b bd 28 Muba attacks, s also
kow to av stog ts to so al-Qada lads lvg Paksta.[299] I Lat 22, top al-Qada opatv Abu Zubayda was astd wl bg sltd by
Laska--Taba a sa ous Fasalabad.[3] T
FBI blvs tat al-Qada ad Laska av b 'ttwd' o a log t wl t CIA as sad tat
al-Qada uds Laska--Taba.[3] Fc vstgatg agstat Ja-Lous Bugu, wo was t top
US o cals blv tat al-Qada was lpg ogaz a Fc cout-tos o cal, told Ruts 29
capag o to Kas od to povok cotat 'Laska--Taba s o log a Paksta ovct btw Ida ad Paksta.[285] T statgy was to t wt oly a Kas poltcal o ltay agda.
oc Paksta to ov ts toops to t bod wt Ida, Laska--Taba s a b o al-Qada.'[31][32]
tby lvg pssu o al-Qada lts dg I a vdo lasd 28, so al-Qada opatv
otwst Paksta.[286] I 26 al-Qada clad
Aca-bo Ada Yay Gada statd tat vcty ad stablsd a wg Kas; ts as wo- toy Kas as b dlayd o yas; t s t lbd t Ida govt.[276][287] Howv t Ida
ato o t jad t o ts tc wc,
Ay Lt. G. H.S. Paag, GOC--C Not Co- Alla wllg, wll b t st stp towads vctoy ov
ad, sad to pots tat t ay as uld out t t Hdu occups o tat Isla lad. [33]
psc o al-Qada Ida-adstd Jau ad
Kas; uto sad tat t s otg tat I Sptb 29, a US do stk potdly klld
ca vy pots o t da o al-Qada psc Ilyas Kas wo was t c o Hakat-ul-Jad al t stat. H owv statd tat al-Qada ad stog Isla, a Kas ltat goup assocatd wt al[34]
Kas was dscbd by Buc Rdl as
ts wt Kas ltat goups Laska--Taba ad Qada.
[288]
a
'pot'
al-Qada b[35] wl ots av
Jas--Moad basd Paksta.
It as b
otd tat Wazsta as ow bco t w battl- dscbd as ad o ltay opatos o al[36][37]
Kas was also cagd by t US a
ld o Kas ltats gtg NATO suppot Qada.
[289][29][291]
Jyllads-Post,
t Das wspap wc
plot
agast
o al-Qada ad Talba.
D Baot, wo
[292]
was
at
t
ct
o
Jyllads-Post
Muaad caad was a
wot t Army of Madinah in Kashmir
[38]
US
o
cals
also
blv
tat Kastoos
cotovsy.
al-Qada opatv covctd o volvt t 24
was
volvd
t
Cap
Capa
attack
agast
acal buldgs plot, ad cvd tag wapos
[39]
[293]
I
Jauay
21,
Ida
autots
ot
d
t
CIA.
ad xplosvs at a ltat tag cap Kas.
Bta o a al-Qada plot to jack a Ida als
Maulaa Masood Aza, t oud o aot Kas o A Ida pla ad cas t to a Bts cty. Ts
goup Jas--Moad, s blvd to av t b
oato was ucovd o togato o Ajad
Lad sval ts ad cvd udg o .[276] Kwaja, a opatv o Hakat-ul-Jad al-Isla, wo
I 22, Jas--Moad ogazd t kdappg
ad b astd Ida.[31]
ad ud o Dal Pal a opato u cojucto wt al-Qada ad udd by b Lad.[294] I Jauay 21, US Ds sctay Robt Gats,
172
wl o a vst to Paksta, statd tat al-Qada was sk- Online Communications

g to dstablz t go ad plag to povok a
I 27, al-Qada lasd Mujad Scts, cypucla wa btw Ida ad Paksta.[311]
to sotwa usd o ol ad cllula coucatos. A lat vso, Mujad Scts 2, was lasd
28.[316]
34.10.5 Internet
Toty L. Toas clas tat t wak o ts vacuato o Agasta, al-Qada ad ts succssos av
gatd ol to scap dtcto a atosp o
casd tatoal vglac. As a sult, t ogazato s us o t Itt as gow o sopstcatd,
copassg acg, cutt, twokg, oblzato, publcty, as wll as oato dssato,
gatg ad sag.[312]
Abu Ayyub al-Mas's al-Qada ovt Ia gulaly lass sot vdos gloyg t actvty o jadst sucd bobs. I addto, bot bo ad at t dat o Abu Musab al-Zaaw (t o lad
o al-Qada Ia), t ublla ogazato to wc
al-Qada Ia blogs, t Mujad Sua Coucl, as a gula psc o t Wb. T ag o
ultda cott cluds gulla tag clps, stlls
o vcts about to b udd, tstoals o sucd bobs, ad vdos tat sow patcpato jad
toug stylzd potats o osus ad uscal scos.
A wbst assocatd wt al-Qada postd a vdo o
captud Aca tpu Nck Bg bg dcaptatd Ia. Ot dcaptato vdos ad pctus, cludg tos o Paul Joso, K Su-l, ad Dal
Pal, w st postd o jadst wbsts.
34.10.6 Aviation network

Al-Qada s blvd to b opatg a cladst avato twok cludg sval Bog 727 acat ,
tubopops ad xcutv jts, accodg to a Ruts
stoy. Basd o a U.S. Dpatt o Holad Scuty
pot, t stoy sad tat al-Qada s possbly usg acat to taspot dugs ad wapos o Sout Aca
to vaous ustabl couts Wst Aca. A Bog
727 ca cay up to 1 tos o cago. T dugs vtually a suggld to Euop o dstbuto ad sal, ad
t wapos a usd co cts Aca ad possbly
lsw. Gu wt lks to al-Qada av b casgly kdappg so Euopas o aso. T
po ts o t dug ad wapo sals, ad kdappgs
ca, tu, ud o ltat actvts.[317]
34.10.7 Involvement in military con icts

T ollowg s a lst o ltay co cts wc AlQada ad ts dct a lats av tak pat ltaly.
34.11 Alleged CIA involvement

Ma atcl: Allgatos o CIA assstac to Osaa
b Lad
I Dcb 24 a audo ssag clag to b o

b Lad was postd dctly to a wbst, at ta Expts dbat wt o ot t al-Qada attacks w
blowback o t Aca CIA s "Opato Cyclo"
sdg a copy to al Jaza as ad do t past.
poga to lp t Aga ujad. Rob Cook,
Al-Qada tud to t Itt o las o ts vdos
Bts Fog Sctay o 1997 to 21, as wtt
od to b cta t would b avalabl udtd, at
tat al-Qada ad b Lad w a poduct o a outa sk t possblty o al Jaza dtos dtg t
tal scalculato by wst scuty agcs , ad
vdos ad cuttg out aytg ctcal o t Saud oyal
tat Al-Qada, ltally 't databas', was ogally t
aly.[313] B Lad s Dcb 24 ssag was
coput l o t tousads o ujad wo w
uc o vt ta usual ts spc, lastg
cutd ad tad wt lp o t CIA to dat
ov a ou.
t Russas. [318]
I t past, Alda.co ad Jad.t w paps t
Mu Aka, Pat Rpstatv o Paksta to
ost sg cat al-Qada wbsts. Alda was tally
t Utd Natos o 22 to 28, wot a ltt
tak dow by Aca Jo Mss, but t opatos
publsd t Nw Yok Ts o Jauay 19, 28:
sstd by stg t st to vaous svs ad statgcally stg cott.
T statgy to suppot t Agas agast
T US s cutly attptg to xtadt a Bts oato tcology spcalst, Baba Aad, o cags
o opatg a twok o Egls-laguag al-Qada
wbsts, suc as Azza.co.[314][315] Aad s xtadto s opposd by vaous Bts Musl ogazatos,
suc as t Musl Assocato o Bta.
Sovt ltay tvto was volvd by

sval tllgc agcs, cludg t
C.I.A. ad It-Svcs Itllgc, o ISI.
At t Sovt wtdawal, t Wst pows walkd away o t go, lavg bd 4, ltats potd o sval
173
34.12. BROADER INFLUENCE

couts to wag t at-Sovt jad. Paksta was lt to ac t blowback o xts, dugs ad gus.[319]
34.12 Broader in uence
Ads Bg Bvk, t pptato o t 211 Noway attacks, was spd by al-Qada, callg t t ost
A vaty o soucs CNN joualst Pt Bg, succssul volutoay ovt t wold. Wl
Paksta ISI Bgad Moaad Yousa, ad CIA op- adttg d t as, sougt to cat a Euopa
atvs volvd t Aga poga, suc as Vct vso o al-Qada. [324][325]
Castao dy tat t CIA o ot Aca ocals ad cotact wt t og ujad o b
Lad, lt alo ad, tad, coacd o doctatd 34.13 Criticism
t.
Bg ad ots agu tat t was o d to cut ogs uala wt t local laguag, custos o lay o t lad sc t w a uat o
a llo local Agas wllg to gt;[32] tat og
ujad tslvs ad o d o Aca uds
sc ty cvd sval udd llo dollas a ya
o o-Aca, Musl soucs; tat Acas
could ot av tad ujad bcaus Paksta ocals would ot allow o ta a adul o t to
opat Paksta ad o Agasta; ad tat t
Aga Aabs w alost vaably ltat Islasts
xvly ostl to Wsts wt o ot t Wsts w lpg t Musl Agas.
Accodg to a ub o soucs t as b a wav

o vulso agast al-Qada ad ts a lats by lgous scolas, o gts ad ltats alad by
al-Qada s tak ad kllg o Musls Musl couts, spcally Ia.[326]
Noa Bota, a o Aga Aab ad ltat o

t Lbya Islac Fgtg Goup, wt publc wt a
op ltt o ctcs to Aya al-Zawa Novb 27 at psuadg psod so ladsp
o s o goup to t to pac gotatos wt
t Lbya g. Wl Aya al-Zawa aoucd
t a lato o t goup wt al-Qada Novb
27, t Lbya govt lasd 9 bs o t
Accodg to Bg, kow o coductg t st tl- goup o pso sval ots lat at ty w
vso tvw wt b Lad 1997, t da tat t sad to av oucd volc. [327]
CIA udd b Lad o tad b Lad... [s] a olk
yt. T s o vdc o ts... B Lad ad s I 27, aoud t sxt avsay o t SptRationalizow oy, was at-Aca ad was opat- b 11 attacks ad a coupl o ots bo
[125]
t Saud
ing
Jihad
st
appad
t
wspaps,
g sctly ad dpdtly... T al stoy s
Sala
al-Ouda
dlvd
a
psoal
buk
to b
sk
t CIA dd't ally av a clu about wo ts guy was
Lad.
Al-Ouda,
a
lgous
scola
ad
o
o
t
autl 1996 w ty st up a ut to ally stat tackg
ts
o
t
Sawa,
t
udatalst
awakg
ov[321]
But Bg cocdd tat, o stag c.
dt, t CIA appad to gv vsa lp to ujad- t tat swpt toug Saud Aaba t 198s, s a
wdly spctd ctc o jads. Al-Ouda addssd
cut Oa Abdl-Raa.[322]
al-Qada s lad o tlvso askg
I s wdly pasd accout o al-Qada, Egls joualst Jaso Buk wot:
My bot Osaa, ow uc blood as
b splt? How ay oct popl, clIt s ot sad tat b Lad was udd
d, ldly, ad wo av b klld...
by t CIA. Ts s ot tu ad, dd,
t a o al-Qada? Wll you b appy
would av b possbl gv t stucto t God Algty cayg t bud o
tu o udg tat Gal Za ul-Ha, wo
ts udds o tousads o llos [o
ad tak pow Paksta 1977, ad st
vcts] o you back?[328]
up. A codto o Za s coopato wt t
Aca pla to tu Agasta to t SoAccodg to Pw polls, suppot o al-Qada as b
vts 'Vta' was tat all Aca udg
slgtly doppd o pats o t Musl wold t yas
to t Aga sstac ad to b calld
bo 28.[329] T ubs suppotg sucd bobtoug t Paksta govt, wc
gs Idosa, Lbao, ad Baglads, o stac,
ct at t Aga buau o t Iav doppd by al o o t last v yas. I
t Svcs Itllgc (ISI), t ltay spy
Saud Aaba, oly 1 pct ow av a avoabl vw
agcy. T Aca udg, wc wt
o al-Qada, accodg to a Dcb poll by To F
xclusvly to t Aga ujad goups,
Tooow, a Wasgto-basd tk tak.[33]
ot t Aab voluts, was suppltd
I 27, t psod Sayyd Ia Al-Sa, a
by Saud govt oy ad ug uds
utal Aga Aab, dologcal godat o alasd o osus, o-govtal caQada , ad o suppot o tak , ssatotabl sttutos ad pvat doos tougout
ally wtdw s suppot o al-Qada wt a book
t Islac wold.[323]
174
Wathiqat Tarshid Al-'Aml Al-Jihadi Misr w'Al-'Alam

(Rationalizing Jihad in Egypt and the World).
Altoug oc assocatd wt al-Qada, Sptb
29 LIFG copltd a w cod o jad, a 417-pag
lgous docut ttld Coctv Studs . Gv
ts cdblty ad t act tat sval ot pot
Jadsts t Mddl East av tud agast al-Qada,
t LIFG s about ac ay b a potat stp towad
staucg al-Qada s cutt.[331]
34.14
See also
Al Qada Ntwok Exod

B Lad Issu Stato (o CIA ut o tackg b Lad)
Mujad
Fataw o Osaa b Lad
Lst o dsgatd tost ogazatos
Opato Caoball
Psycologcal waa
Rlgous tos
Stv Eso
Tak wal-Hja
Vdos o Osaa b Lad
Publications:
Al Qaeda Handbook
Management of Savagery
34.15
References
[1] Mogada, Assa (28). The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Sala Jihad, and the Di usion of Suicide
Attacks. Jos Hopks Uvsty. p. 48. ISBN 978-818-955-.
[2] Lvsy, Buc (Jauay 25, 25). Spcal Rpots
T Sala st Movt: Al Qada s Nw Fot . PBS
Frontline. WGBH ducatoal oudato. Rtvd Octob 18, 211.
[3] Gltz, Josua A. (211). US Counter-Terrorism Strategy
and al-Qaeda: Signalling and the Terrorist World-View
(Rpt d.). Routldg. p. 83. ISBN 978-415664523.
[4] Wgt, Looming Tower, 26, p. 79
[5] T Futu o Tos: Wat al-Qada Rally Wats .

Der Spiegel. Sptb 11, 21. Rtvd Octob 18,
211.
[6] Al-Qada sks global doac . The Daily Telegraph
(Lodo).
[7] Jadsts Wat Global Calpat . TPoltc.co. July
27, 25. Rtvd Octob 18, 211.
[8] Pk, Jo. Al-Qada . Globalscuty.og. Rtvd
Octob 18, 211.
[9] Buk, Jaso (Mac 21, 24). Wat xactly dos alQada wat?". The Guardian (Lodo).
[1] Bll Roggo (Sptb 4, 211). How ay al Qada
gts a Agasta aga?
Tat Matx .
Logwajoual.og. Rtvd August 18, 214.
[11] T ga o to: Al-Sabaab ad Talba a Hats .
The Washington Times. Sptb 8, 213. Rtvd
August 18, 214.
[12] Al-Qada ap: Iss, Boko Haa ad ot a lats
stogolds acoss Aca ad Asa . 12 Ju 214. Rtvd 29 August 214.
[13] Al Qada ds bas Ida, Mod s o ts ada . The
Sunday Guardian. Mac 29, 214. Rtvd Ju 5,
214.
[14] Estatd to ub 5, to 7, gts , Daly Sta,
Sptb 8, 214 (acv)
T Dya[15] Jks, Ba Mcal (214).
cs o Sya s Cvl Wa (Rpot).
RAND Copoato. ttp:www.ad.ogcottdaadpubs
pspctvsPE1PE115RAND_PE115.pd.
[16] Idz, S (Ju 1, 214). Wy s Jabat al-Nusa o
log usul to Tuky?". Al-Monitor.
[18] AP soucs: IS, al-Qada ac accod Sya . 21411-13. Rtvd 214-11-13.
[19] Scuty Coucl Rsolutos Rlatd to t Wok o
t Cott Establsd Pusuat to Rsoluto 1267
(1999) Cocg Al-Qada ad t Talba ad Assocatd Idvduals ad Etts . Utd Natos Scuty
Coucl. Acvd o t ogal o Jauay 12, 27.
Rtvd Jauay 9, 27.
[2] Utd Stats Dpatt o Stat. Fog Tost Ogazatos (FTOs)". Acvd o t ogal o Ju
28, 26. Rtvd July 3, 26.
Poscbd tost
[21] Utd Kgdo Ho O c.
goups . Acvd o t ogal o Ju 3, 26.
Rtvd July 3, 26.
[22] Austala Govt. Lstg o Tost Ogasatos . Rtvd July 3, 26.
175
34.15. REFERENCES
[23] La Fac ac au tos ( Fc). Sctaat
gal d la ds atoal (Fac). Rtvd August 6, 29.
[24] Gal Itllgc ad Scuty Svc. Aual Rpot 24 (PDF). Acvd o t ogal o Ju 14,
27. Rtvd Ju 11, 27.
[25] ""Tky'd al aalytl dva d ba lca
t gtl lsts (Eyt Gl Mdlg").
Eg.gov.t. Rtvd Mac 22, 21.
[4] T Islac Stat vs. al Qada . Sptb 214. Rtvd 215.

[41] Bll Moys Joual. A B Hstoy o Al Qada .
PBS.co. July 27, 27. Rtvd Mac 31, 212.
[42] United States v. Usama bin Laden et al., C. 123, Tstoy o Jaal Ad Moad al-Fadl (SDNY Fbuay 6, 21).
[43] Bg 26, p. 75.
[26] Cosso o t Euopa Couts (Octob 2,

24). Coucato o t Cosso to t
Coucl ad t Euopa Palat (DOC). Acvd
o t ogal o Ju 14, 27. Rtvd Ju 11,
27.
[44] Al-Qada s ogs ad lks . BBC Nws. July 2,

24. Rtvd Ju 3, 214.
[27] Cal Justc (Tost O cs) Act 25 . 2005.

Dpatt o Justc Ilad. Rtvd May 26, 214.
[46] Guaata 22, pp. 95 96. Al-Qada s global twok, as w kow t today, was catd wl t was basd
Katou, o Dcb 1991 tll May 1996. To
coodat ts ovt ad covt opatos as al-Qada s
abtos ad soucs casd, t dvlopd a dctalzd, goal stuctu. [...] As a global ultatoal, al-Qada aks ts costtut atoalts ad
tc goups, o wc t a sval doz, sposbl o a patcula gogapc go. Altoug ts modus
operandi s cllula, alal latosps play a ky ol.
S also:
[28] Msty o Fog A as Swd (Mac Ju 26).

Radcal Islast Movts t Mddl East (PDF).
Acvd o t ogal o Ju 14, 27. Rtvd
Ju 11, 27.
[29] T Hdu : Ct bas Al-Qada . Hduot.co.
Apl 9, 22. Rtvd Mac 22, 21.
[3] Slacka, Mcal (28 August 29), Would-B Kll
Lkd to Al Qada, Sauds Say , The New York Times,
tvd 14 August 214
[31] Cogal, Cla (28 Sptb 212), Kya toops
lauc bac assault o Soal cty o Ksayo , The
Guardian, tvd 17 Jauay 215
[32] Russa Outlaws 17 To Goups; Haas, Hzbolla
Not Icludd . Acvd o t ogal o Novb
14, 26.
[33] Aldo Sks. O Basl o toso tacoal .
Rtvd Fbuay 22, 214.
[34] Dploatc Blubook (22). B. Tost Attacks t
Utd Stats ad t Fgt Agast Tos (PDF).
Ju 11, 27.
[35] Koa Fog Msty (August 14, 27). Soul cos las o two Koa ostags Agasta .
Acvd o t ogal o Dcb 15, 27. Rtvd Sptb 16, 27.
[36] Suay o dctts agast Al-Qada tosts
Saaa . Isal Msty o Fog A as. Mac 21,
26. Rtvd May 4, 211.
[37] ttp:www.justc.gov.lNRdolys
9C96928-7AB-428A-BCCC-2E691F2BDE3
488pa_to_g_171213.doc
[38] Motada, Radwa (May 19, 214). Hzbolla gts
ad t jads:" Mad, duggd, ocdal, ad ugy .
al-Akhbar English. Rtvd Ju 9, 214.
[39] Houts ga goud agast Y s al-Qada .
Novb 214. Rtvd 215.
Uoly Was:
[45] Cooly, Jo K. (Spg 23).
Agasta, Aca ad Itatoal Tos
(pt). Demokratizatsiya.
Na, Moss (Jauay Fbuay 23). T Fv

Was o Globalzato . Foreign Policy (134): 28
37.
[47] Mddl East | Waab oppot klld Ia . BBC
Nws. Ju 26, 27. Rtvd August 18, 214.
[48] Jad Tos ad t Radcalsato Callg: p.219,
Rk Coolsat 211
[49] Wgt 26, pp. 17 18, 185, 27 271
[5] Wgt 26, p. 27.
[51] al Qada s Idology . MI5. Rtvd May 19, 212.
[52] Dag o a calpat . The Economist. August 6,
211. Rtvd May 19, 212.
[53] Fu'ad Husay 'Al-Zaaw, T Scod Gato o alQa'da, Pat Fout, Al-Quds al-Arabi, July 13, 25
[54] Rastop, Magus (29). Unconventional Weapons and
International Terrorism. Routldg. p. 33. ISBN 978-415-48439-8.
[55] Lawc Wgt (26). The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda
and the Road to 9/11. Kop. p. 246. ISBN -37541486-X.
[56] Dagos ad Tgs: A Gogapy o Sout, East, ad
Soutast Asa (211) Babaa A. Wgta
[57] Scuty statgy ad tasatlatc latos (26) Rolad
Daut
[58] Jad ad Just Wa t Wa o To (211) Ala
Ba
176
[59] al-Haad, Kald, T Isd Stoy o al-Qa'da , pat

4, Al-Quds al-Arabi, Mac 22, 25
[6] Evoluto o t al-Qada bad a . Asia Times. August 13, 24. Acvd o t ogal o Apl 11,
21. Rtvd Mac 22, 21.
[8] Cassdy 26, p. 9.

[81] Noa, Toty (Fbuay 25, 29). T TostsA-Dub Toy: Do't stak ts guys o cal
astds . Slate.
[61] T Moal Logc ad Gowt o Sucd Tos

SPRING 26 (PDF). Rtvd Mac 22, 21.
[82] Ggs, Fawaz A (Sptb 5, 25). The Far Enemy:

Why Jihad Went Global. Cabdg Uvsty Pss.
ISBN -521-7914-5.
[62] Bltz, Jas (Jauay 19, 21). A tat tasod .

Financial Times. Rtvd Jauay 23, 21.
[83] Jad s Nw Lads by Davd Gatst-Ross ad

Kyl Dabuzz, Middle East Quarterly, Su 27
[63] A Dscusso o t Nw Cusad Was: Tays Allou wt Usaa b Lad . IslacAwakg.co.
[84] Today s jadsts: ducatd, walty ad bt o

kllg?". Caada.co. July 3, 27. Rtvd Mac
22, 21.
[64] McGay 21.

[65] Al-Qada Says Al-Zawa Has Succdd B Lad .
The New York Times. Assocatd Pss. Ju 16, 211.
Rtvd Ju 6, 211.
[66] Balz, Da (August 27, 211). Al Qadas No. 2 lad
Atya Abd al-Raa klld Paksta . The Washington Post.
[67] Wals, Dcla; Sctt, Ec (Ju 5, 212). Do
Stk Klld No. 2 Al Qada, U.S. O cals Say . The
New York Times.
[68] Guaata 22, p. 54.
[69] Wt Hous 23.
[7] Basl 24, p. 177.
[71] Wcsl 21, p. 135; ctd Guaata 22, p. 63.
[72] Bussss a u o blow, wt t coucl oly bg
cosultd o w poposals ad collctg uds.
S:
Ho a 22.
[73] Cops: Lodo Attacks W Hocd Blasts . Fox
Nws Cal. July 15, 25. Rtvd Ju 15, 28.
[74] Btto, Jaso; Ia Hbt (August 13, 25). Lodo
bobgs: t tut gs . The Independent (UK).
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Telegraph (Austala dto, ssu 947). p. 9.
[278] Full txt: b Lad s 'ltt to Aca', The Guardian,
Novb 24, 22
[261] Mlo, Caal (Sptb 8, 29). Polc watcd t
plot uold, t poucd . The Independent (Lodo).
[279] Osaa pla to tagt Dl: Katadu cvs
pp. 2 4. Rtvd Sptb 15, 29.
tat, Dawn, Novb 1, 21
[262] Pss, Assocatd (Sptb 7, 29). UK cout co[28] Aalyss: Is al-Qada Kas?, BBC, Ju 13, 22
vcts 3 o plot to blow up als . The Jerusalem Post.
Acvd o t ogal o May 12, 211. Rtvd [281] Rusld o s US tcology to guad Kas bod,
May 8, 211.
T Sydy Mog Hald, Ju 14, 22
[263] Sadod, Dal (Sptb 7, 29). UK | Al plot: [282] Al Qada tvg Paksta Kas, T Csta
Al-Qada cocto . BBC Nws. Rtvd Mac 22,
Scc Moto, July 2, 22
21.
[283] SAS jos Kas ut o b Lad, T Tlgap,
[264] Eld, Ma (Octob 3, 212). Russa accuss alFbuay 23, 22
Qada o 'ost jad' Euop . The Guardian (Lo[284] Al-Qada to tal: Ragzb Ad was gst akdo). Rtvd Novb 6, 212.
g al-Qada opatv Bta, T Tlgap. Dc[265] W, Slag (July Sptb 1997). A Clas o Fub 18, 28
datalss: Waabs Y . Mddl East
Rpot (24). Mddl East Rsac ad Ioato [285] B Lad s g o Kas tgg?, CNN, Ju 12,
22
Pojct. Rtvd Jauay 19, 29.; ctd Buk, Jaso (23). Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror. Nw
Yok: I.B. Taus. pp. 128 129. ISBN 1-8543-396-8. [286] Talba, al-Qada lkd to Kas, USA Today, May
29, 22
[266] "Y: T Nxt Fot L Agast al Qada". CBS
[287] Al Qada cla o Kas lk wos Ida, T Nw
Nws. Octob 3, 21
Yok Ts,26-7-13
[267] Rdl 28, p. 1.
[288] No Al Qada psc Kas: Ay, T
[268] S t ollowg woks ctd Rdl 28, p. 11:
Hdu,27-6-18
182
[289] Ilyas Kas ad plad to attack COAS, T Nws [312] Toty Toas, Al Qada ad t Itt: T DaItatoal, Sptb 18, 29
g o Cybplag . Rtvd Fbuay 14, 27.
[29] Wazsta w battl ld o Kas ltats, T [313] Scu, Mcal (Jauay 28). B Lad Idt s
Nws Itatoal, Novb 24, 28
Saud Aaba as t Ey o Mujad Uty . Terrorism Focus. Jastow Foudato.
[291] Kas ltats ov to Wazsta, op tag
caps T Ida Expss, Novb 26, 28
[314] Wtlock, Cag (August 8, 25). Bto Usd Itt As Hs Bully Pulpt . The Washington Post. p. A1.
[292] Ay o Mada Kas, N Elv Fdg ARtvd Sptb 4, 29.
sws Foudato
[315] Baba Aad Idctd o Tos Cags . Utd
[293] How adcal Isla tud a scoolboy to a tost, The
Stats Attoy s O c Dstct o Coctcut. Octob
Times, Novb 7, 26
6, 24. Acvd o t ogal o May 26, 26.
Rtvd May 29, 26.
[294] T Log Hut o Osaa, T Atlatc, Octob 24
[316] Sctt, Ec; Scdt, Mcal S. (Sptb 29, 213).
Qada Plot Lak Has Udd U.S. Itllgc .
[296] Al-Qada volvd Ida pla jack plot, The Hindu,
The New York Times.
Sptb 18, 26
[317] Gayo, T (Jauay 13, 21). Al Qada lkd to
[297] Osaa tw lavs paty o Aza at jack, The Inogu avato twok . Ruts. Rtvd May 8,
dian Express, Sptb 18, 26
211.
[295] Al Qada Stks Back, Bookgs Isttuto
[298] Rasd Rau: po l o a to astd, The Daily [318] Cook, Rob (July 8, 25). T stuggl agast tTelegraph', November 22, 2008
os caot b wo by ltay as . The Guardian
(UK). Acvd o t ogal o July 1, 25. R[299] LT, wc s basd at Mudk, a Lao Paksta,
tvd July 8, 25.
as twoks tougout Ida ad ts ladsp as clos
lks wt co al-Qada gus lvg Paksta Focus [319] Aka, Mu (Jauay 19, 28). Paksta, Tos
o Wsts suggsts al-Qada was pullg stgs, The
ad Dugs . The New York Times. Rtvd Octob 17,
Times, Novb 28, 28
29. |capt god (lp)
[3] Laska--Taba Svd as Gatway o Wst Covts [32] Coll 25, pp. 145 146, 155 156.
Tug to Jad, The Wall Street Journal, Dcb 4,
28
[321] Bg, Pt. Bg: B Lad, CIA lks ogwas .
CNN. Acvd o t ogal o August 21, 26.
[31] Laska--Taba tat vvd at Ccago ast,
Rtvd August 15, 26.
Dawn, Novb 2, 29
[322] Bg 21, pp. 72 73.
[32] INTERVIEW-Fc agstat dtals Laska s global
ol, Ruts, Novb 13, 29
[323] Buk, Jaso (24) [23]. Al-Qaeda: The True Story
of Radical Islam (vsd d.). Lodo: Pgu. p. 59.
[33] 'Azza t Aca' lass vdo ocusg o Paksta, CNN, Octob 4, 28
[324] Rtt, Kal (Apl 2, 212). Bvk Studd al-Qada
Attacks . Time. Rtvd May 8, 212.
[34] US dos klld two tost lads Pak, Dawn,
Sptb 17, 29
[325] Noway: Mltat Studd Al Qada . The New York
[35] Al Qada s Aca Mol, Bookgs Isttuto, Dcb 15, 29
Times. Apl 2, 212. Rtvd May 8, 212.
[326] Bg & Cucksak 28; Wgt 28. Quots tak

o Rdl 28, pp. 16 17 ad Bg & Cuck[36] Ilyas Kas alv, lays out utu to statgy, Daily
sak
28.
Times, Octob 15, 29
[37] Utd Stats o Aca vs Taawwu Hussa Raa, [327] Lbya lass scos o psos APRIL 9, 28 . Egls.aljaza.t. Apl 9, 28. Rtvd Mac 22,
Chicago Tribune
21.
[38] US cags Ilyas Kas Das wspap plot,
[328] Bg & Cucksak 28.
Dawn, Jauay 15, 21
[39] US sks Hakat c o Kost CIA attack, T Nws [329] Takg Stock o t Wa o To . Ralclapoltcs.co. May 22, 28. Rtvd Mac 22, 21.
Itatoal, Jauay 6, 21
[31] Ida jack plot causd w UK to alt, The Times, [33] Dcb 18, 27 Poll: Most Sauds oppos al Qada .
CNN. Dcb 18, 27. Rtvd Mac 22, 21.
Jauay 24, 21
[311] Al Qada could povok w Ida-Paksta wa: Gats, [331] Nw jad cod tats al Qada, Nc Robtso ad
Dawn, Jauay 2, 21
Paul Cucksak, CNN, Novb 1, 29
34.16
Further reading
Bibliography
Al-Ba, Nass (213). Guarding bin Laden: My
Life in Al-Qaeda. Lodo: T Ma Pss. ISBN
978--9562473-6-.
Ata, Scott (21). Talking to the Enemy: Faith,
Brotherhood, and the (un)making of Terrorists. Nw
Yok: Ecco Pss. ISBN 978--6-13449-9.
Atwa, Abdl Ba (26). The Secret History of
al Qaeda. Bkly, CA: Uvsty o Caloa
Pss. ISBN 978--52-24974-5.
Atwa, Abdl Ba (212). After Bin Laden: AlQaeda, The Next Generation. LodoNw Yok:
Sa Books (Lodo) Nw Pss (Nw Yok).
ISBN 978863564192. ISBN 978-1595588999.
Basl, Mak (May 24). Gog to t Souc:
Wy Al Qada s Facal Ntwok Is Lkly to
Wtstad t Cut Wa o Tost Facg .
Studies in Con ict and Terrorism 27 (3): 169 185.
do:1.181576149438237.
Bja, Dal; So, Stv (22). The Age
of Sacred Terror (1st d.). Nw Yok: Rado
Hous. ISBN -375-5859-7.
Bg, Pt (21). Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden (1st d.). Nw Yok:
F Pss. ISBN -7432-3495-2.
183
Esposto, Jo L. (22). Unholy War: Terror in
the Name of Islam. Nw Yok: Oxod Uvsty
Pss. ISBN -19-515435-5.
Guaata, Roa (22). Inside Al Qaeda (1st d.).
Lodo: C. Hust & Co. ISBN 1-8565-671-1.
Haz, Moad M. (Mac 27). Matydo Mytology Ia: How Jadsts Fa
Sucd Tos Vdos ad Bogaps .
Terrorism and Political Violence 19 (1): 95 115.
do:1.189546556154873.
Ho a, Buc (22). T Egc o t
Nw Tos . I Ta, Adw; Raaksa,
Kua. The New Terrorism: Anatomy, Trends, and
Counter-Strategies. Sgapo: East Uvsts
Pss. pp. 3 49. ISBN 981-21-21-8.
Jas, Joas J.G. (1997). The Dual Nature of
Islamic Fundamentalism. Itaca, NY: Coll Uvsty Pss. ISBN -814-3338-X.
McGay, Joaa (Fbuay 19, 21).
A
Tato s Tal . Time 157 (7). pp. 36 37. Rtvd
Sptb 15, 29.
Napolo, Lotta (23). Modern Jihad: Tracing the Dollars Behind the Terror Networks. Lodo:
Pluto Pss. ISBN -7453-2117-8.
Qutb, Sayyd (23). Milestones. Ccago: Kaz
Publcatos. ISBN -911119-42-6.
Bg, Pt (26). The Osama bin Laden I

Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda s Leader (2d
d.). Nw Yok: F Pss. ISBN -7432-7892-5.
Rasd, Ad (22) [2]. Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia. Nw
Hav: Yal Uvsty Pss. ISBN 1-8664-834.
Bg, Pt; Cucksak, Paul (Ju 11, 28).

T Uavlg: T jadst volt agast b
Lad . The New Republic 238 (1). pp. 16 21.
Rtvd May 4, 211.
Rv, So (1999). The New Jackals: Ramzi

Yousef, Osama Bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism. Bosto: Notast Uvsty Pss. ISBN
1-55553-47-4.
Bg, Pt (211). The Longest War: The Enduring Con ict between America and al-Qaeda. Nw
Yok: F Pss. ISBN 978--7432-7893-5.
Rdl, Buc (28). The Search for al Qaeda:

Its Leadership, Ideology, and Future. Wasgto,
D.C.: Bookgs Isttuto Pss. ISBN 978-8157-7414-3.
B Lad, Osaa (25). Lawc, Buc, d.

Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin
Laden. Lodo: Vso. ISBN 1-84467-45-7.
Cassdy, Robt M. (26). Counterinsurgency and
the Global War on Terror: Military Culture and Irregular War. Wstpot, CT: Pag Scuty Itatoal. ISBN -275-9899-9.
Coll, Stv (25). Ghost Wars: The Secret History
of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (2d d.). Nw
Yok: Pgu Books. ISBN -14-33466-9.
Saga, Mac (24). Understanding Terror Networks. Pladlpa: Uvsty o Psylvaa

Pss. ISBN -8122-388-7.
Scd, Alx P. Al Qaeda s Single Narrative and
Attempts to Develop Counter-Narratives (Itatoal Ct o Cout-Tos, 214)
To ov, Yaoslav (26). Faith at War: A Journey On the Frontlines of Islam, From Baghdad to
Timbuktu. Nw Yok: Pcado. ISBN 978--857754-4.
184
Wcsl, Wlla F. (21). Staglg T Hy- Media

da: Tagtg Al Qada s Facs . I Hog,
Jas; Ros, Gdo. How Did This Happen Ter Pt Taylo. (27). "Wa o t Wst". Age of
rorism and the New War. Nw Yok: PublcA as.
Terror, No. 4, ss 1. BBC.
pp. 129 143. ISBN 1-58648-13-4.
Ivstgatg Al-Qada, BBC News
Wgt, Lawc (26). The Looming Tower: Al Ada Cuts (24). The Power of Nightmares.
Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. Nw Yok: Kop.
BBC.
ISBN -375-41486-X.
Wgt, Lawc (Ju 2, 28). T Rbllo
Wt . The New Yorker 84 (16). pp. 36 53. Rtvd Sptb 15, 29.
Reviews
Akac, Moad (August 25).
Rvw: Mod Jad: Tacg t Dollas bd t To Ntwoks . International Journal of Middle East Studies 37 (3): 444 445.
do:1.117S274385362143.
Bal, J y M. (Octob 26). Dcpg Islas ad Tos . Middle East Journal 60 (4):
777 788.
Government reports
Kostadt, K. All; Katza, Kt (Novb 28). Islast Mltacy t PakstaAgasta Bod Rgo ad U.S. Polcy (PDF).
U.S. Cogssoal Rsac Svc.
Subcott o Tos, Nopolato, ad
Tad o t Cott o Fog A as, Hous
o Rpstatvs (July 18, 213). Global AlQada: A lats, Objctvs, ad Futu Callgs . Utd Stats Govt Ptg O c.
Acvd o t ogal o Novb 22, 213.
Wt Hous (Sptb 23). Pogss Rpot
o t Global Wa o Tos . Utd Stats Dpatt o Stat. Acvd o t ogal o
Sptb 22, 23.
34.17
External links
U.S. Dpt. o Justc, Al Qada Tag Maual at

t Wayback Mac (acvd Mac 31, 25)
Al-Qada Oxod Islac Studs Ol
Dcad At 911, Al-Qada Sabls
17 d-class d docuts captud dug t Abbottabad ad ad lasd to t Cobatg Tos Ct
B Lad docuts at a glac
Al Qada s Nw Fot o PBS Frontline, Jauay

25
Isd al Qada
graphic
vdo pot by National Geo-
Al-Qada collctd ws ad cotay at The

Guardian
al-Qada collctd ws ad cotay at The
New York Times
Chapter 35
Islamic Front (Syria)

Not to b cousd wt Islac Coalto (Sya).
Hos-basd Lwa al-Ha (oly pat o Sya

Islac Fot)[2]
T Islamic Front (Aabc: , al-Jabhat al Idlb-basd Suou al-Sa (oly pat o t

Islmiyyah) s a g o sv bl goups volvd
Sya Islac Lbato Fot)[2]
t Sya cvl wa[3] tat was aoucd o 22 Novb 213.[13] A aoyous spoksa o t goup
Daascus-basd Jays al-Isla[19] (oly pat o
as statd tat t wll ot av ts wt t Sya NaSya Islac Lbato Fot)[2]
[14]
toug a b o t poltcal
toal Coalto,
Asa al-Sa (oly pat o t Sya Islac
buau o t goup, Aad Musa, as statd tat
Fot)[2]
ops o cogto o t Sya Natoal Coucl
coopato o wat suggstd t Sya popl
Kuds Islac Fot
wat. Ty wat a voluto ad ot poltcs ad o[15]
T goup s wdly s as backd ad
g agdas.
ad by Saud Aaba.[16][17][18]
T Sya Islac Fot twtd tat t ad dsbadd
ad ts copot goups would by opat ud t
Islac Fot.[21] Not all goups t Sya Islac Lbato Fot jod t Islac Fot, altoug ay o
35.1 History
t ky lads o t SILF dd. T Sya Islac Lbato Fot aoucd ts dssoluto o 26 Novb
35.1.1 Founding
213.[22]
T ladsp o t Islac Fot at t t o
ts oudg was aoucd as Sua Coucl Lad:
Ad Abu Issa (Suou al-Sa), Dputy Sua Coucl Lad: Abu Oa Hta (Lwa al-Tawd), Gal
Sctay: Sk Abu Ratb (Lwa al-Ha), Saa Oc: Abul-Abbas al-Sa (Aa as-Sa), Poltcal
O c: Hassa Abboud (Aa as-Sa) ad Mltay
O c: Zaa Allous (Jays al-Isla)[23]
Video released on 22 November 2013 showing the formation of

the Islamic Front. Ahmed Abu Issa (center) speaking
O 22 Novb 213, sv Islast goups agd to a

pact tat would dssolv t goups dvdually ad lad
to t oato o t Islac Fot. T goups w:
Alppo s lagst opposto gtg oc Al-Tawd
Bgad[19] (oly pat o t Sya Islac Lbato Fot)
Sala st Aa as-Sa[19] (oly pat o t
Sya Islac Fot)[2]
A Lwa al-Tawd b sad t old as wll dsappa ad t goups wll ow lt [sic] to t w

g. T wll b o suc tg as Lwa al-Tawd.
T ad o t goup s Cosultatv Coucl, Aad Essa
al-Sk, sad t goup sougt a paadg st t
ad bllo by closg aks ad oblsg t
to bco t al altatv to t dyg g. H
addd tat t goup would coopat wt wat t calld
loyal gts t couty, cludg t F Sya Ay (FSA).[15] Howv o 3 Dcb 213 ty
wtdw o t coad o t FSA ad ctczd
ts ladsp.[24] O 6 Dcb 213, gts o
t Islac Fot szd sval FSA bass ad dpots
at t Bab al-Hawa cossg.[24] Ts causd co ct btw t two goups tat lastd utl lat Dcb
213.[24]
185
186
CHAPTER 35. ISLAMIC FRONT (SYRIA)
35.1.2 Background
o dg t cvl wa.[32] O b o t poltcal

assbly o t goup as statd tat t Islac Fot
T g ollowd t dat o Lwa al-Tawd s l- could accpt Sya as a docacy, as log as saa s
tay lad, Abdul Qad Sal, o wouds a wk a- sovg .[33]
l ollowg a a stk Alppo, w was tg ot lads.[1] A goup b, Adl Fstok, sad
t g plag was t woks o sv ots;
35.3 O cial Goals and Guiding
Fstok statd tat O o t ajo obstacls w acd
Principles of the Islamic
was t lust o pow by so lads. But vtually
vyo ad cocssos od to ak ts pojct
Front and Its Allies
app. Accodg to , t pay callg was a
lack o oy ad wapos.[15] It as b statd by
Cals Lst o IHS Ja s tat t total aout o gt- Rvolutoay ocs a ully awa o t gavty o t
cut stuato ou blssd voluto s gog toug,
s t Islac Fot as ay ub up to 45,.[3]
ad t pusut o uyg ots ad jog ocs
wt a coo awok tat svs t tsts o
t Sya popl, ts ocs co t cott
35.1.3 Later events
to t ollowg:
I Dcb 213, t Islac Fot szd t FSA
aduats, alog wt ky supply waouss
At, as wll as t aby bod cossg wt Tuky
at Bab al-Hawa. FSA C-o-Sta Bgad Gal
Sal Ids d va Tuky to Doa, Qata, dug t
assault.[25] Howv, t FSA dd tat Ids ad lt
Sya, ad sad tat t Islac Fot was askd to lp t
FSA gt agast t Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat.[26] T FSA co d o 13 Dcb 213 tat
t Islac Fot ad obtad ac gus ad auto tat w ot supposd to b t posssso o
t Islasts.[27] Lat tat ot, owv, t Islac
Fot ad t F Sya Ay cocld.[28]
1. T cotols ad lts o volutoay wok a dvd o ou auttc lgo, avodg udatals ad adcals.
2. T Sya voluto s ultat poltcal goal s to
ovtow t cut g wt all ts sybols ad
oudatos ad to bg t to justc a tals,
wtout acts o vgac o talato.
3. T g tat cots tos agast ou popl toug gula ad gula ocs, alog wt all
t pats suppotg t suc as t cas o
Ia, Ia, ad Hzbolla, ad all tos wo cay out
aggsso agast ou popl ad x-coucat t
(apostasy), suc as ISIS, a ltay tagts o t voBy aly 214, t Islac Fot ad codd t ac- luto. Mltay actos wll b ltd to Sya ttoy.
tos o t Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat; ad
so actos wt t allac attackd t.[29] Sval 4. Ovtowg t g s a collaboatv tps
Islac Fot bgads, cludg Suou al-Sa ad by d t volutoay ocs. Basd o t awaAa as-Sa, dvlopd tal dvsos o ow to ss o ts ocs o t goal ad tatoal do v wt to coot t Islac Stat o Ia ad sos o t Sya css, w wlco t oppotuty
t Lvat.[3] O 9 Sptb 214, Hassa Abboud, to coucat ad coopat wt goal ad tat Islac Fot s poltcal lad, ad Abu Abdulalk toal pats to sow soldaty wt t Sya popl
al-Sa, t ad o t Islac Fot s Saa Coucl, a way tat svs t tsts o t voluto.
w klld alog wt ay ot so Aa as-Sa 5. T psvato o Sya ttoal tgty ad t
coads, a ISIL-stgatd sucd bob attack pvto, by all attaabl as, o ay pojct ad
o a g-lvl tg t Idlb povc.[4][31]
at dvdg ts ttos s a o-gotabl volutoay pcpl.
6. Ou volutoay ocs, t ltay opatos,
ly o Sya lts oly ad blv tat t ltay
ad poltcal dcsos sould b tly Sya, jctg
T Islac Fot lasd ts cat o t Itt ay typ o a lato wt og tts.
lat Novb 213, outlg ts as ad objctvs, 7. T Sya popl a to stabls a stat o law, altoug t docut avodd povdg a cla vso do, ad justc, wtout ay sot o pssu o dctao t utu.[32] T Islac Fot s cat jcts t tosp.
cocpts o pstatv docacy ad sculas, stad skg to stabls a Islac stat uld by a 8. T Sya voluto s a voluto basd o oals
Majls-as-Sua ad pltg saa. It ackowl- ad valus wos objctv s to obta do, justc,
dgs t tc ad lgous ots tat lv Sya, ad scuty o all sctos o Sya socty, wt ts dwl also wlcog t og gts wo av jod vs ult-tc ad ult-sct socal abc.
t at-Assad ocs ad jctg o-ltay as 9. T Sya voluto s cottd to t spct o
35.2
Objectives
187
35.5. REFERENCES
ua gts wc s also couagd by ou auttc
lgo.
[9] Fdo, Hua Rgts, Rul o Law: T Goals ad

Gudg Pcpls o t Islac Fot ad Its Alls .
Democratic Revolution, Syrian Style. 17 May 214. Rtvd 17 May 214.
1. Rvolutoay ocs stogly cod t g s

tagtg o cvlas ad cug us o wapos o
ass dstucto (WMD) agast t cvla populato. [1] Alppo scod wk o blackout ad at ltg bal bobs . T Daly Sta. 26 Apl 214. Rtvd 22
Rvolutoay ocs stv to kp cvlas out o t
May 214.
ccl o volc ad a ly cottd towads tat
d. Ts ocs v usd suc wapos t past [11] Class wd btw Islast goups a Sya s
ad tat at t sa t t absc o ay WMD
Hasaka . ARA Nws. 18 Mac 214. Rtvd 9
t posssso.
Novb 214.
11. All tat s covd by t g s t lawul pop- [12] Sya bls ut ad lauc w volt, agast jty o t Sya popl ad t wll b usd ad adadsts . AFP. 4 Jauay 214. Rtvd 28 Apl 214.
std by volutoay ocs od to ul ll t popl s dads o bgg dow t g. Vly w [13] Sx Islast actos ut lagst Sya bl g .
Ruts. 22 Novb 213. Rtvd 22 Novb
call upo all ot volutoay ocs o Sya t213.
toy to sg ts covat od to b o ad ou
stuggl to toppl t g.
[14] Ss o Sya Musl bl bgads say ty'v ud ud a o t 'Islac Fot'". Edmonton JourTs covat sgd by:
nal. Assocatd Pss. 22 Novb 213. Rtvd 22
Novb 213.
Ajad al-Sa Islac Uo
[15] Atass, Basa (22 Novb 213). Majo Sya bl

goups jo ocs . Al Jaza Egls. Rtvd 7 Dcb 213.
Ay o Mujad
Sa Lgo
[16] Sya FSA ads sadow o Saud-backd opposto

ot, Al-Moto, 11 Dcb 213
Alwat Al-Fua
Islac Fot[9]
35.4
[17] Sya s Saud Jadst Pobl, Daily Beast, 16 Dcb

213
[18] Al-Qada ad ISIS: T Rucato o Abu Bak alBagdad, Al Akhbar, 4 Fbuay 214
See also
35.5
[2] A Pow Mov by Sya s Rbl Focs . Isttut o t

Study o Wa. 22 Novb 213. Rtvd 5 Dcb
213.
References
[1] Sya Islast bl actos g: Spoksa . AFP.

[2] Mcal Wss (8 Jauay 214). Has sawa t t a
Sya?". NOW Nws. Rtvd 1 Jauay 214.
[3] Ladg Sya bl goups o w Islac Fot .
BBC. 22 Novb 213. Rtvd 22 Novb 213.
[4] Sya bl lad klld sucd blast . Al Jazeera English. 9 Sptb 214. Rtvd 9 Sptb 214.
[5] Rcad Hall (9 Jauay 214).
goups . Ruts.
[19] Islasts og Sya s bl allac . MSN NZ. 23

Novb 213. Rtvd 22 Novb 213.
Factbox: Sya s bl
[6] ttp:www.ogpolcy.coatcls21434
slac_ot_ss_sya
[21] Sya Islac Fot o Twtt . Rtvd 28 Novb 213.

[22] Statt o t Islac Fot o t lbato o
Sya . Sya Islac Lbato Fot. Rtvd 4 Dcb 213.
[23] Say Hllo to t Islac Fot . Cag Edowt
o Itatoal Pac. 22 Novb 213. Rtvd
19 May 214.
[24] Dzadosz, Alxad; Aaasva, Dasa (7 Dcb
Sya Islasts sz Wst-backd bl
213).
bass: otog goup . Ruts. Rtvd 12 Dcb 213.
[7] Alppo: Sya s Stalgad?". National Interest. 22 Apl

214. Rtvd 22 May 214.
[25] Top U.S.-backd Coad Sya Ru Out, U.S.

O cals Say . The Wall Street Journal. 12 Dcb
213.
[8] T Lvat Fot: Ca Alppo s Rbls Ut?".

Cag Edowt o Itatoal Pac. 26 Dcb 214. Rtvd 26 Dcb 214.
[26] Sya bls dy pots top coad ocd to

. Ruts. 12 Dcb 213. Rtvd 12 Dcb 213.
188
CHAPTER 35. ISLAMIC FRONT (SYRIA)
[27] Vogad, Cassada (13 Dcb 213). Sya bls:

Islac ltats abbd ou wapos . Assocatd Pss.
Rtvd 13 Dcb 213.
[28] Dck, Mal (17 Dcb 214). FSA allac puss
back agast Islac Fot . Daly Sta. Rtvd 8 Jauay 214.
[29] Lud, Ao (8 Jauay 214). Pusg Back Agast t
Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat: T Islac Fot .
Cag Edowt o Itatoal Pac. Rtvd
8 Jauay 214.
[3] Hassa Hassa (4 Mac 214). Fot to Back . Fog
Polcy. Rtvd 5 Mac 214.
[31] Sya s Aa al-Sa Ladsp Wpd Out Bobg . Carnegie Endowment of International Peace. 9
Sptb 214. Rtvd 1 Sptb 214.
[32] Nw bl allac wats Sya as 'Islac Stat'". AFP
ws agcy. 26 Novb 213. Rtvd 16 Dcb 214.
[33] Assad dstoyd Sya ad apulatd t populato:
Rbl lad . ARA Nws. Rtvd 21 May 214.
35.6
External links
Islac Fot o Twtt (Aabc)
Chapter 36
Army of Mujahedeen
Not to b cousd wt Jas al-Mujad (Ia).
Lwaa Asa al-Klaa
T Army of Mujahedeen (Aabc: , Jays

al-Mujad) s a coalto o Islast bl goups
wc od od to gt t Islac Stat o Ia
ad t Lvat (ISIL) dug t Sya Cvl Wa.[13]
T goup accusd ISIL o dsuptg scuty ad stablty aas tat ad b d o t cotol o t
Assad g.[14] T spokspso o t coalto sad
t would stat opatos Idlb ad Alppo ad gadually xpad towads t st o Sya.[1]
al-Quds Bgads
T actos wc od t Ay o Mujad
lagly gd o t vllags ad tows o t
Alppo tlad.[15][16] T Ay dos ot av a poltcal poga, ad altoug t b goups av
a Islast dtty, ty w lagly o-dologcal
F Sya Ay a latd goups al t Sya Cvl Wa.[15] T t goups at t co o t allac w Dvso 19, Fasta Kaa Ut ad t
Nou al-D al-Zak Islac Bgads, wc was also
pat o t Auttcty ad Dvlopt Fot.[15] O
4 May 214, t Ay o Mujad aoucd t
wtdawal o t Nou al-D al-Zak Islac Bgads
o t coalto.[4] O 3 Ju 214, t Ay aoucd t xpulso o Dvso 19 s Lwaa al-Asa
ut ad ts lad, Abu Bak, accusg t o tt
ad kdappg.[5] Cals Lst, o t Bookgs Doa
Ct, dscbd t Ay o Mujad as bg a
sadow o ts o sl by August 214, patally du
to a ducto suppot t ad cvd o og
stats.[17] T Utd Stats plas to supply wapos to
t goup,[18] toug t a dcatos tat t goup
s stll bg vttd.[19] Fasta Kaa Ut lt t
goup appoxatly Dcb o 214.[2]
36.1
Ka al-Assal F Bgads
al-Suyuk Bgad
Lwaa al-Muja[3]
36.2 See also

36.3 References
[1] Sya Opposto Bulds Ay Agast Assad, AlQada . Aadolu Agcy. 3 Jauay 214. Rtvd
8 Jauay 214.
[2] Sya opposto says t backs bl gt agast alQada . Al Aabya Nws. 4 Jauay 214. Rtvd
5 Jauay 214.
[3] Sya: Ay o t Mujad Callgs ISIS Gas .
Al Akba. 6 Jauay 214. Rtvd 9 Jauay 214.
[4] Js al-Mujad Cat Cot ad Taslato . Goa s Nal. 4 May 214. Rtvd 3 May 214.
[5]
"
."
3-6-214
[6] Pusg Back Agast t Islac Stat o Ia ad t
Lvat: T Sya Rvolutoas Fot ad t Mujad Ay . Cag Edowt o Itatoal
Pac. 7 Jauay 214. Rtvd 7 Jauay 214.
A liated groups
al-Noo Islac Movt

Jauay 214.
19t Dvso (FSA):

214. Rtvd 22 May 214.
Lwaa Ajad al-Isla

189
19
CHAPTER 36. ARMY OF MUJAHEDEEN

[12] Sya bls ut ad lauc w volt, agast jadsts . AFP. 4 Jauay 214. Rtvd 28 Apl 214.
[13] Qada-Lkd Isugts Clas Wt Ot Rbls
Sya, as Scs Gows . Nw Yok Ts. 3 Jauay
214. Rtvd 5 Jauay 214.
[14] Sya bls lauc c o sv agast al Qada
gts . Ruts. 4 Jauay 214. Rtvd 5 Jauay
214.
[15] T Mujad Ay o Alppo . Cag Edowt o Itatoal Pac. 8 Apl 214. Rtvd 12
May 214.
[16] Factbox: Sya bls agast opposto coalto .
Ruts. 25 Sptb 213. Rtvd 5 Jauay 214.
[17] As ISIS closs , s t ga ov o Sya s opposto
Alppo?". CNN. 15 August 214. Rtvd 25 August
214.
[18] At A Log Wat, Sya Rbls Hop T Wapos
Wll Now Flow . NPR. 17 Sptb 214. Rtvd
17 Sptb 214.
[19] U.S.-ld a stks pos pobl o Assad s odat os . Ruts. 3 Sptb 214. Rtvd 3
Sptb 214.
36.4
External links
Ay o Mujad o Twtt (Aabc)

Ay o Mujad s YouTub Cal
Chapter 37
Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union

T Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union (Aabc:
, al-ittihad al-islami li-ajnad al-sham,
Islac Uo o t Solds o t Lvat") s a allac o so o t Islast goups tat av b actv dug t Sya Cvl Wa.[2] T goups volvd
a: t al-Habb al-Mustaa Bgads, t Ajad alIsla Gatg, t Saaba Bgads ad Battalos,
t Sabab al-Houda Battalos ad t D al-Asa
Bgad.[3] T ogazato xpssd suppot o t
Gva II talks.[8]
[8] Sya opposto says to attd talks, backd by bl

gts . Ruts. 18 Jauay 214. Rtvd 24 Apl
214.
37.3 External links

Ajad al-Sa Islac Uo wbst
Ajad al-Sa Islac Uo o Twtt (Aabc)
Ajad al-Sa YouTub Cal (Aabc)
37.1
See also
37.2
References
[1] Pusg Back Agast t Islac Stat o Ia ad t

Lvat: T Pat to Co ct . Cag Edowt o
Itatoal Pac. 6 Jauay 214. Rtvd 24 Apl
214.
[2] Daascus Pacs ad t Ad Rbllo .
Cag Edowt o Itatoal Pac. 5 Mac
214. Rtvd 24 Apl 214.
[3] T Ajad al-Sa Islac Uo . Cag Edowt o Itatoal Pac. 4 Mac 214. Rtvd
24 Apl 214.
[5] Abguous Rbl Statts o t Gva Ngotatos . Cag Edowt o Itatoal Pac. 1
Fbuay 214. Rtvd 26 Apl 214.
[7] Ay aks st pus towad Alppo a ya . T
Daly Sta. 28 Jauay 214. Rtvd 24 Apl 214.
191
Chapter 38
Supporters of the Religion Front

T Supporters of the Religion Front[2] (Aabc:
, Jabhat Ansar al-Deen) s a jadst allac
tat aoucd tsl o 25 July 214 dug t Sya
Cvl Wa.[1] T allac cotas t ot goups:
Haakat Sa al-Isla, Jas al-Muaj wal-Asa
ad Haakat Faj Sa al-Islaya; t as dclad tat s
ot a latd wt ay ot pats .[1] T G Battalo swo allgac to Jas al-Muaj wal-Asa
aoud Octob o 214.[3] T allac as attptd to
ata utalty t co ct btw ISIL ad ot
goups.[2]
[6] Cc coad os 'Ay o Egats,' tgats Sya goups . Log Wa Joual. 28 Mac
213. Rtvd 26 July 214.
38.3 External links
T goups volvd t coalto av dvs bsps; Haakat Faj Sa al-Islaya s ostly Syas o t Alppo aa,[4] wl Haakat Sa alIsla was od aoud a co o Moocca gts,[5]
t G Battalo aly ad gts o Saud
Aaba[5] ad Jas al-Muja wal-Asa was od
by Cc ad ot Russa-spakg gts.[6]
38.1
See also
38.2
References
[1] Sya Updat: July 17 - 25, 214 . Isttut o t Study

o Wa Sya Updats. 25 July 214. Rtvd 26 July
214.
[2] Jabat Asa al-D: Aalyss ad Itvw . Sya
Cot. 23 Octob 214. Rtvd 23 Octob 214.
[3] Vdo: Saud Facto Swas Allgac To Jas alMuaj wal-Asa E . Fo Ccya To Sya.
4 Octob 214. Rtvd 14 Octob 214.
[4] Sya s Sala Isugts: t Rs o t Sya Islac
Fot . Swds Isttut o Itatoal A as. Mac
213. Rtvd 23 Octob 214.
[5] T Sya bl goups pullg og gts .
BBC. 24 Dcb 213. Rtvd 26 July 214.
192
Suppots o t Rlgo Fot o Twtt (Aabc)

Suppots o t Rlgo YouTub Cal (Aabc)
Chapter 39
Ghuraba al-Sham (jihadist group)

Ts atcl s about t jadst goup. Fo t ot
goup, s Guaba al-Sa (Sya).
[3] Sya s Islac Movt ad t Cut Upsg: Poltcal Acuscc, Quts, ad Dsst . Jadalyya.
21 Fbuay 212. Rtvd 21 May 214.
Ghuraba al-Sham (Aabc: Ghurab ashShm, StagsFogs o t go o Sya") s a

goup ad up o jadsts o Tuks ad o East
bloc og,[1] wo av patcpatd t sugglg o
og gts to Ia, tvd Lbao dug t
27 Lbao co ct,[6] ad ougt Sya dug t
Sya Cvl Wa.[1] T goup coodatd wt t AlNusa Fot class wt t Popl s Potcto Uts
Novb 212[8] ad Jauay 213.[9]
39.1
[5] As-Sa (14 Novb 212). Kuds Caugt Coss I Notwst Sya Battl . Al Moto. Rtvd 21
May 214.
[6] McGgo, Adw (Octob 27). Cotovsal Sya Pac Abu al-Qaa Gud Dow Alppo . Terrorism Focus 4 (33). Rtvd 21 May 214.
[7] Cal Dott (15 May 214). Aab Tbs Splt Btw
Kuds Ad Jadsts . Cag Edowt o Itatoal Pac. Rtvd 21 May 214.
Structure
T goup was oudd by Alppo pac Maud alAgas, wo was also kow as Abu al-Qaa. H was
ot accusd by Sya opposto pats o wokg
o t Mukabaat ad dug t 27 Lbao co ct
was kow as t Godfather of Fatah al-Islam.[6] T
goup was wdly blvd by ay Lbas popl to
b sugglg gts to Ia dug t Ia Wa ad lat
to t Na al-Bad ug cap to lp Fata al-Isla
ud t allgd auspc o t Sya govt.[6]
Abu al-Qaa was klld Alppo by a o pso
wo was ld by Acas dug t Ia Wa[2] o 28
Sptb 27.[6] Mbs o t goup w cutd
Sya ad st to Ia to gt dug t Ia Wa.[3]
39.2
[4] AFP (18 Jauay 213). Ragg class pt Sya Kuds

agast jadsts . NOW. Rtvd 21 May 214.
[8] Jadst bls stado wt Sya Kuds: NGO . Al

Aabya. 22 Novb 212. Rtvd 21 May 214.
[9] AFPRuts (18 Jauay 213). Havy casualts as
ug blast t Alppo . Ruts ad AFP. Rtvd 21
May 214.
39.4 External links
See also
39.3
References
[1] Jadsts clpsg ot bls Sya s Alppo . Daly

Nws Egypt. 6 Dcb 212. Rtvd 21 May 214.
[2] Radcal Sya clc 'sot dad'". BBC. 29 Sptb
27. Rtvd 21 May 214.
193
Chapter 40
Jund al-Sham
Not to b cousd wt Juud al-Sa.
tac outsd o a tat Doa a Daka,

Baglads ad jud 12 ot popl.[4] T goup
Jund al-Sham (Aabc:
) s t a o - clad sposblty [5]o a sucd bobg a a
t o two spaat xtst Islac goupgs. T Bts scool Qata.
st s latd to Agasta (ad s also kow as t Asty Itatoal pots o ot attacks by t
Solds o t Lvat) tat statd 1999 ad ad d- goup as ollows:
ct lks wt al-Qada ad Abu Musab al-Zaaw. T
scod s a Palsta Su Sala st goup o Islast
xtsts actv sc 24 Lbao ad opposd
to asta Palsta Fata ovt, t Sya
Hba al-Kald, Rola al-Kald ad Nag ad St Lbas ovt Hzbolla. It s
da
al-Satou
w astd o 3 Sptb
basd aly A al-Hlw Palsta ug cap
25,
ollowg,
accodg to Sya stat a Sdo (also kow as Sada), sout Lbao, but
da,
a
gu
battl
Haa povc, t wst

ts actvts clud opatos ot pats o Lbao
o
t
couty,
btw
t At-To Suad
ad occasoally Sya. I 212 a Sya bac o t
ad
ltats
o
t
Jud
al-Sa ( Solds o
Lbas basd Jud al-Sa was od, od to
t
Lvat
)
ad
goup.
Fv Jud al-Sa
gt t Sya Cvl Wa o t sd o t Sya opbs
w
potdly
klld
ad two scuposto. It b y dclad a Islac Eat Qalaat
ty
o
cs
jud.
T
wo
w astd
al Hos, a Hos, bo bg ocd to wtdaw by
w
t
scuty
ocs
w
uabl
to d
[1]
t Sya Ad Focs 214.
t usbads, wo a allgdly volvd wt
It s ucla owv, ts slaly ad goups a
Jud al-Sa. Ty w st dtad t
tcoctd o latd to ac ot ay way.[2]
tow o Haa, bo bg tasd to t
Mltay Itllgc Palst Bac Daascus. Ty w potdly ld as ostags
to put pssu o t usbads to gv t40.1 Afghanistan group
slvs up, v toug Hba al-Kald ad
sst Rola al-Kald w pgat at t t
Jud al-Sa goup Agasta (also kow as t
ty w dtad, ad Nada al-Satou Solds o t Lvat) s a tost goup blvd to
potdly ad youg baby wt .
av st appad 1999. It was stablsd by Syas,
Palstas ad Lbas wt lks to Abu Musab alZaaw, wo wt o to oud lat al-Qada Ia. AlZaaw was subsutly klld by a US astk.
O Sptb 12, 26, ad ltats potdly
Accodg to Euopa Itllgc docuts ad Jodaa govt soucs, Zaaw st up t Jud alSa tost cap wt 2, statup oy
cvd o Osaa b Lad.[3] T cap was st
1999 a Hat, Agasta, ad ad Al Mata
Tag Cap. It taugt t jadsts tcus gulla waa, xplosvs ad ccal wapos. It s blvd t goup lt Hat at ts bas o opatos was
dsuptd by t Wa Agasta to oust t Talba
g.
lkd to Jud al-Sa attptd to sto t US Ebassy Daascus. T ou attacks w ad wt

ad gads ad autoatc s, as wll as a va ggd
wt xplosvs. T o t attacks w klld ad
o woudd; a Sya at-tos o c was also
klld t battl.[2]
O Ju 2, 26 t Russa Sup Cout bad Jud

al-Sa alog wt t Palsta Islac Jad goup.[4]
[6]
T Aga Jud al-Sa goupg appas to av
b dd actv ad placd by ot tost
O Mac 19, 25 Jud As Sa klld o Bts goupgs.
194
195
40.3. SYRIAN GROUP
40.2
Lebanon group
Lbao basd Jud al-Sa s a Sala - ucd Su

Musl Palsta goup t A l-Hlw Palsta ug cap a t sout pot cty o Sdo,
Lbao ad ulk t Aga Jud al-Sa s actv. Its psc as also b potd ot pats
o Lbao ad Sya as wll o vaous occasos. It
s a at-Fata ogazato od 24 ad s cosdd a splt goup o Osbat al-Nou[4][7] ( Aabc
) ld by Abdulla Sad.
T st allgd attack o Jud al-Sa was o t ca
bob assassato o Hzbolla o cal Galb Awwal,
clag tat t assassato was pat o a pla to adcat "St sy as t calld t. Lat owv a a
clag to b t goup s lad dd ay volvt.
tat clc Ad al-Ass ad t Lbas Ay.[9]
40.3 Syrian group

I aly 212, Lbas Islast Kald Maoud alDadas, also kow as Abu Sula, laucd t
Sya bac o Jud al-Sa ad dclad sl t
goup s Qalaat al Hos (Kak ds Cvals),
a Hos.[1] Maoud ad b pso Lbao
o lgty pods. Fst spt 5 yas pso o
2 to 25 o bg pat o "Abou Asa" ocs gtg t Lbas Ay Joud l D Not
Lbao. At s las, bca pat o Fata alIsla ad was astd ad psod o volvt
bobg agast a Lbas Ay covoy ad spdg
6 o yas pso o 26 to 212 ad was lasd at svg s stc.[1]
Jud As-Sa also clasd wt a Nassst Lbas

goup outsd A al-Hlw ug cap. Fou popl
Jud al-Sa as tak pat gtg t Sya Ad
w jud.[8]
Focs alogsd Jabat al-Nusa.[1] T goup s coI July 25, Jud As Sa axd a tat to assass- posd aly o Lbas Su gts o Tpol ad
at sval pot Hzbolla alls ad lads, - Not Lbao ad also so Lbyas.
cludg o sptual lad o t ovt Sayyd
I August 213, two bs o t ovt o
Moaad Huss Fadlalla, at t St Fatwa CTpol w klld a sucd bobg a a Sya
t Ty.
Ay cckpot Hos Dstct. Svt Lbas
I Octob 25, Jud al-Sa tatd to slaugt gts o Tpol w klld a Sya Ay
t Ga poscuto Dtlv Mls, wo was adg abus Sya o t way to jo Al-Maoud s
t UN uy to t assassato o Ra k Ha. It ocs.[1] T goup as b accusd o ogazg asclad tat Mls was coctd wt Isal.
sacs o ts o Sya Cstas t pdoatly
Wad al-Nasaa Hos dstct August
Jud al-Sa ay o ay ot av ad latosp to Csta
[11]
213.
I
Mac 214, Jud al Sa s bas Kak
T Stuggls o t Uty ad Fdo o al-Sa",
ds
Cvals
ll to t Sya Ay, ocg t goup
wo Dcb 25 clad sposblty o t asto
wtdaw
at
takg avy casualts cludg t
sassato o Gba Tu, ad ad tats agast
dat
o
ts
Kald
Maoud.[1]
Dtlv Mls.
O May Day, 26, Jud al-Sa clasd wt Fata
t A l-Hlw cap. O Palsta bystad,
Moad Tayss Awad, 2, was klld by a stay bullt. T Assocatd Pss potd tat t gtg bga w Jud al-Sa gu td to assassat Maoud Abdul-Had Issa, a Fata ltay o cal, as
walkd wt s bodyguads. O o t bodyguads, Abu
Oa al-Aswad, was sously woudd.
O Ju 3, 27, Jud al-Sa d a ockt-poplld
gad at a Lbas Ay cckpot a Sada,
poptg a spos o t Lbas Ay ladg
to class. Ts class ollowd a ts t wks
Lbao s ot, w t Lbas Ay as b
battlg aot ltat goup Fata al-Isla at a Palsta ug cap.
T scuty ocs av clasd uous gu battls
wt t goup sc t.[2]
Jud al-Sa allgdly povdd potcto ad ug
to t Lbas o atst Fadl Sak Tawaa'
Taa Al l Hlw go at Sak d t
ollowg t class Sdo btw ollows o l-
40.4 See also

Blad al-Sa
Jud
40.5 External links

Po l: Jud al-Sa (BBC, Moday, 4 Ju 27)
ttp:www.asty.owb.spags
9B1AEC31FD5433B5C125713F26BD9B
ttp:jastow.ogtoswsatcl.pp?
atcld2369949
ttp:ws.yaoo.cosap26912ap_o__
_asya_gu
196
CHAPTER 40. JUND AL-SHAM
40.6
References
[1] Fas as Islast gts ock to Lbao . T Daly

Sta. 22 Mac 214.
[2] A Look at t To Goup Jud Al-Sa . Wasgto
Post. Sptb 12, 26.
[3] Bll Roggo (3 Mac 25). Exodus ad Asct . Rtvd 21 Octob 214.
[4] Wst Rsstac: Russa: Two Islac Goups Outlawd
[5] The Times (Lodo), Mac 23, 25
[6] To lst out; Russa tags two Kuwat goups . Aab
Ts.
[7] Ds Updat - Nws Aalyss by Davd Esl:
2125 - 22825
[8] Sya Nws
[9] SlabNws:
( Aabc)
...
[1] Al Hayat:
"
...
( Aabc)
[11] Al Akba:
( Aabc)
"
...
Chapter 41
Abdullah Azzam Brigades

T Abdullah Azzam Brigades (Aabc:
)s a Su Islast ltat goup a latd wt AlQada ad t global jad ovt. T goup, wc
bga opatg 29, was oudd by Saud Sal AlQaaaw ad as local twoks vaous couts,[6]
aly Egypt, Ia, Sya, Joda, Gaza Stp ad
Lbao.
ad w usd to cat ts goups ad aoucd t

bcaus o t ugcy o t battl wt t Jws ad t
poty o t tatv at t t ad t plac, but t
st o t goups a outsd Lbao.
I a tvw to Al-Jaza August 21, a Y

xpt o Islac ovts asstd tat altoug volt acts ad b clad by goups usg Abdulla AzIt s ad at t lat Sk Abdulla Azza, a za t a, t was oly 29 at t Gaza
Palsta o Joda ad a wll kow pac ad Wa tat t Abdulla Azza Bgads ogazato was
[8]
ogaz wo was aog t st Aabs to volut to stablsd.
jo t Aga Jad agast t ocs o t t Sovt
Uo Agasta t 198s.[7] So ot olatd tost ogazatos av b kow to us t 41.1.1 Branches
a Abdulla Azza Bgads as a a o covT Abdulla Azza Bgads as bacs actv
c o t opatos.
ultpl couts:
At gav jus al-Qaaaw cvd as a sult o a
do attack Paksta, ad s vtual captu upo
T Lbas bac as usd t a t Ziad
s tu to Saud Aaba by t Saud autots, t
al Jarrah Battalion, ad s ad at Lbas
ladsp o t Bgads was assud by Majd al911 jack Zad al Jaa wo patcpatd t
Majd, aot Saud a latd wt Fat Al Isla ad
jackg ad cas o Utd Flgt 93.
Al-Qada. Al-Majd was dclad as lad ad o
Abdulla Azza Bgads Ju 212, utl s captu
T Abdulla Azza Bgads bac t Aaby t Lbas autots o 27 Dcb 213 ad
ba Psula calls tsl t Yusuf al- Uyayri Batvtual dat by kdy alu o 4 Jauay 214.
talions,[1] ad at Yus al-Ay, t sla
oud o Al Qada Saud Aaba.
41.1
History
T Abdalla Azza Bgads was od by t Saud

Sal Al-Qaaaw 29[1] as a o soot o al-Qada
Ia, ad was taskd wt ttg tagts t Lvat ad
tougout t Mddl East. Qaaaw s a Saud ctz
ad s o t lst o 85 ost-watd tosts tat was
ssud by t Saud Ito Msty 29.
I Gaza stp, t goup ad usd t a Marwan Haddad division of the Abdullah Azzam
Brigades in the Levant. O 1 Apl 211, a
Gaza goup clad sposblty o g a Gad
ssl at t Isal cty o Asklo ad two ot
pojctls at t Zk ltay bas. T goup
sad a statt tat opatos would cotu
utl t Palsta lad s lbatd ad Tawd ag
s asd. [9][1]
At attacks by t Zad al Jaa Battalo, a Lbas

a lat o t Abdulla Azza Bgads, a couu
was lasd clayg tat t Bgads opatd o a 41.1.2 Aliases
wd scal. T couu sad: "[T Abdulla Az[11][12]
za Bgads] a ot co d to Lbao but t a T goup as usd a ub o alass cludg:
tagts tat ou s wll ac Alla wllg t a
Maty Abdulla Azza Bgads Abdulla Azutu...t Bgads a od o a ub o goups
za Sad Bgads Katab Suada' Abdulla
tat a spad uous placs...ad t goups o
'Zad al Jaa' Lbao a oly so o ou goups,
Azza
197
198
Abdulla Azza Bgads o t Lad o Al-Sa
Al-Qada t Lvat Al-Qada t Lvat
ad Egypt Al-Qada Sya ad Egypt
CHAPTER 41. ABDULLAH AZZAM BRIGADES

sa goup tat cad out t Taba bobgs a
ya al.[17] Astd suspcts clad to av
b otvatd by t Wa Ia.[18]
Al-Qa'da ogazato - T Lad o Al-Sa ad Jordan

Al-Kaa Taz al-Qada Blad as-Sa wa
Ad al-Kaa
I 25, aga uc al ta t o cal oato
o t ogazato, ts a appad lato to a
T Haakat Sabaab al-Mujad
ss o ockt attacks o Joda. Sval Katyusa
ockts w d o wt t Jodaa ttoy,
so ttg a t Elat Apot ad two ots t41.1.3 Name of convenience
tg vy clos to two Utd Stats Navy sps dockd
T a as b usd by ot o-latd ogaza- Aaba, t USS Kearsarge (LHD-3), ad t USS
[19]
A goup lkd wt al-Qada
tos as a a o covc a ub o opatos Ashland (LSD-48).
clad
to
av
ad
tat
attack.[2][21] O o t ockad vaous couts.
ts t a Jodaa ltay osptal, kllg a Jodaa sold.[22] T attack s gadd as avg b
Egypt
pptatd by t al-Zaaw bac o Al Qada.[23]
A sl-styld Abdulla Azza Bgads also clad
Ev po to t actual oato o t ogazato sposblty.[24]
29, a goup callg tsl Abdulla Azza Bgads
cad out dvastatg attacks 24 t Sa bobPakistan
gs ad 25 Sa l-Sk bobgs.
O 7 Octob 24, t Sa Psula Egypta
sot o Taba was subjct o t tost attacks tagtg a otl ad two toust capsts.
T Hlto Taba bobg klld 31 popl ad
woudd so 159 ots. T oos o t otl collapsd ollowg t blast.[13] Two capsts
usd by Isals at Ras al-Sta, a Nuwba w
also attackd kllg two Isals ad a Egypta.
Twlv ots w woudd. T bobgs w
clad by a ukow goup calld Abdulla Azza Bgads. Accodg to Egypta autots,
ts was a cov to t astd bd t bobgs, t Palsta Iyad Sal. H ad o o s
ads, Sula Ad Sal Flay l dd t
Hlto blast, appatly bcaus t bob t
ad u out too ast.[14] T Egyptas, Yous
Moad Maoud, Osaa al-Naklaw, ad
Moad Jaz Sabba w stcd to dat
Novb 26 o t ols t blast.[15] Accodg to vstgatos, t was o stog lk to
Al Qada t blasts.
O 23 July 25, t Egypta sot o Sa lSk was subjct to a ss o bobgs kllg
88 popl, t ajoty o t Egyptas, ad ov
2 woudd, akg t t dadlst tost acto Egypt s od stoy. A goup callg
tsl t Abdulla Azza Bgads was t st
to cla sposblty o t attacks. O a wbst, t goup statd tat oly waos tagtd
t Gazala Gads otl ad t Old Makt
Sa l-Sk ad clad t as ts to AlQada.[16] T Egypta govt sad tat t
bobs w actually Bdou ltats o t
A lttl-kow Paksta ltat goup, Fday alIsla, a latd wt Tk--Talba Paksta, clad
sposblty o t Pal Cottal otl bobg
Psawa, Paksta.[7] A spoksa o t goup, A
Muawya, pod da ogazatos clag sposblty o t attack ad posd o attacks w
o t way.[25] H ut statd tat t bobg was
talato o Paksta ay opatos Swat ad
Malakad dvso o t Not Wst Fot Povc
ad t tbal aas o Daa Ada Kl ad Oakza
Agcy[26] Howv o 11 Ju 29, a pvously ukow goup callg tsl t Abdullah Azzam Shaheed Brigade clad sposblty o t attack, sayg t attack was spos to attacks by Paksta ltay ocs o Talba sugts t Swat Vally.[27]
O 24 Fbuay 212, ts allgd goup uppd wt
sucd bobs blw tslvs up a attack o a polc stato C Dvso t at o Psawa. Accodg to wtsss, total attacks w o ta 1,
ad wt ad gads ad autoatc wapoy wt
latst tcology tat was v b usd bo. Two
Paksta polc w klld ad sx ots jud.
T Abdulla Azza Bgad clad sposblty o
t attack. Spoksa Abu Zaa Sad, spakg o a
ukow locato, sad tat t attack was a acto to
t kllg o a top ltat lad, Bada Masoo, a
do stk Wazsta.[28]
The Persian Gulf
T a also ot opatos clad by t Bgads,
but stog doubts wt ty w actually volvd.
Fo xapl, o 3 August 21, a a clad to b a
199
41.4. LISTING AS A TERRORIST ORGANIZATION

spoksa o t bgad ad a vdo statt tat t
Bgads w volvd t attack o t Japas ol
tak M. Star t Stat o Houz July 21. But
ay aalysts a skptcal about t cla tat t was
t Abdulla Azza Bgads.[29] A BBC cospodt
asstd tat t pptatos w usg t a as a
a o covc ."[29]
41.2
Syria
T goup dd all volvt t 23 Dcb

211 sucd attack t Sya captal tat klld 4
popl. T to goup accusd t Sya govt
o attptg to d ct attto o ts butal cackdow o potsts tat as klld o ta 5, popl. I a statt lasd o jadst wbsts o 27
Dcb 211, t Abdulla Azza Bgads dd
sposblty o t sucd attacks.[3]
I a statt ssud by t goup s , Majd b
Muaad al-Majd, Ju 212, t goup ackowldgd ts gt agast t ocs o Psdt Basa al
Assad t Sya Cvl Wa. Majd codd tat
t bls avod us o ca bobs ad bob blts sd cts o a o ag ad alatg Sya cvlas. Ts advc s cotast to t actos o aot
Sala st Jadst goup actv t Sya Cvl Wa, t
Al-Nusa Fot.[2]
41.3
Lebanon
O 3 Jauay 214, DNA tsts co d tat t a

dtad by Lbas ay tllgc s Majd alMajd, t c o t Abdulla Azza Bgads. T
DNA sapls blogg to latvs o Majd Saud
Aaba atcd tos o t suspct wo ad
custody o t Lbas Ad Focs, Lbao s
stat Natoal Nws Agcy potd.[37] O 4 Jauay,
Majd dd o kdy alu a ltay osptal
But.[38] Sya
Reactions
Ia Moaad Javad Za, og st

o Ia, appcatd Govt o Lbao o ast o Al-Majd[39] ad ustd oato about
vstgatos by t Lbas autots wt AlMajd o t Iaa Ebassy bobg.
Saud Aaba Ada Masou, og st

o Saud Aaba, jctd a ust by Govt
o Ia to patcpat t vstgato o Majd
al-Majd.[4]
Abdulla Azza Bgads sad t gt wll cotu, wt o wtout t lad.[41]
41.4 Listing as a Terrorist Organization
T Abdulla Azza Bgads as b dsgatd as

O 19 Novb 213, t Bgad clad spos- a tost ogazato by t Utd Natos,[3] Nw
blty o a doubl sucd bobg outsd t Iaa Zalad,[42][43] t UAE, t Utd Kgdo[44] ad t
bassy But, wc klld at last 22 popl ad Utd Stats.[45]
woudd ov 14.[31] T goup sad t bobg was
talato o Iaa suppot o Hzbolla, wc gts
o t Sya govt s sd t cut Sya cvl
wa, ad wad o ut attacks sould Ia s gov- 41.5 See also
t ot acusc.[32]
O 19 Fbuay 214, t bgad cad out a attack
o t Iaa Cultual Ct But s sout subub
o B-Hasa, kllg 11 ad woudg 13, t otv
41.6 References
was t suppot o Ia t Sya wa.
41.3.1 Arrest and death of Majid al-Majid

O 27 Dcb 213, Lbas autots captud
Majd b Moaad al-Majd, t Saud lad o t
goup.[33][34][35] Al-Majd ad udgo kdy tatt at t Makasd osptal But. T osptal ad
lasd ad ad potdly dd a Palsta ug cap o A al-Hlw, a Sada. H
allgdly td to ov lsw o o dcal tatt, but was captud by t Lbas ay o t
But-Daascus gway.[36]
[1] Tost Dsgatos o t Abdalla Azza Bgads .

Utd Stats Dpatt o Stat. Rtvd 13 Octob
212.
[2] Bll Roggo (27 Ju 212). Abdulla Azza Bgads
as lad, advss agast attacks Sya s cts .
T Log Wa Joual. Rtvd 13 Octob 212.
[3] T Lst stablsd ad atad by t Al-Qada
Sactos Cott wt spct to dvduals, goups,
udtakgs ad ot tts assocatd wt Al-Qada .
United Nations Security Council Committee 1267. UN.og.
214-11-19. Rtvd 214-11-21.
CHAPTER 41. ABDULLAH AZZAM BRIGADES
[28] Sucd attack o Psawa polc stato lavs ou

dad,[T Expss Tbu, Paksta], 24 Fbuay 212
[5] Utd Natos Wb Svcs Scto. T Al-Qada

Sactos Cott . Rtvd 19 Dcb 214.
[29] Japa tak was daagd a to attack, UAE says .

BBC News. 6 August 21.
[6] T Abdulla Azza Bgads, T M At Itllgc ad Tos Ioato Ct 1 Sptb

21
[3] Bll Roggo (28 Dcb 211). Adbulla Azza

Bgads ds sposblty o Daascus sucd attacks . T Log Wa Joual. Rtvd 31 July 212.
[7] Ukow goup clas Psawa otl bobg, T

Nws Itatoal, 11 Ju 29
[31] BBC Nws - Lbao sucd blasts t Ia s bassy

But . BBC News. Rtvd 19 Dcb 214.
[8] Al Qada attack o a Japas ol tak . Al-Jaza. 4

August 21. Rtvd 13 Octob 212.
[32] Nck Pato Wals ad Matt St, CNN (19 Novb

213). But bobs kll 23; blasts lkd to Sya cvl
wa . CNN. Rtvd 19 Dcb 214.
[9] Nw Palsta ltay goups suac Gaza, Ma'a

Nws Agcy 1 Apl 211
[1] Nw splt to goups suac Gaza Stp,
Jusal Post 1 Apl 211
[11] Tost Ogazato Po ls - START - Natoal Cosotu o t Study o Tos ad Rsposs to Tos . Rtvd 19 Dcb 214.
[33] Gos co s c o Al-Qada-lkd goup astd . The Daily Star. 1 Jauay 214. Rtvd 1
Jauay 214.
[34] Hosball, Mak; Alsta Bll; Adw Hay (31 Dcb 213). Lad o goup lkd to al Qada ld
Lbao: soucs . Reuters. Rtvd 1 Jauay 214.
[12] Abdulla Azza Bgads (AAB)". Rtvd 19 Dcb 214.
[35] Lbao asts allgd al Qada-lkd ltat

France24
[13] Dat toll ss Egypt blasts BBC News 9 Octob 24.

Rtvd 3 Jauay 213.
[36] Al-Qada-a latd astd Lbao .

Moto. Rtvd 2 Jauay 214.
[14] Egypt jals v Sa attacks Wasgto Post
[37] DNA tsts co Majd s dtty . NOW. 3 Jauay

214.
[15] Egypta Cout Cods 3 Mltats Wasgto Post

[16] Polc usto dozs ov Egypt bobgs. 25 July
25. ABC Nws Ol
[17] Egypt Gts Toug Sa I Wak o Rsot Attacks
[18] Bloobg.co: Gay
[19] Gaoutt, Mak (21). Cruising for Trouble: Cruise
Ships as Soft Targets for Pirates, Terrorists and Common
Criminals. ABC-CLIO. pp. 66 67. ISBN 978--31338234-5.
[2] Two ockts lad Elat aa, 42221, Jusal
Post.
[21] Scos astd cocto wt Aaba ockt attack,
Al Bawaba Nws, August 22, 25.
Al-
[38] Al-Qada s c Lbao Majd al-Majd ds custody . BBC. 4 Jauay 214. Rtvd 4 Jauay 214.
[39]
Young Journalists Club
[4] Rpot: Saud Aaba Rjcts Iaa Rust to Patcpat al-Majd s Qustog Naharnet
[41] Majd al-Majd Astd . Guardian Liberty Voice. Rtvd 19 Dcb 214.
Sactos Cott . Rtvd 19 Dcb 214.
[22] Ia astd Joda ov ockt attack o US wasp, (AFP), 2 August 25, Kalj Ts.
[44] ttps:www.gov.ukgovtuploads
systuploadsattact_datal354891
PoscbdOgasatosAug14.pd
[23] Beyond al-Qaeda: Global jihadist movement, Agl

Rabasa, Rad Copoato, 26, p. 145.
[45] Tost Dsgatos o t Abdalla Azza Bgads .

U.S. Department of State. Rtvd 19 Dcb 214.
[24] U.S. was o tavl to Joda pot cty, Sula alKald, Sptb 15, 21, Ruts, MSNBC.
[25] Nw goups taks cdt o Paksta blast, Utd Pss
Itatoal, 11 Ju 29
[26] AA Sad Bgad clas sposblty o Psawa
attack, Pss Tust o Ida, 11 Ju 29
[27] Nw goups taks cdt o Paksta blast, Utd Pss
Itatoal, 29-6-11
Chapter 42
Ansar al-Islam
Not to b cousd wt Jabat Asa al-Isla.
Ansar al-Islam (AAI; Aabc: Anr alslm, "Hlps o Isla") was a sugt goup actv
Ia[5] ad Sya.[6] It was stablsd Ia Kudsta 21 as a Sala st Islast ovt tat posd a stct applcato o Saa vllags t cotolld
aoud Byaa to t otast o Halabja, a t Iaa bod. Followg t 23 vaso o Ia, t
goup bca a sugt goup wc ougt agast
t Aca ld ocs ad t Ia alls. T goup
cotud to gt t Ia Govt ollowg t
wtdawal o U.S. toops o Ia, ad st bs
to Sya to gt t Govt ollowg t outbak
o t Sya Cvl Wa.
ts stay t Byaa go a t Iaa bod, t

w allgatos o logstcal suppot o powul actos Ia. [1]
42.1.2 Period up to the Iraq War
Vllags ud Asa al-Isla s cotol w subjctd

to as saa laws; uscal stuts w dstoyd
ad sgg obdd. T oly scool o gls t
aa was dstoyd, ad all pctus o wo ovd
o cads labls. Su ss w dscatd
ad bs o t Kaka' (a lgous goup also kow
as Al- Ha) w ocd to covt to Isla o .
Fo psos o t goup also cla tat Asa alIsla outly usd totu ad sv batgs w T goup as b dsgatd as a tost ogazato togatg psos. Badg o psos ad also
by t Utd Natos, Austala, Caada, t UAE, t b potd.[11]
Utd Kgdo ad t Utd Stats. It s lkd to, I Fbuay 23, po to t US 23 vaso o Ia,
ad s a kow as a a lat o, t al-Qada twok.[7] Paaltay tas o t Spcal Actvts Dvso
O 29 August 214, a statt o t bal o 5 lads o Asa al-Isla aoucd tat t goup was gg wt t Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat, tby
o cally dssolvg t ogazato.[4][8] So lts
wt Asa al-Isla jctd ts g.[4]
42.1
Background
(SAD) ad t Ay s 1t Spcal Focs Goup td Ia ad coopatd wt Patotc Uo o Kudsta Psga to attack Asa al-Isla. It sultd t
dats o a substatal ub o ltats ad t ucovg o a ccal wapos aclty at Sagat.[12] Sagat
was t oly aclty o ts typ dscovd Ia.[13][14]
42.1.3 Alleged links to Saddam Hussein
42.1.1 Formation
I t lad up to t 23 vaso o Ia, t Bus adstato clad tat Asa al-Isla ad lks wt
Asa al-Isla was od Sptb 21 o a Sadda Huss, attptg to stabls a lk btw
g o Jud al-Isla (Solds o Isla), ld by Abu Huss ad al-Qada.
Abdulla al-Sa ', ad a splt goup o t Islac T Sat Rpot o P-wa Itllgc o Ia, ssud
Movt o Kudsta ld by Mulla Kka. Kka 24, cocludd tat Sadda was awa o Asa albca t lad o t gd Asa al-Isla, wc Isla ad al-Qada psc otast Ia, but t
opposd a agt ad btw IMK ad t do- goups psc was cosdd a tat to t g
at Kuds goup t aa, Patotc Uo o Ku- ad t Ia govt attptd tllgc collcdsta (PUK). T goup lat ad a allgac to al- to opatos agast t. T Ds Itllgc
Qada ad allgdly cvd dct uds o t to Agcy (DIA) statd tat oato o so Asa
twok.[9]
al-Isla dtas vald tat t goup vwd SadAsa al-Isla tally copsd appoxatly 3 da s g as apostat, ad dd ay latosp
, ay o t vtas o t Sovt-Aga Wa, wt t. [15] T lad o Asa al-Isla, Mulla Kka,
ad a popoto bg t Kud o Aab. Dug as also calld Sadda Huss s swo y.[16]
21
22
CHAPTER 42. ANSAR AL-ISLAM
I a Spcal Aalyss pot datd July 31, 22, t xpllg U.S. occupato ocs o Ia. Asa al(DIA) cocludd t ollowg gadg allgd coc- Sua bca a pot sugt goup actv t
tos btw Sadda s g ad Asa al-Isla:
so-calld Su Tagl, cayg out kdappgs, sucd bobgs ad gulla attacks.
Sould g suppot to Asa al-Isla
b pov, ts wll ot cssaly plcat
t g suppotg al-Qada. Asa alIsla s a dpdt ogazato tat cvs assstac o al-Qada, but s ot a
bac o t goup. T Ia g sks
to uc ad apulat poltcal vts
t Kuds-cotolld ot ad pobably as
so typ o assts cotact wt Asa alIsla, t toug laso o toug ptato by a tllgc asst. [17]
I Dcb 27 t Asa al-Sua goup oally ackowldgd bg dvd o Asa al-Isla, ad vtd to usg tat a.[21]
I Jauay 24, Powll ackowldgd tat s spc

pstd o ad vdc o collaboato btw
Sadda ad al-Qada; told pots at a Stat Dpatt pss coc tat I av ot s sokg gu,
coct vdc about t cocto, but I do blv
t coctos xstd. [19] At Powll lt o c,
ackowldgd tat was skptcal o t vdc pstd to o t spc. I a 28 tvw, told
Babaa Walts tat cosdd t spc a blot o
s cod ad tat lt tbl about asstos tat
ad t spc tat tud out to b als. H sad,
T w so popl t tllgc couty
wo kw at tat t tat so o ts soucs w
ot good, ad sould't b ld upo, ad ty dd't
spak up. Tat dvastatd . W askd spc cally
about a Saddaal-Qada cocto, Powll spodd,
I av v s a cocto. I ca't tk otws bcaus I'd v s vdc to suggst t was
o. [2]
42.2 Designation as a terrorist organization
42.1.5 Iraqi Insurgency (post-U.S. withdrawal)
Asa al-Isla ad actv at t wtdawal

o U.S. toops o Ia o 211, takg pat t
sugcy agast Ia s ctal govt. Attacks
agast Ia scuty ocs av b clad by t
[6]
I Fbuay 23, t Utd Stats Sctay o Stat goup, patculaly aoud Mosul ad Kkuk.
Col Powll told t Utd Natos Scuty Coucl,
Bagdad as a agt t ost so lvls o t adcal ogazato, Asa al-Isla, tat cotols ts co 42.1.6 Syrian Civil War
o Ia. I 2 ts agt o d Al Qada sa av
t go. At w swpt Al Qada o Agasta, Asa al-Isla as stablsd a psc Sya to tak
so o ts bs accptd ts sa av. [18] T pat t Sya Cvl Wa, tally ud t a
[22]
lat ud ts ow a. T
gal cossus o xpts, as wll as t cocluso o o Asa al-Sa ,
goup
as
playd
a
ol
t Battl o Alppo ad cot tllgc couty ad t Sat Slct CoJabat al-Nusa ad

odats
wt
ot
bls
cludg
tt o Itllgc, s tat Sadda was ltatg t
[6]
Islac
Fot.
t
goup but tat t two pats ad ostl to ac
ot ad dd ot stabls a collaboatv latosp.
42.1.4 Iraq War

Fut oato: Asa al-Sua
42.3 Leadership
O May 4, 21 Abu Abdulla al-Sa ', Asa alIsla s lad sc Mulla Kka lt o Noway
23, was captud by US ocs Bagdad.[28] O Dcb 15, 211 Asa al-Isla aoucd a w ,
Sk Abu Has al Iba[1]
42.4 Claimed and alleged attacks

Asa al-Isla dtoatd a sucd ca bob o Mac
22, 23, kllg Austala joualst Paul Moa ad
sval ots. T goup was also tougt to av b
sposbl o a Sptb 9, 23 attptd bobg
o a Utd Stats Dpatt o Ds o c Abl,
wc klld t popl.
O Fbuay 1, 24 sucd bobgs t paalll Edclbatos aagd by t two a Kuds pats,

I Sptb 23, bs o Asa al-Isla wo ad PUK ad Kudsta Docatc Paty o Ia (KDP),
d to Ia at t 23 jot opato by Ia ad US t Kuds captal o Abl, kllg 19 ad woudocs agast t aoucd t cato o a goup g o ta 2 patygos. Rsposblty o ts atcalld Jaaat Asa al-Sua, wc was ddcatd to tack was clad by t t ukow goup Asa al-
23
Sua, ad statd to b suppot o ou bots [17] DIA, Spcal Aalyss, July 31, 22, ctd Postwa
Fdgs about Ia s WMD Pogas ad Lks to TAsa al-Isla.
os ad How ty Copa wt Pwa Assssts,
I Novb 28 a acbsop Mosul cvd a

pg. 71.
tat sgd by t Asa al-Isla bgads , wag
[18] U.S. Sctay o Stat Col Powll Addsss t U.N.
all Cstas to lav Ia o ls b klld.[29]
Scuty Coucl . 23-2-5.
42.5
[19] NBC, MSNBC, AP, "No poo lks Ia, al-Qada, Powll says, MSNBC Nws Svcs (8 Jauay 24).
See also
[2] ABC Nws: Col Powll o Ia, Rac, ad Huca

Rl . ABC Nws. 28-9-8. Rtvd 214-122.
al-Nusa Fot
Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat
42.6
[21] Asa al-Sua Ackowldgs Rlatosp wt Asa

al-Isla, Rvts to Usg Asa al-Isla Na . Couttos Blog. Rtvd 212-8-8.
References
[1] Asa al Isla as w lad . Log Wa Joual.

212-1-5. Rtvd 214-1-8.
[2] IS dscpls so s to avod losg bas .
[3] Ia Jadst Goup Swas Allgac to Islac Stat .

29 August 214. Rtvd 2 Octob 214.
[4] ttp:www.al-oto.copulsscuty2149
s-tak-calpat.tl
[5] Asa al-Isla . Fas.og. Rtvd 212-8-8.
[6] Ay Jawad Al-Ta (11 May 214). Ky Updats
o Ia s Su Isugt Goups . Bow Moss Blog.
Rtvd 26 May 214.
[7] Scaz, Joata. Al-Qaeda s armies: Middle East afliate groups & the next generation of terror. Spcalst
Pss Itatoal. Nw Yok, 25.
[8] Jadst Goup Swas Loyalty to Islac Stat - Mddl
East - Nws - Autz Sva . Arutz Sheva. Rtvd 7
Novb 214.
[9] Tos & Its E cts. Sacz, Jua. Global Mda,
27.
[1] Radcal Isla Ia Kudsta: T Mous tat
Road?". Itatoal Css Goup. 214-2-7. Rtvd 214-1-22.
[11] Asa al-Isla Ia Kudsta .
Watc. Rtvd 214-1-22.
Hua Rgts
[12] Plan of Attack, Bob Woodwad, So ad Scust,

24.
[13] Tuck, Mk; Cals Fadds (28). Operation Hotel
California: The Clandestine War inside Iraq. T Lyos
Pss. ISBN 978-1-59921-366-8.
[14] A tvw o publc ado wt t auto
[22] Ay Jawad Al-Ta (23 Jauay 214). Musgs

o a Ia Basostl o Jad: Copsv Rc Gud to Su Mltat Goups Ia . Jadology.t. Rtvd 24 Jauay 214.
[23] Lstg o tost ogasatos . Rtvd 214-122.
[24] Cutly lstd tts . Rtvd 214-1-22.
[25] ttp:www.justc.gov.lNRdolys
9C96928-7AB-428A-BCCC-2E691F2BDE3
488pa_to_g_171213.doc
[26] Poscbd tost goups . Home O ce. Rtvd
214-1-22.
[27] Fog Tost Ogazatos .
tvd 214-1-22.
212-9-28.
R-
[28] No Opato . Psstv.. Rtvd 212-8-8.

[29]
."

"
PUKda. Rtvd 212-8-8.
42.7 External links

Asa al-Isla o Twtt (Aabc)
Asa al-Isla o Twtt (Aabc)
T Rs ad Fall o Asa al-Isla, Csta Scc Moto
Asa al-Isla tost attacks
Hua Rgts Watc: Asa al-Isla Ia Kudsta
Radcal Isla Ia Kudsta: Asa al-Isla
Zaaw ad t 'al-Qada lk', Fbuay 5, 23.
[15] Sat Itllgc Cott Rpot p.92-93.
Mulla Kka astd ( Acvd Novb 1,

24 at t Wayback Mac), Mac 21, 23.
[16] Mulla Kka Itvw, Isgt Nws TV . Rtvd

7 Novb 214.
Asa al-Isla: Postot o Plud to Mo Attacks?, Apl 3, 23.
24
T.co atcl o st AI sucd attack, Fbuay
26, 23
Asa al-Isla: Ia s al-Qada Cocto, Jauay 15, 23
Stat Dpatt Dsgato o Asa AlIsla,Fbuay 2, 23
Fog Tost Ogazatos: Dsgato o
Asa al-Isla (Al), Rdsgato o T Ots
(Stat Dpatt), Mac 22, 24
Ata Itllgc Advacd Rsac Ntwok o
Isugcy ad Tos
T Gat To, T Nw Yok
T Ukow: T C.I.A. ad t Ptago tak
aot look at Al Qada ad Ia, T Nw Yok
Mulla Kka Itvw
CHAPTER 42. ANSAR AL-ISLAM
Chapter 43
Fatah al-Islam
Fatah al-Islam (Aabc:
, Egls: Conquest of Islam) s a adcal Su Islast goup tat
od Novb 26 a Palsta ug cap,
locatd Lbao.[5] It as b dscbd as a ltat jadst[6] ovt tat daws spato o
al-Qada.[6][7][8] It bca vy wll kow May
27 ad Ju 27 at gagg cobat agast
t Lbas Ay t Na al-Bad UNRWA
Palsta ug cap. T Utd Stats Dpatt
o Stat class d t goup as a tost ogazato o
August 9, 27[9] but t was ot class d as suc ayo o Novb 24, 21.[1]
43.1
Origins
Ola, wo lpd locat to Lbao. Al-Abss

ad a goup o yout t Ia st tslvs up
t aduats o Fata Al-Itada t vllag o
Hlwa t Wst Baa Dstct 25.[13] I May
26, Al-Abss ad ts sall goup gagd ad
class wt Lbas solds tat ld to t kllg o
o youg Sya watd by Daascus o gtg
Ia.[13]
Sya tllgc svcs t suod al-Ola to
ask about al-Abss ad s goup.[13] T vstgato uaskd t clos coodato btw al-Ola
ad al-Abss tat ad b kpt o t po-Daascus
Sctay Gal o Fata Al-Itada, Abu Moussa, ad
by xtso, o t Sya autots.[13]
Al-Ola t potdly odd al-Abss to lav t

Wst Baa, wc s clos to t bods wt Sya,
[13]
Fata al-Isla was ld by a ugtv ltat ad ad ad o ug caps ot Lbao.
[7][11]
Sak al-Abss,
a Palsta ug wo was bo I Novb 26 t Palsta scuty cot Jco 1955.[12] Al-Abss was oc a plot wt t t Al-Badaw ug cap Tpol add ov
ak o colol.[13]
two bs o al-Abss s goup to Lbas ltay
Al-Abss s st ltat actvts ca b tacd to coctos stablsd wt a scula Palsta ltat goup ad Fata al-Itada[7] Lbya, at t
dctd o t ublla Fata ovt 1983.[13]
Fo Lbya, al-Abss potdly ovd to Daascus,
w ad clos ts wt Fata al-Itada s ub
two coad, Abu Kald al-Ola.[13]
tllgc.[13] Al-Abss was potdly uatd ad

dcdd to bak wt Fata al-Itada ad stabls s
ow goup, Fata al-Isla.
I 24 Al-Abss was stcd to dat absta by

a Jodaa ltay cout o volvt t assassato o U.S. dploat Lauc Foly, at Sya autots usd to xtadt o tal.[14] Abu Musab
al-Zaaw was also stcd to dat o t kllg o
Foly ad was tougt to av b a assocat o AlAbss.[12]
o t Aca-backd Soa govt to ul ad

to Fata al-Isla, so tat t Su goup could vtually
attack St Hzbolla.
I Novb 26 Fata al-Isla st up a aduats

t Palsta ug cap o Na al-Bad ot Lbao. T goup szd t copouds t
cap tat ad blogd to t scula Palsta l[7]
Sya autots astd al-Abss 2 ad s- tat goup, Fata al-Itada. Al-Abss t ssud a
tcd to t yas pso o cags o sug- dclaato sayg was bgg lgo back to t
[7]
glg wapos ad auto btw Joda ad Palsta caus.
Sya.[13][14] T govt lat lasd . H wt I Mac 27 Syou Hs, vstgatv pot o
to Ia ollowg t U.S.-ld vaso 23 ad ougt New Yorker magazine, suggstd tat t Lbas govalogsd goups a latd wt Al-Qada. H s sad to t was gvg suppot to Fata al-Isla, od
av bco ds wt a ub o Al-Qada lads to dat Hzbolla.[15] Davd Wlc, Assstat to Sct.[13]
tay o Stat, gotatd wt t Sauds ad Saad Ha
But Mcal Youg, a wt o Reason agaz, cast

doubts o Syou Hs s clas.[16] Addtoally, Posso Bay Rub, Dcto o t Global Rsac
Itatoal A as Ct, as allgd tat Al-Abss s
H b y tud to Sya, w t aga wt al- act a Sya opatv gagd dstablzg t gov25
26
CHAPTER 43. FATAH AL-ISLAM
t o Lbao.[17]
Sya s abassado Basa Ja'aa, spodg to

Lbas clas tat Sya s a sposo o Fata al-Isla,
told Ruts tat sval o t ogazato s bs
ad b jald o t o ou yas Sya o coctos to al-Qada, ad tat upo t las ty ad
lt t couty. Ja'aa also sad tat, I ty co to
Sya, ty wll b jald, ad tat, Ty a ot gtg
o bal o t Palsta caus. Ty a gtg o
bal o al Qada. .[21]
I Novb 28, Hussa Abdul-Hussa, a Wasgto joualst, ustod Hs s cdblty agug tat
t Aca joualst ad utly assgd dats o
a Aca attack o Ia, wc v took plac. I
past stos, Hs publsd oato tat lat
coctd. I a atcl publsd NOW Lbao,[18]
Abdul-Hussa also ustod Hs s lks to kow
Sya potgs Lbao, suc as o Ioato
O May 23, 27 t Aab Lagu ssud a statt
Mst Mcl Saaa.
Ot dcatos tat Fata al-Isla, ad spc cally Fa- stogly cod[g] t cal ad tost acts
ta Al-Isla lad Sak Al-Abss, ay av Sya cad out by t tost goup kow as Fata alas o lato to t Palssuppot co o Sa Gaga, xcutv body ca- Isla, addg tat t goup
[24]
ta
usto
o
Isla.
a o t Lbas Focs, wo askd wy
ayo s oud out to b a Musl
Botood actvst, cvs a dat stc, ad s vy lucky, gts ad labo. So ow co Sak Al-'Abs - wo s o
oday ltat but a lad... ad wo cottd a c Joda ad was stcd
to dat t, ad was astd Sya - as
b lasd [o pso]?[19]
43.2
Membership
T o cal spoksa o Fata al-Isla s Abu Sal

Taa.[14] Fata al-Isla supposdly as o ta 15
ad gts t Na l-Bad cap.[2] T goup
allgdly as about o ta al a doz Palsta
bs.[6] T bulk o ts bsp s sad to ad
up o Syas, Sauds, ad ot Aab Jadsts wo ad
ougt Ia, as wll as appoxatly 5 Lbas xtst Sus.[6]
I a tvw o CNN Itatoal's You Wold Today, Syou Hs sad tat accodg to a agt btw t Utd Stats Vc Psdt Dck Cy, Dputy Natoal Scuty Advso Ellot Abas,
Saud Natoal Scuty Advs Pc Bada b Sulta, covt udg o t Su Fata al-Isla would b
povdd by t Saud g to coutwgt t uc o t St Hzbolla.[15]
Hs sad, Ts was a covt opato tat [Pc]
Bada a wt us. H also sad tat w was
But talkd to o cals wo ackowldgd t
aso ty w tolatg t adcal jadst goups
was bcaus ty w s as a potcto agast
Hzbolla. [15]
Hzbolla lasd a statt sayg, W l tat t
s soo out t wo wats to dag t [Lbas]
ay to ts cootato ad bloody stuggl ... to sv
wll-kow pojcts ad as, ad t calld o a poltcal
soluto to t css.[25]
T Sya abassado sad t lads o t goup w 43.4

ostly Palstas, Jodaas, o Sauds, ad tat paps a coupl o t w Syas.[21]
43.4.1
Activities
German train bombings
T po-Saud Al Hayat wspap pots tat Fata alIsla as clos ts to Sya, ad tat uc o t lad- Ma atcl: 26 Ga ta bobg plot
sp o Fata al-Isla s ad up o Sya o cs.
T out-gst-akg b o Fata al-Isla,
Sadda l-Hajdb, ad s bot Kald Ka-Edd
l-Hajdb, w aog t suspcts bd ald bob43.3 Ideology
gs o Ga cout tas o July 31, 26. T
bobs dd ot xplod du to aulty cass. SadAccodg to Ruts, Fata al-Isla s pay goals a
da l-Hajdb was klld by t Lbas ay t
to sttut Islac law Palsta ug caps ad
27 co ct btw Fata al-Isla ad t Lbas
to tagt Isal.[22]
ay.[26][27]
Sval ws ogazatos av suggstd tat Fata alIsla as coctos to al-Qada. So pots v
cla Fata al-Isla s pat o t al-Qada twok. Ab- 43.4.2 Plot to assassinate anti-Syrian
ss as statd tat t goup as o ogazato ts to
Lebanese o cials
al-Qada, but ags wt ts a o gtg dls. [23]
Fata al-Isla statts av appad o Islast Wb O Dcb 7, 26 Le Monde potd tat a top UN
sts kow to publs al-Qada statts.[23]
o cal ad b od by t Palst Lbato
43.4. ACTIVITIES
27
Ogazato (PLO) pstatv Lbao, Abbas

Zak, o a plot by Fata al-Isla to assassat 36 atSya gus Lbao.[28][29] PLO scuty agts
lat cootd t goup, astg sx o t. Fou
w lat lasd wl a Sya ad a Saud Aaba
w add ov to t Lbas ltay.[29]
Focs c, t bak obbs w tacd to a apatt Tpol wc tud out to b a o c o Fata al-Isla.[12] T ad ltats at t o c sstd
ast ad a gubattl sud.[12] A t-day stado
btw scuty ocs ad ltats at t apatt
dd o 23 May, at t last Fata al-Isla ltat
[3]
Lbas autots av accusd t ogazato o b- at tat locato blw sl up.
g volvd t Fbuay 13, 27 bobg o two Robt Fsk potd tat wl so o t goup tat
buss tat klld t popl, ad jud o ta ad obbd t bak w cod t apatt
2 ots, A Ala, Lbao,[8] ad dt d ou o block, ots ad old up t Na l-Bad cap
ts bs as avg cossd to t bobg.[22] Ty ot o t cty.[31] Ud a 1969 Aab accod, t
av also statd tat t goup s a ot o Sya tll- Lbas ay ay ot t t Palsta ug
gc Lbao.[8] Bot Fata al-Isla ad t Sya caps.[32]
govt dd t collaboato cags.[8]
T ltats szd Lbas ay postos at t -
43.4.3 Con ict with the Lebanese army

Ma atcl: 27 Lbao co ct
O May 19, 27 a polc sac was outd o sus-
tac to t Na al-Bad cap, captug two aod

psol cas. Scuty o cals also potd tat
t gu ad opd o oads ladg out o t
cap to Tpol, ad abusd a ltay ut, kllg two
solds.[14]
T attacks by Fata al-Isla klld at last 27 Lbas
solds, 15 Fata al-Isla ltats ad 15 cvlas,[32]
jug aot 27 Lbas solds ad ov 4
cvlas.[33] Lbas ocs d atlly baags
agast ltats t cap.[32]
I spos, t Lbas ay bougt octs ad o May 2 bga a stady baag o atlly
ad avy ac gu a attpt to t ltat
postos tat Fata al-Isla ad occupd sd t Na
al-Bad cap.[14]
A bomb exploding in Nahr al-Bared refugee camp during the

2007 con ict with the Al-Qaida inspired militant group, Fatah
al-Islam
O May 2, a spokspso o Fata ad a o cal

statt to t WAFA Palst Nws Agcy a g
tat t so calld Fata al-Isla s t pat o, o
lkd to, t Fata ogazato o t Palst Lbato Ogazato (PLO). H ut tod tat ts
goup ad laucd sval attacks agast Palsta
ugs Lbao ad calld upo Palsta ugs
to solat ts gg goup .[34]
T PLO pstatv Lbao, Abbas Zak also t
wt o cal bods Lbao to o cally o t
tat t goup s ad up o xtsts ad s ot lkd
wt Palsta agda.[34]
Black smoke rising after an explosion o the road outside Nahr

al-Bared
O May 21, Zak ad ot PLO o cals attptd to

gotat a cas to allvat t uataa su g t cap.[35] Wl t Lbas ay ad b
sdg tak ad ota to t cap pusut o
Fata al-Isla, so 3, cvlas w tappd sd, ad codtos ad apdly wosd.[33] A adul
o t woudd w tak out but t was possbl to
gt outsd lp to ay ots.[33] At last 8 ugs
w klld ad 6 ots woudd.[35]
Palsta cvlas o t ug cap w ally

pcts a bak obby a day al Ayou, a tow abl to t gtg at Fata al-Isla dclad a
soutast o Tpol. Gu ad o wt 125, ulatal tuc o May 22, ad t xodus cotud o
cas t obby.[14]
May 23.[36] Fata al-Isla s stll sd t cap, ad
[36]
Accodg to Asa R , t Lbas Ital Scuty says tat t s attackd, t wll gt to t dat.
28
A al Qada ltay o cal wad t Lbas govt to stop attacks o t Fata al-Isla cll, o ls
w wll ta out you ats wt taps ad suoud you
placs wt xplosv casts, ad tagt all you bussss, bgg wt tous ad dg wt ot ott dusts... W wa you o t last t, ad at
t t wll oly b vs o blood. [37]

plac A Ala, a Lbas outa vllag.[46]
N o t 16 suspcts accusd w custody w t

cags w ld; ot, cludg Fata al-Isla ad
Sak al-Abss ad t goup s putd ltay coad Sab Abu Qadou a/k/a Abu Hua bo
s dat w stll bg sougt.[47] T ddats clud t Syas, two Lbas, t Palstas (O t Ju 16, 27, 68 Lbas solds, 5 Fata cludg o woa) ad a Saud atoal.[46]
al-Isla suppots ad 32 cvla Palstas ad b
klld t gtg accodg to Dalysta wspap.[38]
O Suday, Sptb 2, 27, t Lbas Ay took
cotol o t Na l-Bad cap, at t ots
o gtg. Tty- Fata al-Isla bs w
klld wl attptg a ass p-daw bak-out o
t cap. At last t Lbas solds also dd
Suday s gtg, takg t ub o toops klld
3 ots to 158. At last 222 ltats ad a ub
o cvlas w also klld t sa pod. O day
at t Lbas Ay vctoy udt d gts appatly clasd wt scuty ocs woudg two.[39]
O Moday, Sptb 1, 27 t was aoucd tat
DNA tsts o a body tougt to b t goup s lad
Sak al-Abss ad tud out gatv. Lbas ocals ow say tat pobably d t gtg t
cap bo t ay took cotol.[4][41]
O Wdsday, Dcb 12, 27, Lbas Ay
Majo Gal Facos l-Hajj ad s bodyguad w
klld a ca bobg attack Baabda. Sval suspcts av sc b appdd ad vstgatd, ad
vstgato suggsts Fata al-Isla volvt.[42]
O Wdsday, Jauay 9, 28, Fata al-Isla c
Sak al-Abss ad a publc spc Lbao, ackowldgg s scap ad vowg o vg agast
t Lbas ay at t goup s dat t 27
Lbao co ct.[43]
43.4.4 Emirate plot

Accodg to Lbas ad Palsta soucs, Fata alIsla ad plad to volt ad stabls a at
t aa o Tpol wt t lp o al-Qada bs
wo ad d Ia.[44] Ts opato was dubbd Opato 755 . Accodg to Lbas soucs, t plot
was ucovd ad old. Lbas scuty ocs ad
oud CDs wt dtald plas o ts plot. Abu-Sal
Taa, spokspso o t Fata al-Isla dd ts
cags.[45]
43.4.5 Criminal charges

O Ju 21, 27, Lbas Stat Poscuto Sad
Mza ld cal cags agast 16 Fata al-Isla
bs accusd o cayg out t Fbuay 13, 27
Lbao bobgs agast two cvla buss tat klld
two popl ad jud 21 ots. Tos attacks took
43.4.6 Damascus bombing
Ma atcl: 28 Daascus ca bobg

Sya as allgd tat Fata al-Isla was bd t
Sptb 27, 28 ca bobg Daascus, wc
lt 17 dad. Sya TV ad cossos o 1 popl,
cludg Sak al-Abss s daugt, wo sad ty cad out t attack.[48][49]
43.4.7 Death of Abd-al-Rahman Awad

Abd-al-Raa Awad ad a assocat w tcptd
o a a oad ast Lbao ad dd a xcag o wt scuty ocs. Abd-al-Raa
Awad was alady g o t Lbas watd lst. H
ad b codd to dat absta o cags latg to a ub o bob attacks ad kllgs ov t
past t yas. Accodg to Lbas scuty o cals, ad ctly b dg t bg Palsta
ug cap o A al-Hlw a Sdo t sout.
H was tavlg wt two copaos o t a oad
to Sya w was abusd by scuty ocs t
tow o Ctaua ast Lbao. M Awad ad o o
s assocats ad Abu Bak Abdulla w klld a
al o gu . T td a scapd.[5] O August 18,
21 t goup says ts lad ad a top coad w
adg to Ia to jo sugts t w Lbas
scuty toops klld t ov t wkd, accodg
to a U.S. to-otog . T Wasgto-basd
SITE Itllgc Goup, wc tacks ltat postgs
o t Itt, sad Wdsday tat a statt o jadst ous o t Fata Isla goup co d t
dats o t two. T statt also sad tat ty w
gog to Ia to jo t Islac Stat o Ia.[51] [52]
O August 19, 21 Hudds o ous a sout
Lbao cap o Tusday lad to st Fata al-Isla
ad Abdl Raa Awad. T op-caskt ual o
Awad, dubbd t pc o Fata al-Isla ad oly o o Lbao s ost watd Islasts, was ld
at A al-Hlw ad attdd by s aly, pstatvs o Islast actos ad bs o t Palsta
psdt Maud Abbas s Fata ovt. Awad, wo
ad b dg A al-Hlw o o ta a ya,
opd at toops alog wt s coad ad t solds spodd, kllg t pa, t ay sad.Abu Bak
was uoud to av povdd ltay tag to -
29
43.7. REFERENCES
bs o Fata al-Isla. Hs ual was xpctd lat o
Tusday.[53]
[3] Msa Al-Zayd (23 May 27). Na al Bad Up

Flas!". Asa Al-Awsat. Rtvd 13 Fbuay
214.
43.4.8 Syrian Civil War
[4] Gay C. Gabll. T Rs o Fata al-Isla . Global

Poltca. Rtvd 13 Fbuay 214.
Ma atcl: Sya cvl wa
[5] Dboa Aos (27-5-21).

Al-Qada Ispd
Goups o t Rs Lbao . Natoal Publc Rado.
Rtvd 27-5-23.
T w ladsp o Fata al-Isla as gv tusastc suppot to t Sya upsg. Bgg t spg

o 212, Fata al-Isla as potd a sall ub o
attacks Sya, but ts ladsp as b dcatd
ct ots. I Apl 212, o o t lads o t
goup, Abdl Ga Jawa, was klld t cty o AlQusa, Sya at accdtally blowg sl up wl
akg a bob.[54] T c o ts ltay wg (t
Calpat Bgads), Ndal al-Asa, was klld Alppo
July 212, ad t goup s , Abdlazz al-Kouakl
(Abu Hussa al-Sa), dd a abus o t DaaDaascus oad Sptb 212. I Octob 212,
aot oudg b ad o c ogaz
Not Lbao, Abu Qaswaa al-Quas, was klld a
gu battl Hos.[55]
43.5
U.S. funding and training
[6] L Fgao (Apl 16, 27). Fata Al-Isla: t w

tost tat agg ov Lbao . Rtvd May
2, 27.
[7] Itatoal Hald Tbu (Mac 15, 27). A w
ac o Al Qada gs Lbao . Rtvd May
2, 27.
[8] Ruts (May 19, 27). Lbas ay battls ltats
at Palsta cap . Rtvd May 2, 27.
[9] Fata al-Isla Fally Dsgatd A Tost Goup
By U.S. Stat Dpt. . ataalsla.og. 27-8-13.
Acvd o t ogal o 27-1-11. Rtvd
27-1-1.
[1] Fog Tost Ogazatos . Stat.gov. 21-1124. Rtvd 211-3-27.
[11] Abss s W Idt s H Husbad s Cops . Naat. 27-9-3. Rtvd 27-9-3.
T ogal aks o t goup cotad sval - [12] Ry Gazal (27-5-21). 22 toops, 19 Fata al-Isla
bs wo av b tad by t U.S. Saud Aaba
gts dad . T Daly Sta. Rtvd 27-5-23.
od to patcpat t Sovt Agasta wa, gt[13] Aya El-Masy (27-5-23). Fata Al-Isla Exg agast t Sovts.
plad . Rtvd 27-5-23.
I ts tal pas, t goup cvd U.S. udg

toug uds gv to t Lbas govt, ld by [14] Kootv (May , 27.). Dozs klld Lbao gubattl btw Islac ltats, scuty ocs . Rp st Fouad Soa, od to wak Sya,
tvd
May 2, 27
wc was s as a suppot o tos Ia. Fata al Isla was gadd as ostl towads t Sya [15] Fata al-Isla ad suppot o US, clas Hs .
dly Hzbolla, to dd woty o acal
Tuks Daly Nws. 27-5-24. Rtvd 27-5suppot by t Soa govt. [56]
25.
43.6
See also
Lbao bobgs ad assassatos (24pst)

43.7
References
[1] Fata al-Isla says lad 'dad'". BBC News. Dcb

1, 28. Rtvd May 2, 21.
[2] Fata al Isla klld wl wagg jad Sya .
Long War Journal. 5 Sptb 212. Rtvd 13 Octob 212.
[16] Dos t Nw Yok actually dt Syou Hs?".

Raso Magaz. 27-3-1. Rtvd 27-6-4.
[17] T Tut About Sya . Mcal Tott. 27-6-6.
Rtvd 27-6-6.
[18] Lbao ws - NOW Lbao -T Hs yp .
NOW Lbao. 28-11-13. Rtvd 211-3-27.
[19] Al-Jazeera TV (Qata), May 23, 27; Al-Mustaqbal
(Lbao), May 24, 27.
[2] Lbas st was ltats . BBC News. May 23,
27. Rtvd May 2, 21.
[21] Evly Lopold.
[ttp:www.altt.ogtws
wsdskN2135734.t Sya says ltats
Lbao wok o al Qada."] AltNt
[22] Ruts (May , 27.). Facts about ltat goup Fata
al-Isla . Rtvd May 2, 27.
21
[23] FACTBOX: Facts about ltat goup Fata al-Isla
[24] Aab Lagu calls Fata al-Isla 'tosts ". EU Busss. 27-5-23. Acvd o t ogal o 279-3. Rtvd 27-5-23.
[25] Sally Buzb (27-5-22). Hzbolla Backs Lbao
Ay Stado . Lodo: Guada Ultd. Rtvd 27-5-25.
[26] Itatoal Hald Tbu (AP)

[46] 16 Rputd Fata al-Isla Mbs Fac Cal
Cags . Fata al-Isla. 27-6-21. Rtvd 276-22.
[47] Sab Abu Qadou aka Abu Hua . Fata al-Isla.
27-5-27. Rtvd 27-6-22.
[48] SYRIA: Islast adcals adt to Daascus bobg .
Los Angeles Times. Novb 7, 28. Rtvd May 2,
21.
[27] FoxNws (AP)
[49] Sya TV as 'blast cossos - Mddl East . Al

Jaza Egls. 28-11-7. Rtvd 211-3-27.
[28] Ruts (Dcb 7, 26). Aa ugs Lbao

talks op o dg css . Rtvd Dcb 7,
26.
[5] Lbao 'klls Fata al-Isla ltat lad'". BBC

News. August 14, 21.
[29] L Mod (Dcb 7, 26). Ds djadsts vsat 36 psoalts atsys au Lba . Rtvd Dcb 7, 26.
[3] "'Now to put us ". BBC. 27-5-23. Rtvd
27-5-23.
[31] Robt Fsk (27-5-21). Scod dad as Lbas
ay battls Islasts bloodst day sc cvl wa .
The Independent (Lodo). Rtvd 27-5-23.
[32] ABCRuts (May 1 27.). Lbas Ay slls
ug cap . Rtvd May 21, 27.
[33] BBC Nws (May 1 27.). Scos klld Lbao
gtg . Rtvd May 21, 27.
[34] Fat O cal Ds Lk wt So Calld Fata alIsla"". WAFA Nws Agcy. 27-5-2. Rtvd
27-5-23.
[35] Palsta autots gotatg cas Lbao .
Novost. 27-5-21. Rtvd 27-5-23.
[36] Fata al-Isla vows o sud dspt tuc .
Kalj Ts. 27-5-23. Rtvd 27-5-23.
[37] Raz Al-Huss (27-5-26). Lbao wll v lt
t tosts w . Ya Lba. Rtvd 27-5-26.
[38] T Daly Sta - Poltcs - Booby-tap klls ou solds at
Na al-Bad
[51]
[52] (AFP) Aug 18, 21 (21-8-18). AFP: Mltat
goup co s dat o lads Lbao: SITE .
Googl.co. Rtvd 211-3-27.
[53] Zayat, Maoud (21-8-19). AFP: Hudds ou
sla Islast Lbao . Googl.co. Rtvd 2113-27.
[54] Lbao s Most Watd Su Tost Blows Hsl
Up Sya
[55] Lud, Ao (212-1-5). Holy Waos . Fog Polcy. Rtvd 212-12-26.
[56] Syou M. Hs (27-5-4). Aals o Natoal
Scuty: T Rdcto . T Nw Yok. Rtvd
27-5-5.
43.8 External links

Fata al-Isla at t Hstoy Coos
Fata al-Isla ladsp & ogazato May 23,
27 Ya Lba
Fata al-Isla lads o Fata al-Isla
Fata al-Isla: Nws Rpots
[39] Nw xplosos ock Lbao cap
Fata al-Isla Vdos
[4] Lbao ltat 'scapd sg' Sptb 1, 27
Coucl o Fog Rlatos Backgoud: Fata

al-Isla
[41] Lbao: Fata Isla lad d cap gtg; DNA tst

o body gatv | Mddl East | Jusal Post
[42] Tosts bd assassato ca o Palsta
cap | Ya Lba | Lbao Nws Lv o But
[43] Fata al-Isla c tats to attack Lbao ay | Ya
Lba | Lbao Nws Lv o But
[44] Ro Naas (27-6-4). Extsts plad upsg Lbao pot . Yt. Rtvd 27-4-6.
[45] Sawa al Atba (27-6-4). Fata al-Isla Talk to
Asa Al-Awsat . Asa Al-Awsat. Rtvd 274-6.
Fata al-Isla Pctus

Po l: Fata al-Isla
Chapter 44
Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance

Not to b cousd wt Jas al-Muaj wal-Asa
o Muaj ad Asa Bgad.
T Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance (Aabc:
, Allac o Egats ad Hlps) s
a allac o Sala goups tat av b actv dug
t Sya cvl wa.[1] T goups volvd a: Jud alAsa, Lwaa al-Ua, t Oa Bgad ad t Ha
Bgad Idlb.[1]
44.1
See also
44.2
References
[1] T Ot Sya Pac Pocss . Cag Edowt

o Itatoal Pac. 27 Jauay 214. Rtvd 25
Apl 214.
[2] T w ac o t Sya bllo . T Aab Cocl. Acvd o t ogal o 26 Mac 214. Rtvd 2 Dcb 214.
211
Chapter 45
East Turkestan Islamic Movement

Ts atcl s about a Islast-basd ogazato. Fo
t atoalst ovt, s East Tuksta dpdc ovt.
T East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) (also
kow as t Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP), Turkistan Islamic Movement (TIM), ad ot as[a] ; s
a Islac tost ad spaatst ogazato oudd
by Uygu ltats wst Ca. Its statd goals a
t dpdc o East Tuksta o Ca. Accodg to t Cs govt, t s a volt spaatst
ovt ad s ot sposbl o tost attacks
Xjag. Fo stac, 25, NBC Nws sad tat
btw 199 to 21 ETIM ad potdly cottd
ov 2 acts o tos, sultg at last 162 dats
ad ov 44 jus.[4] At t 911 attacks, t goup
as b dsgatd as a tost ogazato by Kazaksta, Saud Aaba, Ca, ad t Utd Stats.[5]
45.1
History
Black Standard
Flag of Turkistan Islamic Party
w t Cs cousts stablsd t Popl s

Rpublc o Ca at t Cs Cvl Wa.[8] Nvtlss, t Sovt Uo dstbutd Sovt passpots
aog t Ctal Asa tcs Xjag to acltat
gato to Kazak SSR.[7] At t So-Sovt splt,
t Sovt Uo aassd toops o t Russa bod
wt Xjag, ad bolstd East Tuksta spaatst
ovts, wc cvd oal ad atal suppot
o ot goal ltat goups.[9] Ca accusd t
Sovts o gg ots, ad povd t ltay
astuctu t to cobat t.[7]
T East Tuksta Islac Movt was oudd
1993 by two atvs o Hota, but t ald to last to ya s
d. Hasa Masu ad Abudukad Yapuua ogazd t ovt 1997, t sa o tat t
xsts today.[1] I 1998 Masu ovd ETIM s aduats to Kabul, takg slt ud Talba-cotolld
Agasta. I Agasta, ETIM lads t wt
Osaa b Lad ad ot lads o Al Qada, t Talba, ad t Islac Movt o Uzbksta to coodat actos. T, t East Tuksta Islac Movt doppd t East o ts a as t casd ts
doa.[11] T goup s astuctu was cppld at
t Utd Stats vadd Agasta ad bobd Al
Qada bass t outaous gos alog t bod
wt Paksta, dug wc t lad o ETIM, Hasa
Masu, was klld.[12]
T aa kow as East Tuksta ad b a potctoat

o Ca as aly as 6 BC , toug t a uous pods o dpdc o Ca. I t 18t
ctuy t Qg Dyasty ogazd t ttoy as a
povc, Xjag.[6] Yt, Russa uc was stog.
Russa Otodox Old Blvs gatd o Russa
to Xjag t aly 19t ctuy, ad t Russa
Cvl Wa acclatd ts gato by addg wt
gs.[7] Dug Ca s walod a t 191s- Howv, ETIM sugd at t Ia Wa ad
192s, t Sovt Uo poppd up t spaatst Scod ujadd stt.[13] It xpadd ts potolo to atEast Tuksta Rpublc, ad oly accptd Cs ul tacks o Utd Stats tsts, suc as t U.S. bassy
212
213
45.5. ATTACKS
Bskk (Kygyzsta). T Utd Stats Dpatt
o Stat spodd by lstg t as a tost ogazato.
Ts gatly wakd ETIM, as t lost sypaty o
ay Wst ogazatos wo would otws suppot ts stuggl agast Ca. Notlss, ETIM cculatd a vdo 26 callg o a wd jad, ad
took advatag o t 28 Su Olypcs Bjg
to ga publcty o ts attacks.[11] T ETIM s sad to b
alld wt t Paksta Talba (Tk Talba Paksta) ladg Paksta bg sously ugd by Ca to
tak acto agast ltats.[14]
45.2
Ideology
T NEFA Foudato, a Aca tost aalyst oudato, taslatd ad lasd a jad atcl
o ETIM, wos bsp t sad cosstd paly o "Uygu Musls o Wst Ca. T
East Tuksta Islac Movt s pay goal s t
dpdc o East Tuksta.[15] ETIM cotus ts
t o cotastg Musls ad Cs , a sx
ut vdo 28, w Coad Syulla
was Musls ot to bg t cld to t 28
Su Olypcs, ad also sayg do ot stay o t
sa bus, o t sa ta, o t sa pla, t
sa buldgs, o ay plac t Cs a .[16]
Tos xpt Roa Guaata as sad tat ETIM
s closly assocatd wt t Wold Uygu Cogss
(WUC), ad tat t a ay sypatzs ad
suppots o ETIM t WUC. Ca as accusd
t WUC o ocstatg t 29 tc volc
Uu; slaly, Guaata sad tat o o ETIM s
as s to ul atd ad volc btw t Ha
ad t Uygu tc goups, addg tat t pstd a
tat to Ca ad t Ctal Asa go as a wol.[17]
Log Ey Cobatat,[23] a pal o judgs odd

t lasd to t Utd Stats. Dspt t ala
o poltcas tat t las o tost cap-tad
Uygus to t Utd Stats was usa ad llgal,
ty could ot b lasd back to Ca bcaus o ts
ua gts cod.[24] So o t Uygus av b
tasd to Palau, ad so to Buda dspt objctos by t Utd Kgdo, but t Utd Stats s
avg d cults dg govts wo wll accpt
t st.[25]
45.5 Attacks
S also: Xjag co ct Tl
I 27, ETIM ltats cas sot Cs atoals
Paksta Balocsta ad st a vdotap o t attack
to Bjg, talato o a xcuto o a ETIM o cal al tat July.[26] ETIM also took cdt o a spat
o attacks bo t 28 Su Olypcs, cludg
a ss o bus bobgs Kug, a attptd pla
jackg Uu,[23] ad a attack o paaltay
toops Kasga tat klld 17 o cs.[27] O Ju 29,
21, a cout Duba covctd two bs o a
ETIM cll o plottg to bob a govt-owd soppg all tat sold Cs goods. Ts was t ETIM
plot outsd o Ca o Ctal Asa. T ky plott
was cutd dug Hajj ad was ow to Wazsta to
ta.[28] I July 21, o cals Noway tuptd a
tost bob plot, aot stac o ETIM bacg
out o ts ogal gos ad coopatg wt tatoal goups. Nw Yok Ts cospodt Edwad
Wog says tat ETIM gv[s] t a raison d'tre at a
t w t Cs govt as... dusd ay
cac o a wdspad sugcy... Xjag. [27]
I Octob 213, a sucd attack Taa Sua

causd 5 dats ad 38 jus. Cs polc dscbd
45.3 Structure
t as t st tost attack Bjg s ct stoy.
Tuksta Islac Paty lat clad sposblty o
I Octob 28, t Cs Msty o Publc Scuty t attack.[29]
lasd a lst o gt tosts lkd to ETIM, cludg
so o t ladsp, wt dtald cags.[18] Ty
a:
45.6 Analysis
45.4
Guantanamo Bay detainees
Ma atcl: Uygu dtas at Guataao Bay

T Utd Stats captud 22 Uygu ltats o
cobat zos Agasta 26 o oato tat
ty w lkd to Al-Qada.[22] Ty w psod
wtout tal o v to sv yas, w ty tst d
tat ty w tad by ETIM lad Abdul Ha, at
a ETIM tag cap. At bg class d as No
Ctcs say tat t tats ETIM tsl aks a xaggatd, ad tat ETIM bllss ts ow ag ad
cots psycologcal waa agast Ca o ts als
tats, cludg ocg t to cas scuty. Du C.
Glady, a autoty o Uygus, sad tat t was
a cdblty gap about t goup sc t ajoty
o oato o ETIM was tacd back to Cs
soucs , ad tat tat so blv ETIM to b pat o a
US-Ca ud po uo, w Ca suppotd t USld Wa o To, ad suppot o t US o t codato o ETIM was coctd to tat suppot. [3]
214
CHAPTER 45. EAST TURKESTAN ISLAMIC MOVEMENT
T Uygu Aca Assocato as publcly doubtd

t ETIM s xstc.[31]
O Ju 16, 29, Rpstatv Bll Dlaut covd ags to xa ow ogazatos w addd
to t US blacklst gal, ad ow t ETIM was
addd patcula.[32] Uygu xpt Sa Robts tst d tat t ETIM was w to , tat t was't utl t
was blacklstd tat ad o t goup, ad otd tat
t s pctly asoabl to assu tat t ogazato
o log xsts at all. [32] T Cogssoal Rsac
Svc potd tat t st publsd to o t
goup was t ya 2, but tat Ca attbutd attacks to t tat ad occud up to a dcad al.[32]
Stato as otd patd uxplad attacks o Cs buss 28 av ollowd a stoy o ETIM
tagtg Cs astuctu, ad otd t goup s
spltg ad subsut ogazato ollowg t
dat o Masu.[33]
Itllgc aalysts J. Todd Rd ad Daa Rasck
ackowldg tat potg Ca psts obstacls
ot oud couts w oato s ot so tgtly
cotolld. Howv, ty oud tat ETIM s xstc
ad actvts could b co d dpdtly o Cs govt soucs, usg oato glad o
ETIM s ow-duct wbst, pots o ua gts
goups ad acadcs, ad tstoy o t Uygu
dtas at Guataao Bay. Rd & Rasck also
usto t oato put out by Uygu xpatats
tat dy ETIM s xstc o pact, as t Uygus
wo lav Xjag a tos wo objct ost to govt polcy, a uabl to povd st-ad aalyss,
ad av a ctv to xaggat psso ad dowplay ltacy. Ty say tat ETIM was obscu but ot
ukow bo t Sptb 11 attacks, ctg Wst, Russa, ad Cs da soucs tat av docutd t ETIM s xstc o aly 2 yas .[34]
45.7
Designation as terrorist organization
Govt o Kazaksta
Govt o Kygyzsta[26]
Govt o Agasta[26]
Govt o t
ats[39][4][41][42][43][44]
Utd
Aab
E-
45.8 See also

Al Qada
Islac Movt o Uzbksta
Islac tos
Jad, Jads
Tos Ca
East Tuksta dpdc ovt
Xjag ad
45.9 Notes
^a T o cal a o t ogazato sc
1999 s t Tuksta Islac Movt , but
Egls t s kow by ts old a ad
acoy, ETIM.[11][16] Ot alass adoptd ov
t yas a East Tuksta Islac Paty , Alla Paty , ad East Tuksta Natoal Rvoluto
Assocato .[45]
45.10 References
[1] MacLa, Wlla (213-11-23). Islast goup calls
Taa attack 'jad opato': SITE . Reuters.
[2] TIP Dvso Sya Rlass Vdo Pootg Caus,
Ictg o Jad . SITE Isttut. 214-6-6. Rtvd 214-6-26.

t Tuksta Islac Movt as a tost ogazato.
[3] Bjg, Kug, Uu ad Guagzou: T Cagg Ladscap o At-Cs Jadsts . Jastow

Foudato. 23 May 214.
At t 911 attacks, ETIM was placd o t Utd

Stats' Tost Excluso Lst, wc cluds ogazatos coductg tost actvts.[5]
[4] Al-Qada: Dad o captud . MSNBC. 25-6-22.

Rtvd 21-7-31.
T goup was also class d as 'tost' by t ollowg:

Utd Natos[36]
Euopa Uo
Govt o Ca [37][38]
[5] U.S.Dpatt o Stat Tost

Lst"(Rtvd o July 29, 214).
Excluso
[6] Ca ssus wt pap o stoy, dvlopt o Xjag (Pat O)". Xua. 23-5-26. Rtvd 217-31.
[7] Lt, Loz M. (28). The Sino-Soviet split: Cold War
in the communist world. Pcto Uvsty Pss. ISBN
978--691-1359-8.
215
45.10. REFERENCES
[8] Rgos ad ttos: Xjag . Country Pro les
(BBC Nws). 29-7-15. Rtvd 21-8-7.
[23] Pk, Jo. East Tuksta Islac Movt East Tuksta Islac Paty (ETIP)". GlobalScuty.og.
[9] Maktos, Tassy N. (29). China s Energy Geopolitics:

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and Central Asia.
Taylo & Facs. ISBN 978--415-4569-6.
[24] d Vogu, Aa; Powll, Ds; Rya, Jaso (29-424). Guataao Uygu Dtas: Cog to Aca?". ABC Nws. Rtvd 21-7-31.
[1] Paca, Saukat (24-1-17). Ca asks Paksta to

vstgat Xjag tosts lst . Daly Ts (Paksta). Rtvd 21-8-7.
[11] Ca: T Evoluto o ETIM . Stato. 28-5-13.
Rtvd 21-8-7.
[12] Goodoug, Patck (29-8-26). Ppag to Mak
6 Yas o Coust Rul, Ca Wos About Tos . Cybcast Nws Svc. Rtvd 21-7-31.
[13] Guag, Pa (May 26). East Tuksta Tos ad
t Tost Ac: ca s Post-911 At-To Statgy . China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly 4 (2). ISSN
1653-4212.
[14] Hu Jtao ugs Zada to cus ETIM xtsts . T
Nato (Paksta). Rtvd 213-11-3.
[15] Bas, Sayk (28-7-1). Wy A W Fgtg Ca?". NEFA Foudato. Rtvd 21-87. ...W a gtg Ca... Ca s a y wo
as vadd Musl couts ad occups Musl East
Tuksta. T s o gat oblgato, asd o bl Alla, ta xpllg t s o Musls o
ou couts.... W a gtg Ca to ak t tsty tat 't s o God but Alla, Moad s t
Mssg o Alla' ad ak t covt to Isla....
[16] Cs Islasts tat Olypcs: US goup .
Agc Fac-Pss. 28-8-7. Rtvd 21-87.
[25] Buda taks Guataao Uygus .

29-6-11. Rtvd 21-7-31.
BBC Nws.
[26] Asa, Massoud (27-8-3). T Nw Fac o Jad . Nwsl. Rtvd 27-7-31.

[27] Wog, Edwad (21-7-9). Cs Spaatsts Td
to Noway Bob Plot . T Nw Yok Ts. Rtvd
21-8-1.
[28] Uygus Covctd East Tuksta Islac Movt
Plot Duba . Terrorism Monitor. Jastow Foudato. 21-6-22. Rtvd 21-7-31. | st1 ssg |last1 Autos lst (lp)
[29] Islast goup clas sposblty o attack o Ca s
Taa Sua . Rtvd 9 August 214.
[3] Clabaug, Rc (29-4-24). Fd o Guatao,
a Ugu clgs to asylu das Swd . T Csta Scc Moto. Rtvd 21-8-7.
[31] " Wold Uygu Cogss . Uygucogss.og. Rtvd 213-11-3.
[32] AFP: US lawaks sk vw o Ugu 'to' labl .
Agc Fac Pss. 29-6-16. Rtvd 213-113.
[33] Ca: ETIM s Dct Tat to t Olypcs . Stato.
28-7-25. Rtvd 21-7-31.
[17] Xjag ot ts goal at-to v . Ca

Daly. Xua. 29-7-18. Rtvd 21-8-1.
[34] Rd, J. Todd; Daa Rasck (21). The ETIM: China s

Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. ABCCLIO. pp. 14 16, 46 47.
[18] "'East Tuksta' tosts dt d . Ca Daly.

Xua. 28-1-21. Rtvd 21-7-31.
[35] ttp:ws.bbc.co.uk2uop5223458.st
[19] Xjag gt 'klld by do'". Al Jaza. 21-32. Rtvd 212-8-26. T lad o a Cs spaatst ovt, blvd to av lks wt al-Qada, as
b klld a US ssl stk, Paksta ad Talba
o cals av sad.
[2] Wals, Dcla; Sctt, Ec (212-8-24). Mltat
Lad Blvd Dad Paksta Do Stk . Nw
Yok Ts. Rtvd 212-8-26. Aog t 18 popl potd to av b klld was Et Yaku, a so
lad o t East Tuksta Islac Movt, a goup
o wst Ca wos bs a Cs Ugu
Musl ltats.

Sactos Cott . U.og. Rtvd 213-11-3.
[37] Cody, Edwad (26-5-1). Ca Dads Tat Albaa Rtu Ex-U.S. Dtas . Wasgto Post. Rtvd 21-7-31.
[38] Dos ot clud Hog Kog SAR o Macau
"
[39] . .
Emirates News Agency (WAM)
.1511214 5:34:
. Rtvd
Novb 16, 214. Cck dat valus : |dat (lp)
[21] Badudd Haa: 2IC o Haa Ntwok allgdly

klld NATO attack . FATA Rsac Ct. Rtvd 213-11-3.
[4] WAM (Publsd: 19:54 Novb 15, 214). UAE

publss lst o tost ogasatos . Gulf News. Rtvd Novb 16, 214. Cck dat valus : |dat
(lp)
[22] Fltc, Holly; Bajoa, Jays (28-7-31). T

East Tuksta Islac Movt (ETIM)". Backgrounder. Coucl o Fog Rlatos. Rtvd 217-31.
[41] UAE cabt doss w lst o tost goups .

Kuwait News Agency (KUNA)
.214-11-15. Rtvd Novb 16,
214.
216
CHAPTER 45. EAST TURKESTAN ISLAMIC MOVEMENT
[42] AFP (Novb 15, 214). UAE blacklsts 5 Paksta

goups aog 83 as 'ltat ogasatos . The Express
Tribune. Rtvd Novb 16, 214.
[43] ANI (Nov 16). UAE as 5 Pak-basd goups o lst o
83 'ltat ogazatos ". Yahoo India News (Kaac).
Rtvd Novb 16, 214. Cck dat valus :
|dat (lp)
[44] Agcy: ANI (16 Novb 214). UAE as 5 Paksta basd tost goups o lst o 83 'ltat ogazatos ". Yahoo India News (Plac: Kaac). Rtvd
Novb 16, 214.
[45] Bjg wats Cs Gto dtas . Ca Daly.
21-8-7.
45.11
Further reading
Rd, J. Todd; Rasck, Daa (21). The ETIM:

China s Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist
Threat. Wstpot, Coctcut: Pag. ISBN
978--313-3654-9
Chapter 46
Muslim Brotherhood of Syria

This article refers to the Syrian organisation
called the Muslim Brotherhood; for other organisations that use the same name, see the
Muslim Brotherhood article.
T Muslim Brotherhood of Syria (Aabc:
Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimun Suriya) as
b dscbd as a bac o t Su Islast
Musl Botood,[2] ad as vy loosly a latd to
t Egypta Musl Botood.[3] T goup s statd
poltcal postos a odat ad ts ost ct
Apl 212 asto t pldgs to spct dvdual
gts , to poot pluals ad docacy, ad dos
ot v to t wod Isla .[2][4]
Foudd sot bo o at t d o Wold Wa
II, t Musl Botood o Sya was s as o o
sval potat poltcal pats t 195s. W
Sya u d wt Egypt to o t Utd Aab Rpublc, t dsbadg o t Musl Botood as a poltcal paty was a codto o uo, o coplcatd by
Gaal Abdl Nass's co ct Egypt wt t Egypta
Musl Botood. T Sya Musl Botood
was bad by t govt o t Sya Aab Rpublc statg at t 1963 coup by t sculast, paAabst Ba'at Paty.[5] T Botood playd a ajo ol dsst agast t Baat Paty dug t pod 1976-1982,[6] ad bsp t Botood
Sya bca a captal o c 198.[7]
Followg t Haa upsg o 1982 t wak o t
wd Islast sugcy Sya (1979 1982), w
tousads o ad sugts ad cvlas w klld
by t ltay[8] t Botood was ctvly bok
as a actv poltcal oc sd Sya.
ol t 211 upsg Sya wc bga Mac

211,[1][11] ad potst cowds sots xplctly jctd ay dt cato wt poltcal Islasts ad wt
t Musl Botood spc cally (suc as t lag
potst Jas, Daaa, o Apl 28, 211).[12] T Sya upsg s co populato o potsts ca o
a youg gato wc ad co o ag a Sya
wtout sg cat Musl Botood psc.[13]
Howv, aog t xpatatd opposto, t Sya
Musl Botood as co to b s by so as t
doat goup [3] o doat oc [2] t opposto dug t Sya Cvl Wa as o spg 212.[3]
46.1 History
T Muslim Brotherhood in Syria was oudd t
lat 193s o d-194s by Mustaa al-Sba ad Muaad al-Mubaak al-Tayyb, wo w ds ad collagus o t oud o Egypt s Musl Botood,
Hassa al-Baa. I t st yas o Sya dpdc t Sya Musl Botood was pat o t lgal opposto, ad t 1961 palatay lctos t
wo t sats. At t 1963 coup bougt t sculast,
pa-Aabst Ba'at Paty to pow, t was bad.[5] T
Botood playd a ajo ol t aly Subasd sstac ovt tat opposd t Baat Paty,
(sc 1971 doatd by t Alawt Assad aly,
addg a lgous lt to ts co ct wt t Botood). Ts co ct dvlopd to a ad stuggl
t lat 197s tat claxd t Haa upsg o
1982, w tousads w klld by t ltay.[8]
Mbsp t Sya Botood bca a captal

o c Sya t 198 (ud Egcy Law 49)[7]
ad t Botood was cusd, toug t tad a
twok o suppot t couty, o ukow stgt,
ad ad xtal aduats Lodo ad Cypus.
I ct yas t as oucd volc ad adoptd a
ost plato, callg o t stablst o a plualstc, docatc poltcal syst. Fo ay yas t
lad o t Sya Musl Botood was Al Saddd Al-Bayaou, wo lvs as a poltcal ug
T Musl Botood dd ot av a sg cat tal Lodo.
T Musl Botood xl was aog t 25 sgatos o t Daascus Dclaato o 25, a statt o uty by Sya opposto cludg t Aab atoalst Natoal Docatc Rally, t Kuds Docatc Allac, t Cotts o Cvl Socty, t Kuds Docatc Fot, ad t Movt o t Futu, ad callg o pacul, gadual, o oudd
o accod, ad basd o dalogu ad cogto o t
ot.[9] "
217
218
46.1.1 Origins
CHAPTER 46. MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD OF SYRIA

gal. T Sya govt spodd by stcg to dat about 15 psos, alady accusd o bg
Ia agts, o blogg to t Islac sstac ovt. Tost attacks t bca a daly occuc,
patculaly Alppo ad ot ot cts. T
govt tdd to ascb ts attacks to t Botood, but as t ad sstac gad wdspad
popula suppot ad o loosly d d ad goups
appad, spcally poo gbooods, t bca
d cult to dt t xtt o t Botood s
volvt.[18]
Towads t d o t 193s, t das o Hassa

al-Baa acd Sya as youg Syas, wo ad
gaduatd o uvsty Cao ad patcpatd
t Musl Botood t, tud o
ad oudd assocatos calld Muaad s Yout
(Shabab Muhammad), wc w to bco t Musl
Botood Sya. T Musl Botood Sya
was oudd t 193s (accodg to lxcot.co)
o 1945, a ya bo dpdc o Fac,
(accodg to joualst Rob Wgt ad t BotI Novb 1979, a Botood la t statd:
ood tsl). T Botood stats ts oud was D.
Mustaa al-Sba'.[4] By 1954, t Sya assocato ld
W jct all os o dspots, out o by Mustaa al-Sba' o d assstac to ts Egypta ssspct o t vy pcpls o Isla, ad w
t ogasato, wc Gaal 'Abd al-Nass was t
do't dad t all o Paao so tat asubjctg to sv psso.[14]
ot o ca tak s plac. Rlgo s ot
Howv, t was ot utl t 196s tat t Sya Botood ca to play a ajo ol poltcs, as pat o a
boad-basd sstac ovt, wc dvlopd to
ad stuggl, agast a autotaa syst. At
t Ba'atst ltay coup o 8 Mac 1963, t w
adstato dastcally stctd poltcal dos,
ad coctatd pow t ads o t ltay ad
awadd pot postos to t couty s Alawt oty. Su Sya Islasts o t ajoty at
dd ot av pstato t govt. Fo
t stat, Islac poltcal goups, o wc t Botood was t ost pot, pstd t stogst
opposto to t govt. T outlawg o Botood 1964 sultd ts adcalsato. I 1964 ad
1965, stks ad ass dostatos spad tougout Sya s ajo cts, spcally Haa, ad w
cusd by t ltay. I 1971, Gal Haz alAssad, a Alawt, szd pow; 1973 volt dostatos bok out aga spos to a poposd costtuto tat dd ot u t psdt to b a Musl.
Sya s tvto t Lbas cvl wa 1976
o t sd o t Maots spakd wd agtato
Sya, ad assassatos bga to tagt bs o
t Sya govt ad pot Alawts; t Musl Botood lat clad sposblty o ost o
ts.[15][16]
46.1.2 197682 Islamic insurgency
posd by oc....[19]
I t days ladg to 8 Mac 198 (t svtt

avsay o t Ba'tst coup), aly all Sya cts
w paalysd by stks ad potsts, wc dvlopd
to ptcd battls wt scuty ocs. May ogasatos, bot lgous ad scula, w volvd, cludg t Sya Musl Botood. T govt
spodd wt ovwlg ltay oc, sdg
ts o tousads o toops, suppotd by taks ad lcopts. I ad aoud Alppo, udds o dostatos w klld, ad gt tousad w astd. By
Apl, t upsg ad b cusd.[2]
A wspap atcl by t psdt s bot, Raat alAssad, statd tat t govt was ppad to sac c a llo atys (ov a tt o Sya s populato at tat t) od to stap out t ato s s . O 7 July 198, t govt passd a law akg bsp t Botood pusabl by dat.
Typcally, owv, t adstato pactcd dscat, collctv pust: August, t ay
xcutd 8 sdts o a block o ats spos to
a attack o solds statod Alppo. I Apl 1981,
t ay xcutd about 4 o Haa s abtats, cos aog al loyalsts ov t ag o 14. Ts was as
a tbuto at a ald tost attack o a Alawt
vllag a Haa.[21]
Dug a 5-day oatou o t applcato o t 7

July law, ov a tousad Musl Bots tud tMa atcl: Islac upsg Sya
slvs , opg to scap t dat palty; oato
Fut oato: Tos Sya 1976 82 publsd about t t o cal pss ay gv so
Islac sugcy
sgt to t coposto o t Botood s bsp at tat t. Most o tos wo gav tslvs
O 16 Ju 1979, t Musl Botood cad out up w studts ud twty- v yas o ag, o
ots w scooltaca attack o cadts at t Alppo Atlly Scool, o- Daascus ad ot lag cts;
[22]
s,
possos
o
gs.
[17]
Allgdly, t govt o Ia
cally kllg 83.
povdd logstcal ad ltay suppot to t Bot- I August, Sptb ad Novb 1981, t Botood. Aoud ts t, posso Yus al-Yus was ood cad out t ca-bob attacks agast govassassatd Alppo, a vt ot ctd by scula ac- t ad ltay tagts Daascus, kllg utvst Waa Sulta as t aso s ca to oppos Isla dds o popl, accodg to t o cal pss. O 2
219
46.1. HISTORY
Fbuay 1982, t Botood ld a ajo sucto Haa, apdly takg cotol o t cty; t ltay spodd by bobg Haa (wos populato was
about 25,) tougout t st o t ot, kllg
btw 1, ad 3, popl. T tagdy o t
Haa Massac akd t dat o t Botood,
ad t ltat Islac ovt gal, as a poltcal oc Sya.[23][24]
46.1.3 Post-Hama era
46.1.4 2011present Syrian civil war

Ulk t MB-ld sugcy o 1976-1982, t Sya
upsg wc statd Mac 211 bga as a scula ad ovolt yout-ld ovt.[31] Potsts,
ostly oly apoltcal Syas t twts ad
tts, ca togt o a local, gassoots bass ad
ad w a latos to old poltcal dologs, callg stad o t las o psos o coscc,
guaats o docatc dos, ad t all o t
Assad govt. I August, 211, xpatatd Sya oppostosts od t Sya Natoal Coucl
to sk tatoal suppot o t upsg. T Sya Musl Botood o cally ld v sats t
Sya Natoal Coucl, t a opposto ublla
outsd Sya, but catd a twok o allacs wt
ot SNC bs, ad catd a cotollg uc
o t Coucl s l cott. Sc t oato o
t Natoal Coalto o Sya Rvolutoay ad Opposto Focs Novb, 212, t Sya Natoal
Coucl as tak a backsat to t Coalto, wc s
cogzd as t xtal poltcal body o oppostosts ladg t voluto.
Havg suppssd all opposto, Haz al-Assad lasd so psod bs o t Botood

t d-199s. At s dat 2, Assad was
succdd by s so, Basa al-Assad, wo tally sgalld gat opss to poltcal dbat. I May 21,
couagd by a w poltcal clat, t Musl Botood publsd a statt Lodo jctg poltcal volc, ad callg o a od, docatc
stat. May poltcal psos, cludg Musl Bots, w padod ad lasd. Howv, ts o I 212, Botood actvsts catd t Cosso
was sot-lvd; t sa ya, t w poltcal - o Cvla Potcto (CCP). T CCP s cosdd
dos tat ad b gatd w abuptly vokd.[25]
to b a ot o t Botood,[32] taskd wt lpAltoug ts ladsp s xl, t Botood co- g ad uts sd Sya coct wt ac ot
tus to joy cosdabl sypaty aog Syas. ad wt sposos aboad. Its wbst lsts uous
Ryad al-Tuk, a scula opposto lad, cosds t a latd actos, dstbutd acoss Hos, Daascus,
t ost cdbl Sya opposto goup. T Bot- Idlb, ad lsw; owv, ost o ts goups a
ood as cotud to advocat a docatc polt- sall ad gally sl-dty as bs o t F
[33]
cal syst; t as abadod ts calls o volt ss- Sya Ay o t Sya Islac Lbato Fot.
T
Sya
Musl
Botood
s
blvd
to
cotol,
tac ad o t applcato o shari'a law, as wll as
o Su upsgs agast Alawts. Al-Tuk ad ots toug udg, o-out to o-td o t dspaat
kow collctvly as t F Sy t scula opposto a cld to tak ts volu- ad bl bgads
[13]
a
Ay
(FSA).
to sously, as a sg o t Botood s gat poltcal atuty, ad blv tat t Botood would Dspt tat, T Tlgap potd o August 212 tat
ow b wllg to patcpat a docatc syst o t Musl Botood ad stablsd ts ow lta
ot a latd to t FSA sd Sya, calld Ad M
govt.[26]
o t Musl Botood , wt psc Daascus
I a Jauay 26 tvw, t Botood s lad,
[34]
Al Saddd Bayaou, sad t Musl Bot- ad ot placs lk Hos o Idlb. Duou al-Tawa
Cosso (Slds o t Rvoluto Coucl) catd
ood wats a pacul cag o govt Daascus ad t stablst o a 'cvl, docatc stat', 212 wt assstac o t Sya Musl Boto so 43 gtg uts ost
ot a Islac publc. [27] Accodg to Bayaou, t ood allgdly cosstg [35][36]
o
t
Idlb
o
Haa.
Sya govt adts avg dtad 3, popl, gvg a a pstato o t Botood s At t sa t Botood lads av b acg out to assu lads gbog Joda, Ia ad
stgt.[28]
tAccodg to lakd Aca cabls, Sya Psdt Lbao as wll as t Wst tat ty av o[3]
to
o
doatg
a
utu
Sya
poltcal
syst
ad
Basa al Assad allgdly calld Haas a uvtd
av
playd
dow
t
gowg
uc
t
Sygust ad sad I you wat to b ctv ad ac[2]
tv, I av to av a latosp wt all pats. Haas a opposto. T Sya MB as assud outsds
s Musl Botood, but w av to dal wt t - tat t s gog to gat lgts to su tat ts doatd
[3]
alty o t psc. , copag Haas to t Sy- wapos do t all to t ads o xtsts .
a Musl Botood wc was cusd by s at Accodg to Hassa Hassa wtg t Guada
Haz al Assad. H t allgdly clad Haas would wspap d-212, wl t Botood dd co
dsappa pac was bougt to t Mddl East.[29][3] to doat t Sya Natoal Coucl, a body od
22
CHAPTER 46. MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD OF SYRIA
outsd Sya, t Botood appas to b o popula aog xls ta t upsg populato sd

Sya. Actvsts o vaous pats o Sya av told
tat, po to t upsg last ya, t couty ad
alost zo Botood psc. At last 7%" o
Sya s populato o-Sus (Musl ad Csta),
Kuds, ad tbal goups av b outsd t Botood s uc t past , ad Hassa blvs wll
a so t utu.[37]
46.2
Personalities
Moad Faouk Tayou dputy lad, vc

psdt o t Sya Natoal Coucl[3]
Mola al-Dob a b o t Botood s
ladsp ad sts o t Sya Natoal Coucl s
og a as cott.[3]
Al Saddd Al-Bayaou o Botood
lad[2]
Moaad Rad al-Sa cut Botood
lad
46.2.1 General leaders

Murshid ( sup gud o Gal lads (G.L.))
o t Musl Botood Sya aav b
Foud & Fst G.lad (1945 - 1964):
Mustaa al-Sba'
2d G.L (1964 - 1973): Issa al-Atta
3d G.L (1973 - 1976): Abd al-Fatta
Abu Gudda
4t G.L (1976 - 1981): Ada Saad alD
5t G.L (1981 - 1985): Hassa Howd
6t G.L (1985 - 1985): Mu Gadba
7t G.L (1985 - 1986): Adb Gaja
8t G.L (1986 - 1991): Abu Gudda
9t G.L (1991 - 1996): Hassa Howd
46.3 See also

46.4 References
[1] T Musl Botood Sya . Cag Mddl
East Ct. Rtvd 212-7-29.
[2] Kald Yacoub Ows Sya s Musl Botood s
o t ass, Ruts (6 May 212).
[3] Sya s Musl Botood s gag uc ov atAssad volt By Lz Sly, Wasgto Post 12 May 212
[4] Sya Musl Botood Issus Post-Assad Stat-oAll Cott Cat, kwawb.co (T Musl
Botood s O cal Egls wb st) (7 Apl 212).
[5] Wgt, Rob, Dreams and Shadows : the Future of
the Middle East, Pgu Pss, 28, p.241. ISBN
15942111.
[6] Mddl East Watc. Sya Uaskd: T Suppsso o
Hua Rgts by t Assad Rg. Nw Hav: Yal
UP, 1991
[7] Wgt, Dreams and Shadows, 28, p.248
[8] To Kjl (2 Sptb 2). Looklx cyclopda . Lxcot.co. Rtvd 212-8-25.
[9] ."
213-12-18.
[11] pp. 12-14.

[12] S ut 2:3.
[13] ttp:www.vw.ogvtcalSts
%7B8182BD6D-7C3B-4C35-B7F8-F4FD486C7CBD%
7DuploadsSya_Spcal_Rpot-wb.pd
[14] Ca , 125.
[15] Ca, 131 135, 156.
[16] ICG, 3 4.
T Sya
[17] Talay, Yvtt (Autu 29).
Musl Bots ad t Sya-Iaa Rlatosp . The Middle East Journal 63 (4): 561 58.
do:1.1353j..88. Rtvd 29 July 213.
[19] Ca, 139.

[2] Ca, 141 146.
11t G.L & Cut Lad (21 pst): Moaad Rad al-Sa
"Adaa-sy.og. Rtvd
[1] Rotkop, Davd. How t Musl Botood Hjackd Sya s Rvoluto . Fogpolcy.co. Rtvd 213-12-18.
[18] Ca , 135-7.
1t G.L (1996 - 21): Al Saddd Al-Bayaou
[21] Ca, 148 151.

[22] Ca, 151.

[23] Ca, 159.
[24] ICG, 4.
[25] ICG, 4, 7 8.
[26] ICG, 15, 17
[27] McCaty 26.
[28] Wgt, Dreams and Shadows, 28, p.246
[29] Ro Naas (Ro Naas). Assad: Ia wo't attack Isal wt uks . ynetnews.com. Rtvd 12 Dcb 21. Cck dat valus : |dat (lp)
[3] Ms Lutz (2 Dcb 21). Sya s Assad ss to
suggst backg o Haas gotabl, lakd cabls say .
Los Angeles Times. Rtvd 12 Dcb 21.
[31] Moja Ka, T Sya Rvoluto T ad Now:
A Youg Novolt Movt ad t Esug
Ad Stuggl, Spcal Rpot o Fds o
a No-Volt Wold, St. Paul, Msota, Fbuay 28, 213 ttp:www.vw.ogvtcalSts
%7B8182BD6D-7C3B-4C35-B7F8-F4FD486C7CBD%
7DuploadsSya_Spcal_Rpot-wb.pd
[32] souc dd
[33] Lud, Ao (5 Octob 212). Holy Waos . Fog
Polcy. Rtvd 212-12-26.
[34] Rut Slock & Rcad Spc (3 August 213).
Musl Botood stablss lta sd Sya .
T Tlgap. Rtvd 26 Dcb 213.
[35] Rpot o latv stgt o ad bls Sya
[36] T No-Stat Mltat Ladscap Sya
[37] Syas a to btw a dspotc g ad a stagat
opposto . T Guada. 23 August 212. Rtvd
17 Dcb 213.
46.5
External links
(Aabc) O cal St
221
Chapter 47
Authenticity and Development Front

T Authenticity and Development Front s a allac
o Islast goups tat av b actv dug t Sya
cvl wa.[3] Altoug t allac uss FSA ags ad
sybols t dos't actually dty tslvs as pat o
t F Sya Ay.[8] O o t goups volvd s
t Haakat Nou al-D al-Zk, wc was also pat
o t Ay o Mujad,[3] toug t Ay o Mujad aoucd o 4 May 214 tat t Nou alD al-Zak Islac Bgads ad wtdaw o t
coalto.[9] Aot goup volvd t coalto s t
Al al-Ata Bgad.[2]
47.1
[9] Js al-Mujad Cat Cot ad Taslato . Goa s Nal. 4 May 214. Rtvd 19 May 214.
47.3 External links
See also
47.2
References
[1] T No-Stat Mltat Ladscap Sya . Cobatg

Tos Ct. 27 August 213. Rtvd 19 May
214.
[2] Sjab, La (17 Octob 213). Sya css: Gud to
ad ad poltcal opposto . BBC. Rtvd 19 May
214.
May 214.
[4] Nw Sya jadst body od to gt ISIS . Al Moto. 28 May 214. Rtvd 3 Ju 214.
[5] T Rvolutoay Coad Coucl: Rbl Uty
Sya?". Carnegie Endowment of International Peace. 1
Dcb 214. Rtvd 1 Dcb 214.
[7] Al-Nusa Fot ad t Islac Stat Ia ad Sya:
a Cold Wa Raa . Daascus Buau. 18 Dcb
213. Rtvd 19 May 214.
[8] T Factos o Abu Kaal
222
Chapter 48
Junud al-Sham
Not to b cousd wt Jud al-Sa.
Junud al-Sham (Soldiers of the Levant) s a goup o
Cc ad Lbas Su gts wo av ougt
dug t Sya Cvl Wa.[1]
48.1
See also
48.2
References
[1] Splt Aog Not Caucasa Fgts Sya . T

Ctal Asa-Caucasus Aalyst. 2 July 214. Rtvd 2
Novb 214.
[2] Sya opposto goups al to captu Alppo pso .
Al Monitor. 2 Fbuay 214. Rtvd 6 Sptb
214.
[3] Cc al Qada coad, popula Saud clc, ad
a Aa al Sa lad spottd o ot ls Lataka .
Long War Journal. 27 Mac 214. Rtvd 6 Sptb 214.
[4] GUEST POST: T 4 Cc Bgads I Jaaat
Aadu Aad . Fo Ccya To Sya. 16 August
214. Rtvd 12 Sptb 214.
48.3
External links
Juud al-Sa o Twtt
223
Chapter 49
Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki

Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki (Aabc:
, Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement) s a dpdt
sugt goup volvd t Sya Cvl Wa. It s pat
o t Sya Rvolutoay Coad Coucl ad as
cvd U.S.-ad BGM-71 TOW at-tak ssls.[4]
As o 214 t s potdly o o t ost potat bl
actos Alppo.[5]
49.1

Coad Coucl . Goa s Nal. 3 August 214. Rtvd 15 Sptb 214.
[4] EXCLUSIVE 18 Sya volutoay actos advacg towad a O Ay pojct . The Arab Chronicle.
Acvd o t ogal o 26 August 214. Rtvd
15 Sptb 214.
History
[5] Rggd Cas ad Bal Bobs: Alppo ad t Stat o

t Sya Wa . Itatoal Css Goup. 9 Sptb
214. Rtvd 15 Sptb 214.
Nou al-D al-Zk was od lat 211 by Sayk

Taw Saabudd t Sayk Sala aa otwst o Alppo. T goup s gatst coctato o
gts t cty o Alppo a ts otwst
sububs.[6] Nou al-D al-Zk took pat t tal
battls tat statd t Battl o Alppo July 212,
captug t Saladd gboood, altoug t soo
wtdw to ts atlad t coutysd.[7]
T goup as go toug ay a latos sc t
was oudd. It was tally a bac o t al-Faj
Movt, t wt o to jo t Tawd Bgads dug t attack o Alppo, bo wtdawg ad allyg wt t Saud-backd Auttcty ad Dvlopt
Fot.[8] I Jauay 214, Nou al-D al-Zk was o
o t oudg actos t at-Islac Stat o Ia
ad t Lvat ublla goup Ay o Mujad,[1]
owv May 214 t wtdw o t allac ad
subsutly cvd casd acal suppot o
Saud Aaba, wc ad b luctat to suppot t
Ay du to ts lks wt t Sya Musl Botood.[5]
49.2
[6] NEW OPPOSITION COALITION JAISH ALMUJAHIDEEN ANNOUNCED IN ALEPPO .

Jastow Foudato. 3 Jauay 214. Rtvd 15
Sptb 214.
[7] T Stoy o Al-Tawd Bgad: Fgtg o Saa
Sya . Al-Moto (As-Sa ). 22 Octob 213. Rtvd 15 Sptb 214.
[8] Extal suppot ad t Sya sugcy . Fog
Polcy. 9 August 213. Rtvd 15 Sptb 214.
49.4 External links
See also
49.3
References
Sptb 214.
224
Haakat Nou al-D al-Zk o Facbook

Haakat Nou al-D al-Zk s YouTub Cal
Chapter 50
Sham Legion
T Sham Legion (Aabc: , Faylaq AlSham[1] ), s a allac o Islast bl goups wc
od od to cosoldat t stgt o odat
Islasts dug t Sya Cvl Wa.[1] T allac was
od o 19 d t goups,[4] so o wc w
pvously a latd wt t Sya Musl Botood
ad Slds o t Rvoluto Coucl.[1]
50.1
A liated groups
Fat Bgad
Ea Bgad
S al-Ha Bgad[1]
50.2
See also
50.3
References
[1] T Sa Lgo: Sya s Modat Islasts .

Cag Edowt o Itatoal Pac. 15 Apl
[2] Nw allac could sgal d o Islac Fot . As-Sa r.
4 August 214. Rtvd 25 August 214.
[4] Nt Sya Opposto Goups Ut ud AlSa Lgo ". Sya 36. 11 Mac 214. Rtvd
18 May 214.
50.4
External links
Sa Lgo o Twtt (Aabc)

225
Sa Lgo o Facbook
Sa Lgo s Egls Youtub Cal
Chapter 51
Shields of the Revolution Council

T Shields of the Revolution Council (Aabc:
, Hayat Duu al-Tawa) s a Sya FSAbl allac a latd wt t Musl Botood o
Sya. Psdt Basa al-Assad as labld t Sya
bac o t Musl Botood as a xtst to goup.[1] It jod t Sya Rvolutoay Coad Coucl o 3 August 214.[3]
I Mac 214, t Fat Bgad, Ea Bgad
ad S al-Ha Bgad, pvously a latd wt t
Slds, splt o t goup ad jod t wly od
Sa Lgo allac.[4]
51.1
A liated groups
Da al-Jabal[1]
51.2
See also
51.3
References
[1] Sya Musl Botood stat to plug to lta ga . The Daily Star. 31 Octob 213. Rtvd
23 August 214.
[2] A tapsty o wa . Al-Ahram Weekly. 1 Apl 213.
Rtvd 23 August 214.
[3] EXCLUSIVE 18 Sya volutoay actos advacg towad a O Ay pojct . The Arab Chronicle.
Rtvd 23 August 214.
[4] T Sa Lgo: Sya s Modat Islasts .
Cag Edowt o Itatoal Pac. 15 Apl
51.4
External links
Slds o t Rvoluto Coucl o Twtt (Aabc)
226
Chapter 52
Alwiya al-Furqan
Alwiya al-Furqan (Aabc:
, Criterion
Brigades) s a dpdt bl goup volvd t
Sya Cvl Wa. It clas to b t lagst Islac acto cutly opatg Quta.[1]
52.1
See also
52.2
References
[1] Muaad Majd al-Katb: A Rsg Lad t

F Sya Ay . Jastow Foudato. 28 Fbuay 214. Rtvd 25 August 214.
52.3
External links
Alwya al-Fua wbst

Alwya al-Fua o Twtt (Aabc)
227
Chapter 53
Group of the One and Only

T Group of the One and Only s a bl goup tat
as b actv dug t Sya cvl wa. T goup s
coposd o ogs as wll as Syas.[1]
53.1
See also
53.2
References
[1] Cc-ld jadst goup Sya lass vdo o

tag cap . Log Wa Joual. 12 August 214. Rtvd 12 Sptb 214.
[2] Gust Post: MUHAJIREEN BATTALION JAMAAT
AHADUN AHAD . Fo Ccya To Sya. 6 August
214. Rtvd 12 Sptb 214.
[3] GUEST POST: T 4 Cc Bgads I Jaaat
Aadu Aad . Fo Ccya To Sya. 16 August
214. Rtvd 12 Sptb 214.
228
Chapter 54
Northern Sun Battalion

T Northern Sun Battalion (Aabc: ,
kata'eb shams ash-shamal) s a goup tat as b actv dug t Sya Cvl Wa. T goup s coposd o bs o t Popl s Potcto Uts ad
Tuk.[1]
54.1
See also
54.2
References
[1] Sya Kud lad ugs Tuky to jo gt agast jadsts . Al Moto. 6 May 214. Rtvd 12 Sptb 214.
[2]
"
."
YouTub. 17 Apl 214. Rtvd
12 Sptb 214.
[3] Kuds doggdly dd A al-Aab . Assocatd Pss.

5 Dcb 214. Rtvd 5 Dcb 214.
[4] YPG ad FSA o a jot ltay cab to cobat
ISIS Sya . ARA Nws. 12 Sptb 214. Rtvd 12 Sptb 214.
[5] T Daw o Fdo Bgads: Aalyss ad Itvw . Sya Cot. 2 Octob 214. Rtvd 12
Novb 214.
54.3
External links
Not Su Battalo o Facbook (Aabc)
229
Chapter 55
People s Protection Units

out govt scuty ocs o t cty o Koba
(Ay al-Aab) ad took ov Auda ad E.[8][9][14]
As o Dcb 212, t YPG cossts o gt
bgads. So o ts bgads opat E,
Qasl, Koba ad S Kay.[15]
Co ct as gow btw t YPG ad Islasts at
ty xplld a goup o jadsts o t Sya bod
tow o Ras al-A.[16]
I 214, t YPG collaboatd wt t F Sya
Ay od to gt agast t Islac Stat o Ia
ad t Lvat A-Raa Govoat.[17] T YPG
T People s Protection Units (Kuds: Yky as also od a opatos oo wt ultpl FSA
[18]
3]
Paasta Gl; Aabc: [
Wihdat actos calld Eupats Volcao.
Himayah ash-Sha'ab), cooly kow as t YPG,
s t atoal ay o Sya Kudsta.[4] T goup
as tak a dsv posto, gtg agast ay goup 55.1 Liberation of Til Koer
tat as t tto o bgg t Sya Cvl Wa to
Kuds abtd aas.[4][5]
Popl s Ds Uts (YPG) gts took cotol o
T goup was oudd by t Kuds Docatc Uo t Tl Ko cty Wst Kudsta, ollowg sv
Paty (PYD) ad t Kuds Sup Cott at class wt al-Qada-lkd ad goups.
t 24 Qasl class, but t was ot actv utl t
Sya Cvl Wa.[4] As o t sgg o t Abl Ag- Tl Ko, o t bod wt t cty o Musul Ia,
t by PYD ad Kuds Natoal Coucl (KNC) t as b scud ollowg t Tbspy "ad Tl Elo
Ad Wg ca ud t coad o t Kuds Matys opatos YPG laucd o 23 Octob.
sup Cott, toug alty t s alost xclu- Class btw YPG ad t ISIL (Islac Stat o Ia
svly stll t ad wg o t o[6] ad s - ad t Lvat) ltats t cty lastd tll aly osposbl o atag od ad potctg t lvs g o Suday. YPG gts clad t cty o t ad
o sdts Kuds gbouoods.[7][8][9]
goups ad also szd t v taks, d t kds o
T YPG s coposd o ad wo o co- ssls ad wapos.
uts acoss t Kuds go o Sya. T YPG Followg t two volutoay opatos, YPG gts
cosds tsl a docatc popl s ay ad coducts took t cotol o sv vllags ad t alts, ad
tal lctos as a tod o appotg o cs.[1] also szd t ad goups ay aduats Tl
Toug pdoatly Kuds, t goup as attactd Ko, sc 23 Octob.
casg ubs o Aabs, cludg gts dctg o t asta opposto[11] as wll as lo- Two vllags, a aduats ad Tl Ko bod gat
cals o xd o Aab vllags YPG-cotolld t- (Alyauba) w also tak by YPG gts t ajo
toy wo s t goup as t bst guaato o - o sv ty laucd o t gt o 24 Octob.
goal scuty;[12] a ub o o-Kuds Cstas PYD (Docatc Uo Paty) lad Sal Musl wo
also gt YPG aks, ad t lta as clos ts to spok to Stk TV o Satuday sad tat t YPG succss
t AssyaSyac Sutoo ad Syac Mltay Coucl. Tl Ko was t vctoy o t t Kudsta .
Ty a kow o t lag ub o wo gt- Musl akd tat t dvlopts Tl Ko
s.[13]
would also lad to cags t poltcal ad cooc
Map showing de facto cantons of Western Kurdistan (Rojava),
controlled by the People s Protection Units in February 2014
I lat July 212, t Popl s Potcto Uts pusd stuato Wst Kudsta, ad sad ts succss as c23
231
55.5. REFERENCES
atd a altatv agast t ots ad ttos to
old t t Wst Kudsta ttoy ud bago.
[2] Wll t Islac Stat last toug 215?". Today s Zaa. Rtvd 4 Jauay 215.
PYD lad otd tat t Tl Ko bod gat was a

w altatv o tad agast bago.[19]
[3]
55.2
[4] Gold, Day (31 Octob 21). Mt t YPG, t

Kuds Mlta Tat Dos't Wat Hlp o Ayo .
Vice. Rtvd 9 Octob 214.
Foreign volunteers
As o Novb 214, t a at last 1 U.S. voluts wo av ougt alogsd t YPG.[2] Joda

Matso svd as a atya t U.S. Ay.[21]
Jy Woodad svd bot Ia ad Agasta.[22]
Ba Wlso, aot U.S. Ay vta,[23] s locatd
Ras al-Ay.[22]
O Gk ctz ad dozs o o Kuds Tuks av
also jod t aks o YPG. At last two Tuks voluts av b klld acto.[2]
."
tvd 9 Octob 214.
:
"
Hawa Nws. R-
[5] YPG Coad: Kuds A Bulwak Agast Islac

Exts Sya . Rudaw. 22 July 213. Rtvd 9
Octob 214.
[6] va Wlgbug, Wlad (5 Apl 213). Co ct Its s Sya s Kuds Aa . Syria Pulse (Al Moto). Rtvd 9 Octob 214.
[7] T battl o cotol Sya . Daly Nws Egypt. 21
July 214. Rtvd 9 Octob 214.
O 21 Octob 214, YPG laucd t T Los O [8] Lbatd Kuds Cts Sya Mov to Nxt Pas .
Rojava Facbook pag as a cutt ct o og
Rudaw. 25 July 212. Rtvd 9 Octob 214.
voluts.[24][25] O Aca volut cutd ts
way as sc dstd t YPG at clag ISIS put [9] Kuds uscl xg . Jerusalem Post. 14 Novb
212. Rtvd 9 Octob 214.
a bouty o s ad; ad t ollowg clas gadg s t wt t YPG: It s xtly dagous [1] A Ra Glps to Kuds Ad Focs Sya .
tat ty' takg ayo wt o ltay xpc,
Rudaw.
o ag uts, o pyscal stctos ... Ty a
just takg popl t, gvg t a gu sayg y [11] Msgu, Davd (9 Fbuay 213). Aabs jo Kuds lta Alppo . Fat Nws. Rtvd 9 Octob
good luck buddy .[26]
214.
55.3
The YPJ
[12] St, Haa Lucda (23 Dcb 213). T Boy

wo Gw up to Btay s Vllag . Asharq Al-Awsat.
Rtvd 9 Octob 214.
T YPJ (Wo s Potcto Uts) s t al [13] Al Nusa attacks YPG s wo gts Skay .
bgad o t YPG, ad was st up 212. T KuFat Nws. 16 July 213. Rtvd 9 Octob 214.
ds da says tat YPJ toops av bco vtal t
[14] Kuds Gv Ultatu to Sya Scuty Focs .
battl agast I.S. Koba.[27]
Rudaw. 21 July 212. Rtvd 9 Octob 214.
55.4
See also
Jabat al-Akad
Psga
PKK
PJAK
Sutoo
Sg o Koba
55.5
References
[1] PYD Aoucs Sups It Govt Sya s

Kuds Rgos . Rudaw. 13 Novb 213. Rtvd 9 Octob 214.
[15] T Kuds Potcto Uts Hav Fod a Nw

Bgad t Al Bab Rgo . Scta Huaa. 4 Dcb 212. Rtvd 18 Dcb 213.
[16] Kuds xpl jadsts o aspot Sya tow:
NGO . Al Ahram. 17 July 213. Rtvd 9 Octob
214.
[17] FSA ad YPG coopat agast ISIL ltats Sya s
Tl Abyad . ARA Nws. 12 May 214. Rtvd 9 Octob 214.
ISIS Sya . ARA Nws. 12 Sptb 214. Rtvd 9 Octob 214.
[19] YPG taks cotol o Tl Ko . FatNws. 27 Octob
[2] Wst coads jo Kuds, Aabs, sculasts,
Yzds, ad Syac Cstas agast Islac Stat .
Masabl. 29 Octob 214. Rtvd 15 Novb
214.
232
CHAPTER 55. PEOPLE S PROTECTION UNITS
[21] Exclusv: Aca xplas wy s gtg ISIL .

USA Today. 7 Octob 214. Rtvd 23 Octob
214.
[22] T US voluts wo gt wt Sya s Kuds . BBC.
[23] A Dvocd Fat-o-Two o Oo Is Fgtg t Islac Stat Sya . BBC. 23 Octob 214. Rtvd
23 Octob 214.
[24] T Los o Rojava . BBC. Rtvd 15 Novb
214.
[25] Koba Kuds Us Facbook To Rcut Fog Fgts I Stuggl Agast IS . BBC. 13 Novb 214.
Rtvd 15 Novb 214.
[26] Hdg, Cat (1 Jauay 215). US vt says gtg Sya was as asy as buyg apla tckt to Ma . Fox Nws. Rtvd 12 Jauay 215.
[27] Kuds Wo Tug Koba to a Lvg 'Hll' o
Islac Stat . tlsu. 14 Octob 214. Rtvd 2
Dcb 214.
55.6
External links
Los o Rojava
Chapter 56
Asayish (Syria)
T Asayi o Asayish (Aabc: , Kuds o security[2] ) s t o cal scuty ogasato o t autooous adstato Sya Kudsta. It was
od dug t Sya Cvl Wa to polc aas cotolld by t Kuds Sup Cott.
56.1
See also
Asays (Kudsta Rgoal Govt)

Popl s Potcto Uts (YPG)
Sutoo
56.2
References
[1] Kuds Buld Bdgs At Last . It Pss Svc. 13

Octob 213. Rtvd 26 Fbuay 214.
[2] Mll, Judt (1993-1-3). Ia Accusd: A Cas o
Gocd . The New York Times. Rtvd 21-4-25.
233
Chapter 57
Jabhat al-Akrad
Jabhat al-Akrad (Aabc: ) , also kow
as t Kurdish Front Brigade (Aabc:
Liwa' Jabhat al-'Akrad l-Nusrah
Shabn al-Sr, Kurdish Front Brigade to Protect the
Syrian People, Kuds: Eya Kuda
) , s a pdoatly Kuds ad acto patcpatg t Sya cvl wa.
57.2 References
T goup was ogally od as a bgad o t

F Sya Ay by Kuds ad Aab dctos o
t Sya Ay. It as also atad clos ts to
t PKK-lkd Docatc Uo Paty (PYD) sc ts
oudg, cludg ltay coodato wt ts ad
wg, t Popl s Potcto Uts (YPG). Jabat alAkad opats Kuds ad tcally-xd aas
Sya s Alppo ad Raa povcs, aly outsd o
t uas-autooous Kuds clavs Kud Dag,
Jaza, ad t Koba Cato wc a cotolld by
t YPG. Ts aas clud t coutysd ot ad
ast o Alppo cty, Alppo cty tsl, t aa o Tall
Abyad ot Raa povc, ad Raa cty tsl.
Jabat al-Akad was xplld o t FSA Alppo Mltay Coucl o 16 August 213 du to allgd PKK
a latos[8] ad wdspad class ot Sya
btw pdoatly Su Aab bl goups ld by
uts a latd to al-Qada ad Kuds lta ld by
t YPG.
I aly 214, ollowg sval ots o actvty, Jabat al-Akad -gd to collaboat wt t F Sya Ay ad ot bl actos attacks o t Islac
Stat o Ia ad t Lvat (ISIL). O 28 Fbuay, ISIL
wtdw o t statgc bod tow o Azaz, wc
was t tak by Jabat al-Akad, t Not Sto
Bgad ad Al-Tawd Bgad.[4] T acto ad 1
ot goups av tatd to lav Alppo ad Raa
govoats ty a ot add by ot bls.[7]
57.1
See also

234
[1] Cvoglu, Mutlu (11 August 213). Kuds Coad: Jad Goups Sya Hav Hjackd FSA . Rudaw
Egls. Rtvd 16 May 214.
ISIS Sya . ARA Nws. 12 Sptb 214. Rtvd 11 Sptb 214.
[3] Sya bls stuggl o cotol ov ISIL-ld Raa .
ARA Nws. 13 May 214. Rtvd 16 May 214.
[4] va Wlgbug, Wlad (27 Mac 214). Sya
Kuds, bls d coo y ISIS . Al Monitor.
Rtvd 16 May 214.
[5] Ay Jawad Al-Ta - Ky Updats o Albukaal (Abu Kaal)". Bow Moss Blog. 29 Apl 214.
Rtvd 22 May 214.
[6] Al-Akad Fot dats ISIL Alppo . ARA Nws.
24 Ju 214. Rtvd 24 Ju 214.
[7] Rbls dad lp as gtg ags agast ISIS Gouta . T Daly Sta. 3 July 214. Rtvd 9 July 214.
[8] va Wlgbug, Wlad (16 August 213). FSA Rovs Jabat al-Akad Fo Coucl . Transnational
Middle-East Observer. Rtvd 16 May 214.
Chapter 58
Kurdistan Workers Party

Fo t zy sots abbvatd as PKK , s lstd as a tost ogazato tatoally by svPospobulokas.
al stats ad ogazatos, cludg t Not Atlatc
Taty Ogasato (NATO), t Utd Stats, ad t
Euopa Uo.[18]
T Kurdistan Workers Party,[b 1][b 2] cooly d to by ts Kuds acoy, PKK (Patya Kak
Kudsta)[18] s a Kuds tost ogazato wc
o 1984 to 213 ougt a ad stuggl agast t 58.1 History
Tuks stat o cultual ad poltcal gts ad sldtato o t Kuds Tuky,[12] wo cops Ma atcl: Hstoy o t Kudsta Woks Paty
btw 1% ad 25% o t populato ad av b I t aly 197s, t ogazato s co goup was
subjctd to o cal psso o dcads.[19] T goup
was oudd 1978 t vllag o Fs (a Lc)
by a goup o adcal Kuds studts ld by Abdulla
cala.[2] T PKK s dology was ogally a uso o
volutoay socals ad Kuds atoals, skg
t oudato o a dpdt, Maxst Lst stat
t go kow as Kudsta.
Howv, sc s captu ad psot 1999,
t lad o t PKK, Abdulla cala, as abadod
Maxs-Ls,[21] ladg t paty to adopt s w
poltcal plato o Docatc Codals ( ucd stogly by t lbtaa socalst plosopy o
couals) wl casg ts o cal calls o t stablst o a ully dpdt couty. I May 27,
o bs o t PKK lpd o t KCK, a
ublla ogasato o Kuds o Tuky, Ia, Ia
ad Sya. O 2 Mac 25,[22] cala dscbd t
d o a docatc codals ad wt o to say:
T docatc codals o Kudsta s
ot a Stat syst, t s t docatc syst
o a popl wtout a Stat... It taks ts pow
o t popl ad adopts to ac sl su ccy vy ld cludg cooy.
15 February 2003, PKK supporters at the protest in London.
ad up lagly o studts ld by Abdulla cala

("Apo") Akaa. T goup soo ovd ts ocus
to t lag Kuds populato sout-ast Tuky.
A tg o 25 Novb 1978, a ta ous a
Dyabak s cosdd t oudg tg.[24] O 27
Novb 1978, t goup adoptd t a Kurdistan
Workers Party. Espousg a adcal lt, Maxst dology, t goup took pat volt co cts wt gtwg tts as a pat o t poltcal caos Tuky
at t t. I 1979, as a act o "popagada o t
dd, t goup td to assassat t Kuds tbal
lad Mt Clal Bucak. Ty clad tat xplotd t pasats, ad collaboatd wt Tuky. Ts
akd a pod o ts uba waa aog ot
adcal poltcal lts.
I 213, t PKK accptd a cas agt ad bga slowly wtdawg ts gts to t Kudsta Rgo o ot Ia as pat o t so-calld "soluto
pocss" btw t Tuks stat ad t logdsacsd Kuds oty.
T 198 Tuks coup d'tat pusd t ogazato to

aot stag, wt bs (suc as Sak Casz, o
o t co-ouds[24] ) dog jal t, bg subjct to
captal pust, o g to Sya. O 1 Novb 198, t PKK bobd t Tuks Cosulat
T a 'PKK' s usually usd tcagably o Stasboug, Fac a jot opato wt t Aa
clad as t bgt a o ts ad wg, t People s Defence adcal goup ASALA, wc ty
[25]
g
o
a
utul
collaboato.
Force (HPG), wc was oly calld t Kurdistan National Liberty Army (ARGK).[23] T PKK s Statg 1984, t PKK tasod to a paal235
236
CHAPTER 58. KURDISTAN WORKERS PARTY
tay goup, usg tag caps locatd Fac.

It laucd attacks ad bobgs agast govtal stallatos, t ltay, ad vaous sttutos
o t stat
so o wc w coctd to t
Soutast Aatola Pojct. T PKK bca lss
ctalzd, takg up opatos a vaty o Euopa ad Mddl East couts, spcally Gay
ad Fac. T PKK as attackd cvla ad ltay
tagts vaous couts, suc as Tuky, Fac, Blgu ad Ia.[26][27][28]
Bgg wt t d-199s, t ogazato lost t
upp ad ts opatos as a cosuc o a cag
o tactcs by Tuky ad Sya s stady abadot o
suppot o t goup. I t d-199s, t also bga
a ss o 15 sucd bobgs, 11 o wc w cad out by wo. I t lat 199s, Tuky casd
t pssu ad t udclad wa btw Tuky ad
Sya dd op Sya suppot.[29] I 1999, cala was
captud, poscutd ad stcd to dat, but ts was
lat coutd to l psot as pat o t govt s skg Euopa Uo bsp.[3]
Wt ducd scuty cocs, t Tuks palat
bga a cotolld pocss o dsatlg t lgal cotol, usg t t oalzato o appoct,
dpdg o t sds o t ssu. It patally laxd
t bas o boadcastg ad publsg t Kuds
laguag altoug sg cat bas ad.[31] At
t sa t, t PKK was blacklstd ay couts. O 2 Apl 24, t Coucl o t Euopa
Uo addd t PKK to ts lst o tost ogazatos.
Lat tat ya, t US Tasuy ovd to z assts
o bacs o t ogazato. T PKK wt toug
a ss o cags, ad 23 t dd t ulatal
tuc dclad w Ocala was captud.[32]
Flag usd by t KADEK (22 23)
Flag usd by t Koga-Gl(KGK) (23 25)

Sc Post-vaso Ia, 23 pst, Tuky allgs
tat Massoud Baza, psdt o t Kudsta Rgoal Govt, ad t US-ld coalto ocs av
ot do oug to cobat wt t PKK ad dslodg t
o ts bas t Ia outas.[33][34]
58.2 Ideology
T ogazato ogatd t 197s o t adcal lt ad dw ts lads, bs o ot xstg ltst goups, aly Dv-G.[35]:127 T ogazato tally pstd tsl as pat o t woldwd coust voluto. T ogazato s as ad
objctvs av volvd ov t towads t goal o
atoal autooy, ad wat Ocala dubs Docatc
Codals .[21]
Dug t 198s t ovt cludd ad coopatd
wt ot tc goups, cludg tc Tuks, wo
w ollowg t adcal lt.[35]:127 T ogazato
tally ad to stabls a ully dpdt Kudsta
covg lad Tuky, Sya, Ia ad Ia.[35]:129
Fo ag o t Kudsta Woks Paty

(1978 1995)
Scod ag o t Kudsta Woks Paty

(1995 22)
I 1999, ollowg t captu o Ocala, t ogazato aoucd a pac tatv, ad spok o ot

about cultual o lgustc gts.[36] Howv, t goup
oucd ts sl-posd cas- 24.[18] Bsds
t actvts dctd towads Tuky, o 17 July 25,
o o t c xcutvs Hasa z was udd
Austa. Hasa z watd to lav t ogazato, ad t PKK s wdly tougt to b sposbl.
I Dyabak, o 6 July 25, Hkt Fda, t o oud o t lgal bac t Popl s Docatc
Paty (HADEP), was also udd. Hkt Fda ad
td to o a altatv, o-volt Kuds poltcal
paty calld t Patotc Docatc Paty (PWD) wt
Osa Ocala, t bot o Abulla Ocala. At last
237
58.3. ORGANIZATION
3 ot psos volvd wt t PWD w also klld. tld. T ollowg ads sultd asts ad szu
T PKK s wdly tougt to b sposbl o ts o atals T Hagu, Rottda, Edov ad
kllgs also.[37]
Capll aa d IJssl.[45] T was aot tag
cap Blgu, vdc tat t ogazato uss
tag caps Euop o poltcal ad dologcal
tag.[46]
58.3 Organization
T PKK as ultpl ads vaous Wst Euopa
couts.[38] Howv, Abdulla cala was t ucallgd lad o t ogazato. At t captu o
cala, autots ducd to publcly plad o a
cas .[39] Toug svg l psot, cala
s stll cosdd t ooay lad ad gu-ad o
t ogazato.[4]
Muat Kaayla as t cotol o t ogazato
pactc, altoug udgo uous co cts btw
Cl Bayk. Cl Bayk bsd Abdulla cala, Ks Yld Ocala, ad Hakk Kaa was o o t
co lads. Cl Bayk s ltay sklls ad ladsp w ctczd by Abdulla cala dug s 1999
tal. T ogazato appotd Docto Baoz, t
o d gu o Fa Husy, a Sya Kud,
cag o t ovt s ltay opatos sgyg
t log-stadg soldaty aog Kuds o all pats
o Kudsta.[41]
58.3.1 Training camps

T st tag cap was stablsd 1982
Bkaa Vally (wc was t ud Sya cotol),
wt t suppot o t Palst Lbato Ogazato ad Sya.[42][43] Ts a cap ovd to ot
Ia 1998, ud tsv pssu, at Sya xplld Ocala ad sut dow all caps stablsd
t go.[43] At t t, Not Ia was xpcg vacuu o cotol at Opato Povd Coot.
Istad o a sgl tag cap wc could b asly
dstoyd, t ogazato catd ay sall caps.
Dug ts pod t ogazato st up a ully uctog clav wt tag caps, stoag aclts, ad
coassac ad coucatos cts.
I 27, t ogazato was blvd to av caps
stug out toug t outas tat staddl t bod btw Tuky ad Ia, cludg Sat, Hata, Kaas ad Zap.[44] T ogazato dvlopd two typs o caps. T bod caps w
usd as owad bass o wc ltats ltat to
Tuky. T uts dployd t a gly obl ad
t caps av oly al astuctu.[44] T ot
caps, t Qadl Moutas, av o dvlopd
astuctu cludg a ld osptal, lctcty gatos ad a lag popoto o t PKK s ltal ad
o-ltal suppls.[44]
58.3.2 Political representation

T ogazato ad sypatz pats t Gad
Natoal Assbly o Tuky bgg aly
199s.
T stablst o dct lks to t
ogazato as b a usto.
I suc
HEPDEPHADEPDEHAPDTP ad t latst Pac
ad Docacy Paty (BDP) av b accusd o sypatzg wt t PKK, sc ty av usd to bad
t as a tost goup. As o Ju 27 pot by t
Euopa Uo Isttut o Scuty Studs statd tat
It s a obvous sct tat DTP s coctd to PKK
a way ad PKK s a tost goup. [47]
Poltcal ogazatos stablsd Tuky a bad
o popagatg o suppotg spaats. Sval poltcal pats suppotg Kuds gts av b bad
o ts ptxt. T costtutoal cout clad to
d dct lks btw t HEPDEPHADEP ad t
PKK. IN 28 t DTP-paty was poscutd by t costtutoal cout.
Kuds poltca Abdllk Fat clas tat
Docatc Socty Paty (DTP) was oudd by PKK,
ad tat 8 pct o Kuds do ot vot o ts paty.[48]
Howv, so DTP lads ata tat ty suppot
a u d Tuky wt a docatc awok. Aysl
Tuluk publsd a atcl Radikal May 27 as
t co-psdt o DTP, to pov tat cla.[49]
Sval palataas ad ot lctd pstatvs av b jald o spakg Kuds, cayg Kuds colos o otws pootg spaats ,
ost aous aog t bg Lyla Zaa.[5]
58.3.3 Alleged drug tra cking
O 14 Octob 29, t U.S. Dpatt o t Tasuy s O c o Fog Assts Cotol (OFAC) tagtd
t so ladsp o t PKK, dsgatg as sgcat og acotcs ta cks, Muat Kaayla, t
ad o t PKK, ad g-akg bs Al Rza
Altu ad Zby Ayda.[51] O 2 Apl 211, t U.S.
Dpatt o t Tasuy aoucd t dsgato o
PKK ouds Cl Bayk ad Dua Kalka ad ot
g-akg bs as Spcally Dsgatd Nacotcs
Ta cks (SDNT) pusuat to t Fog Nacotcs
Kgp Dsgato Act (Kgp Act). Pusuat to t
T a also tag caps ot couts: t o- Kgp Act, t dsgato zs ay assts t dgazato s tag cap a Edov t Nt- sgs ay av ud U.S. jusdcto ad pobts
lads, was wll-dd t woods, but was dsa- U.S. psos o coductg acal o cocal
238
tasactos wt ts dvduals.[52]
Dv-Sol, ad Hzbolla, wt t goal o po tg o

[57]
Howv, accodg to Kuds actvsts all ts a al- t wa.
lgatos usd by t US adstato od to d- A wtss to t tals tst d tat Gal Lvt Elgtat PKK assstg Tuky as a ajo ally. O t sz, o ad o JITEM, ad ad ut cotact wt
cotay, ay actvsts cla tat t Tuks tll- PKK coad Cl Bayk.[58]
gc svc (MIT) as b volvd dug ta ck- Accodg to o cal gus, aly 2 PKK bs
g t bod wt Ia slaly to t Iaa tllbca itiraf ( cossos ) at t ast. So
gc. So cass lk t Susuluk scadal cas s o w psuadd o cocd to play a actv ol t
o t cass o dug ta ckg by g Tuks o cals co ct, patculaly ud t dcto o t Tuks
tat t Tuks MIT as dd ts dtals.
Gda's uo cal JTEM ut.
Accodg to sac coductd by joualst Alza Macus, t PKK dd ly substatally o suppot o Kuds suggls t go to ud tslvs. A ub o ts w tactly kow to av b patcpatg
tatoal dug ta ckg v bo t 198s,
ad so dd dd d up cotbutg oy to t
PKK tougout t cous o t co ct, wt o
dologcal o cooc asos. I Euop, a w PKK
suppots potdly usd t uc ad coctos to sll dugs o t sd, ad dd up cotbutg so o t oy ad back to t ogasato,
ad paty actvsts sot o uds w ot ot stat
to sk doatos o Kuds kow to b volvd
t acotcs tad. But toug t was tu tat t PKK
ay ot av b vy cocd wt t soucs o doatos (gv t uc o pssg d to buy suppls), t dos ot s tat t PKK, as a ogasato,
dctly poducd o tadd acotcs. [53]
T Fdal O c o t Potcto o t Costtuto,
Gay s dostc scuty agcy, cod ts dg
ts 211 Aual Rpot o t Potcto o t Costtuto, statg tat dspt t US dsgato, t
was o vdc tat t ogasatoal stuctus o t
PKK a dctly volvd dug ta ckg , at last
Gay.[54]
58.4 Activities
Dug ts stablst t d-197s, ad volt
class couty-wd, t ogazato usd classc tos tods, suc as t ald assassato o
Mt Clal Bucak as a popagada-o-t-dd.[35]
At t 198 ltay coup, t ogazato dvlopd to a paaltay ogazato usg soucs t
acud Bkaa vally pat o x-Sya-cotolld
Lbao. At 1984, PKK bga to us Maost toy
o popl s wa.[59][6] T a t pass ts toy. T ltat bas dug t tal yas was cog
o d t soucs, so t st two pass w dusd to ac ot.
58.4.1 19781984
I t st pas (1978 1984), t PKK td to ga t

suppot o t Kuds populato. It attackd t acy o govt ad dstbutd popagada t
go. PKK tactcs w basd o abus, sabotag,
ots, potsts, ad dostatos agast t Tuks
govt. PKK as also b accusd o volt attacks o dvdual cvlas o sdtal aas (Kuds
58.3.4 Alleged links with Turkish intelli- ad o-Kuds alk), wo usd to co-opat wt t
PKK o w suspctd o collaboatg wt t Tuks
gence
autots. Dug ts yas, t PKK ougt a tu
wa agast ot pdoatly Kuds ogasatos
S also: Egko tals
Tuky. T PKK ctvly usd t pso oc
to ga appal aog t populato.[61][62] I t wol
Dug t cotovsal Egko tals Tuky, alTuky, ts pod was caactzd by volt class
lgatos av b ad tat t PKK s lkd to lwc culatd t 198 ltay coup.
ts o t Tuks tllgc couty.
Dug ts t, t ogazato agud tat ts voal Tayya, auto ad b o t ulg AK Paty,
lt actos w xplad by t d to dd Kuds
clad tat cala was lasd 1972 at just t
t cotxt o wat t cosdd as t assv culots dtto o t tatv o t Natoal Itlltual suppsso o Kuds dtty (cludg t 1983
gc Ogazato, ad tat s 1979 scap to Sya was
Tuks Laguag Act Ba) ad cultual gts cad out
add by lts MIT.[55] cala as adttd akby ot govts o t go.[63]
g us o oy gv by t MIT to t PKK, wc
says was povdd as pat o MIT ots to cotol
.[56]
58.4.2 19841999
Fo polc spcal ocs b Aya ak allgd tat t stat, usg t cladst Egko t- I t scod pas (1984 1999), wc ollowd t wok, colludd wt ltat goups suc as t PKK, tu o cvla ul 1983, scalatg attacks w ad
58.4. ACTIVITIES
o t govt s ltay ad vtal sttutos all ov
t couty. T objctv was to dstabls Tuks
autoty toug a log, low-tsty cootato. I
addto to sksg wt Tuks ltay ad polc
ocs ad local vllag guads, t PKK as coductd
sucd bobg o govt ad polc stallatos,
as wll as at local toust sts.[64] Kdappg ad assassato agast govt o cals ad Kuds tbal
lads wo w ad as puppts o t stat w
pod as wll. Wdspad sabotags w cotud o t st stag. PKK also cad out kdappgs o Wst tousts, paly Istabul but also
at d t sots. Its actos av tak plac aly
Tuky ad agast Tuks tagts ot couts,
altoug t as o occasos co-opatd wt ot Kuds atoalst paaltay goups gbog stats,
suc as Ia ad Ia.[65] PKK as also attackd Tuks dploatc ad cocal aclts acoss Wst
Euop. I ct, t Tuks stat as ld a ss o
cout-sugcy opatos agast t PKK, accopad by poltcal asus, statg wt a xplct ducato o spaats t 1982 Costtuto, ad
cludg poclaato o t stat o gcy vaous PKK-cotolld ttos statg 1983 (w
t ltay lusd poltcal cotol to t cvlas).
Ts ss o adstatv os agast tos cludd 1985 t cato o vllag guad syst by t
t p st Tugut zal wo s o patal Kuds
dsct.
PKK bs Swd ca to co ct wt t
Swds govt, ad 1986 PKK bca t st
a suspct o t assassato o Olo Pal. T
llgal vstgato o ts suspcos ld to t Ebb
Calsso a a.
239
ct, at t captu o cala, actvts o t ogazato v acd pvous lvls. At t sa t,
t PKK cotud to avly cut w bs ad
susta ts gtg oc.
I Apl 22 at ts 8t Paty Cogss, t PKK
cagd ts a to t Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress (KADEK) ad poclad a cott
to ovolt actvts suppot o Kuds gts. A
PKKKADEK spoksa statd tat ts ad wg,
T Popl s Ds Foc, would ot dsbad o sud ts wapos o asos o sl-ds, owv.
Ts statt by t PKKKADEK avowg t would
ot lay dow ts as udscos tat t ogazato
atad ts capablty to cay out ad opatos.
PKKKADEK stablsd a w ulg coucl Apl,
ts bsp vtually dtcal to t PKK s Psdtal Coucl. T PKKKADEK dd ot coduct a
ad attack 22; owv, t goup podcally ssud vld tats tat t wll su volc t codtos o ts psod lad a ot povd, ad t
cotud ts ltay tag ad plag.
I lat 23, t goup sougt to g aot poltcal ac-lt, ag t goup Kongra-Gel (KGK) ad
badsg ts pacul ttos, wl cotug to
cot attacks ad us dsaat. T ogazato was sad to b volvd dug ta ckg ad acts o
tos Tuky, ad t utly cagd ts a.
I Jauay 24 t US Govt aoucd tat Kudsta Woks Paty ad ts alass, t Kudsta Fdo ad Docacy Cogss ad t Kudsta Popl s Cogss, w tost ogazatos tat w dsgatd as suc ud US law. T Coalto Povsoal Autoty, coalto ocs ad Ia scuty ocs
would tat t PKKKADEKKoga-Gl as tosts.
Altoug Koga-Gl cludd so o ltats,
t goup ct yas ad dvlopd a poltcal plato tat oucd tos. Koga-Gl calld o t
cas- at t stat o Ju 24, sayg Tuks scuty ocs ad usd to spct t tuc. Tuks scuty ocs w casgly volvd class wt Kuds spaatst gts. Akaa clad tat about 2,
Kuds gts ad cossd to Tuky o douts
outaous ot Ia aly Ju 24.
I t lat 198s ad aly 199s, a ot to w casd suppot o t Kuds pasaty, t PKK altd ts ltst scula dology to btt accoodat
ad accpt Islac bls. T goup also abadod ts
pvous statgy o attackg Kuds cvlas, ocusg
stad o govt ad toust tagts.[66] I ts capag, t ogazato as b accusd o cayg out
atocts agast bot Tuks ad Kuds cvlas ad
ts actos av b ctcsd by ua gts goups
suc as Asty Itatoal ad Hua Rgts Watc.
Actos o t Tuks stat t past av also b Wl t gt agast t Tuks scuty ocs btw 24 ad 21 ald to acv ay sg cat
ctcsd by ts sa goups.
ltay pogss, t PKK ad ts acllay ogazaAll all, ts low-tsty co ct as lastd o ta
tos cotud to joy substatal suppot aog t
3 yas.
Kuds o Tuky. I 25 t ogal a o t ogasato PKK was stod. Tuky s stuggl agast
t Koga-GlPKK was akd by casd volc
58.4.3 19992012
acoss Tuky 25. I t Soutast, Tuks scuty ocs w actv t stuggl agast t KogaT td pas (1999 212), at t captu o GlPKK. T w bobgs ad attptd bobcala, accodg to Maost toy o popl s wa gs sot aas wst Tuky ad Istabul, so
clas tat covtoal gtg sould b stablsd to o wc sultd cvla casualts. A Kuds spsz cts, ovtow t govt ad tak cotol aatst goup callg tsl t Kuds Fdo Falcos
o t couty. Ts stag as v b acvd. I
24
(TAK), wdly blvd to b a latd wt t KogaGlPKK, clad sposblty o ay o ts attacks. I 26 alo, t PKK clad ov 5 vcts. I Octob 26, t KGKPKK dclad a ulatal cas- tat slowd t tsty ad pac o ts
attacks, but attacks cotud spos to Tuks scuty ocs sg cat coutsugcy ad couttos opatos, spcally t soutast. O 21
Octob 211 Iaa og st Al Akba Sal
aoucd Ia would co-opat wt Tuky so
ltay opatos agast t PKK.[67]

ca b usd to a Ia s scuty ad stablty. [74] T
pospct o ad Kuds ocs ot Ia tats to cas tsos btw t go ad Bagdad wo a alady at odds ov cta ol poducg
ttoy. PKK spoksa At Dz sougt to as
cocs statg t pla would boost docacy. T
[pac] pocss s ot ad agast ayo, sad ad
t s o d o cocs tat t stuggl wll tak o
aot oat ad pos a tat to ots. [74]
It s statd tat btw 1,5 ad 2, PKK gts sd Tuky. T wtdawal pocss s xpctd
to tak sval ots v Ia dos ot tv
to ty to stop t.[74] O 14 May, t st goups o 13
al ad al gts td Ia s Ho aa a
t Mta outa at lavg Tuky. Ty cad
wt t Kalaskov assault s, lgt ac gus
ad ockt-poplld gad laucs bo a wlcog coy.[75]
212 was t ost volt ya t ad co ct btw t Tuks Stat ad PKK sc 1999. At last
541 dvduals lost t lvs as a sult o t class
cludg 316 ltats. I cotast, 152 dvduals lost
t lvs 29 w t Tuks govt tatd
gotatos wt t PKK ladsp.[68] T alu o
ts gotatos cotbutd to volc tat w patculaly ts d 212. T PKK couagd by t O 29 July, t PKK ssud a ultatu sayg tat
sg pow o t Sya Kuds casd ts attacks t pac dal would al os w ot bgu to
t sa ya.
b pltd wt a ot.[76] I Octob, Cl
Dug t Sya cvl wa, t Kuds Sya av stab- Bayk wad tat ulss Tuky sud t pac polsd cotol ov t ow go wt t lp o t css, t PKK would su opatos agast t. H
Tuks Kudsta Woks Paty as wll as wt suppot also accusd Tuky o wagg a poxy wa agast Kuds
o t Kudsta Rgoal Govt Ibl, ud dug t Sya cvl wa by suppotg ot bls wo
Psdt Massoud Baza.[69]
w gtg t.[77]
Ia Kudsta Psdt Masoud Baza backd t tatv sayg, alogsd Edoga: Ts s a stoc vst
58.4.4 2013 cease re
o ... W all kow t would av b possbl to
spak 15 o 2 yas ago. P Mst Tayyp EI lat 212, t Tuks govt bga sct talks doga as tak a vy bav stp towads pac. I wat
wt cala o a cas .[7] To acltat talks, gov- y Kuds ad Tuks bots to suppot t pac
t o cals tasttd ltts btw cala jal pocss. [78]
to PKK lads ot Ia.[71] O 21 Mac 213,
a cas was aoucd.[72] O 25 Apl, t was aoucd tat t PKK would lav Tuky. Coad 58.4.5 2014 action against Islamic State
Muat Kaayla akd As pat o ogog ppaaand renewed ghting in Turkey
tos, t wtdawal wll bg o May 8, 213. Ou
ocs wll us t gt to talat t vt o a at- T PKK gagd Islac Stat (IS) ocs Sya
tack, opato o bobg agast ou wtdawg gu- d-July 214[79] as pat o t Sya Cvl Wa.
lla ocs ad t wtdawal wll datly stop. [73] I August t PKK gagd IS Not Ia ad
T s-autooous Kuds go o Ia wlcod pssud t Govt o Tuky to tak a stad
t da o ugs o ts ot gbo.[74] T agast IS.[8][81] PKK ocs lpd ts o tousads
BDP ld tgs acoss t go to xpla t pd- o Yazds scap a ccld Mout Sja. [82] I
g wtdawal to cocd ctzs. T 8t o May Sptb 214, dug t Sg o Koba, t PKK
s a day w bot atcpat ad a, xplad paty gagd wt Islac Stat ocs Sya, wc sultd
lad Pa Ylaz. W do't tust t govt at co cts wt Tuks o t bod ad a d to a
all. May popl a aad tat oc t gul- cas- tat ad b plac ov a ya.[83]
las a go, t Tuks ltay wll cack dow o us A ub o Tuks Kuds alld lag-scal stt
aga. [72]
potsts, dadg tat t govt Akaa tak
T wtdawal bga as plad wt goups o gts
cossg t bod o soutast Tuky to ot
Ia.[7] Ia ladsp Bagdad, owv, dclad
tat t would ot accpt ad goups to ts ttoy.
T Ia govt wlcos ay poltcal ad pacul sttlt , ad a o cal statt. "[But] t dos
ot accpt t ty o ad goups to ts ttos tat
o ocul acto to cobat IS ad to abl Kuds ltats alady gagd agast IS to o ly

ov ad supply. Ts potsts cludd a PKK call
o ts suppots to tu out.[84] Class btw polc
ad potsts klld at last 31 popl. T Tuks govt cotud to stct PKK-assocatd gts
ovt acoss ts bods, astg 26 Popl s Po-
241
58.6. RESOURCES
tcto Uts gts wo w ovg back to Tuky.
O 14 Octob, Tuks A Foc gt-bobs attackd PKK postos t vcty o Daglca, Hakka
Povc.[85]
tos. T pob o ogazato s wapos ad t vstgato o Blackwat ploys w coctd.[92]
T ogazato as b usg s.[93] Us o ts

s as ld to cvla dats, pat du to accdTuks ltay statts clad tat t bobgs tal tggg by cvla tucks ad buss at ta t
w spos to PKK attacks o a Tuks ltay tdd ltay aoud vcls.[93]
outpost t aa. T Fat ws agcy, wc Al
Jaza dscbs as clos to t PKK , clad tat
Tuks ocs ad b sllg t PKK postos o 58.6 Resources
days boad ad tat t PKK acto ad tsl b
talato o tos atlly stks.[86]
58.6.1 Funding
58.5
Tactics
T aas wc t goup opats a gally

outaous ual aas ad ds uba aas. T
outaous ta o s a advatag to bs o
t PKK by allowg t to d a twok o cavs
ad akg ltay a opatos, spcally lcopt
us, azadous o t Tuks Ad Focs.
58.5.1 Recruiting
Pats ad cocts a ogazd by bac goups.[94]

Addtoally, t s blvd tat t PKK as oy
toug t sal o vaous publcatos, as wll as cvg vus o lgtat bussss owd by t
ogazato, ad o potcto ackts o Kudsowd bussss Wst Euop.[95] Bsds a lat ogazatos, t a sypatz ogazatos
suc as t Codato o Kuds Assocatos Euop (KON-KURD, aduatd Bussls) ad t
Itatoal Kuds Busss Uo (KAR-SAZ,
Rottda) wc costatly xcags oato ad
po lgtat o s-lgtat cocal actvts ad doatos.
T PKK s dology clas to suppot ualty o gd. At ts stablst, t cludd a sall ub o

al gts. Ov t, owv, ts ub as casd sg catly ad by t aly 199s, 3 pct
o ts 17, ad gtg ocs w wo.[87] I
uc o ual Tuky, al-doatd tbal stuctus,
ad cosvatv Musl os a cooplac. T
ogazato casd ts ub o bs toug
t cutt o wo o d t socal stuctus
ad vots, suc as wo o als tat gatd to sval Euopa couts at 196 as gust
woks (Ga: Gastarbeiter).[87] It was potd by a
Tuks uvsty tat 88% o t subjcts clad tat
ualty was a ky objctv.[88] I 27, appoxatly
1,1 o 4,5 5, total bs w wo.[87]
A pot by INTERPOL publsd 1992 stats tat

t PKK, alog wt aly 178 Kuds ogazatos
w suspctd o llgal dug tad volvt. Also
INTERPOL s c acotcs o c Ibal Hussa Rzv
statd tat t PKK was also avly volvd dug
ta ckg[96] Mbs o t PKK av b dsgatd acotcs ta cks by t U.S. Dpatt o t
Tasuy.[51]
Fou bs o t ogazato, wo add tslvs ov to autots at scapg o caps

ot Ia, clad ty ad s two U.S. aod
vcls dlv wapos, wc was wdly potd ad
ut stokd suspcos about U.S. polcy Ia.[9] US
voy dd ts clas.[91] T as w clad to
b pat o Blackwat Woldwd as sugglg allga-
ltat ud Tuks laws cludg 262 ltats o

t ogazato as oud tat 54% o t bs a
agd 14 to 25, 34% 26 to 37 ad 12% 38 to 58. Uvsty gaduats ak up 11% o t bs, g scool
gaduats 16%, scoday scool gaduats 13%, pay scool gaduats 39%, ltat o-gaduats 12%
ad lltats 9%.[98]
58.6.2 Human resources
Dug ts gst pot t aly 199s t ltat

bsp was aoud 17,. At t captu o
cala ts ub dastcally dcasd. T bsp casd o 3, to o ta 7, at t
23 vaso o Ia. I 28, accodg to oa58.5.2 Weapons
to povdd by t Itllgc Rsouc Poga o
t Fdato o Aca Sctsts t stgt o t
I July 27, t wapos captud btw 1984 ad ogazato ts o ua soucs cossts o ap27 o t PKK opatvs ad t ogs publsd poxatly 4, to 5, ltats o wo 3, to
by t Tuks Gal Sta dcats tat t opatvs 3,5 a locatd ot Ia.[97]
dltd so o t sal ubs o t wapos. A study cad out by t Cout-Tos ad OpT total ub o wapos ad t ogs o tacabl atos Dpatt o Dctoat Gal o Scuty
os w:[89]
242
58.6.3 International support

1999. T PKK as b lstd as a tost ogasato sc 21. I 28 t Utd Kgdo dtad bs o t PKK ad szd t
assts o t PKK s pstatv Bta, Sla Bozku, alas D. Hsy . Hs assts a
oz.[11]
At t gt o ts capag, t ogazato cvd

suppot o ay couts. Accodg to Tuky,
couts t PKK as pvouslycutly cvd suppot o clud: Gc,[99][1] Ia,[11] Ia,[12]
Russa[13] ad Sya.[11] T lvl o suppot gv as
cagd tougout ts pod.
Support of various European states Dspt Bussls
dsgato o t goup as a tost ogazato,
t EU cotus to pt t boadcastg o t
Syria Fo aly 1979 to 1999 Sya ad povdd valuogazato s twoks o t Hot Bd 3 satllt
abl sa avs to PKK t go o Baa Valowd by t Fc copay Eutlsat. MEDYA
ly. Howv, at t udclad wa btw
TV
statd tasssos o studos Blgu
Tuky ad Sya, Sya placd stctos o PKK
va
a
satllt uplk o Fac. MEDYA TV s lactvty o ts sol. Tuky was xpctg postv
cs
was vokd by t Fc autots. A w
dvlopts ts coopato wt Sya t
wks
lat Roj TV bga tasssos o Dlog t, but v dug t cous o 25, t
ak.
It as also b agud tat t Ntlads
w PKK opatvs o Sya atoalty opatg
ad
Blgu
av suppotd t PKK by allowg
[94][14]
Tuky.
ts tag caps to ucto t spctv ttos. O 22 Novb 1998, Haov s cIran Ia povdd PKK wt suppls t o o
al polc potd tat t cld ad b
wapos ad uds. Howv, Ia lat lstd PKK
tad by t PKK o gulla waa caps
as a tost ogazato at Paty o a F L
t Ntlads ad Blgu.[111] At t dat
Kudsta usd Ia s supply o soucs to t
o To va Gog, wt casg attto o doPKK bga to b usd o ts ow sol.
stc scuty cocs, t Dutc polc add
t 'PKK paaltay cap' t Dutc vllag o
Lpd ad astd 29 popl Novb 24,
Greece Rtd Gk L.T. Gal Dts Mata as
but
all w soo lasd.[112] Dak allows Kuad td Gk Navy Adal Atos Naxds satllt tlvso statos (suc as ROJ-TV),
aks ad vstd t ogazato s Masu Kokaz
wc Tuky clas as lks wt t PKK, to opbas cap Baa Vally Octob 1988 alog
at
Dak ad boadcast to Tuky.[113]
wt palataas o t Pallc Socalst Movt (PASOK).[15] At t t t was potd tat t gal ad assud sposblty Vaous PKK lads, cludg Hd Yalc, Rza Altu,
o tag. Gks also dspatcd as toug Zuby Ayda, ad Al Hayda Kayta all lvd Eut Rpublc o Cypus.[15] I Dcb 1993, op ad ovd ly. T ovt was acvd
Gk Euopa a as st Todoos Paga- by stog ts wt utal psos. Dall Mttlos was uotd as sayg w ust b suppotv o ad, t w o t o Psdt o Fac, ad
t Kuds popl to b .[16] Gc dcld actv coctos dug t 9s wt lts o t
to jo Gay ad Fac ad t lv ot ogazato s ladsp tat ocd a dowgad [114]
At abog
bs at t EU to ba t ogazato.[16] Du- latosps btw t two stats.
[17]
o so t, Austa aagd a gt to Ia o
g t 199s, Gc suppld t bls.
Al Rza Altu, a suspctd ky gu wt a Itpol
ast waat o s a.. Tuks og st
Republic of Cyprus Suppot o t Rpublc o Cypus
Abdulla Gl suod t Austa abassado ad
was allgd w Abdulla cala was caugt
codd Austa s acto.[115] O 3 Sptb 1995,
wt a Cypot passpot ud t a o Mavos
wl cala was Sya, Daascus tatd cotact
Lazaos, a atoalst pot.
wt g-akg Ga CDU MP Hc Lu
ad Ga tllgc o cals.
Soviet Union and Russia [18] Accodg to t o
T C o t Tuks Gal Sta dug 27, GKGB-FSB o c Alxad Ltvko, wo was
al Ya a Bykat, statd tat v toug t taposod 26, PKK s lad Abdulla cala
toal stuggl ad b dscussd o vy plato ad
was tad by KGB-FSB.[19] As o 28, Russa
v toug ogazatos suc as t UN, NATO, ad
s stll ot aog t stats tat lst PKK as a toEU ad statts o sous cott, to ts day
st goup dspt ts Tuks pssu.
t cssay asus ad ot b tak.[116] Accodg to Bykat; "this conduct on one side has encourUnited Kingdom MED TV boadcast o v yas aged the terrorists, on the other side it assisted in widening
t UK, utl ts lcs was vokd by t gula- their activities.[116] " Sdat La, o t Tuks tk
tos t Idpdt Tlvso Cosso (ITC) tak ISRO, says tat US suppot o t PKK uds
243
58.8. SEE ALSO

t US Wa o Tos.[117] Syou Hs clad
tat t U.S. suppotd PEJAK, t Iaa bac o
t PKK.[118] T ad o t PKK s ltat a, Muat
Kaayla, clad tat Ia attptd to cut t PKK
to attack coalto ocs, addg tat Kuds gullas
ad laucd a cladst wa ot-wst Ia, abusg Iaa toops.[119]
58.7
Kazaksta,[142] Kygyzsta,[143] t Ntlads,[144]

Nw Zalad,[145] Spa,[146] ad Sya.[147]
Notably, t govt o Swtzlad as xplctly jctd Tuks dads to blacklst t PKK,[148] toug
t as tak ts ow asus to oto ad stct t
goup s actvts o Swss sol, cludg bag t collcto o uds o t goup Novb 28.[149]
Designation as a terrorist 58.8 See also

group
Kuds Tuks co ct
T PKK as b placd o t tos blacklsts

o Tuky ad a ub o alld govts ad
ogasatos.[12]
Psga
T ltay allac NATO as dclad t PKK to b a

tost goup;[121] Tuky as b a b o NATO
sc 1952, ad lds t goup s scod-lagst ad
cotgt. Closly td to NATO,[122] t Euopa
Uo wc Tuky asps to jo o cally lsts t
PKK as avg b volvd tost acts ad poscbs t as pat o ts Coo Fog ad Scuty Polcy.[123] Fst dsgatd 22, t PKK was odd
to b ovd o t EU to lst o 3 Apl 28 by
t Euopa Cout o Fst Istac o t gouds tat
t EU ald to gv a pop just cato o lstg t
t st plac.[124] Howv, EU o cals dsssd t
ulg, statg tat t PKK would a o t lst gadlss o t lgal dcso.[125] Most Euopa Uo
b stats av ot dvdually lstd t PKK as a
tost goup.
T Utd Natos oly blacklsts al-Qada, t Talba,

ad a latd goups ad dvduals, pusuat to UNSCR
1267.[126] As suc, t PKK as v b dsgatd
as a tost ogasato by t UN, toug t out o
v pat bs o t Utd Natos Scuty
Coucl tat t as suc o a dvdual bass. T PKK
s dsgatd as a Fog Tost Ogazato by t
US Stat Dpatt[18][127] ad as a Poscbd Goup
by t UK Ho O c.[128] Addtoally, Fac poscuts Kuds-Fc actvsts ad bas ogasatos
coctd to t PKK o tos-latd cags,[129]
avg lstd t goup as a tost ogasato sc
1993.[13] Howv, Fc couts ot us to xtadt captud dvduals accusd o PKK coctos to
Tuky du to tccalts Fc law, ustatg
Tuks autots.[131] O t ot ad, Russa as
log god Tuks pssu to ba t PKK,[132] ad
t goup s also ot cludd t o cal to blacklst o Ca (PRC).[133]
Blackboads
58.9 Notes
[1] Kuaj Kuds: Partiya Karkern Kurdistan o Kurdistan; Soa Kuds:
,
taslt. Part Karkeran Kurdistan; Tuks:
Krdistan i Partisi
[2] Kow btw 22 ad 23 as t Freedom and
Democracy Congress of Kurdistan (Kuds: Kongreya
Azad Demokrasiya Kurdistan, KADEK), ad btw
23 ad 25 as t Kurdistan People s Congress
(Kuds: Kongreya Gel Kurdistan, Kongra-Gel o
KGK)
[3] PKC autoatc , Daguov Sp R , Abk,
Hckl & Koc G3, M16 , Hckl & Koc PSG1
(G-1), Maus
58.10 References
[1] The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in the 1990s: Its Impact
on Turkey and the ... - Google. Books.googl.jo.
1995-8-17. Rtvd 214-8-14.
[2] Jogd, Joost (197-1-1). Docatc Codals as a Kuds Spg: t PKK ad t ust o adcal
docacy | Joost Jogd . Acada.du. Rtvd
214-8-14.
[3] Jogd, Joost. Rtkg Poltcs ad Docacy
t Mddl East (PDF). Rtvd 8 Sptb 213.
T ollowg ot dvdual couts av lstd o

otws lablld t PKK a o cal capacty as a
tost ogasato:
[4] Sul Toktas (197-1-1).

Wavs o Fs
Tuky: Kalst, Islast ad Kuds Wo s
Movts a Ea o Globalzato | sul toktas .
Acada.du. Rtvd 214-8-14.
Austa,[136]
Azbaja,[137]
Austala,[134][135]
[138]
[139]
[14]
Caada,
Gay,
Ia,
Japa,[141]
[5] Capos, Paul (213-1-3). Kudsta s Fal Fgts . T Atlatc. Rtvd 214-8-14.
244
[6] Ocala, Abdulla (211). Democratic Confederalism

(PDF). ISBN 978--9567514-2-3. Rtvd 8 Sptb 213.
[24] Ltsc, Costaz (1 Jauay 213). Sak Casz: 'a

lgd aog PKK bs ". The Guardian. Rtvd
1 Jauay 213.
[7] Ocala, Abdulla (2 Apl 25). T dclaato o

Docatc Codals . KurdishMedia.com. Rtvd 8 Sptb 213.
[25] MIPT Tos Kowldg Bas.

Icdt Po l:
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Acvd o t ogal o 3 Sptb 27. Rtvd 17 Apl 27.
[8] Bookc dvc cadlzd ya ayacakt . Sava

Kar tlar ( Tuks). 26 August 26. Rtvd 8
Sptb 213.
[9] Wood, Ga (26 Octob 27). Aog t Kuds .
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[1] Hallday, Fd (24 Jauay 25). The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology. Cabdg Uvsty Pss. p. 247. ISBN 978521597418.
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[11] [[Eyp Ca|Ca, Eyp]] (14 July 213). PKK Cags
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[12] Ta, Huss. The Structure of Kurdish Society and
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d al'da PKK'y
ytyo. Czavd avukatla kaalyla.
[14] Ojala: Wc way ow?". BBC News. 21 Novb
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[15] Howad, Mcal (13 May 25). Radcal bad wo
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[17] PKK vus ac 5 l uos . Today s Zaman.
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[18] Capt 6 Tost Goups . Country Reports on Terrorism. Utd Stats Dpatt o Stat. 27 Apl
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[22] S a uo cal taslato Dclaato o Docatc
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[27] Pas t Saba'a PKK Salds". Saba. Rtvd 17
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[33] Cosul Gal s Spc o U.S.-Tuks Rlatos
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[35] Jogd, Joost. "PKK, CEU Poltcal Scc Joual.
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[37] Alza Macus, Blood ad Bl: T PKK ad t Kuds Fgt o Idpdc , Nw Yok Uvsty Pss,
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[38] Fak C. Ubacc, "B g o Rlas o 26 Couty Rpots o Tos, U.S. Dpatt o Stat, 3
Apl 27
[39] Boga, Buc Mcal. Psychology of Terrorism, pag 97
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t ogal o 1 Jauay 25. Rtvd 8 Octob
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s lawys... |capt god (lp)
245
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[71] Plad PKK pullout ats up Tuky poltcs
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Fatus
[72] Kuds da to op as PKK gts cas wt

Tuky taks old . The Guardian. 7 May 213. Rtvd 1 May 213.
[73] PKK sts dat o wtdawal o Tuky Euop Al
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Al
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[76] PKK sts ultatu o Tuky pac dal - Euop . Al

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[97] Pk, Jo (21 May 24). Kudsta Woks Paty

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[98] Suvy: Ov 5 pct o PKK tosts blow 25 .

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[8] Doa Jos. Tuks Kuds Wat Akaa to Dcla

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Tuky . The Telegraph. 3 Sptb 212. Rtvd
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[82] Jo Pakso (214-8-18). Ia Css: Kuds Pus to
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[12] N. Ia: A Nw Pag Fog Polcy . Hurriyet Daily
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[83] ttp:www.ddlasty.tws
[13] Russa wspap: Russa povdd oy o PKK .
kuds-ltats-cla-dadly-abus-tukys-soutast-1343877279
Hurriyet Daily News. 28 Fbuay 2. Rtvd 17
cot-1276
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[84] Kuds potst agast Tuky as IS advacs o Koba .
A Hllc
[14] Calabs, Masso (3 Mac 1998).
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[85] Tuks jts bob Kuds PKK bls a Ia . BBC
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[86] Tuky bobs Kuds PKK tagts sout .
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Al
[16] Gut, Mcal M. The Kurds and the Future of Turkey,

pag 111
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[18] Coll, Svat E (21).
T Kuds Qusto Tuks Poltcs .
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[88] Hps kadl ocukla . Hrriyet ( Tuks)
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[19] T ogato o t acts o tos Lodo was
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Acvd o t ogal o 19 May 27. Rtvd 29
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[9] Ozbag, Dd (23 July 28). I saw o TV tat PKK
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PKK bs caps Kadl Mouta. How do you
spod?". Ask the Ambassador Archives. Ebassy o t [111] GlobalMac pot o Blgu
Utd Stats. Rtvd 23 July 28.
[112] Dutc polc ad 'PKK paaltay cap'". Expatica.
12 Novb 24. Rtvd 22 July 28.
[91] US voy ds PKK clas . Turkish Daily News. 4
July 27. Rtvd 23 July 28.
[113] Dak, aga? Now t s blad o ostg Kuds
TV stato. . Christian Science Monitor. 21 Apl 26.
[92] "Blackwat adts ploys llgally sold wapos,
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[114] Olso, Robt W (1996). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in the 1990s: Its Impact on Turkey and the Mid[94] Kudsta Wok s Paty (PKK)". Counter-Terrorism
dle East. Uvsty Pss o Ktucky. p. 122. ISBN
Studies.
Itatoal Polcy Isttut o Cout-8131-1999-5. ...Psdt Mttad s, adttdly sTos (ICT). Acvd o t ogal o 3 Ju
tagd w Dall. So bad ad ts [Fac-Tuky]
26. Rtvd 1 Sptb 27.
b at o stag tat oal latos ad b dowgadd to t lvl o charge d'a aires.
[95] Tos Facg o ts actvts . Rpublc o
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Tuks). Rtvd 18 July 27.
28.
[93] Tuky, Lad Moto, 26.
58.10. REFERENCES
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[116] PKK'ya yad d NATO ys Avupa lkl va . [131] Dta , Ska (6 Octob 211). Tuky ad Fac
Hrriyet ( Tuks). 22 May 27.
to jotly gt tos . Hyt Daly Nws. Rtvd 5 Fbuay 214.
[117] Lac, Sdat (14 May 26). T Wst ad Tos:
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[118] Hs, Syou (26 Novb 27). T Nxt Act .
The New Yorker. Rtvd 29 Ju 28. I t past [133] Ca sks t'l suppot cout-tos . Ebassy
sx ots, Isal ad t Utd Stats av also b
o t Popl s Rpublc o Ca t Utd Stats
wokg togt suppot o a Kuds sstac goup
o Aca. 15 Dcb 23. Rtvd 5 Fbuay
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214.
[119] McEloy, Da (1 Sptb 27). Kuds gu- [134] Austala dclas PKK tost ogazato . People
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(Lodo). Rtvd 22 Fbuay 28.
[135] Kudsta Woks Paty . Australian National Security.
[12] Tuky spy agcy ds ol Pas Kuds ud,
Austala Govt. Rtvd 1 Sptb 27.
laucs pob . Rado Fac Itatoal. 16 Jalstd Austala (as a tost ogazato) o 17 Duay 214. Rtvd 5 Fbuay 214.
cb 25
[121] NATO c dclas PKK tost goup . Xinhua. 2 [136] Walt, Csta. Terrorism as a challenge for national
Dcb 25.
and international law. ISBN 3-54-21225-6. Rtvd
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[122] T Euopa Uo s Hadl Goal Cut Status .
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Rtvd 21 Novb 213.
[123] Coucl Dcso 2117CFSP o 31 Jauay 211 up- [138] Cutly lstd tts, Publc Saty Caada
datg t lst o psos, goups ad tts subjct to
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o t applcato o spc c asus to cobat tSTRUKTUREN, ZIELE, AKTIVITTEN (PDF) (
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[125] Scobg, Wlla; Robt Woodwad (d.) (3 Apl
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[142] Kazaksta Updats Lst O Bad Tost Goups .
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Rado F EuopRado Lbty. Kazaksta Today,
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[126] Gogtt, Caa (Apl 26). Lstg ad D-lstg o
Fbuay 214.
Tost Ogazatos: t Cass o t Utd Natos
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tost ( Fc). Azbaja Pss Agcy. 12 Ju
[127] Fog Tost Ogazatos Lst . Utd Stats Dpatt o Stat. 23 Octob 22. Acvd o t
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[128] Poscbd tost goups . T Ho O c o UK.
[145] Statt o Cas to Rw t Dsgato o Patya
Rtvd 12 Novb 211.
Kak Kudsta [PKK] as a Tost Etty . Nw
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[13] L Roux, Gall (17 Octob 212). Ls Kuds d [146] Spa asts sx Kuds suspctd o acg PKK .
Fac vcts d'u aalga tu avc l PKK
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ay 214.
248
[147] Muts o t Agt . Sya Tut. Rtvd 8

Mac 213.
[148] Nct t d Fg zg ( Ga). St. Gall
Tagblatt. 7 Octob 26. Acvd o t ogal o
27-9-29. Rtvd 5 Fbuay 214.
[149] Budsat t PKK a d L ( Ga).
B Ztug. 5 Novb 28. Rtvd 5 Fbuay 214.
58.11
Further reading
cala, Abdulla. Interviews and Speeches [about

P.K.K.'s Kurdish cause]. Lodo: Publsd jotly
by Kudsta Soldaty Cott ad Kudsta
Ioato Ct, 1991. 46 p. Wtout ISBN
58.12
External links
O cal wbst
Chapter 59
Shammar
T tb o Shammar (Aabc: ammar) s a
Qatat Bdou Aab Tb, dscdd o t act tb o Tayy. It s o o t lagst ad ost utal Aab tbs, wt a statd 3 llo bs
Ia, ov 1.5 llo Saud Aaba (coctatd
Ha'l), a Sya populato s tougt to xcd .5 llo alog wt ukow ub Joda.[1] T cut
sat o t Tb s ladsp s t cty o Mosul,
Not Ia. I ts gold ag , aoud 185, t tb
uld uc o ctal ad ot Aaba o Ryad
to t ots o Sya ad t vast aa kow as Al
Jaza Not Ia.
O o t aly aous gus o t tb was t lgday Hat Al-Ta' (Hat o Tayy), a Csta Aab
owd o gosty ad osptalty, ad gud
t Aaba Ngts. T aly Islac stocal soucs
pot tat s so, Adyy b Hat, wo ty sots to as t kg o Tayy, covtd to Isla
bo Muaad's dat. Aot gu o Tayy
dug ts pod was Zayd al-Kay, a pot b o Tayy wo s sad to av ld Tayy s dlgato to
Muaad accptg Isla.
59.1
Origins
T Saa a a tbal codato ad up o t

a bacs: t Abda, t Asla, ad t Zoba. T
od tb o Saa a dscdats o t Tayy
tb o Y. T alst o-Aab soucs to
Aabs as Tats, tougt o as g to t Tayy, as
Ayas b Quasba, a ul o p-Islac Ia, ad cotact
wt bot t Byzat ad Psa Eps. Sctos o
Tayy bga gatg to gbog gos suc as Ia
ad Sya bo t xstc o Isla. Tayy patcpatd
avly t Musl cousts o t aly ctus o
Isla, wt sctos o dvdual bs o t tb
sttlg ay pats o t Islac Ep, cludg
Lbao, Palst, Egypt, Lbya, Tusa, Alga ad
Moocco. Most o ts, owv, w lat asslatd
to t local populatos o to ot tbs.
toug t ay to t cty w t Hyat Kg

Saa Ya s lvd, t pst-day Rada (locatd
about 1 klots (62 ) o Daa, a act
stoc st). Sc Kg Saa Ya s uld dug
t last dcad o t 3d ctuy AD, t could b g to t cty lvd o o ad at . It
could also b g to cty o Hayl, altoug t
s o vdc tat Iu Al-Qays ougt t Tayy.
Ld by Usa b Lua t Tayy vadd t outas
o Ajaa ad Sala o Bau Assad ad Bau Ta
ot Aaba t xodus o Y 115 CE.
Ts outas a ow kow as Jabal Saa. T
Tayy bca oadc cal-ds ad os-bds
ot Njd o ctus. Bcaus o t stgt
ad blood latos wt t Yt dyasts tat ca
to ul Sya (Gassa) ad Ia (t Lakds), t Tayy
xpadd ot to Ia all t way to t captal at t
t, al-Ha. T aa o t two outas subsutly ca to b kow as "Jabal Saa" ( Saa s Mouta ) o t 14t ctuy, t st t
tat t Saa as a tb w otd ltatu. I
od ts, t s blvd by so galogsts tat t
Tayy w absobd to t Saa tb.
59.2 History
Ld by Usa b Lua, t Tayy vadd t outas

o Ajaa ad Sala o Bau Assad ad Bau Ta
ot Aaba t xodus o Y 115 CE.
Ts outas w ad to Jabal Tayy (Tayy s
Mouta), ad t aga t 14t ctuy, at t
tb cagd t a, to Jabal Saa (Saa s
Mouta). T, Tayy, lat Saa, bca ubasd cty-dwlls t cty o Ha'l, oadc pastoalsts, cal-ds ad os-bds ot
Njd, o agcultusts t coutysd outsd Ha'l o
t suoudg dst oass. Ts dvsos w
basd o posso, psoal tst ad skll, ad ot
aly o blood-l stat catos wt t tb. It s
coo o t sa ucla aly to av bs
I t Naa Iscpto (t scod oldst p-Islac lvg ac o t t d t lstyls.
Aabc scpto, datg o 328 CE), t a Bcaus o t stgt ad blood latos wt t
Saa s blvd to to a cty Y, Yt dyasts tat ca to ul Sya (Gassads)
249
25
CHAPTER 59. SHAMMAR
ad Ia (Mutds), t Tayy xpadd ot to Ia loyalty to t tb. May also patcpat Bdou

Cultual Fstvals to la about t act lstyls,
all t way to al-Ha, t captal at t t.
Sc so sctos o Tayy, ad ost o t Gassads ad to tak pat tadtoal actvts lk olk dac
ad Mutds, w pst Msopotaa ad t ad tt-wavg.
Lvt po to Isla, ty patcpatd avly t

Musl cousts o t aly ctus o Isla. Cosutly, sctos o dvdual bs o t tbs 59.3 House of Al Rashid
sttlg ay pats o t Islac Ep, cludg
Lbao, Palst, Egypt, Lbya, Tusa, Alga, Mo- (S also; Rasds)
occo, ad outsd t Aab wold. Most o ts, owl Rasd o
T Hous o Rasd (Aabc:
v, w lat asslatd to t local populatos o
Alasd) w a stoc Saa dyasty o t Aato ot tbs.
ba Psula. Ty w t ost odabl s
Oal tadto tos tat t st cs o t Sa- o t Hous o Saud Njd. Ty w ctd
a tb, Aa & Oa, w o t 'Abda aly o Ha'l, a cty ot Njd tat dvd ts walt o
Daga, wo uld Saa o Jabal Saa.
bg o t out o t Hajj.
I t 17t ctuy, a lag scto o t Saa lt
Jabal Saa ud t ladsp t o Al Jaba ad
sttld Ia, acg as a as t ot cty o
Mosul, t cut stogold. T Saa a cutly o o Ia s lagst tbs ad a dvdd to two
gogapcal, as opposd to galogcal, subsctos.
T ot bac, kow as Saa al-Jaba, s
aly Su, wl t sout bac, Saa Toga,
covtd to Sa Isla aoud t 19t ctuy[2][3][4]
at sttlg sout Ia.
T Saa tat ad Aaba ad tbal ttos xtdg o t cty o Ha'l otwads to t
ots o t Sya Dst. T Saa ad a log
tadtoal valy wt t codato o 'Azza,
wo abtd t sa aa. T cty o Ha'l bca
t at o t Jabal Saa go ad was abtd
lagly by sttld bs o Saa ad t clts.
Two clas succdd ac ot ulg t cty t
19t ctuy. T st cla, t Al Al, w placd by
t Al Rasd.
Dug t cvl wa tat to apat t Scod Saud Stat
t lat 19t ctuy, t s o Ha'l, o t ous
o Al Rasd, tvd ad gadually took cotol o
uc o t Saud al, ally takg t Saud captal
Ryad 1895 ad xpllg t Saud lads to Kuwat.
T Bdou Saa tbs povdd t ajoty
o t Al Rasd s ltay suppot. Lat, t st two
dcads o t 2t ctuy, Al Rasd w datd by
Ib Saud ad s Waab ocs dug s capag to
sto s aly s ul t Aaba Psula, wt
Jabal Saa allg to Saud ul 1921. Followg
Al Rasd s dat, t cla o t ucls, Al Saba,
vtually pldgd allgac to Ib Saud Ryad. Ib
Saud also ad a daugt o o o t Saa
cs, wo bo o Saud Kg, Abdulla.
At t stablst o od bods, ost
Bdous gadually lt t oadc lstyl. Today,
ost bs o t Saa lv od, ubasd
lstyls Saud Aaba ad Ia, ad so sctos sttld Sya ad Joda. Dspt ts, t vast ajoty
o Saa cotu to ta a stog tbal dtty ad
T Al Rasd dvd t a o t gadat

o Abdulla, t st Rasd a o Ha'l, wo was
ad Rasd. T Rasd s coopatd closly
wt t Ottoa Ep. Howv, ts coopato bca poblatc as t Ottoas lost populaty.
As wt ay Aab dyasts, t lack o a gally accptd ul o succsso was a cut pobl wt
Rasd ul. T tal dsput oally ctd o
wt succsso sould b ozotal (.. to a bot)
o vtcal (to a so). Ts dvsos wt t aly
ld to bloody gtg. I t last yas o t tt
ctuy sx Rasd lads dd voltly. Nvtlss T Al Rasd aly cotud to ul ad gt
togt agast Ib Saud.
Saud Aaba- T st twty yas o t 2t ctuy o t Aaba Psula atud a log-ug ss o was as t Sauds ad t alls sougt to ut
t psula. Wl t Al Rasd alld t ajoty o ot tbs to t sd, t ot povd utl,
ad by 1921 Ha'l was captud ad gv to Ib Saud s
ay by t Bts coad. So bs o t
Rasd aly lt t couty ad wt to volutay
xl, ostly to Ia. By t 199s oly a adul w
stll outsd Saud Aaba.
59.4 Shammar in Iraq

Ud t ladsp o Bau Moaad, kow as Al
Jaba, t was a assv xodus to Ia. May o
t Saa Ia gav up t oadc l to sttl ajo cts, spcally t Jaza pla, t aa
btw t Tgs ad Eupats o Bagdad to Mosul. Dougts tggd sval gatos o Saa
to Ia, wc, accodg to t Ottoa csus upo
ts axato, ad oly 1.5 llo abtats. Today,
Aluca tbs o Saawa av a lag ajoty o
Saa. Clas o Abda A Tau, Haca o
Alasla Sou Alsok, Aladad o Alasla t
cty o Nasya a a w xapls o Saa outsd
o t Jaza. T Saa took ov t Jaza at
251
59.5. TIMELINE
dsplacg Al-Ubad tb. Accodg to Sk Abdulla Huad Alyawa, t so o t sk o Saa,
Ia t total populato o Saa s statd to
b 1.5 llo. Abdulla Alyawa also statd tat t
ajoty o Saa Ia lv t Sout ad s
S, but t dos ot a ct t tb s uty. Ia s also
t o o Aljaba, t Sheikh o t t Saa
tb. Saa Toga, wc s tly St, s basd
Al-Haya, vy clos to Al-Suwaya, t povc
o Wast. Its cut ad s Sk Fal b Sayyd
Had b Sayyd Saook Al-Saa. T Saa
Al-Say, a tbal codato o tbs o Saa, s t bac o Saa wo w dpdt
o Aljaba s autoty. Saa s coposd o goups
suc as Al-Zuay ad Al-Towj Naja.
T Saa bca o o t ost powul Ia
tbs, owg vast tacts o lad ad povdd stog suppot o t Hast oacy. Saa pow was
tatd at t ovtow o t oacy 1958
by Abdul-Ka Qass, ad t Saa wlcod
Ba'atst ul. Wt t valy btw Saud Aaba ad
Sadda Huss, Saa lost avou Ia du to t
clos lks to t Saud latvs. At t ovtow
o Sadda Huss, Gaz al-Yawa, o t Al Jaba
cla, was uaously cos as t psdt. AlYawa ucl s t cut Sk o Sks o Saa.
59.5
Timeline
1171 1172:
cusads.
Abda jos Salad agast t
131: Fst Mto o a tb calld Saa

t book Masalik Alabsar by Ib Fadl.
1442: T cty o Mujaa s bult by Abdulla b
Sa Alwba Alsaa.
1446: T st kow battl btw Saa ad
Uza s ougt by B Baa o Alasla ad Altayya o Uza.
1517 T Ottoa p s stablsd.
c. 1521: t a Saa bcos pot.
1522: Saa backs Ba Kald agast Aluyo.
169: Saa uts wt Ba Kald agast t
s o Makka.
169: Exodus to Ia.[5]:43
1696: Saa ads Bagdad.[5] :43
1744: T st Saud Kgdo.
1749 1762: Saa ads ac ot bagdad dspt t stog ul Sulaa Abu Layla
Pasa.
175 176: Waab ovt gs.
1764: Mgato o dvduals o Alzagat o Abda to Sout Ia ud t ladsp o Yous
b Nas.
1765: alaslam ad zaghareet btw Ht ad
Kaabla.[5] :44
1776: Sk Mutlag b Taa vads Ala
aa.
1779: Jabal Saa alls to Saud doato.
1781 (o 1791): Battl o Aladwa btw Aljaba
ad Ib Saud.
178: Saa jos Ba Kald ad Muta g ad
t S o Mcca to cou Alsaud.
179: Waabs ad sout Ia aly t
ya.[5] :46
179: Saa s alld wt t S o Mcca
agast Alasaud.
1791: Alsaud laucs a sups attack o Saa ad ws two battls 7 ls sout-ast o
Hayl.
1791: Lat t ya so Saas jo ot
bdous a attack agast Alsaud; Muslt b
Mutlag s klld.
1791: Mutlag Aljaba taks Saa to sa placs
sout Ia.
1792: Sk Abdul Waab ds; Waab ocs
ad sout Ia, datg Ba Kald.[5]:46
1792: Moaad B Abdul os B Al (also
blvd to b Alsa Aluab) bcos E o
Hal.
1795: Saud ocs attack Saa a Saawa
ad Mutlag s klld.[6] (So say ts occud
1797 t Battl o Alabyad, ad tat Mutlag dd
ad Saa td Aljaza t sa ya.)
1797: Alsaud attacks ot o Soug Alsok; Fas
B Moaad Aljaba taks ov; Waabs a
tud back.[5]
1798: A lag coalto cludg Saa,
Alubad ad Ottoa as &das o ta 5
stog &das gos to Basa; Mutlag ds.[5]:47
1799: Al Basa lavs Zuab wt w alls o
Aluta g, Altua ad Ba Kald; ty gt o
a ya.[5]
252
CHAPTER 59. SHAMMAR
18: Tuc s bok ad a dcsv battl wt

t Waabs taks plac a Kabala.[5]
1833: Two Pasas jo t bllo ad attack t

Yazds Sja to stop t lootg.
18: Icdt btw Fas al Jaba ad Sk

Alaoud Fayz Ib Hutayl.
July 1833: Saa bsgs Bagdad ad tcpts all Ottoa cospodc 2 3 ls

ot.[5]:78 Abdulla b Rasd, t utu oud
o t at o Ha'l s sad to av tak pat.
181: Waab pssu o sout Ia subsds;

Saa gats to ac Jabal Sja ot
Ia.[5] T St oly cty o Kabala s add by
1, o 6, cals; t plud Huss s
tob.
1833: Fv tousad Ottoas ud Moaad

Pasa lav a bllo a Hlla ad attack Saa; t sg as actv.[5]:79
182: Lat tat ya, a capag agast t

Yzd s laucd by t Ottoas, Saa, ad
Alubad.[5]:5
1833: Lat t ya, Saa ovs ot to

lp Mosul s Pasa; t sg s bok ad Ottoas lauc a succssul sups attack.
183: Ottoa sks Saa s lp a capag agast t Al Ubad uty, but t capag
als.[5]:5
1834: Rogu Sk Slas o Saa attacks

Uza suppot o t Ottoas; Soug suppots
Slas wt 2, ; Uza ws.
185: Fas Aljaba dcsvly dats Alubad.[5]:5
1835: Uza cosss t Eupats ad lavs Aljaza.
188 1812: Bagdad cos ud Saud tats.

189: At-Tua bllo; Ottoa capag
ud Fas Aljaba ad Sulaa Basa Alsag,
Altua ad Rola Top.
1814: Saa Aljaba ads sval Ia cts.
1815: Kazaal, Zuaba, ad Saa bl agast
Sad Basa Uza, alubad, ad tua put dow t
bllo; Sk Baaa s klld battl.
1818: Sk Soug b Fas Aljaba Taks
ov.[5]:61 Moaad B Abdul os B Al s
badd by Iba Pasa ad st to s at
Moaad Al Pasa Egypt.[7] Dayya s ud
sg by 2, cavaly ad 56, aty wt 12
gus.
182s: Moaad b Al s klld ad s bot
Sal bcos ul o tow.[8]
1835: Saa s at t pak o ts pow Aljaza ad Soug Aljaba s Soulta Alba.

1835: Rasd Pasa abuss Soug ad s so
Faa ad xls to t Istaa.
1835: Saa talats by adg ad dstoyg
t lds o Tkt.
1836: Battls su btw Saa ad Uza;
Soug s bot Fas b Moaad uls ov
12, als; Moaad Al Pasa s ocs ac
Yabo o a scod vaso o Aaba.
1836: Alasd stablss a at ctd at
Hal.
1837: Saa s uty agts Ia.
1838: Abdulla b Rasd gos to Ia.
184: Saa Jaba attacks t Egyptas at Oa.
1822 Saa s Soug aljaba dats a 4,stog Psa ay at o Bagdad.[5]:7
1841: Aa s tak away o Soug.
1822: Alawajya was bg.
1842: Saa jaba talats by adg a

Alkabo; t s so tal spltg.
1823: Aa s buatd to Soug.
1843: Soug s appotd as Saa s Sk.
1824: Uza ads Saa ad stals t Aaba

oss.
1844: Saa Jaba ads Uza a Haa; t s

a a ya.
1831: Saa ads t Ottoa sg o Bagdad

to ov ts bllous Dawood Pasa.[5]:73
1844: I su Uza bgs 2, ad ads

t aa btw Bagdad ad Mosul.
1832: Saa talats agast Al Pasa ad dclas bllo.[5]:77
1844: Saa, wt oly 1 , alls wt t

Kuds cavaly to xpl Uza; Fgtg cotus
t all.
1832: T Egypta vaso o Sya ocs Uza

to lav t Sya dst ad t Aljaza wt
35, .
1845: Uza sks a tuc, gvg 15, sp,

3, cals ad 8 oss.
253
59.6. MAIN SECTIONS

1845: Saa Jaba dats Uza ad spols
7, sp; a stks Saa.
1845: T Eat o Hal s dclad.
Mac 191: Battl o Alsa: 12 Saas

lost 4 ud Abdul Azz Alutab Alasd dat
a vaso o Hayl agast t E o Kuwat ov
64 ad lost 9.
1846: Faa bcos t Sk o Sks; o t

ot sx bots, t u-up s Abdulka.
197: Aljaaza s assassatd ad Hal s uld by

t sos o Sk Huoud b Ubad Alasd.
1846?: Abdulka dclas a voluto agast t

Ottoas; Nas Alsadou dlvs to t Ottoas ad s agd.
191: Ajuaa agast Saud Abdulazz b

Rasd Saa dats Aluoula ad Uza.
Hal s uld by Aljaaza ud t guadasp
o Alsaba.
1847: Ital gtg btw bllous Saas; Soug s assassatd ad badd by Najb Pasa (so say 1857).
Dcb 1847: Saa ads Aljaza; Najb
Pasa appots Oda as Sk.
1848: I spg Uza ads Saa ud Daa
Ib Gass ad Ib Hat-tal.
185 1851: Abd Pasa stops s Saa atos:
Saa ads sout Bagdad.[5]:18
1852: Saa dat Uza ad Alusa t
Battl o Baa.
1853-1856: Ottoa cotol outsd o bg cts
pluts.
1855: Ib Sula ads Hal ad klls wld
Alaslaya Rada.
1856: Ib Rasd klls Ib Sula Rada as
vgac.
1859: T ast o a wol by Mukaz Ib Sayd.
1871: Ubad b Rasd ds o old ag (accodg
to oal tadto).
1876: Moad b Abdulla b Rasd captalzs o tal dsputs btw Abdulla ad
Saud b Fasal ad ts Alas.
1887: Moad B Rasd s askd a po
by Moad b Jas o Qata to lp agast a
coalto o ot ats. T coalto s datd
ad Baza Tow s bult Qata to cooat
t occaso.
191: Aljuaa Saa agast Uza ad

Alwla.
Mac 191: Battlo Hadya: 5 Saa os jo Alsadou o 4 a battl aga Saba
backd by Abdulazz Alsaud ad dat t.
1914: Zal Alsaba s klld.
1915: Aljuab Battl: Ib Rasd s vctoous
agast Ib Saud; dat o a Bts tllgc oc calld Sakspa.
1916: Battl o Abu Ajaj: Saa dats Alsa
ad Albudoo.
192: Zuba patcpats Ia s 192 voluto
agast t Bts.
1921: 1299+622 Moaad Ib adulla b Rasd
ds t sg o Ad ad Abdulla b Fasal tats.
1932: populato o Hal s statd at 2,;
Badu Saa at 15, 2, o wc 3%
a Alasla, 37% Abd, 25% Sjaa, 7.5% Tua.
1948: Saa s dv out o t Ngv sout o
Palst by Isal ocs;
Fbuay 16, 1948: Battl o Zaaa.
Apl 1, 1948: Alaaa.
59.6 Main sections
AL ASLAM
1882: Moad b Abdulla b Rasd ad
Hassa b Muaa dd t tow o Alujaa
agast Abdulla b Fasal.
(Al Twala: s t Sks ad ul o AL ASLAM
Clas ad ty a t Lads o Jabal Saa
1883: Awa Battl btw Utaba ad Saa, Ha'l.)
Utaba s datd. Utaba s lads w Hd b
Huad, Tky b Rubaa ad Gaz b Moaya. (CLANS)
1895: Alulada battls agast Alus.
1897: Battl o Bba; all o Najd s ud Moad b Rasd.
Al Ma' -Twala, Albu Sal, Fayd, Masud

ad Kal (subclas)
Waab - Qd, Muad, Jatl
254
CHAPTER 59. SHAMMAR

Al Sulta - Al Jaba t Sks o Saa
co o ts cla
Aladad
Al Kasa
ABDA
(CLANS)
Al Jaaa -ul o Najd cos o ts cla.

Al Rubaya - sub cla o ubya Al Wbba,
Al Ata, Zagat, Al Jad, Al Moss
Al Yya - o o ts aous Fals a: Al
Sala, Al Muadal ad Al Juda
ZOBA'
59.8 References
Aladad, A; A comprehensive history of Shammar
Alazzaw, Abbas; The Tribes of Iraq (Aabc)
AludalyThe Days of the Arabs before Islam (Aabc )
Hassa, Huss D.; Tribal Structure, Social, and
Political Activities Ioato Rsac Spcalst
Fog A as, Ds, ad Tad Cosultacy
Kowldg Svcs Goup ( Ia)
Madaw Al Rasd: Politics in an Arabian oasis.
The Rashidi Tribal Dynasty. I.B. Taus & Co Ltd,
Lodo & Nw Yok 1991 (basd o a P.D. tss
pstd to Cabdg Uvsty, 1988). ISBN 18543-32-8 (Egls)
Wb st o Saa (Tayy) tb.
(CLANS)
Zoba' Al Matlota.
Al Kusa, So Lads o saa Aljaba aly co o ts cla.
Sjaa:
1. Al Tabt
2. Al Ga la
3. Al Zal, sots d to as Al Soud
o Al Faddaga, t lads o Al Faddaga
a Al Wtad Faly .
4. Al Zoal
Bac Gayl Csta tb
59.7
Notes
[1]
[2] T S's o Ia.Ytzak Nakas, p.27
[3] Hayda, Uwa al-Majd, pg. 11-15, 118
[4] Abdalla Maud Suk (al-Alus), D ayat al-Rad wa
al-Kuaat wa al-Ta Bay al-Musl , al-Maa 29
(1928): 44
[5] Wllaso, Jo Fdc (1974). The History of Shmmar (Aabc).
[6] Al Rasd, p. 35.
[7] Hal ol Aabc c.
[8] Al Rasd.
Chapter 60
MarxistLeninist Communist Party

(Turkey)
Marxist-Leninist Communist Party (Marksist-Leninist 60.2 Organisation
Komnist Partisi Tuks, abbvatd as MLKP) s
a udgoud At-Rvsost Maxst-Lst ad T yout wg o MLKP s calld t Coust Yout
Hoxast coust paty Tuky.
Ogazato (Komnist Genlik rgt Tuks, abbvatd as KG).
60.1
History
MLKP was od Sptb 1994, toug t ucato o Coust Paty o TukyMaxst-Lst

- Hakt (TKPML-Hakt) ad Coust Woks Movt o Tuky (TKH). TKPML-Hakt was
t lag o t two. Bot goups ca o t poAlbaa cap. T uty pocss o gotatos btw t goups ad statd 1989. Itally MLKP
calld tsl 'MLKP-Kuulu ' (MLKP-Foudato).
MLKP atas a ad wg ad Ad Focs

o t Poo ad t Oppssd (Fakirlerin ve Ezilenlerin
Silahl Kuvvetleri Tuks, abbvatd as FESK). T
goup ad tatoal xposu at t Hlto Istabul
Bospous bobg po to 24 Istabul sut w
ou popl w klld.[1]
I Sya Cvl Wa, MLKP jod cvl wa alogsd
wt Kuds YPG Focs.[2][3] Totally 4 MLKP gts
dd Sya Wa by 2d Jauay 215. 3 o t dd
Sg o Koba.
T ogasato as ad t podcals: Atl (The
Leap) (o Yeni Atlm (T Nw Lap)), a daly ws bullt, Partinin Sesi (T Voc o t Paty), a sttutoal publcato ad Teoride Dorultu (T Dcto
Toy), a totcal-poltcal joual).[4] T 26t ad
last ssu o Tod Doultu was publsd 26.[5]
60.3 Designation as a Terrorist Organisation

T ogasato s lstd aog t 12 actv tost
ogasato Tuky as o 27 accodg to CoutTos ad Opatos Dpatt o Dctoat
Gal o Scuty (Tuks polc).[6]
MLKP banner
60.4 Human Resources
I Sptb 1995, at t st cogss o MLKP-K,

t Coust Paty o TukyMaxst-Lst (Nw A study cad out by t Cout-Tos ad OpBuld-Up Ogazato) (TKPML (Y)) gd to atos Dpatt o Dctoat Gal o Scuty
t paty, ad t a was cagd to MLKP.
Lat t sa ya a splt occud, ad t Coust tost ud Tuks laws cludg 826 ltats o
Paty - Buld-up Ogazato (KP-) was od.
t ogasato ad t t ot cutly actv lt255
256
CHAPTER 60. MARXISTLENINIST COMMUNIST PARTY (TURKEY)
wg ogasatos (s c 1) 65% o t bs a agd 14 to 25, 16,8% 25 to 3 ad 17,5% a

old ta 3. Uvsty gaduats ak up 2,4% o
t bs, g scool gaduats 33,5%, scoday
scool gaduats 14%, pay scool gaduats 29,9%
ad lltats 1,9% (wl ty av o sapld ltat
o-gaduat bs).[7]
60.5
References
[1] Bobs xplod Tuky bo Bus, NATO sut,

Ca Daly, 24 Ju 24
[2] ttp:.atajas.cowsws
lkp-gt-atyd--koba.t
[3] ttp:.atajas.cowsws
lkp-gt-atyd--koba-1.t
[4] Faly T o t Tuks Radcal Lt
[5] Tod Doultu ttp:www.toddogultu.og
[6] TRKYE'DE HALEN FAALYETLERNE DEVAM
EDEN BA LICA TERR RGTLER: ttp:www.
g.gov.ttutogup1.tl
[7] Zaa. 25 Dcb 27. Dkkat: Hag yasad
gt kl y olu?". ttp:www.yblg.coab.
pp?ab_d47595
60.6
External links
MLKP wbst
60.7
See also
Lst o llgal poltcal pats Tuky

Coust Paty o Tuky (dsabguato), o
ot coust pats Tuky
Chapter 61
Peshmerga
Peshmerga (Kuds: P merge, Kuds
poucato [p]; ltally o wo coots
dat ) a t lagly povsd ltay ocs o Ia
Kudsta.[4][5] T ovall oal ad o t psga s t Psdt o Ia Kudsta. T psga oc tsl s lagly dvdd ad cotolld spaatly by t Docatc Paty o Kudsta ad Patotc
Uo o Kudsta, altoug bot pldg allgac to
t Kudsta Rgoal Govt. E ots a ud
way to gat t t oc ud t Msty o Psga A as.[6] Psga ocs a sposbl o ddg t lad, popl ad sttutos o t Kudsta
Rgo.[7]
As t Ia Ay s obdd by law o tg Ia Kudsta,[8][9] t psga alo alog
wt ot kuds scuty subsdas, a sposbl
o t latvly accoplsd scuty o t Kuds
Rgo.[1][11][12] Ts subsdas clud Asays (ocal tllgc agcy), Parastin u Zanyar (assstg
tllgc agcy) ad t Zava (lltay polc).
I 23 dug t Ia Wa t psga a sad to
av playd a ky ol t sso to captu Sadda
Huss.[13][14] I 24 psga ocs captud alQada ky gu Hassa Gul wo gav up t dtty
o Osaa B Lad s ssg, wc vtually ld
to Opato Nptu Spa ad t dat o Osaa B
Lad.[15][16]
Barzani was the primary political and millitary leader of the KurFollowg a uxpctd lag-scal ISIS o sv
agast Ia Kudsta August 214, psga ad
ot kuds ocs o gboug couts av
b at a all-out-wa agast ISIS bot Ia ad Sya.
As o Jauay 215 aoud 8 psga av b
klld.[17]
dish cause, until his death in 1979
cod t d 2t ctuy by t lat Kuds wt

Iba Aad.[19] Hstocally t peshmerga xstd
oly as gulla ogazatos, but ud t sl-dclad
Rpublc o Maabad (1946-1947), t Psga bca t o cal ay o t publc ld by Mustaa
Baza.[2][21] At t all o t publc ad t xcuto o ad o stat, Qaz Muaad, peshmerga
61.1 History
ocs gd as gulla ogazatos tat would go
o to gt gt t Iaa ad Ia govts o t
Ma atcl: Hstoy o Psga
[22]
T Kuds wao tadto o bllo as xstd ad o t ctuy.
o tousads o yas alog wt aspatos o - I Ia, ost o ts peshmerga w ld by Mustaa
dpdc, ad aly Kuds waos ougt agast Baza o t Kudsta Docatc Paty.[21] I 1975
t vaous Psa ps, t Ottoa Ep ad t peshmerga w datd t Scod Ia-Kuds
t Bts Ep.[18] Howv t t tsl was oly Wa. Jalal Talaba, a ladg b o t KDP, lt
257
258
CHAPTER 61. PESHMERGA
t sa ya to to vtalz t sstac ad oudd

t Patotc Uo o Kudsta.[23] Ts vt catd
t basl o t poltcal dscott btw t KDP
ad PUK, tat to ts day dvds peshmerga ocs ad
uc o Kuds socty Ia Kudsta.
At Mustaa Baza s dat, s so Masoud Baza
took s posto.[21] As tso casd btw KDP
ad PUK, ost peshmerga ougt to kp a go ud t ow paty s cotol, wl also gtg o Ia
Ay cusos. Followg t Fst Psa Gul Wa,
Ia Kudsta ll to a stat o cvl wa btw t
two ajo Kuds pats, t KDP ad t PUK, ad
peshmerga ocs w usd to gt ac ot. T cvl
wa o cally dd Sptb 1998, w Baza
ad Talaba sgd t Wasgto Agt stablsg a oal pac taty.[24] I t agt, t
pats agd to sa vu, sa pow, dy t us
o ot Ia to t PKK, ad ot allow Ia toops
to t Kuds gos. By t, aoud 5, Kuds
ad b klld o bot sds, ad ay o w
vctd o bg o t wog sd.[25] I t yas at, tso ad g, but bot pats ovd towads ac ot ad 23 ty bot took pat t
ovtowg o t Sadda g as pat o t Ia
Wa. Ty ad o good ts, og wat s ow
Ia Kudsta. Ulk ot llta ocs, t peshmerga w v pobtd by Ia law.[26]
61.2
Structure
t way up to 25..[27] Ts ocs a ogazd to

36 lltay bgads, cotolld spaatly wt lttl to
o t-coodato, by t KDP, PUK ad Msty o
Psga A as.[28]
T psga oc, lk uc o Ia Kudsta, s
plagud by ut allgatos o coupto, patsasp, pots ad aud.[29][3][31][32][33][34] Ts allgatos clud gvg g-akg lltay postos
oly to llow clas ado paty bs, gtg
o poltcal pats at ta t kuds popl as a
wol, ad t us o gost solds to ga psga
b ts ad sallay. Muc o ts s du to t act tat
psga ocs a stll uo cally dvdd alog t
a paty ls, altoug wt aguably lss tso ta
dug t Kuds Cvl Wa. Psga wt ts to
t Kudsta Docatc Paty a sposbl o t
Douk Govoat ad Abl Govoat, wl tos
wt ts to t Patotc Uo o Kudsta ovs t
scuty Sulayaya Govoat.[35] Followg t
Ju 214 ISIS vaso o Ia ad t tat o Ia
Ay, t KRG lld t vod ad took cotol o alost all dsputd aas.[36] Ts aas av sc also
b dvdd btw KDP ad PUK psga.
As a sult o t splt atu o t psga oc,
t s ot a ctal coad ct cag o t
t oc, ad psga uts stad ollow spaat
lltay acs dpdg o poltcal allgac.[37]
E ots av sc b ad to z patsasp, cludg t bag o patsa ags o t
battl ld.[38] A poltcal o s also cutly udway to plac t t oc ud t sgl coad o
t goal govt.[6] As o Jauay 215, 12 out o
t 36 bgads av potdly b put ud t cotol o t KRG, wt t ag 7% o psga
ocs stll cotolld by t gos two a pats.[39]
Du to t ltd udg ad t vast sz o t psga ocs, t KRG as log plad to gatly dowsz ts ocs o lag ubs o low-ualty ocs
to a sall but uc o ctv ad wll-tad
oc.[4][41] Cosutly 29 t KRG ad Bagdad gagd dscussos about copoatg pats o
t psga ocs to t Ia Ay, wat would
b t 15't ad 16't Ia Ay dvsos.[42][43] Howv at casg tso btw Ebl ad Bagdad
gadg t dsputd aas, t tas was lagly put
o c. So psga w alady tasd but
potdly dstd aga, ad t a allgatos tat
o psga ocs a loyal to t KRG at
ta t Ia ca o coad.[44][45]
Wl t ajoty o t psga ocs a Musls,
t a also Csta ad Yzd uts gtg ud
t dcto o psga ocs.[46][47]
Altoug alost tly ad up o , psga

ocs av b kow to clud sall ubs o
wo sc ts oato, ad cutly av 6
T xact sz o psga ocs s ukow as t
wo t aks.[48] Ts al psga av
a d t stats agg o as w as 8. all
Peshmerga special unit near the Syrian border on June 23, 2014
259
61.4. VEHICLES
so a b usd accs to t otl, ad a ostly 61.3.1
usd logstcs ad aagt postos.[49]
Small arms
61.3.2 Anti-tank weaponry

61.3.3 Mortar
61.3.4 Man-portable air-defence system
61.3
Equipment
61.4 Vehicles
61.4.1 Armoured vehicles
61.4.2 Logistics and utility vehicles
61.4.3 Artillery
61.4.4 Anti-aircraft gun
61.4.5 Helicopters
61.5 See also

Jas
Peshmerga on a T-55-Tank outside Kirkuk in June 2014
61.6 References
[1] Po l: Wo a t Psga? BBC Nws. Rtvd
19 Dcb 214.
T psga asal s ltd ad co d by stctos sc t Kuds Rgo s ot a dpdt

stat. Du to dsputs btw t KRG ad t Ia
govt, as ow o Bagdad to Ia Kudsta
as b alost oxstt, as Bagdad as kuds
aspatos o dpdc.[5][51] Psga ocs stad lagly ly o old as captud o t old Ia
Ay dug t 23 U.S. Ivaso o Ia, wc
psga ocs w actv. Bo tat, so wapos
w also captud dug t 1991 Ia upsgs.[52]
Followg t tat o t w Ia Ay dug t
Ju 214 ISIS o sv, psga ocs potdly
aga aagd to gt old o so wapos lt bd
by t Ia Ay.[53] Sc August 214, psga
ocs av also captud so wapos o ISIS.[54]
[2] ttp:www.lats.cowoldddlast
la-g-a-psga-tag-21419-stoy.tl
pag1
[3] ttp:uk.uts.coatcl214813
uk-a-scuty-psga-dUKKBNGD1N8214813
[4] Fo t Kuds p ( )bo ad merg
dat .
[5] May Kuds wll say tat all Kuds wllg to gt o t
gts a Psga.
[6] ttp:udaw.tglskudsta2582142
[7] ttp:op.kg.ogabout-.pp?z8&l3
At t ISIS o sv o August 214, ultpl gov- [8] ttp:ws.xuat.coglswold212-728c_

131745233.t
ts dcdd to a t psga wt so
lgt wapoy suc as lgt as, gt goggls ad
auto.[55][56][57] Howv Kuds o cals ad [9] ttp:v.ogaboutkudsta
psga av stssd tat wat ty d t ost s
[1] ttp:wold.t.co2121231
avy wapos suc as taks, aoud vcls ad dstato-kudsta-s-ts-autooous-a-go-a-buddg-toust-ot
lcopts. Ty also stss tat Bagdad s blockg v
lgt wapoy o acg t KRG, paszg t [11] ttp:www.stps.cowsddl-ast
d o wapos to b st dctly to t KRG ad ot
a-tost-attack--pacul-kuds-go-o-a-klls-6-1.
24495
toug Bagdad.[58][59][6][61]
26
[12] ttp:www.tatlatc.co
tatoalacv2133
t-a-wa-was-a-good-da--you-ask-t-kuds
274196
CHAPTER 61. PESHMERGA

[36] ttp:lwb.tpota
jadst-dv-allows-a-kuds-tak-dsputd-aas
[37] ttp:lbaow.co149MLN1491314STR.asp
[38] ttp:gls.saaa.codx.pppoltcs
[13] ttp:www.kaaa.co
1849-baza-pvts-ltg-patsa-lags--gtg-ots-xcpt-okuds-psga-ca-b-a-ga-cag--a-ad-sya-682
[14] ttp:www.s.co.auatcls231215
17133686245.tl
[39] ttp:www.al-oto.copulsogals2151
a-kuds-psga-dvso-slac-stat.tl
[15] Abd, Mac. How t CIA ally caugt B Lad s

tal .
[4] ttps:books.googl.dkbooks?dS6oP3Y9ZM3sC&
pgPA129&lpgPA129&d15%27t+ad+16%27t+
dvso+psga&soucbl&otscIHY4ASX&
sgUWDppBU7S4a3L9dMc_7Akk&l
da&saX&uxWzVMWRCuNygO94CABw&
vdCCwQ6AEwAgvopag&
15't%2ad%216't%2dvso%2psga&als
[16] ttp:www.vocatv.cousaat-sc
cloak-do-stag-saga-al-ada-tpl-agt
[17] ttp:www.dalysaba.copoltcs214121
psga-dat-toll-acs-727--a-sya
[18] ttp:dgol.lb.su.ducgvwcott.cg?atcl
323&cotxttd
[41] ttp:www.kud.tsasatclssc2111
stat4537.t
[21] ttp:www.kgspa.oggovtpols
gls-psdt
[42] ttps:books.googl.dkbooks?dKgEo276J_C&pg
PA39&lpgPA39&dPsga%9Pojctd+
Rsdual+Foc&soucbl&otsMPM_oAI2pT&
sgwccwwoaVcyLp3PkIE-WHMvE&lda&
saX&MRKzVLTIIjjywPA9IKQCg&vd
CCQQ6AEwAAvopag&Psga%
9Pojctd%2Rsdual%2Foc&als
[22] Mslas, Susa. Kudsta: I t Sadow o Hstoy .

Uvsty o Ccago Pss, 28
[43] Capa, Ds. Scuty Focs o Kudsta Rgoal

Govt, Us Ay Wa Collg. 29, pag. 112.
[23] ttps:www.pcto.du{acaytvwk1k
docsPatotc_Uo_o_Kudsta.tl
[44] ttp:www.uytdalyws.co
1-kuds-solds-dst-o-a-ay.aspx?
pagID238&ID4871&
[19] Nw Statsa . Rtvd 23 Octob 214.

[2] ttp:kudstatbu.co211
aabad-st-dpdt-kuds-publc
[24] ttp:www.as.ogatcls?d3
[25] ttp:www.ats.coatsMddl_East
LB2Ak2.tl
[26] ttp:www.bbc.cows
[27] ttp:www.tguada.cowold214ju12
ow-battl-ady-ss-a-ay-psga
[28] ttp:www.sop.d
sop-t-dsastous-coad-o-coad-stuctu
[45] ttps:books.googl.dkbooks?dLzFaaWCudQC&
pgPA425&lpgPA425&dpsga+a+
ay+allgatos&soucbl&otsDbx1jl-O&sg
sdbbgjg7wAZJC29g9GMcVKk6o&lda&saX&
1RyzVLdL8_ywO6-YHIBg&vdCD8Q6AEwBA
vopag&psga%2a%2ay%
2allgatos&als
[46] ttp:www.uts.coatcl2141221
us-dast-css-a-sja-dUSKBNJZQO2141221
[29] ttp:www.wsj.coatcls
[48] ttp:www.tlgap.co.ukws
u-s-alls-tag-kuds-o-usg-sopstcatd-wapoy-agast-slac-stat-1411339625
woldwsslac-stat1121664
Mt-t-Kuds-wo-gtg-t-Islac-Stat.
[3] ttp:www.aljaza.copogassda28
tl
328525185811788617.tl
[31] ttp:kudstatbu.co214
kg-godats-26-sct-cabl-o-wklaks
[32] ttp:tglacvs.ogstsdaultlssoucs
pv5NIMEP_Isgts_211_48-64.pd
[5] ttp:www.oxws.cowold21513
a-psga-dspat-o-us-as--gt-agast-ss
[51] ttp:www.dw.das-o-kuds-psga-to-act-ltay-balac
a-1785377
[33] ttp:www.tdtacocto.coa-ws
psdcy-o-t-povc-ws-ts-call-to-covt-t-psga-ay-atoal
a-asks-kg-o-p-sadda-wapos.tl
[34] ttp:kud.tsasatclssc2143stat782.
t
[53] ttp:www.tatoal.awoldddl-ast
[35] Capa, Ds. Scuty Focs o Kudsta Rgoal
as-sl-tats-a-kuds-ga-w-auto
pag1
Govt, Us Ay Wa Collg. 29, pag. 3.
261
[54] ttp:ws.atoalpost.co21413
[76] Fc Gat 53T2 2 Ml F2 gus dlvd to Kukuds-ocs-captud-a-ss-bas-at-a-two-day-sg-but-t-ss-gts-sd-soow-slppd-away
dsta . www.europe1.fr. Rtvd 23 Octob 214.
[55] Ncolas Watt. UK ppas to supply as dctly to
Kuds ocs gtg Iss . the Guardian. Rtvd 23
Octob 214.
[56] Sv wst stats jo US to a Ia Kudsta:
Ptago . Rtvd 23 Octob 214.
[57] ttp:www.tguada.cowold214aug11
us-a-psga-a-kudsta-ss
[58] ttp:www.wasgtots.cows214ov21
a-kuds-us-w-d-avy-wapos-dat-sla
[77] Typ 63 Sl-Poplld At-Acat Gu Syst .

www.fas.org. Rtvd 4 August 214.
[78] Sout Kudsta ay .
[79] uyt - Kuds autoty buyg 16 US-bult lcopts o Saud . Huytdalyws.co. 267-19. Rtvd 214-8-18.
[8] Cotact to Buy 16 Hlcopts Sgd by Kudsta R.
Govt. - Mda oto . Ekud.t. Rtvd 214-818.
[81] By IWPR - Ia Pss Moto. Cotact to Buy 16 H[59] ttp:www.wasgtopost.

lcopts Sgd - Isttut o Wa ad Pac Rpotg
cowoldatoal-scuty
as-kuds-appal-o-w-us-as-to-cobat-slac-stat - P224 . Iwp.t. Rtvd 214-8-18.
2141112d2a28-6aa6-114-9b4-a622da742a2_
stoy.tl
[6] ttp:ota.coacvs21491
kuds-to-us-gv-us-t-avy-wapos-w-d-to-gt-ss
[61] ttp:www.uts.coatcl2141119
us-dast-css-baza-dUSKCNJ3ON2141119
[62] ISIS-to Nodak . August 214. Rtvd 2149-8.
Capa, Ds P., Lutat Colol USA, Security Forces of the Kurdistan Regional Government,
Costa Msa, Caloa: Mazda Publss, 211.
ISSN 26-3141 Rvwd by Mcal M. Gut
Middle East A airs, Vol. 65, No. 3, Su
211.
[63] ttp:www.jutaj.
vlk-zvoz-posao--vlada-ackoj-vojsc-podaj-ouzj--opu-vjdu-7-ljua-kua-
1219539
61.8 External links
[64] ttp:www.bvg.dsoucsouc
MzEzNTM4MUzMzMyMUzMTM1MzMyZTM2MzEzMDMwMzAzMDMwMzAzMDY4N2E2OTcyNEzNjMwN2EyMDIwMjAyMD
Mda latd to Kuds Psga at Wkda
214-8-31%252Pap_Utst%25C3%
Coos
25BCtzug_E5_al.pd
[65] U.S. Dpatt o Ds, Masug Stablty ad
Scuty Ia (Ju 27) p. 3, 39
[66] ttp:www.aalsdsa.t2149
cco-la-lsta-dll-poc-a-tala-a-cud
[67]
[68] Psga us HJ-8 . 18 Dcb 214.
[69] Iak:
Dutsclad scckt Kud Pazabwakt . Spiegel Online ( Ga). 31 August
[7] Psga Focs Rcut Csta Fgts, says Local
O cal . Rudaw. Rtvd 23 Octob 214.
[71] Mddl East Mltay Balac
[72] Ia s T-72s: Payt Rcvd . Dsdustydaly.co. 25-11-14. Rtvd 214-8-18.
[73] sx ja3a puk . YouTube. Rtvd 23 Octob 214.
[74] Ga c . 214-8-31. Rtvd 214-818.
[75] Holdawcz, Gzgoz. Ia ad ocs gt aoud
vcls . Jane s Defence Weekly
Chapter 62
Syriac Union Party (Syria)

govt o cals av usd to las s body.[7]
Cosa s latvs potdly aagd to tack dow t
doctos Daascus wo sgd t dat ct cat,
wo told t tat t govt utly ocs doctos to sg dat ct cats o dtas wtout allowg t to v s a cops.[6][9] Fds, aly bs, ad paty collagus alk blv tat Cosa ay
stll b alv,[6] ad av allgd tat t govt s
I 15 August 212, bs o Syac Uo Paty tyg to[9]cocal t act tat as b totud
stod t Sya bassy Stockol potst o custody.
t Sya govt. A doz o ts bs w
lat dtad by Swds polc.[1] T Syac Uo
Paty (SUP) as st up t Sutoo lta to potct t 62.1 See also
AssyaSyacs.[2] T Sutoo uts al-Qataya
Syac Uo Paty (Lbao)
ad al-Malkya, a ully ud SUP cotol ad coopat o closly wt t Kuds ltas, wl t
Syac Mltay Coucl
Qasl bac s s as bg cotolld by agts
[3]
o t Sya govt. Sutoo as a uspok al Sutoo
lac wt t Kuds YPG.[4]
Syriac Union Party Sya (Syac:

, Aabc: )
s a AssyaSyac poltcal paty Sya tat ts
to pst t tsts o t Syac couts
Sya. Establsd o 1 Octob 25, sc t stat o
t Sya Cvl Wa, t as postod tsl o t sd o
t opposto ocs to t Sya govt o Basa
al-Assad.
T Syac Uo Paty as b subjct to cotud psso by t Assad govt dug t

cvl wa, dspt bg pat o t ovolt ad
o cally-tolatd dostc opposto Natoal Coodato Body. O 6 Ju 213, govt ocs
add t Qasl o o SUP Excutv Cott b Rubl Gabl Bao, astg ad subsutly psog .[5] O 12 August 213, scuty ocs appdd SUP vc-psdt Sat Malk
Cosa t at o Sutoo lad Joa Cosa as
dsbakd at Qasl Apot ollowg a vst to
Swtzlad, w olds dual ctzsp.[6] At bg dtad Qasl o sval days, Cosa was
tasd to a pso a Daascus ad cotact wt
was lost.[7] Nt paty o cal s kow to av
b oally cagd o td cout, ad t as
b lasd o ad o sc t psot.[8]
T ats a ukow as o Fbuay 214.
62.2 References
Cosa s uoud to av dd ud sadowy ccustacs wl custody.[7] T govt poducd a

dat ct cat o Cosa tat statd dd Daascus o supposd cadac ast at t 1:[9] o
1:25[6] PM o t day o s ast, v toug s
gt dd ot v lad Qasl utl 1:3 PM.[6] But
dspt usts o bot t SUP ad Cosa s aly,
262
[1] Sya bassy potst ss sval dtad Swd .

IcNws. 15 August 212. Rtvd Sptb 1,
212.
[2] ttp:www.ddl-ast-ol.cogls?d62667
[3] Cal Dott (18 Novb 213). Qasl s Cold Wa .
L Mod Dploatu. Rtvd 1 Dcb 213.
[4] Ada Glot (2 Ju 213). Syac Cstas, Kuds
Boost Coopato Sya . Al-Moto. Rtvd 17
Dcb 213.
[5]
(
Aabc). Syac Uo Paty Sya. 7 Ju 213. Rtvd 25 Fbuay 214.
[6] Zla, Olv; Floa Ibac; Dal Glaus; Clauda Scd (26 Jauay 214). Scwz Sy vscoll ( Ga). Sotags Ztug. Rtvd 25
Fbuay 214.
[7] Syac Lad Astd by Assad-Rg .

ESU
Newsletter: The Voice of the Syriacs (Euopa Syac
Uo). Issu o. 29. Octob 213. Rtvd 25 Fbuay 214.

[8] Suyoy Etspat Syac Uo Paty Sy .
Suyoy Nws. 6 Fbuay 214. Rtvd 25 Fbuay
214.
[9] Illatt, Davd (26 Jauay 214). Tcs apto,
sputa u ct cato d ot p asto cadaco"" (
Itala). To. Rtvd 25 Fbuay 214.
62.3
External links
O cal wbst (acvd vso o 28 August

212)
Ga pot about t Csta Sutoo lta
Itvw wt Caa o t Syac Natoal
Coucl
263
Chapter 63
Syriac Military Council

T Syriac Military Council (Syac:
Mawtbo Fulhoyo Suryoyo, MFS

o sot; Aabc: ) s a
AssyaSyac ltay ogasato Sya. T
stablst o t ogasato was aoucd o 8
Jauay 213. Accodg to t Syac Mltay Coucl,
t goal o t ogasato s to stad up o t atoal
gts o Syacs ad to potct t Syac popl
Sya. T ogasato gts ostly t dsly
populatd Syac aas o t Govoats o Alppo,
Daascus, Al-Hasaka, Lataka, ad Hos.[2]
63.2 June
Counter-O ensive
(Syria-Iraq Border)
MFS alog wt YPG ocs patcpatd a o sv
alog t Sya-Ia bod. T jot ocs aagd
to dv out ISIS ocs at t Islac goup took cotol o Mosul ad ost o Nawa Povc dug t
Ju ISIS o sv. T opato ld to t ull cotol
o Tl-Koa, t Sya sd o t bod, ad Raba,
t Ia sd o t bod.[11][12]
O 16 Dcb 213, t Syac Mltay Coucl

aoucd t oudato o a w Mltay Acady
Counter-O ensive
ad Maty Abga .[3][4] O Dcb 24, t MFS 63.3 August
lasd potogaps sowg ts bs cotol
(Nineveh & Sinjar)
o t Syac vllag o Gaduka, locatd 8 klots (5. ) sout o Qataya (TbspyQab MFS alog wt YPG ocs ad ot alls, patcpatd
Hwo).[5] T vllag cuc ad b copltly d- a o sv Ia s povc o Nv t dstct
stoyd by Jabat al-Nusa, wc occupd t alt o Sja, to potct ots agast ISIL attacks.[13]
bo bg xplld d-Octob dug a opato laucd by t Popl s Potcto Uts (YPG),[6]
wc MFS bs ay av patcpatd. O 8 Jauay 214, t MFS aoucd tat t goup ad jod 63.4 See also
t YPG aks.[7][8]
Sutoo
Syac Uo Paty (Sya)
Euopa Syac Uo
63.1
Tel Brak & Tel Hamis Operations
T MFS was also a pat o a YPG-ld o sv agast

Jabat al-Nusa, t Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat (ISIL), ad Aa as-Sa, wc bga o 26 Dcb 213 Tl Has aa.[9] YPG ad MFS w
uabl to old Tl Bak ad ald to captu Tl Has,
ad t o sv was calld o aly Jauay. Howv, o Fbuay 23, a p-daw ad by t Kuds
Popl s Potcto Uts ad t Syac Mltay Coucl
captud Tal Bak, wc was lat -captud by local
Aab tbs.[1]
Qaaos Potcto Cott
63.5 References
264
[1] 2 Mut - Scwz Cst kp gg d IS

- Nws . 20 Minuten.
[2] Syacs stabls ltay coucl Sya . Hrriyet
Daily News. 2 Fbuay 213. Rtvd 12 Octob
214.
[3] T Acady Maty Abga (Sodo Abga) o Syac
Mltay Coucl was oudd!". YouTube. 16 Dcb
213. Rtvd 12 Octob 214.
63.5. REFERENCES
[4] Wlco to Facbook - Log I, Sg Up o La Mo .
Facebook.
[5] Mata Vgl-Hobl o Twtt:
Mo Malk
Gaduka s dstoyd by El-Nusa. El-Nusa as d &
t vllag s ow cotolld by t MFS syac . Twtt.
[6] S Tbsp ( Kuds). Rdaw Kuds. 14 Octob 213. Rtvd 26 Fbuay 214.
[7] T Syac Mltay Coucl as jod t YPG! Syac
Mltay Coucl O cal Facbook, 8 Jauay 214
[8] Syac Mltay Coucl: Most potat dcsos s to
jo YPG Dcl Nws Agcy, 9 Jauay 214
[9] Itvw wt Csta SMC gts ad local Su
Aabs wo gts alog YPG ad YPJ . YouTube. 3 Jauay 214. Rtvd 12 Octob 214.
[1] Sya Kuds tak tow o Islasts: watcdog .
Reuters. 22 Fbuay 214. Rtvd 12 Octob 214.
[11] Psc o t MFS at t bod o Ia . Syriac International News Agency. 16 Ju 214. Rtvd 12
Octob 214.
[12] "YouTub . YouTube. 16 Ju 214. Rtvd 12 Octob 214.
[13] Vdo: YPG ad MFS avd Sgal Moutas Sja to potct t ugs wo d o Sgal ad ot
Tows . Frequency.
265
Chapter 64
Sutoro
T Syriac Security O ce (Syac: 64.2 Qamishli Sootoro
, Aabc: ), cooly kow as t Sutoro o t Sutoro Police s a Syac (Assya) Csta
lta t Al-Hasaka Govoat. It s t ad I Fbuay 213, t Qasl bac o t Sutoo
wg o t Syac Uo Paty (SUP).[2] T Sutoo col- bga op opatos t Csta gbouood
o Wusta, wc s locatd a t cty ct ad as
laboat closly wt Kuds goups.[3]
a AssyaSyac ajoty wt a sg cat Aa
T Sutoo Polc sould ot b cousd wt t oty. Toug t was tally ogasd by t SyQasl Sootoo wc as t sa a t Syac ac Uo Paty (just lk t bacs Qataya
laguag, but uss t Egls taslato Syac Potc- ad Malkya), t Qasl lta was subsutly
to O c ad t tasltato "Sootoo". Ts oga- bougt ud t cotol o a so-calld pac cotzato t tow o Qasl s a govt-algd t coposd o sval Csta ogasatos o
Syac ad Aa Csta lta. T Sutoo Po- t cty.[3] T SUP soo lost vtually all uc o
lc cosds t Qasl Sootoo to b a bakaway ts goup,[6] wc bca s by ay SUP bs
goup o t Syac Uo Paty, wl t Qasl as bg cotolld by agts o t Sya govt.[3]
Sootoo clas to av always b a spaat goup.
I lat 213, t splt btw ts bac ad t st
Sutoo uts w st ogazd cty o al-Qataya o t Sutoo bca cla. Now tasltatg ts a
(Qab Hwo), ad soo tat al-Malkya as Sootoo (altatly g to tsl as t Sy(Dayk).[4]
ac Potcto O c ), t lta Qasl adoptd
a tly d t logo ad statd oply asstg a
spaat dtty. I Novb, t da o c o t
Qasl Sootoo statd tat t opatd xclusvly t
cty o Qasl ad ad ot od bacs ayw
ls, uto accusg ltas outsd t cty o avg appopatd t a; by Dcb, t goup was
xplctly dsavowg ay cocto to t SUP t
64.1 Cooperation with Kurds
pss lass. Toug t cotus to o cally cla
utalty, t Qasl Sootoo as bco ctvly
T Syac Uo Paty atas wa ad dly la- a po-govt lta. Mbs o t goup a tos wt ts Kuds gbous, ad was o o u- utly sow xt to govt ags ad potats o
ous ogasatos to jo t Kuds Docatc Uo Basa al-Assad vsual da, ad ags bag ts
alls t
Paty (PYD) stablsg a oal adstato o dstct logo av b s at po-Assad
[4]
govt-cotolld
scto
o
t
cty.
sl-govac t aas o ot Sya ot
oally calld Wst Kudsta o Rojava. Followg ts polcy, t Sutoo as sougt to alg tsl wt
t Kuds Popl s Potcto Uts (YPG) o a
aly juctu.[5] Altoug t Kuds w tally suspcous w t statd ogasg ad watd ts bs
to t dsa o jo Kuds oatos, t Sutoo
was soo accptd ad wlcod by Kuds ocs. It
cutly opats alogsd t Kuds Asays polc
oc, ag jot cckpots ad patollg gbouoods togt, wl ts paaltay coutpat,
t Syac Mltay Coucl (MFS), oally jod t
aks o t YPG Jauay 214.[6]
Qasl s o o t last placs otast w

govt ocs, avg b pusd out o ost
o Hasaka Govoat by t bl goups o t
Kuds-autoost ocs o t YPG, stll ata
so psc. T Kuds cotol ost o Qasl,
wl loyalst ocs a a w ajoty-Aab dstcts t sout, pats o t cty ct, t bod
cossg to Tuky, Qasl Apot, ad a ay bas
o t sout outskts. T assto o loyalst cotol
ov t Qasl lta as b dt d as a pottal
ot by t govt to stgt ts posto t
cty by xpadg ad soldyg ts suk ttoal
266
64.5. REFERENCES
oldgs.[3]
64.3
See also
Syac Mltay Coucl

Syac Uo Paty (Sya)
Euopa Syac Uo
Qaaos Potcto Cott
64.4
External links
Sutoo - AssyasAaas ta to potct t

aas Sya RT vdo
O cal Facbook pag o t Qasl Sootoo
(Aabc)
64.5
References
2 Mut [1] Raza, K. (12 July 213).

Scwz Sld sysc Bgkg - Htgud . 2.c. Rtvd 1 Dcb 213.
[2] Bgkg : D Cst Sy z d
Sclact - Nacct Poltk - Auslad - DIE WELT .
Wlt.d. 23 Octob 213. Rtvd 1 Dcb 213.
[3] Cal Dott (18 Novb 213). Qasl s Cold Wa .
L Mod Dploatu. Rtvd 1 Dcb 213.
[4] al-Ta, Ay Jawad (23 Fbuay 214).
Csta Mlta ad Poltcal Dyacs Sya . Sya
Cot. Rtvd 25 Fbuay 214.
[5] Ada Glot (2 Ju 213). Syac Cstas, Kuds
Boost Coopato Sya . Al-Moto. Rtvd 17
Dcb 213.
[6] Szlako, Balt (2 Fbuay 214). Istad o g,
so o Sya s Cstas wll stad t goud . T
Natoal. Rtvd 25 Fbuay 214.
267
Chapter 65
Kurdistan Regional Government

T Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG),
(Kuds: ,
Hkt
H Kudsta), s t o cal ulg body o t
pdoatly Kuds go o Not Ia d
to as Ia Kudsta, South Kurdistan, o sots
sply Kurdistan. T KRG cossts o a ucaal
palat wt 111 sats kow as t Ia Kudsta
Palat (IKP).
T cabt s slctd by t ajoty paty o lst wo
also slct t p st o t Kudsta go.
T psdt o Kudsta s dctly lctd by t lctoat o t go ad s t ad o t cabt ad
c o stat wo dlgats xcutv pows to t cabt. T p st s tadtoally t ad o t
lgslatv body but also sas xcutv pows wt
t psdt.[2] T psdt o Kudsta s also t
coad--c o t Psga Ad Focs.[3]
Palat cats ad passs laws by a ajoty vot,
ad t psdt as t pow to vto ay bll.
a Maood Abdulaa
Had o t Dpatt
o Fog Rlatos Fala Mustaa Bak
65.3 Recent elections

65.3.1 1992 Elections
O May 19, 1992, 6 ots at Kuds ad gad t

do, t st lctos w ld. Du to t 7%
tsold t oly pats wc ad a cac o wg
sats palat w t KDP ad t PUK. T lcto sultd a aow vctoy o t KDP, wc wt
45% o t vot gad 51 sats wl t PUK wt 44%
o t vot gad 49 sats. Howv du to allgatos
o lcto aud ty dvdd t sats 5-5 ad catd
a uty govt. T govt owv collapsd
ad sultd a cvl wa bakg out 1994. T last
65.1 Election process
palatay tg was ld 1996.[5] It sultd
t cato o two Kuds stats, a PUK-cotolld stat
Sc 1992, t govg bods av b paly basd Sla ad a KDP-cotolld stat basd
basd Ebl (Kuds: Hwl), o cally dclad t Hwl, bot poclag tslvs as lgtat uls
captal o t go. T KRG palat, o t Ia o Kudsta.[6]
Kudsta Palat (IKP), s lctd by popula vot.
Vots a gv o vot ad ay coos a sgl paty
o t lst. T cabt s slctd by t ajoty paty 65.3.2 2005 Elections
o pats. T ajoty paty o coalto appots ad
gotats ts o t p st o t Kudsta T pay goal o t 25 lctos was to d patygo. T psdt o t Kudsta go s dctly ul t Ia Kudsta ad uy t two ajo pats
lctd by ts ctzs.[3]
- t Kudsta Docatc Paty (KDP) ad t Patotc
Uo
o Kudsta (PUK) - wo ougt a cvl wa
Cutly, t cabt s coposd o t lagst two govt
d-199s
ov ttoal dsputs ad cotol o t
g pats, t KDP ad t PUK ad t alls.
Kudsta Rgo. Pvously, t go was dvdd up
by adstatv povcs tat w ud cotol o t t KDP o t PUK. I 24, t two pats c65.2 Current cabinet
atd o u d lst o coalto calld t Docatc
Patotc Allac o Kudsta, wc cludd sval
sall pats as wll. Not supsgly, t coalto
65.2.1 Other members of government
cvd t ajoty o vots (a ovwlg 9%)
Gal Dcto O Mallowg t KDP ad PUK to ctvly dvd ky posty o Ito - Kastos govt. T coalto acvd 14 o t
268
269
65.4. ROLE IN IRAQ

111 sats palat.[7]
o c o 28 Octob 29. Moty Tuk av v

I Ju 212, t IKP ld ts st o cal tg wt sats ad Cstas (Assyas ad Aas) a pTs KRG govt coMassoud Baza as t lctd psdt. At sx std wt ou sats.
[9]
psd
19
sts.
log ots, t IKP ally agd o adstato
postos. I 26, t govt was slctd wt Fut oato: Ia Kudsta psdtal lcNcva Ids Baza as p st.[7] T pats to, 29
also gotatd ts o t p st. Ncva
Baza, wo s a b o t KDP, was xpctd to I 25, Massoud Baza was lctd as Psdt o
sv two yas ad would b placd wt a PUK ca- Ia Kudsta by t palat. I 29, t KRG
ddat 28.
dcdd tat t psdt would o log b slctd
Fut oato:
lctos 25
Ia Kudsta Govoat by palat, ad stad, dct lctos would tak

plac. I t 29 lctos, Psdt Baza a o lcto ad acd a ost o opposg caddats cludGovoat lctos w ld Ia, 25, - g Halow Iba Ad, Kaal Mawdly, Ad
cludg t t Kuds povcs. T lctos Moad Rasul ad Huss Gaya. T lcto
sultd a KDP vctoy Hwl ad Duok wt was a ladsld vctoy o Baza gttg appoxatly
o t vots. Kal Mawdly ca scod wt
PUK a vctoy Sla. I total t PUK wo t 7% [1]
25%.
ost vots dug ts 3 povcs togt wt a
total o 765,544 vots (43.4%) owv ty wo oly
48 sats wl t KDP wt 741,483 vots (42%) wo
62 sats. Ot pats wo oly 4 sats Kuds
povcs. Kuds pats also wo ajots Nawa
T Kuds lctos w ld o 21 Sptb 213.
ad Kkuk.[8]
Fut oato: Ia Kudsta palatay
lcto, 213
65.4 Role in Iraq

T KRG as assud govtal sposblty t
dal go o Ia. As stpulatd by t Ia costtuto, Ia wll b dvdd to dal gos tat wll
adl t ow dostc a as wl t Bagdad ctal govt wll dal wt tatoal a as. T
sgl ost cotovsal ssu gadg dals s ol.
T KRG ud Ncva Baza as sgd sval
ol cotacts wt og stats, cludg copas
t Utd Stats ad Ca.[11] Accodg to Bloobg
L.P. t w a couty KRG would ak 1t aogst
couts wt lagst svs.[12] Wl t KRG assts
tat suc cotacts a lgal ud Ia law ad t costtuto, ay dsputs a.
25 July 2009 election results
Fut oato:
lcto, 29
Ia Kudsta palatay
T a Kuds pats ad Psga coopatd

wt t US-ld coalto dug t 23 vaso o
Ia tat ld to Sadda Huss's ovtow. Kuds
poltcas w pstd t Ia govg coucl. O Jauay 3, 25 t lctos w ld t
go: 1) o Tastoal Natoal Assbly o Ia 2)
o Ia Kudsta Natoal Assbly ad 3) o povcal coucls.[13] T Law o Adstato o t Stat
o Ia o t Tastoal Pod cogzd t autooy o t Kudsta Rgoal Govt dug t
t btw ull sovgty ad t adopto o a
pat costtuto.
T latst palatay lctos w ld o 25 July

29. Kudsta Lst, a jot lst o KDP ad PUK, wo
t lagst sa o sats ad was taskd to o t xt
govt. Majo opposto pats clud Cag
Lst ad Ro Lst wt 25 ad 13 sats spctvly.
T w p st, Baa Sal o PUK, assud T Kudsta Rgoal Govt cutly as co-
27
CHAPTER 65. KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT
sttutoally cogsd autoty ov t povcs o

Ebl, Duok, ad Sla, as wll as d acto autoty ov pats o Dyala ad Nawa povcs as wll as
Kkuk Povc.
O patculaly d cult ssu yt to b solvd s t utu boudas o t go. May Kuds ws t to b
xpadd to clud t lagly Kuds cts o Mosul
ad Kkuk, but ts s coplcatd by t Assya,
Tuk ad Aab populatos o bot cts ad t
opposto o Tuky, wc s cocd about t go s pottal to bak away o Ia (wt possbl
cosucs o ts ow Kuds oty). T al
boudas o t autooous go a st to b dcdd
toug a ub o dus wc w scduld
to b ld bo t d o 27 as stpulatd t Ia
costtuto. Howv, t ppaatos dd o suc
a du to tak plac av ot b ad by t
Ia ctal govt, ad t posd dus
av b postpod o up to sx ots.[14]
I t wak o t at cato o t Ia costtuto
Octob 25, Ia Kudsta costtutd tsl as
a dal go ud t w costtutoal awok.
Kkuk's status wt spct to t dal go sould,
ud tat awok, b dcdd by a spl ajoty
vot t povcs.
T Kudsta Rgoal Govt as auguatd a
ovt to dstgus tsl o t st o Ia, ttld Kudsta - T Ot Ia", a bd to attact
vstos by sowg ts scuty ad cooc pogss
adst t Ia Wa.[15]
T Ia Kudsta go, as 25, stablsd a
sst-stat latosp wt t US Stat o Ogo.[16]
O Novb 26, 212, cobat btw Bagdad ad
Kuds-Ibl ltay uts bok out to op class
ad ud a ugt scuty agt btw
dal ad Kuds ltay o cals to avt ut
gtg.[17]
I 213, KRG odd twlv MD 53F lcopts o
polc ad - gtg duts.[18]
65.4.1 2014
Demonstration in Paris against 2014 ISIS Northern Iraq o ensive.
b avly opposd to t oto o a kuds stat,

t a ow dcatos tat od Tuky s ady to
cogz a dpdt kuds stat outsd o Tuky.
Hsy lk, Dputy Caa o ulg AK-paty, s
uotd to av sad I Ia s dvdd ad t s vtabl,
(t Kuds Rgoal Govt) a ou bots.
Uotuatly, t stuato Ia s ot good ad t looks
lk t s gog to b dvdd .[22][23][24][25]
65.5 See also

Koa Cvak Kudsta
Kuds Sup Cott
Lst o dploatc ssos Ia Kudsta
65.6 References
[1] About t Kudsta Rgoal Govt
[2] Kudsta Rgoal Govt (KRG)
[3] Costtuto o t Kudsta Rgo
[4] Kosat Rasul Al . pukda.co. 213-1-11. Rtvd
213-1-11.
Fo t last ya, KRG as bult up t ow dss

by catg a scuty blt sttcg o ta 1, k
(6 ls) o t Iaa bod all t way to Sya
- sktg aoud Mosul, a cty o 2 llo popl, ty
appa to av o tto o gtg o t ISIS.[19] I
August 214, ISIS attackd t Kuds.
[5] Pal . K.u-t.co. Rtvd 212-2-19.
O 13 Ju 214, t cty o Kkuk ad t suoudg aa was szd, wtout g a sot,[19] by t

Psga ad addd to Ia Kudsta.[2]
[8] Povcal Poltcs Ia (PDF). Rtvd 212-219.
[6] L, Adw (26-3-17).

TIME. Rtvd 212-2-19.
Toubl Kudsta .
[7] Ia: Sulayaya Govoat asssst pot .

Rlwb.t. 26-8-31. Rtvd 212-2-19.
[9] Kudsta Rgoal Govt .

212-2-19.
KRG. Rtvd
O 1 July 214, Massud Baza aoucd tat tat

Ia s Kuds wll old a dpdc du [1] AFP: Opposto st to bak Ia Kud staglold .
wt ots. [21] Altoug Tuky as tadtoally
Googl.co. 29-7-26. Rtvd 212-2-19.

[11] Sopc bd to tak pat Ia ol dals bu d .
Ruts.co. Rtvd 212-2-19.
[12] Kudsta s Ol Abtos . www.bussswk.co.
213-11-14. Rtvd 213-11-19.
[13] H. Walk, T. Clak, Election in Iraq - 30 January
2005:An Assessment, Joual o Asa A as, Vol.36,
No.2, July 25, p.182
[14] Ia: Kuds O cal Says Kkuk Noalzato To
Pocd - RADIO FREE EUROPE RADIO LIBERTY . Rl.og. Rtvd 212-2-19.
[15] Kudsta . T Ot Ia. Rtvd 212-2-19.
[16] Sat Cocut Rsoluto 3, Ogo Laws 25
[17] Sal, Paul (Novb 29, 212). INSIGHT: Ia s
Tsos Hgtd by Sya Co ct . Mddl East
Vocs -VOA. Rtvd 3 Novb 212.
[18] "MD Hlcopts Rcvs Ods o 12 MD 53F Hlcopts o Kudsta Rgoal Govt" AviationPros, Sptb 24, 213. Accssd: Octob 13, 213.
[19] Ia Kuds Ppad Fo ISIS O sv Fo A Ya Ad
Expadd T Ttoy By 4% I Hous . Busss
Isd. 13 Ju 214. Rtvd 1 July 214.
[2] Stuggl o Ia: I aps . BBC. 18 Ju 214.
[21] Agc Fac Pss (1 July 214). Kuds Lad:
W Wll Vot Fo Idpdc Soo . Busss Isd.
Rtvd 1 July 214.
[22] ttp:www.todayszaa.coatoal_
clk-sgals-tuky-to-wlco-dpdt-kuds-stat--a_
351625.tl
[24] ttp:www.bussssd.co
tuky-ay-suppot-dpdt-kudsta-214-7?
IRT
dz-kuds-dpdc-akaa-kg-ss-osul-a-kkuk.
tl
65.7
External links
Kudsta Rgoal Govt (KRG)
271
Chapter 66
Kurdistan Democratic Party

KDP dcts . Fo ot uss, s KDP (dsabguato).
Fo ot uss, s Kudsta Docatc Paty (dsabguato).
Kuds otabls o t d o a Ia KDP. Rzga,

t Kuds scto o t Ia Coust Paty (ICP),
was vtly opposd to t da, as t would actu
t pupos o pa-Kuds uty ad gv lgtacy to
t Ia-Ia bod tat dvdd Kudsta.[8]
T Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) (Kuds:

Patya Dokata
Kudsta or PDK; s o o t a Kuds pats
Ia Kudsta. It was oudd 1946 Maabad
Iaa Kudsta.
Nvtlss, Baza s aouvgs w succssul

ad splt Rzga gag suppot v o cottd Ltsts as du t wd populaty Mulla Mustaa
joyd aogst t coo Kuds popl, ad s
posto as c otabl o t tbal lds, wo t was
agud, t atoalst ovt dd o t sd
t w to b ltaly succssul.[8]
66.1
History
T w KDP o Ia ld ts st cogss Bagdad

o August 16, 1946. T 32 dlgats lctd a ctal
T Ia Kurdistan Democratic Party, lk ost Ia cott wt Haza Abd Alla as sctay-gal,
Kuds poltcal pats, as a coplcatd stoy tat s Sayk Lat ad Kaka Zyad Aga as vc-psdts,
closly ttwd wt bot t poltcs o Bagdad ad ad Mulla Mustaa as psdt--xl. T paty dadd autooy o Ia Kudsta, statg tat t poIa's gbos, patculaly Ia.
ltcal ad cooc stuato o t Kuds Ia was
d t o tat o Ia. T paty poga was ot
spc c about ay socal o cooc cott o a o
66.2 Foundation
alatg t gly cosvatv tbal cs ad ladlods wo ad agd to suppot t.[8]
I 1946, t lad o t Sovt-backd Rpublc o Maabad, Qaz Muaad, aoucd t oato o a
Kuds Docatc Paty basd Ia, o East
Kudsta. T Sovt Uo, t suppotg t Ku- 66.3 Consolidation
ds atoal stuggl agast t oacs o Ia ad
Ia, stuctd Mustaa Baza to plac sl ud At t collaps o t Maabad publc aly 1947,
t autoty o Qaz Muaad. It s ot cla wt Iba Aad, pvously t Sulayaya psMulla Mustaa v oally agd to ts aagt, tatv o t Iaa KDP (KDP-I), jod t Ia KDP.
but as a ugtv o Ia autots ld upo Aad was a gly utal Ltst tllctual, wo
t goodwll o t Iaa Kuds ad t Sovt back- by 1951 ad succdd allyg ost o t Ia Kus, ad local Kuds w odd by t autoty o ds ltst-atoalsts to t KDP, wc tu, took
t Rpublc o Maabad to ous ad d s dsttut t oppotuty to cov a scod Paty Cogss ad
ocs.[7]
duly lct Aad as sctay-gal ( ctvly actg
[9]
It was wll-kow atoalst ccls tat t latos Caa).
btw t two [Mulla Mustaa ad Qaz] w
ot asy .[8] Mulla Mustaa attptd to cat a spcal
dspsato o t Bazas Ia, but Qaz bu d
t statg T s to b oly o paty, ad you ust
ot opat spaat o t. [8] I t at, Mulla
Mustaa was gotatg wt Bagdad to allow s tu
to Ia, ad was succssully attptg to covc Ia
Tougout t lat 194s ad aly 195s, t KDP

ad t Kuds bs o t Ia Coust Paty
stadly casd t wokg latosp ay
cass ldg jot caddats. T ICP capagd dctly agast t agas (tbal lds) ad wo t suppot
o t woks t cts o Ebl, Duok, ad Sulayaya wl t KDP assud t agas tat t
272
66.4. UNDER REVOLUTIONARY IRAQ

ICP was ultatly ud t cotol. By 1954 t KDP
was advocatg t plact o t Ia oacy
wt a popula docatc publc uc to t costato o ay o t tbal suppots.[1]
Idd, 1956, atagos btw t Kuds agas
ad t KDP-ICP acd suc a gt tat ssas o t o cotactd t Bts cosul Mosul ustg as ad ac to stabls a atCoust ad dpdt Kudsta ot
Ia.[11]
66.4
Under revolutionary Iraq
O July 14, 1958, Bgad Abd al-Ka Qas ad s

llow F O cs (odld at Nass's Egypta
F O cs) stagd a succssul coup tat posd
a bgt utu o t Kuds o Ia. Altoug t
KDP ad ICP w xcludd o t w Utd Natoal Fot govt, Qas od a t-a
Sovgty Coucl o a Su, a S', ad a Kud.[12]
T KDP datly pldgd ts suppot o t w
g, ts wspap alg a w a o do
ad ualty o t Kuds ad Aab popls .[12]
Iba Aad attptd to pssu Qas to cludg Kuds autooy t Povsoal Costtuto.
Howv, Qas was ud uc gat pssu o
s dputy Abdul Sala A ad ot pa-Aab Natoalsts ot last t Ba'at wo watd to tak Ia
to t Utd Aab Rpublc (UAR). Ty objctd to
Qas s appatly po-Kuds atttud ad s dlss towads Mustaa Baza patcula.[13]
Qas ad Mulla Mustaa ad dvlopd a clos latosp, as Qas saw Baza a powul ltay
ally tat could ploy as a coutwgt to t paAab atoalsts, wo, ad, tatd to subvt
Ia to Nass s Egypt. Qas ad o cally ad
Caa o t KDP (a posto ld o pap sc
t paty s oudg), gav o o Nu as-Sad's
old sdcs Bagdad, a autoobl, ad a adso otly stpd (salay).[13] Mulla Mustaa would
pov s loyalty Mac 1959, w lpd Qas
suppss a sous upsg Mosul o pa-Aab atoalsts ad Ba'atst o cs at t bst o Mulla
Mustaa, Kuds, tad wt t Cousts (also
ld by a Kud) attackd Mosul wakg avoc o Natoalsts ad Baatsts ad kllg as ay as 2,5 popl
ou days. Wl t Cousts ad Kuds sttld
scos, Qas usd t volt as a ptxt to pug Natoalsts ad Baatsts o t Ia ad ocs ad
govt.[14]
273
as ( tat od). Mulla Mustaa s tupal vst to
t cty t pvous Octob ad sultd bloodsd,
but ts t kllgs w cad out by Coust ad
Kuds bs o a goup calld t Popula Rsstac Foc , wo attackd sops ad t ows. As
ay as 5 Tuk w klld. Qas ld t Cousts sposbl ad clad to av ucovd plas
o a sla acto Bagdad. Dug t xt w
ots, Mulla Mustaa lpd Qas duc t ICP
ad t was op co ct Ia Kudsta btw
t KDP, backd by Kuds tbs, ad t Kuds
Cousts.[14]
Mawl, a dologcal t dvlopd t KDP btw t tllctual ad ltsts Iba Aad ad
Jalal Talaba o t o ad, ad Mulla Mustaa ad
t Bazas o t ot. Mulla Mustaa talkd ly,
wt a bttss aoutg to atd, agast t... tllctual psuptuousss o t KDP poltcas, sglg out Iba Aad o s patcula dslk .
Wl Adad coplad o Mulla Mustaa s sl sss, abtass, uass, tbal backwadss ad
v s dsosty. But wl ac watd to duc
t ots uc t KDP, ac also kw tat
t ot was dspsabl scug t loyalty o
t spctv suppot-bass t tbal vllags ad
oads o Baza, ad t uba ad ducatd o
AadTalaba.[15]
Dug t 195s, Mulla Mustaa stgtd s posto by latg t ocs o val tbs t Haks,
Sucs, Baadusts, ad Zbas. Qas ugd stat,
but Mulla Mustaa pssd o gadlss, a uc ttbal bloodlttg ollowd, vtually takg suc scalps
as Aad Muaad Aga, c o t Zbas.[15]
As a sult o ts ad past volc Mosul ad Kkuk,
Qas slowly bga to dstac sl o t Mulla
Mustaa ad t KDP, ad a 196 spc publcly dspaagd t Baza cla.[16] Qas ad Baza goy, ad bga suppotg t Hak ad Zba tbs
agast Mulla Mustaa. T Kuds o t pat, patcula Iba Aad ad Jalal Talaba, lt casgly ustatd tat Qas ad tak o pactcal stps
towads Kuds autooy.
Kudsta slowly ad alost advttly add towads volt, ad btw 1961 ad 1963, volc guld Kudsta ad t logstadg dvsos btw
t socalst-atoalsts suc as Talaba, ad Mulla
Mustaa ad t old tbal Agas sold d as ty dsagd as to ow to coduct t volt ad o wat pupos. Mulla Mustaa usuccssully sougt t assstac st o Bta, ad t t USA wc lost
ay o t ag alls ad t Ia Coust Paty. T wol couty dscdd to caos as
Qas usd a alost dtcal vt tat July, but ts a uat o t vllags o Kudsta w attackd ad
t Kkuk, as a ptxt to act agast t KDP s clos- 8, ugs catd.[17]
st alls, t Cousts. I 1959 al o t 15,
Qas ot oly lost cotol o t outas o Kudspopulato o Kkuk was Ia Tuk, wt t balta, but was bg solatd poltcally Bagdad by t
ac copsg Kuds, Aabs, Assyas, ad A-
274
CHAPTER 66. KURDISTAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY
pa-Aab atoalsts, ad t sd oly a att o t pl. Mulla Mustaa would accpt ot dsst, ad, ag
o t lvs, Aad ad s ollows slppd away at
bo lost pow.[18]
gt o a atd dscusso wt Mulla Mustaa, ad
tatd back to t stogold Mawat.[22]
66.5
Early Ba'ath Party rule
T KDP, togt wt ay ot Kuds, wlcod

t Fbuay 1963 Ia coup d'tat, blvg t vaous Baat assuacs tat Kuds autooy would b
guaatd.[19] Uotuatly o t Kuds, t ztgst
ad toougly tud agast t, as Bagdad t
was a wdspad bl tat ty w bg usd as a
Toja os by t Ia, t Wst, o bot. Ngotatos o t status o Kudsta dadlockd, spcally
ov t status o Kkuk. T KDP dadd cotol
ov t cty ad ts c ol lds, was t govt coutd tat t 1947 csus sowd tat Kuds
ad up oly 25% o t populato o t cty, ad Ia
Tuk ov al. Mulla Mustaa tatd wa, ad
Bagdad took up t callg.[2] Baat toops occupd Sulayaya ad dclad atal law ad a cuw,
oudg up poltcal lads ad actvsts. T days
lat w atal law was ltd, 8 bods w oud
a ass gav ad udds o wt ssg.[2] Kuds dlgats w astd tougout Ia, ad t tllctuals o t KDP uald wt Mulla Mustaa ov
s tactcs.
At t 6t Paty Cogss o t KDP July 1964,

pstatvs o t Aad-Talaba acto w
poptly astd upo aval. A w ays lat Mulla
Mustaa st s so, Ids Baza wt a lag oc to
dv Aad, Talaba, ad t 4, o so ollows
to xl Ia. Wt tat, Mulla Mustaa ad ally
acvd udsputd cotol o t KDP.[22]
I t sug ou yas utl t xt Ba'at coup,
t Kuds cotud t gulla wa agast t Ia
g. By 1966, Mulla Mustaa ad lstd t suppot
o Bagdad s two oost dologcal s Ia ad
Isal. H blvd ts two couts, addto to t
Utd Stats, would ultatly lp w dpdc o Bagdad.[23]
I 1968 t scod Ba'at Coup was succssul, ad a

agt calld t Bazzaz Dclaato was acd btw t KDP ad t Ba'at. Altoug Ba'at Paty
oud Mcl A a calld o ual gts o all tc ad lgous ots ud Aab ul, pactc
t w g ultatly bca o cauvst ta
ay bo. T Aab atoalsts ad ot ogott t
atocts ty su d at t ads o t Mulla Mustaa
ad t Bazas 1959. Iocally, o o t Baat s
ladg advocats o a o cosdd ad aabl apT st Ba'at govt was ovtow ad placd
poac to t Kuds usto ts aly days was
by a Natoal Coad o t Rvolutoay Coucl
Sadda Huss.[24] Aad ad Talaba also wlcod
(NCRC) ld by Abdul Sala A. Wl ts g s
t w Ba'at g, as ty lt o at o wt ts
dology was sstally t sa, t avod pac wt
socalst tos ta ay pvous Bagdad govt.
t Kuds as t wa ad b costly ad upopula. Idd, A ad cotactd Mulla Mustaa bo t coup Nvtlss, Bagdad was gowg appsv wt
od to lct s co-opato to sst t Baat o- gads to Ia s cotud volvt Kudsta cludg supplyg sopstcatd atlly to Mulla Mustaa
sv utl could oust t sl.[2]
ad ts ct cla to sovgty ov Baa. I
Mulla Mustaa sgd a agt wt A s pa attpt bot at appast ad to ud t
soal capacty, at ta as psdt o t KDP.
gowg stgt o Mulla Mustaa, t Baat govTs uatd Iba Aad ad Jalal Talaba as t
t dclad ts cott to t 1968 Bazzaz Dcagt ottd ay to o sl-adstato,
laato ad aoucd tat Kuds sould b taugt
lt alo autooy t wol pot o wc ty ad
all Ia scools ad uvsts; tat a w Kuds ub gtg. A tatd oc agast ay Kuvsty was to b stablsd Sulayaya; ad tat
ds oppot o Mulla Mustaa, wl Mulla Mustaa
Nawuz was to b cogzd as a atoal olday.[25]
dclad tat ay sstac to Bagdad would costtut
Mulla Mustaa pssd o gadlss, ad slld t gova dclaato o wa agast sl ad t Bazas.[21]
t s ol stallatos Kkuk uc to t baMulla Mustaa od A tat ad o objcto
asst o Bagdad tatoally, patculaly wt t
to t abolto o Kuds poltcal pats, so log as t
Bts-owd Ia Ptolu Copay.
svd t tsts o Ia , ad bga to cv as
Talaba ad Aad t sougt t dost o t
ad uds o Abdul Sala A.
w Ba'at g, pstg tslvs as bot o
Yt aga, t Kuds poltcal sc was dvdd bsposbl lads ad clos dology to t Ba'at.
tw t tllgtsa o Iba Aad ad Jalal TaI alty bot Mulla Mustaa ad Aad-Talaba joslaba wo dcd ts coplcty, ad as ty saw t,
tld o uc ad cogto o Bagdad. Pssubsso to Bagdad, ad Mulla Mustaa wo alld
dt Ad Hassa al-Bak was tyg to cosoldat
t cosvatvs ad tbal lads to s sd. Fuous
s pow Aab Ia, spcally agast t coudbats ad capagg ollowd, but Aad s ad Tasts, so odd s dputy Sadda Huss to tavl
laba s aguts could ot dslodg Mulla Mustaa s
to Kudsta to ac a pac agt wt t Kuds.
posto as t popula guad o t Kuds po-
275
66.6. UNDER SADDAM HUSSEIN

I 197, Sadda tavld to Kudsta to coclud a accod wt Mulla Mustaa. A tuly docatc, dalst,
ad utabl 15-pot agt was acd, ad t
accod cocludd wt t statt Hstoy wll ba
wtss tat you [t Kuds] dd ot av ad v wll
av as sc a bot ad dpdabl a ally as t
Aab popl. [26]
bs to dct to t Ia Natoal Fot Bagdad.

T ost sg cat o ts dctos was tat o Mulla
Mustaa s ldst so, Ubayd Alla Baza, wo clad
tat s at dos ot wat sl-ul to b pltd
v w gv Kkuk ad all o ts ol. Hs accptac o t law wll tak vytg o , ad
wats to a absolut ul, ut codg
[3]
T pac dd't last log. As gt b xpctd, t s at o alg to plt agaa o.
Aoud ts sa t a scto o t KDP splt to jo
alst obstacl was t dogapc o. I 1972,
[31]
w t govt poposd to apply t 1957 csus t Ba'at-sposod Natoal Pogssv Fot.
gus to Kkuk, Mulla Mustaa jctd t, kowg
tat t would sow t Ia Tuk w t ajoty t cty ad gv t vts o 1959, t Tuk- 66.5.1 197475 war
w lkly to p Ba'at ul to Kuds. Mulla
Mustaa usd to clos t bod wt Ia as ad Ma atcl: Scod Kuds Ia Wa
agd to, ad appald to t Utd Stats o ad dspt posg ot to sk outsd assstac. Moov, Wt appoxatly 5, tad psga ad posby d-Sptb 1972 Mulla Mustaa was cvg sbly aot 5, gulas at s dsposal, Mulla
a US5, stpd o Isal to dstact ad ud- Mustaa was co dt t ac o a Ia ltay as t Ba'at.[27] Mawl, t govt ato- sault. Agast suc a oc Bagdad could dploy 9,
alzd t couty s ol aclts, povokg Kuds as toops, but potatly backd by ov 1,2 taks ad
tat ty would los out o t ow ol soucs.[27] aod vcls, ad 2 acat. Wt Iaa, as wll
Rtoc o bot sds ts d, ad t w class as covt Aca ad Isal suppot, t Psga
Kkuk ad Sja. Mulla Mustaa boastd to t w abl to cobat t tcologcally supo Ia
Wasgto Post Ju 1973: W a ady to act ac- ay. Iaa suppot dd w t acd a agcodg to US polcy, t US potct us o t wolvs. t wt Ia dug t OPEC Coc Mac
I t v o su ct suppot w sould b abl to co- 1975, couagd by t Utd Stats, culatg
tol t Kkuk ol lds ad co xplotato gts o t 1975 Algs Agt. Uabl to cotu cva Aca copay. [28]
g auto o ts at-a ad at-ao wapoy,
Co ct was tus vtabl. Ia plas bobd Kuds postos, wl Mulla Mustaa oblzd s ocs
ad wad o all-out wa. Sadda dcdd ot to go
to wa, at gotatg wt Ia o a possbl cssato o t ad to t KDP. Mulla Mustaa casd
s dads to poposg Kkuk as t captal o a
autooous Kudsta. Nvtlss, Octob t
Ba'at aoucd ts dcso to go aad wt a dat
autooy law ud t auspcs o dscusso wt 6
at-Baza Kuds. T Ba'at w wllg to go
t KDP cssay. Wa dscussos btw Kuds socalsts ad cousts ad t Ba'at agd
Mulla Mustaa, ad s Savak-tad scuty oc, t
Paast, bga oudg up ad udg Kuds cousts.
Ngotatos daggd o, but Mulla Mustaa was uwllg to budg o Kkuk dspt bg advsd to do so
by s ow Euopa advsos.[29] O Mac 11, 1974,
Bagdad publsd ts Autooy Law, ad gav Mulla
Mustaa a otgt wc to accpt t ad jo t
Ba'at Natoal Fot (o Aab atoalsts, cousts,
ad pottally, Kuds). T ttoy allottd to t
Kuds ud ts agt s ougly aalogous to t
KRG o today.
Mulla Mustaa odd t KDP to bg tatg to

avod pcussos o t Ia Ay. 2, Kuds ugs d to Ia, ad t w sow
t go o 2, casualts o ac sd.[32]
At ts suppsso o t ad sstac, t Ba'at

azd at last 1,4 vllags to cat a scuty blt alog
t Tuks ad Iaa bods. At last 6, cvlas w dpotd to collctv -sttlt caps ,
wt ayo caugt tyg to abado ts caps bg
xcutd o t spot. T Ia govt also usd ts
oppotuty to sttl dogapc scos t avo
sttlg Kuds o dsputd ttos ad ovg
Aab als t plac. T Ba'at v o d acal ctvs to Aabs wo took Kuds wvs.[33]
Mulla Mustaa d to Ia ad Sadda Huss, wo
ad tally b sowat o a dov o t Kuds
usto, was adcalzd by t Kuds sucto wt
t lp o Ia, a couty ad cultu o wo ld
a llog atd.
66.6 Under Saddam Hussein
Eboldd by o s o suppot o t USA, Isal, I t wak o t dat dug t 1974 1975 Wa,
ad Ia, Mulla Mustaa allowd t dadl to xp. Mustaa Baza ad s sos Ids ad Masoud d to
Ts causd sval g-akg KDP Poltbuo - Ia. T pow vacuu ty lt bd was tus lld
by t dologcal ss Jalal Talaba, wo, togt
276

Mawl, t PUK ad aoucd a cas wt
Bagdad od to cosoldat ts ct ttoal
gas. T ov back d, as ov 3, PUK gts
dctd to t KDP od to cotu to wa agast
Sadda.
As Sadda was assud o suppot bot acal ad

ltaly s wa agast t Islac Rpublc o Ia
ot oly o t USA, but o Fac, Bta, ad
t USSR, t Kuds goups vtually ca to t
alzato tat ty ust ut agast t coo o
(Sadda). I 1986 t KDP, PUK, KSP, ad ICP aoucd a jot dclaato callg o uty agast t
Ba'at g ad Novb Masoud Baza ad
Former ag of KDP
Jalal Talaba ally t to o a o cal allac,
Ta. By May 1987 t KPDP, Pasok, Kudsta Tols Paty, ad t Assya Docatc Movt all
wt s Ltst suppots aoucd Daascus t
jod wat was kow as t Kudsta Fot, ad ow
oato o t Patotc Uo o Kudsta (PUK).
all Kuds pats w cvg otay ad ltay
By 1976 Ids ad Masoud Baza w bgg to - suppot o Ia.[37]
goup Euop, laucg t KDP Povsoal LadWt t Kuds a sgly stog posto ta
sp (KDP-PL). T Povsoal Ladsp posay t sc t 196s, ad t btayal t d o
tod tsl oally as a Ltst ogazato. Maud
Sadda coplt, lag-scal psso cocd. I
Uta took cotol o opatos Ia Kudsta uSulayaya (PUK ttoy) Sadda oudd up 5
tl 1979, Masoud Baza tud o Ia at t
al cld, agd 1 14, ad ad a substatal ub
dat o s at ad assud t ladsp o t
o t totud bo bg klld.[37]
paty.
T KDP ad PUK cvd advacd wapoy o
Dspt t tbl adsps su d by t Kuds as
Ia, suc as SAM-7 ssls, tat allowd t o t
a wol, ta-Kuds udg dd ot cas ollowg
st t dcads to captu ad old ltay cts
t 1974 1975 wa, as KDP goups abusd ad klld
ad
cvla ttoy o t Ia Ay. As Sadda
PUK gts o sval occasos 1976 1977.[34] Tallt casgly tatd, cossod s cous,
aba vowd vg, ad at vaous ots odd s
Al Hassa al-Majd also kow as Ccal Al o s
toops to upo ay KDP toops but su d o
us o ccal wapos agast Kuds tows suc as
opatoal waksss copad to t KDP. Fudg
Halabja, to lauc t Al-Aal capag. Tousads
ad splttg cotud tougout t lat 197s, as t
o Kuds vllags w dstoyd, ad at last 18,
KDP, PUK, ad KDP-I jostld o uc ad udg
cvlas psd.
o gbog stats.[35]
At t coct o t Ia-Ia Wa, Sadda
Huss was abl to publcly boast tat t Kuds ogazatos would v b abl to acv aytg sc
ty a oplssly dvdd agast ac ot ad subsvt to og pows. [36] I Apl 1981, t KDP,
Ia Coust Paty, ad t wly od Kuds
Socalst Paty colludd to attack PUK postos Ebl govoat. T ollowg ot t PUK coutattackd, kllg 5 Cousts ad captug aot
7. Eac paty accusd t ot o bg t pockt
o Bagdad, ad v Akaa.[36]
Ia statd to wok clos wt t KDP agast Sadda s Ia, ad by 1983 t tat o a Iaa cuso to Ia va Kudsta bca a al o. T KDP
allowd Ia to sz t aous Ia-Ia bod cossg o Haj Oa, a ov tat o Wst dploat
calld a stab t back Sadda wll v ogt . Subsutly, Sadda gad s vgac o t Baza
cla. 8, Baza als cludg po-govt
jas
w abductd ad paadd toug t stts
o Bagdad bo bg xcutd.
66.7 The Gulf War and Kurdish

Uprising
I August 199, Sadda Huss vadd ad ctvly axd Kuwat a ov tat bougt tatoal codato o t UN, EU, ad t Aab
Lagu. Subsutly, a UN-autozd coalto oc
o tty-ou atos ld by t Utd Stats tvd agast Ia. Ts was t ot all Ia opposto gus Kuds, S'a, ad at-Saddast Sus
ad b watg o, ad t Utd Stats couagd
t upsgs.
T KDP ad t PUK publcly sougt to dspl spculato tat ty would b wllg to patcpat a USspd oustg o Sadda o a o dsplasg t
Iaa alls. Ty w also stat to gag t
aly pass o t wa o t a tat ccal wapos
would aga b usd agast t cvla populatos, as
66.8. THE KRG AND SELF-RULE

dug t Ia-Ia Wa.
Howv, wt t wolsal dat o Ia ocs by
aly 1991, ust gatd pac Kudsta. Popula
upsgs spag up Raya, Douk, Sulayaya, ad
Ebl. Masud Baza sl statd T upsg ca
o t popl tslvs. W dd't xpct t. [38] T
KDP ad PUK Psga gad ttoy as a sout as
t Kkuk-Bagdad gway couagd by cotud
calls o Aca suppot ad t succss o t S'a
upsg t sout o Ia.
I t ac o tatoal ad UN pssu, t Utd
Stats, Bta, ad Fac ld Opato Povd Coot ad stablsd t No-Fly Zos ov wat was to
bco t Kudsta Rgoal Govt.[39]
66.8
The KRG and self-rule
As t Ia Ay -took Kkuk ad t ot soutost Kuds aas, wl t Aca ad Euopa a ocs pvtd ut coact, t
KDP-PUK ld Kudsta Fot was coplld to, oc
aga, gotat a autooy dal wt Sadda Huss.
Masud Baza ad Jalal Talaba gotatd, ad actd,
as spaat lads.[4] Baza cotud to sst upo
Kkuk, wl Talaba, dply scptcal o ay o Sadda s poss, wad agast sgg ay agt
tat would ot dad tatoal cogto. Ts
dsuty wakd t Kuds posto, ad Sadda pd to dal wt Baza.[4]
277
wl t PUK s suppot was alost xclusvly o t
Soa-spakg aa, ad basd t o pogssv cty o Sulayaya. O vta Kuds poltca sad: Ty [Baza ad Talaba] do ot tust ac
ot. I you vst o all ca do s talk about t ot.
Ty a obsssd wt t paty valy... ty do ot
wok out ay coo statgy. T s ot statgy at
all, xcpt to gt aad o t ot paty. [43] W
PUK vta Fuad Masu was appotd P Mst, sgd potst o t bpola stuato. Tus
t Kudsta Rgo was ctvly two stats wt a
stat, uld by two d t pats, as, ad scuty
ocs.[44]
66.8.1 Allegations of corruption, authoritarianism, state murder

I ct yas t KDP as b avly ctczd tally ad o tatoal NGOs suc as Hua Rgts
Watc,[45] Asty Itatoal,[46] ad t Cott
to Potct Joualsts[47] o coupto, pots, ad volc agast dssdts.
Accodg to t Financial Times,[48] bot t KDP ad

PUK bca walty cpts o Ia s ol oy tasd to t cas by Paul B. O 11224
t Financial Times potd tat Ed Rogs dpostd
Ngotatos stalld, ad Sadda stgtd s pos- 5 llo Swss bak accouts o bal o Masoud
to by solatg t Kuds go, cuttg o all - Baza.[48]
pots ad xpots ladg up to a as wt. Kuds Most ctly, w t Movt o Cag calld
bga to dostat agast bot Sadda ad t - o t sgato o t Cabt ad t dsbadg o
ctvss o t lads, catg W wat bad ad t Kudsta Rgoal Govt ollowg t 211
butt, ot Sadda ad ot t Kudsta Fot!" Masud
Egypta potsts, t KDP spodd to t accopayBaza statd: Ou govg pocss s paalyzd.... g potsts agast t Kudsta Rgoal Govt,
t s a css t Kudsta Fot. [41]
by opg , kllg two potsts ad woudg svT solato ocally gav t Kuds ladsp t al ots.[49][5] Lat t vg, ty but dow
cac to old lctos, wtout Bagdad s tc. sval buldgs blogg to Movt o Cag, Tus May 1992, t st Kuds docatc lctos cludg a TV ad ado stato.[51][52] Ts as ld to o
stoy took plac. T lcto capagg ad lttl dostatos ad publc outag. Bot govg ad
to do wt dology, ad was ostly about loyalty to t opposg pats ctczd t paty o causg ucstb o Psga goup (KDP o PUK). Idd, so say ust, statg tat t s o d o t Kuds
goups ltally sold t vots to o o t two lad- govt to stp dow.[53] Bot Asty Itatoal
g pats.[42] T PUK spousd a slgtly o obust ad t Hua Rgts Watc av ugd o t potsts
o o sl-govt, but t sults accodd bas- to b allowd ad o a dpdt vstgato to
cally to ac paty s ttoal cotol. T KDP wo t kllgs to b ad.[52][54][55]
51 o t avalabl 1 sats, wt t PUK wg t A Stat Dpatt cabl lakd by Wklaks, at as
ag 49. Fo all ts coptc ad occasoal a ovvw o t poltcal ladscap Ia Kudsta
stacs o aud ad vot-sllg, t lcto was v- o dploats, otd tat T KDP cossts o aly
tlss a stoc, lsto vt t st o ts kd clas, opatg vy uc lk a a a ogazato. Fo
t Mddl East outsd Lbao, Isal, ad Tuky. xapl, s ucl s Fog Mst Hosya Zba,
Dspt ts succss, t dvso btw t two pats s pwso--law s KRG P Mst Ncva
was dp-satd. T KDP ad Baza loyalsts w Baza ad s so Masu s Had o KRG s Itllgc
ostly o t ot o t go ad Bad-spaks, Dctoat .[56]
278
66.9
Political ideology
24t Bac
llaw
26t Bac Ballkayt-oa

T KDP as stocally atad a boad bas o poltcal allgacs, actg as a bg tt paty agg o
tbal cosvatvs to socalsts. Today t paty s - Mbs o Poltcal Buau o Ctal Cott ad
gadd as populst ad atoalst. T KDP was a - ac bac. Ot bs a lctd at bac ad
b o t duct Allac o Docats ad was vtd dstct cocs.
to so tgs o t Socalst Itatoal.
66.10
Branches
Kudsta Docatc Paty was stablsd o August 16, 1946 ud t ladsp o t lat Mustaa
Baza.[57] T ladsp ad ogasatoal stuctu
o t Paty s as ollowg: Psdt Vc Psdt Poltcal Buau Ctal Cott T stuctu ad paty
adstato s dvdd to gos o bacs kow
as l , dstcts as awca , local ogasatos as kkaw ad clls as saa . Eac l s subdvdd to
awcas; awcas to k-kaws ad k-kaws to
saas.
1st Bac Duok
2d Bac Hwl
3d Bac Kkk
4t Bac Sla
5t Bac Bagdad
6t Bac Euop (Lodo)
7t Bac Not Aca (Wasgto D.C.)
8t Bac Ia
9t Bac Ak
1t Bac Soa (Rwaduz go)
11t Bac RayQlladz
12t Bac Hllbc
14t Bac Mosul
66.11 Congresses
66.11.1 First Congress
T st cogss o t paty covd Bagdad
1946, taks to Baza's tatv t atat o
t Rpublc o Maabad Idd, t pcula ccustacs o t Kuds popl csstatd t xstc
o a patotc, atoalst ad docatc paty capabl o
ladg t ovt o t Kuds. At ts cogss, t
paty s statut was oulatd ad Baza was lctd
t st psdt o t Paty.
66.11.2 Second Congress

T Scod Cogss covd Bagdad Mac
1951 at a t w so o t paty s ladsp bs ad b astd by t Ia g ad t paty
bs w subjctd to ast ad casg ud atal laws ad t paty aks w bgg to dstgat.
66.11.3 Third Congress

T Td Cogss covd Kkuk o Jauay 26,
1953 wt t vw o ocg t paty aks. It was
ts cogss tat t paty s a was cagd o
t Kuds Docatc Paty to t Kudsta Docatc Paty. It was also dcdd to o a ub o
Kuds popula ad possoal ogasatos, ad t
a o t paty s oga was cagd o Rzga to
Kbat.
15t Bac Xa
16t Bac Hwl- awys
66.11.4 Fourth Congress
17t Bac
Ts cogss covd Bagdad, Octob 4 7, 1959

ollowg t ds o t Ia Moacy adst cosdabl poltcal do. Mustaa Baza ad s
coads ad alady tud o o t Sovt xl. Ts Cogss s cosdd to b o o t ost
potat cogsss o t KDP ad t st o to b
attdd by Baza. I ts cogss, t KDP was abl
to d tsl o t dologcal co cts ad adopt a atoalst ad pogssv posto.
gal
18t Bac Ad
19t Bac all
2t Bac
xa
21st Bac Gya-Kla

23d Bac Mx
279
66.12. KURDISTAN WOMEN UNION
66.11.5 Fifth Congress
66.11.10 Tenth Congress
Ts cogss o t KDP covd t dstct o

Magw, Dcb 12 17, 1989. It was t atat o t wll docutd babac ccal attacks agast t Kuds ad t Aal opatos by t
Ia g sultg t alato o ts o tousads o lplss popl, dsplact ad dpotato o
a sla ub o oct cvlas wt dvastato o
o ta 4.5 Kuds vllags ad towsps. I ts
66.11.6 Sixth Congress
cogss avy pass was lad o uyg t paty
aks, ad cosoldatg t Kudsta Fot ad popula
Ts cogss covd Qala Dza aly July 1964. uty
It was dvotd to t co cts, wt t ladsp,
bougt about by t gotatos tat ad tak plac btw t Kuds ovt ad t Ia g. Rp- 66.11.11 Eleventh Congress
statvs o t Aad-Talaba acto w aTs cogss was covd Hwl o August 16,
std o aval.
1993 agast t backgoud o w ad apd dvlopts Kuds poltcs ad t go. Ov two td
o Ia Kudsta was cotolld by t Kuds ad a
66.11.7 Seventh Congress
lctd Kuds Natoal Assbly wt a goal govt was ug t a as o Kuds. I t 11t
T Svt Cogss covd Galala o Novb Cogss, a ub o ot poltcal pats utd
15, 1966 t wak o Ju 29 agt. T KDP wt t KDP ad ut cosoldatd ad stgtd
szd t cac to ut uy ts aks
t Paty s posto aogst t Kuds ato.
T Ft Cogss covd at t KDP s Haduat
Bagdad aly May 196. It covd ollowg t
aouct o t poltcal pats law. Ts was t
st t o t KDP to b o cally pttd to coduct
ts actvts publcly ad lgally.
66.11.8 Eighth Congress

Ts cogss covd Naw Pda o July 1, 197
alost ou ots at Mac 11 Agt wt t
objctv o acg t aks o t Paty, t popl o Kudsta ad tat o Ia popl as wol. Ts
cogss s cosdd to b a vy potat o wt
gad to ogasato, axu attdac by Paty
bs, gusts, ds o t Paty ad t Kuds
popl as wll as alsato o t cogssoal objctvs.
66.11.12 Twelfth Congress

Ts cogss was covd Hwl o Octob 6
to Octob 13 ad ld agast a backgoud o sval
yas o tal co cts ad KDP s ladg ol t
td cabt o t goal govt. T dvlopts t go ad t wold all cotbutd to KDP s
w outlook ad appoacs to tatoal ad goal
poltcs. Nw gus ad s blood w toducd
to t w ladsp toug a docatc lcto o
Ctal Cott.
66.11.13 Thirteenth Congress

66.11.9 Ninth Congress
T paty s 13t cogss was ld Dcb 21

Ebl, captal o Kudsta, ud t ba o RTs cogss covd o t Ia-Iaa-Tuks bo- wal, Justc ad Coxstc. T cogss -lctd
ds, Dcb 4 13, 1979. It was t st cogss a- Masoud Baza as psdt o t paty ad wlcod
t t dat o ts lad Mustaa Baza. It was also t t appott o Ncva Baza as vc psdt.
st cogss at t 1975 cospacy. T cogss
was cosdably succssul ogasg t pats
aks ad -stablst o t May Rvoluto sttutos. It was ts cogss tat Masoud Baza 66.12 Kurdistan Women Union
was lctd t caa o t KDP; s wods, ts
was t ost d cult ad budso cogss . Sa T Kudsta Wo Uo (KWU) s t KDP s
Abd al Raa ad ot tllctuals bga to dssoc- wo ogasato dvso wc advocats o t
at tslvs o t paty, dssats d wt t tad- gts o wo ad tsts wt t paty ad sotoals plct Baza ladsp ad ts suppot- cty. Ev sc ts oato 1952, t KWU as
s, ad by t clos ts ogd by Ids Baza ad t actvly patcpatd t Kuds atoal stuggl ad
Ko g.[35]
ougt o t alsato o ua ad docatc gts
28
o t popl o Kudsta. T ogasato s gagd [8] McDowall, Davd. A Modern History of the Kurds. Lodo: I.B. Taus, 27 d. p. 242
o two ots agast oppsso ad dscato. I
addto, takg a actv ol t sstac ov[9] McDowall, Davd. A Modern History of the Kurds. Lots o t KDP agast psso o t Kuds by
do: I.B. Taus, 27 d. p. 297
succssv Ia gs. KWU as attptd to d
dscato ad pjudcs wt t al doatd [1] McDowall, Davd. A Modern History of the Kurds. Lodo: I.B. Taus, 27 d. p. 299
Kuds socty.
T KWU as stablsd a swg actoy to cat jobs
o wo Hwl. T uo also opats a socal
ad alt ca ct to xtt basc sstal svcs
to poo als. Ot pojcts clud t opg o a
cato aclty ad playgoud wt t assstac o
tatoal NGOs to gag cld wt pyscal actvts at scool. Educatoal pogas av b catd toug tgs ad publcatos to xpla t dscato ad justcs dud by wo t socty. T Uo as st dlgatos to a ub o Euopa couts to dvlop latos wt wo ogasatos, sk uataa assstac o al vcts
Kudsta, ad xcag xpc o adstato ad ogasato. Futu aspatos clud opg
usg scools, opaags o t Aal cld wo
av lost t pats ad obtag o scool suppls. Owg to t cooc, poltcal ad socal tasoatos, Kuds wo av ad gat pogss.
Today, Kuds wo a bs o palat, sts, tacs, gs, lawys, labous ad ot
possoal bods.
66.13
See also
Ncva Baza
Masoud Baza
66.14
References
[1] Azz, M.A. (211). The Kurds of Iraq: Ethnonationalism

and National Identity in Iraqi Kurdistan. I. B. Taus. p.
219. ISBN 9781848855465. Rtvd 215-1-1.
[2] Etssa, N. (21). Kurdish Politics in the Middle East.
Lxgto Books. p. 24. ISBN 9787391439. Rtvd 215-1-1.
[3] Ia: Kuds Rw Dads o Sl-Dtato |
Mddl East Polcy Coucl . pc.og. Rtvd 2151-1.
[4] ttp:www.u.cdalstwokasstslsBst
Paps 213Vzbgat Iva_Ltuaa.pd
[5] Icluds sx sats o t KDP-ld Kudsta Allac
t Nv Govoat
[11] McDowall, Davd. A Modern History of the Kurds. Lodo: I.B. Taus, 27 d. p. 3
[23] McDowall, Davd. A Modern History of the Kurds. Lodo: I.B. Taus, 27 d. p. 317-23
[6] Pat o t Kudsta Lst
[31] Davd McDowall. A Modern History of the Kurds Td

Rv. Ed. Lodo: I.B.Taus. 24. p. 337.
281
66.14. REFERENCES
[53] Rudaw Egls T Happg: Latst Nws ad Multda about Kudsta, Ia ad t Wold - Pats
Ty To Soot Goa s Rvolutoay Rag . Rudaw.t.
211-2-13. Rtvd 215-1-1.
[54] Ia: Rstat ugd t Kudsta Rgo o

Ia ollowg potst dats | Asty Itatoal .
Asty.og. 211-2-18. Rtvd 212-7-3.
[55] Ia: Ivstgat Potst Dats | Hua Rgts

Watc . Hw.og. 211-2-17. Rtvd 212-7-3.
[56] Cabl: 9BAGHDAD859_a . wklaks.og. Rtvd

215-1-1.
[57] KDP . Kdp.s. Rtvd 212-7-3.
[45] Ia Kudsta: Joualsts Ud Tat | Hua
Rgts Watc . Hw.og. 21-1-29. Rtvd 2127-3.
[46] Ivstgat attacks o joualsts t Kudsta Rgo
o Ia | Asty Itatoal . Asty.og. 21-57. Rtvd 212-7-3.
[47] KDP pap publss tat agast joualsts (21-81). KDP pap publss tat agast joualsts Cott to Potct Joualsts . Cpj.og. Rtvd
212-7-3.
[48] T Ia Kudsta callg - Isd Ia . Al Jaza
Egls. Rtvd 212-7-3.
[49] Ias potst Kuds go, captal . Ruts. Rtvd 212-7-3.
[5]
[51] Rstat ugd Ia s Kudsta Rgo ollowg o potst dats | Asty Itatoal .
Asty.og. Rtvd 212-7-3.
[52] toas yocu (211-2-24). Docut - Ia: Autots Ia ugd to allow pacul potsts | Asty
Itatoal . Asty.og. Rtvd 212-7-3.
Chapter 67
RussiaSyria relations
RussiaSyria
relations (Russa:
) s to t blatal latosp btw t two couts, Russa ad Sya.
Russa as a bassy Daascus ad ad a cosulat
Alppo, sc closd dow. Sya as a bassy
Moscow. Russa joys a stocally stog, stabl, ad
dly latosp wt Sya, as t dd utl t Aab
Spg, wt ost o t Aab couts.[1] I addto,
Russa s oly Mdtaa aval bas o ts Black Sa
Flt s locatd t Sya pot o Tatus.[2]
td Sovt Sya latos. Ts appoct btw t two couts gd atually o t tatoal cojuctu o tat a. Lookg at t cold
wa pod, w s tat ac co ct ad wa tat bok
out t Mddl East actd as a acto ladg Sya to
o clos ts wt t USSR.
T st vt wc acd appoct btw

USSR ad Sya was t Suz Css. T pstg o Sovts casd t Mddl East taks to t spos
to t css bakg out lat 1956. Sovt ad to Sya
Ealy 212, Russa took a stog stad suppot acclatd adst a gal co ct o tsts t
Mddl East volvg East ad Wst govts.
o Sya s govt ad agast tatoal acto
pootd by Wst ad Aab couts to pus t Coopato btw t USSR ad Sya cludd lgovt o ts cackdow o t Sya upsg. As tay ad cooc statgc agts.
o o v vto-wldg bs o UN Scuty Cou- T Bagdad Pact (s Ctal Taty Ogazato),
cl, Russa posd to vto ay sactos agast t Sy- wt ts ultatly usuccssul oato o CENTO,
a govt put bo t Scuty Coucl ad co- was aot dvlopt tat bougt t USSR ad
tud supplyg lag aouts o as tat Sya ad Sya clos dploatcally. Syas pcvd ts agal cotactd to buy.[3]
t as a pact agast tslvs. Idd, aog t
67.1
Russian Syrian relations

since the independence
cosucs o t Bagdad Pact w ot oly a dpg o Sya latos wt t USSR but also a spaato o Mddl East couts to alld satllts o
t East ad Wst blocs.
Aot dvlopt Sovt-Sya latos took

plac wt t accsso to pow o Haz Assad Sya
Sya gad ull dpdc o Fac o 17 Apl, 197.[4]
1946, but could ot atta stablty o a log pod at
t d o Wold Wa II. Poltcal l Sya, latvly
cal dug t yas 1945-1949, td a stag o total tuol ad dsod bgg 1949. T coups 67.2 Military cooperation
d'tat occud dug 1949-1953, usg ltay
dctatosps twc t pocss. Fally, t Baas Paty T Sya pot cty o Tatus osts a Sovt-a aval
ca to t o Sya poltcs ollowg t ltay supply ad atac bas, ud a 1971 agt
coup d tat o Fbuay 25, 1954. Wt t ascdacy wt Sya. T bas was stablsd dug t Cold
o t Baas Paty, t USSR bco a potat ally Wa to suppot t Sovt Navy s t t Mdto Sya.
aa Sa. Sc Russa ogav Sya o t-outs,
Rlatos btw Sya ad t USSR, wc ad b
takg a tst t Mddl East, w tatd by
a sct agt sgd o Fbuay 1, 1946, just
bo t dclaato o dpdc o Sya. Tat
agt pscbd dploatc ad poltcal suppot
o t USSR t tatoal aa ad Sovt ltay lp o t oudato o t atoal ay. A
o-aggsso pact sgd o Apl 1, 195 ut c-
o 9.8 bllo, o ts 13.4 bllo Sovt-a dbt ad bca ts a as suppl, Russa ad Sya av coductd talks about allowg Russa to dvlop ad lag
ts aval bas, so tat Russa ca stgt ts aval psc t Mdtaa.[5] Ad Russa s dtoatg
latos wt t Wst, bcaus o t 28 Sout Ossta Wa ad plas to dploy a US ssl ds sld
Polad, Psdt Assad agd to t pot s covso
282
283
67.4. POLITICAL RELATIONS
Sya. Stotasgaz s buldg a atual gas pocssg

plat 2 klots ast o Hos t Al-Raa go
ad s volvd tccal suppot o t costucto
o t Aab Gas Ppl. Tatt s t ost sg cat Russa gy Sya. T copay bga
21 toug a jot vtu wt t Sya atoal
ol copay to pup Sya ol ad t plad to spd
12 llo o xploatoy wlls a t Ia bod.[13]
Ot s wt lag busss tsts Sya clud
stl pp auactu TMK, gas poduc ITERA, ad
atoal ca Ao ot.[9]
Bashar Al Assad with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev whilst
on a visit to Sochi in August 2008.
to a pat Mddl East bas o Russa s uclaad wasps.[6] Sc 29, Russa as b ovatg t Tatus aval bas ad ddgg t pot to allow
accss o ts lag aval vssls.[7]
Sya o t past w yas as acd out to Russa
to obta od wapos tat cludd ay od
at-tak ad at-a ssl systs tat wll ut pov ts cobat capablts. I 28, Sya agd to
pucas MG-29SMT gts, Pats S1E a-ds
systs, Iskad tactcal ssl systs, Yak-13 acat, ad two Au-165 subas o Russa. Russa s og st sad s couty s sal o wapos
to Sya would ot upst t balac o pow t
Mddl East. T sals statd a l wt t
tatoal law ad t tsts o stgtg stablty ad atag scuty gos clos
to Russa bods, Sg Lavov told pots dug
a vst to t Utd Natos Nw Yok.[8] I 211
ad 212, Sya s as cotacts wt Russa aoutd
to 687 llo.[9][1] Dt T pots t New
York Times tat o 2 to 21 Russa sold aoud
1.5 bllo wot o as to Sya, akg Daascus
Moscow s svt-lagst clt.[11]
Sya ostd Russa s "Ct C" sgals tllgc bas
a t Sya-Isal-Jodaa bod utl 214 ad
s suspctd o ostg at last two ot Russa tllgc bass.[12]
67.3
Economic relations
Russa as sg cat tad latos wt Sya. Its xpots to Sya w wot 1.1 bllo 21 ad ts vstts t couty w valud at 19.4 bllo
29 accodg to T Moscow Ts.[13][14] Bsds lucatv as cotacts wot at last 4 bllo, Russa
s av a substatal psc Sya s astuctu,
gy ad tous dusts.[9] Stotasgaz, a atual
gas aclty costucto copay, as t lagst Russa
opato Sya. I 21, t was volvd pojcts
wot 1.1 bllo ad ad a sta o 8 Russas wokg
67.4 Political relations

Russa was o o t couts to vot agast a oal UN Scuty Coucl codato o t Basa
al-Assad govt o ts attack o cvlas t cty
o Hos Fbuay 212. It also opposd ay sactos
o tvto agast t g.[11] Russa s assocato
wt t ulg Assad aly go back ou dcads.[11]
Rctly toug, Russa poltcas av bgu to ackowldg Basa s pottal dowall, sayg A opposto vctoy ca't b xcludd, uotuatly, but t s
cssay to look at t acts: T s a td o t
govt to pogssvly los cotol ov a casg pat o t ttoy, Russa Dputy Fog Mst Mkal Bogdaov, Moscow s Mddl East voy, sad
dug ags at a Kl advsoy body.
67.5 See also

Ebassy o Russa Daascus
Ebassy o Sya Moscow
Russa s ol t Sya co ct
Ca Sya latos
67.6 References
[1] Russa clgs o to last outpost Wst Asa| Po| 3
Fbuay 212
[2] cotbuto to Wat Sould t Utd Stats Do
About Sya?: A TNR Syposu. | Dal W. Dz|
t.co| 9 Fbuay 212
[3] Wy Russa s wllg to sll as to Sya By Fd W|
csoto.co| 19 Jauay 212
[4] Hstocal Backgoud ad t Pst Stat o t
ttp:www.joual.u
Russa-Sya
Rlatos
jouals_1354741741.pd
[5] Wtz, Rcad (21). Global security watch--Russia : a
reference handbook. Sata Babaa, Cal.: Pag Scuty Itatoal. p. 3. ISBN 978--313-35434-2.
284
CHAPTER 67. RUSSIASYRIA RELATIONS
[6] Bg Russa otlla ld by Adal Kuztsov ca

ads o Sya pot . DEBKA le. August 21, 28. Rtvd August 22, 28.
[7] INSS: Sya Rpot . Isttut o Natoal Scuty
Studs. Rtvd 3 Sptb 211.
[8] Russa dds as sals to Sya - UPI.co
[9] Aos, Howad (26 August 211). Nws Aalyss: Russa Daags Iag Aab Spg . The Moscow Times.
Rtvd 17 Sptb 211.
[1] SIPRI As Tass Databas . Stockol Itatoal Pac Rsac Isttut. Rtvd 17 Novb
213.
[11] Ts, Dt (9 Fbuay 212). Wy Russa Suppots Assad . New York Times. Rtvd 9 Fbuay
212.
[12] ttp:www.tlgap.co.ukws
woldwsuopussa11148857
Russa-spy-bas--Sya-usd-to-oto-bls-ad-Isal-szd.
tl
[13] Aos, Howad (2 Sptb 211). Bllos o Dollas o Russa Busss Su s Alog Wt Sya . The
Moscow Times. Rtvd 17 Sptb 211.
[14] Sya: EU Blatal Tad ad Tad wt t Wold .
Euopa Cosso. Rtvd 18 Sptb 211.
67.7
Further reading
Allso, Roy (213). Russa ad Sya: Explag Algt wt a Rg Css . International A airs 89 (4): 795 823. do:1.111114682346.1246.
67.8
External links
(Russa) Docuts o t Russa Sya latosp at t Russa Msty o Fog A as

Diplomatic missions
(Aabc) (Egls) (Russa) Ebassy o Russa
Daascus
Chapter 68
SyriaUnited States relations
US President Richard Nixon is greeted by Syrian President Hafez

al-Assad in Damascus, 1974.
accout o ts a docutay ak, Ada Cuts, as

sad Elctos w du Sya 1947, ad t Acas dcdd to gv 'a dsct udg ad t'. .[4]
I 1949 t US st up a Poltcal Acto Ta Sya
ad couagd Gal Hus al-Za' to stag a coup
d'tat. Cuts adds As a sult Sya was to apat by
ltay coups tougout t aly 195s. T 1954
t palatay syst was stod. T poltcas
- ad ost o t Sya popl - w ow t d o
Aca, ot just bcaus o t tvtos ad t
coup, but also bcaus o t suppot o Isal. I spos t w govt tud to t Sovt Uo
o cooc ad ad dsp.
I 1957 t Acas plad aot ltay coup,

cod-ad Operation Wappen, wt CIA a Howad
Rocky Sto cag. Ts plot was xposd owv
SyriaUnited States relations a o cally oad ald.[4]
xstt. Rlatos av b svd du to t Sya
Cvl Wa. Poty ssus btw t two stats clud Fut oato: CIA actvts Sya
t Aab Isal co ct, t Gola Hgts axato,
t Ia Wa, ad t Sya cvl wa.
Accodg to t 212 U.S. Global Ladsp Rpot,
toug a poll coductd dug t Sya cvl wa, 29%
o Syas appov o U.S. ladsp, wt 4% dsappovg ad 31% ucta.[1]
68.1.2 19571990
68.1
Background of political relations
T o cal latos bga 1835 w t Utd

Stats st appotd U.S. cosuls to Alppo wc was
t a pat o t Ottoa Ep.[2] At Sya dpdc was dclad 1946 t Utd Stats would
stabls a cosulat Daascus. O Sptb 7,
1946, t Utd Stats cogzd a dpdt Sya,
appotg Gog Wadswot to t dploatc sso.
As a sult o a ald 1957 Ctal Itllgc Agcy

(CIA) coup attpt to toppl Sya Psdt Adb
Ssakl, Sya askd US Abassado Jas S. Moos
to lav Daascus. I tu Sya Abassado Fas
Za Al-D was calld back to Sya.[2] Lat, U.S.
Sya latos w svd aga 1967 at t SxDay Wa (Isal-Aab Wa) wc sultd Isal s occupato o t Gola Hgts. Followg t acvt o t Agt o Dsgagt btw Isal
ad Sya, latos sud Ju 1974, ad, atwads, U.S. Psdt Rcad Nxo vstd Daascus
o a o cal tp.
Accodg to Mls Coplad, a o CIA agt, t

US govt td to udg t Sya govt towads a o pstatv govt ad w ts
ald ty dcdd to ovtow t govt.[3] I a
I a 1986 tvw o CNN, o US Sctay o

Stat Alxad Hag, w askd wc couty gadd as t wold s wost stat sposo o tos, aswd uustoably Sya.
68.1.1 18351957
285
286
CHAPTER 68. SYRIAUNITED STATES RELATIONS

kow as "xtaoday dto.
[6]
Sya s opposto to t Ia Wa dtoatd latos.

Sous cotto aos bcaus t Sya Govt
ald to pvt og gts o usg Sya bods to t Ia ad usd to dpot t lts o
t o Sadda Huss g tat suppot Ia sugcy. I tu, Sya o cals ad cocs du to t
g ux o Ia ugs to t couty.
Issus o U.S. coc clud ts ogog tc
Lbas a as, ts potcto o t ladsp o
Palsta jctost goups Daascus, ts ua
gts cod, ad ts pusut o wapos o ass dstucto. Rlatos dsd at t assassato o o Lbas P Mst Ra k Ha. I Fbuay
25, t wak o t Ha assassato, t U.S.
calld ts Abassado to Wasgto.
I 28, t CIA ad t U.S. Jot Spcal Opatos
Coad (JSOC) cad out a paaltay ad o t
tow o Sukkay Abu Kaal. A subsut pot
vald tat sla opatos ad b takg plac
Sya, Paksta, ad lsw sc 24.[7][8]
A decanter gifted to United States President Gerald Ford from
Abdul Halim Khaddam, Deputy Prime Minister of Foreign Affairs of Syria
68.1.3 19902000
68.2 Terrorism
Sya s cosdd to b a scula dctatosp wt a
poo ua gts cod.[9] Sya as b o t U.S.
lst o stat sposos o tos sc t lst s cpto 1979 ad ds t to b a sa-av o tosts. Sya jcts ts class cato by t U.S. as a
stat sposo o tos. Howv, a 1986 tvw
o CNN, o US Sctay o Stat Alxad Hag,
w askd wc couty gadd as t wold s
wost stat sposo o tos, aswd uustoably Sya. Also 1986, t U.S. wtdw ts abassado ad posd addtoal adstatv sactos o
Sya spos to vdc o dct Sya volvt a attpt to blow up a Isal apla. A U.S.
abassado tud to Daascus 1987, patally
spos to postv Sya actos agast tos suc
as xpllg t Abu Ndal Ogazato o Sya ad
lpg a Aca ostag al tat ya.
Dug t Gul Wa 199 91, Sya coopatd wt

t Utd Stats as a b o t ultatoal coalto o ocs. T U.S. ad Sya also cosultd closly
o t Ta Accod, dg t cvl wa Lbao. I
1991, Sya Psdt Haz al-Assad ad a stoc
dcso to accpt t-Psdt Bus s vtato to attd a Mddl East pac coc ad to gag subsut blatal gotatos wt Isal. Sya povd
ts latos wt t Utd Stats by scug t las
o Wst ostags ld Lbao ad ltg t tavl
stctos o Sya Jws. Tougout t Clto Adstato t w ultpl attpts to gag alAssad Mddl East Pac Ngotatos. Ts clud
sval psdtal suts; t last o occud w
t-Psdt Bll Clto t t Psdt Haz alAssad Gva Mac 2.
Sya as publcly codd tatoal tost attacks, ad as ot b dctly lkd to tost actvty sc 1986, as t ds ay volvt Ha
68.1.4 20012008
kllg. Sya actvly bas ay Sya-basd tost attacks ad tagtg o Wsts. Istad, Sya povds
I t atat o t Sptb 11 attacks t passv suppot to goups t ds as lgtat ssUtd Stats 21, t Sya Govt bga l- tac ovts.[9] T Utd Stats caactzs ts
td coopato wt U.S. t Wa o To. I o as povdg sa-avs o tosts goups, as t Sysuc cas, Sya tllgc altd t U.S. o a Al a govt allows goups suc as Haas, Palsta
Qada pla sla to t USS Col bobg, wc was Islac Jad, ad t Popula Fot o t Lbato
to y a ag gld loadd wt xplosvs to t U.S. o Palst-Gal Coad to opat wt ts boNavy s Ft Flt aduats Baa.[5] Sya was ds .[1] T U.S. blvs tat Sya povds tactcal ad
o o t ost coo dstatos t U.S. to sd poltcal suppot to ts goups ad Apl 21 cocaptvs outsd o ts bods to b totud, a poga dd Sya as t blvs t povds SCUD ssls to
287
68.4. CURRENT RELATIONS

Hzbolla ocs Lbao.[9]
O Sptb 4, 213, t Sya Palat addssd
a ltt to t U.S. Hous o Rpstatvs. Ts ltt
agud agast a U.S. bobg capag agast Sya,
appalg to t two govts coo gt agast
Islac xts ad blag ct ccal wapos
attacks o sugts.[11][12][13]
68.2.1 Iraqi foreign ghters

T U.S. as also blad Sya o t ovt o og Al Qada a lats to Ia.[1] T ovt o
ts og gts pakd btw 25 ad 27;
owv, Sya attptd to dcas suc ovt
toug casd otog o bods, ad povd
scg pactcs o tos cossg t bod. Sc
29 t Sya govt as dcatd wllgss to
cas bod scuty coopato btw Ia ad
U.S. ocs.
68.2.2 2006 US Embassy bombing attempt

in Damascus
O Sptb 12, 26 t U.S. Ebassy was attackd
by ou ad assalats wt gus, gads ad a ca
bob (wc ald to dtoat). Sya Scuty Focs
succssully coutd t attack, kllg all ou attacks. Two ot Syas klld dug t attack w a
govt scuty guad ad a passby. T Sya
Govt publcly statd tat tosts ad cad out
t attack. T U.S. Govt as ot cvd a ocal Sya Govt asssst o t otvs o ogazato bd t attack, but scuty was upgadd at
U.S. aclts. Bot t Sya abassado to t U.S.,
Iad Moustapa, ad Psdt Basa al-Assad, owv, blad U.S. og polcy t go as cotbutg to t cdt.
68.3
Economic sanctions
T U.S. govt as posd a ss o cooc

sactos o Sya. T c o o sactog sults
Sya s cluso o t lst o stat sposos o tos. Ts clud lgslatvly adatd palts, cludg xpot sactos ad lgblty to cv ost
os o U.S. ad o to pucas U.S. ltay upt.
68.3.1 Executive Orders

T av b a ss o xcutv ods adstd
by t U.S. Tasuy O c o Fog Assts Cotol
(OFAC) wc clud Excutv Ods 13315, 13224,
13382, 13338, 13399, 13441, ad 1346. Ts sactos a posd o cta Sya ctzs o tts du
to t patcpato tos, acts o publc coupto, o t dstablzg actvts Ia ad Lbao.

As o 21, t av b 2 Sya ctzs wo av
b sactod. O August 18, 211, Excutv Od
13582 sgd by Psdt Obaa Fzs all assts o
t Govt o Sya, pobts U.S. psos o
gagg ay tasacto volvg t Govt
o Sya, bas U.S. pots o Sya-og ptolu
o ptolu poducts, pobts U.S. psos o avg ay dalgs o latd to Sya s ptolu o
ptolu poducts, ad pobts U.S. psos o opatg o vstg Sya.[14]
68.3.2 Commercial Bank of Syria

I 26 t U.S. govt actd sactos agast
t Cocal Bak o Sya wc was a sult oy
laudg cocs povdd o ud scto 311 o t
USA Patot Act. Ts sactos stop U.S. baks ad
subsdas o atag cospodc accouts
wt t Cocal Bak o Sya.
68.3.3 Syrian
Lebanese
tion Act
Accountability
and
Sovereignty Restora-
I May 24, a copsv st o cooc sactos w actd ud t Bus adstato. T

Sya Accoutablty ad Lbas Sovgty Rstoato Act, posd sactos o Sya bad t ajoty o xpots to Sya xcpt ood ad dc, spccally pobtg t xpot o ost goods cotag
o ta 1% U.S.-auactud copot pats to
Sya.[15] I May 21 Psdt Baack Obaa wd
ts st o sactos agast Sya.[16]
68.4 Current relations

T Obaa adstato tatd a polcy o appoct wt Sya. Howv, wt Daascus' volt spos to t Sya cvl wa, latos av
coold daatcally ad so Aca o cals, cludg Psdt Obaa sl, av patdly calld
o Sya Psdt Basa al-Assad to sg.
68.4.1 Lifting of travel restrictions

I Fbuay 21 t US tavl advsoy o Aca
ctzs tavlg to Sya was ltd.[17] T advsoy ad
b plac sc t 26 bassy bobg attpt.
T US Ebassy Sya potd tat, At caully
assssg t cut stuato Sya, w dtd
tat ccustacs dd't t xtdg t tavl wa-
288
CHAPTER 68. SYRIAUNITED STATES RELATIONS
g. Ts ov was s by ay as o o t st stps abassado to Sya, o bg attackd by po-Assad

towads btt blatal latos.
obs o at last two occasos, as wll as to pvt vadals o t U.S. bassy ad dploatc popty.[25]
O Octob 24, 211, t U.S. aoucd tat t ad 68.4.2 Re-engagement
calld Abassado Fod du to 'cdbl tats agast
s psoal saty. [26] Cutly, US tsts Sya
O Fbuay 17, 21, U.S. Psdt Baack Obaa ap- a pstd by a Itsts Scto t Ebassy o
potd Aca dploat Robt Stp Fod to sv t Czc Rpublc.
as t w U.S. Abassado to Sya, t st sc 25
At t vlato o t Houla assac, t U.S. Stat
t atat o t Ha assassato.[18]
Dpatt statd tat Sya cag d'a as WasSotly at Fod s appott, Ud Sctay o gto was gv 72 ous to lav t couty.[27]
Stat o Poltcal A as Wlla Bus avd
Daascus ad ostd talks wt Psdt Basa alAssad a attpt to vv latos. T talks w 68.4.4 US Embassy o cials
dscbd as cadd ad tat coo goud was t
E ctv Fbuay 6, 212, t U.S. Ebassy suspdd
o tos ssus ptag to Ia ad Lbao.[19]
opatos ad closd o oal cosula svcs. PI July 21, Sato Al Spct t wt al-Assad cpal U.S. o cals clud:
attpts to ut cotu t w dalogu. I tgs volvd aoud dscussg spc c stps to po Spcal voy Dal Rubst
ot goal stablty, vv Sya-Isal pac talks,
[2]
ad stgt U.S.-Sya blatal latos.
Dploatc cabls btw t US bassy Daascus ad t Stat Dpatt tat w lasd by
Wklaks 211 vald tat t US gav acal
suppot to poltcal opposto goups ad latd pojcts
at last toug Sptb 21. T cabls w st
bcaus bassy sta bca wod as Sya tllgc agts w vstgatg ts pogas. T acg wc bga dug t psdcy o Gog W.
Bus cludd 6 llo to t Baada satllt tlvso cal wc boadcast at-govt pogag to Sya. Baada TV s closly a latd wt t
Movt o Justc ad Dvlopt, a Lodo-basd
twok o Sya xls.[21]
68.4.3 Reaction to crackdown

I t aly wks o t Sya Cvl Wa, t U.S. cos
ot to spod to allgd abuss o pacul dostatos by Sya scuty ocs. Sctay o Stat Hllay
Roda Clto d to Assad as a o lat
Mac 211 ad sad t U.S. blvd would spod
appopatly to t dads o s popl.[22] As t stuato Sya dtoatd ad t govt sotd
to casgly dspat asus to cus t potst
ovt, Wasgto's patc aggd, ad by dAugust 211, Psdt Obaa statd plaly s bl
tat Assad sould stp dow.[23] T U.S. pusd stogly
o t Utd Natos Scuty Coucl to pass a soluto codg t cackdow ad adoptg cooc
sactos agast Sya lat Sptb ad aly Octob 211, ad w Russa ad t Popl s Rpublc
o Ca wldd t vto pow to block t poposal,
Abassado Susa Rc xpssd outag .[24]
Rlatos av b ut stad by Sya scuty
ocs alu to potct Robt Stp Fod, t U.S.
68.5 See also

Sya Aca
214 Aca tvto Sya
68.6 References
[1] U.S. Global Ladsp Pojct Rpot - 212 Gallup
[2] ":
Ebassy o Sya Wasgto DC :". Syabassy.us. Rtvd 213-8-31.
[3] Coplad, Mls. T Ga o Natos: T Aoalty

o Poltcs.
[4] Cuts, Ada.
T Baby ad t Baat Wat.
ttp:www.bbc.co.ukblogsadacutspostst_baby_
ad_t_baat_wat
[5] Elc, Rs. Covsatos wt Tosts. Sausalto
CA: PolPotPss, 21.
[6] Ia Coba, "CIA dto: o ta a uat o
couts 'o d covt suppot': Rpot ds at last
54 couts co-opatd wt global kdap, dtto
ad totu opato outd at 911 attacks"; The
Guardian, 5 Fbuay 213.
[7] Ec Sctt ad Mak Mazztt, "Sct Od Lts U.S.
Rad Al Qada"; New York Times, 9 Novb 28.
[8] Ew MacAskll, "US ocs stagd o ta a doz
og ads agast al-Qada: Fo CIA o cal lts
ld o sct at-to opatos"; The Guardian, 1
Novb 28.
[9] Stat Sposo: Sya - Coucl o Fog Rlatos .
C.og. Rtvd 213-8-31.
289

[1] ttp:www.stat.govdocutsogazato141114.
pd
[11] Ltt o Sya Aab Rpublc Popl s Assbly to
Utd Stats Hous o Rpstatvs, 4 Sptb
213.
[12] Suy Pt, "Sya Css: Sya Popl s Assbly
Wts to Wst Coutpats, Sk Cvlsd Dalogu,
Not Laguag o F ad Blood", International Business
Times, 1 Sptb 213.
[13] Dyla Scott, "READ: H s Wat T Sya Govt Is Tllg Cogss", 9 Sptb 213.
[14] U.S. Tasuy Dpatt
[15] U.S. Tad ad Facal Sactos Agast Sya | Ebassy o t Utd Stats Daascus, Sya . Daascus.usbassy.gov. 211-4-29. Rtvd 213-8-31.
[16] Baack Obaa ws US-Sya sactos . BBC Nws.
21-5-4. Rtvd 213-8-31.
[17] Tavl Nws, Tps & Dals - ABC Nws . Abcws.go.co. 213-8-27. Rtvd 213-8-31.
[18] Obaa oats st US abassado to Sya sc
25 . BBC Nws. 21-2-17. Rtvd 213-8-31.
[19] US voy Wlla Bus says Sya talks w cadd .
BBC Nws. 21-2-17. Rtvd 213-8-31.
[2] ttp:daascus.usbassy.govdapd
pss-lass-pdspcto-p.pd
[21] Wtlock, Cag (Apl 18, 211). U.S. sctly backd
Sya opposto goups, cabls lasd by WkLaks
sow . Washington Post. Rtvd Jauay 11, 212.
[22] Goodoug, Patck (28 Mac 211). Sya Psdt Assad Rgadd As a Ro, Clto Says . csws.co. Rtvd 18 Octob 211.
[23] Hs, Josua (18 August 211). Obaa: Sya Psdt Assad Must Stp Dow . T Hu gto Post. Rtvd 18 Octob 211.
[24] Ho, Jodaa (5 Octob 211). US 'outagd' at
Russa, Ca vto Sya UN soluto . T Jusal
Post. Rtvd 18 Octob 211.
[25] Rog, Jos (29 Sptb 211). Robt Fod attackd
by tugs Sya -- aga . T Cabl. Rtvd 18 Octob 211.
[26] Blaod, Ncolas (24 Octob 211). Sups call
o US abassado to Sya spud by tats . Csta
Scc Moto. Rtvd 25 Octob 211.
[27] Clds, Nck. Houla dats: Wst stats to xpl Sya dploats . BBC.co.uk/news/. BBC. Rtvd 29
May 212.
Ts atcl copoats publc doa atal o

wbsts o docuts o t Utd Stats Dpatt
o Stat (Backgoud Nots).

Sa Moubayd. Syria and the USA: Washington s
Relations With Damascus From Wilson to Eisenhower (I.B. Taus, dstbutd by Palgav Maclla; 212) 27
O'Sullva, Cstop D. FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle
East (Palgav Maclla, 212)
68.8 External links

Hstoy o Sya - U.S. latos
U.S. Ivolvt wt Sya o t Da Pt
Kog Fog A as Dgtal Acvs
Ebassy o Sya - Wasgto, DC
Ebassy o U.S.A. - Daascus
Chapter 69
Military intervention against the Islamic

State of Iraq and the Levant
I spos to advacs ad by t Islac Stat o Ia
ad t Lvat (abbvatd ISIL o ISIS, ad callg tsl t "Islamic State") ltats Ju ad July 214,
ay stats bga to tv t ogog cvl was
Sya ad Ia. Rapd ttoal gas o ISIL ltay opatos Ia ad Sya dug t st al o
214, cobd wt tatoally codd butalty, potd ua gts abuss, ad t a o ut
spllovs o t Sya Cvl Wa causd ay couts
to cosd tvtos.[157]
I August, spakg about U.S. volvt Ia, Psdt Baack Obaa sad ts s gog to b a logt pojct. [158] T ltay ot was subsutly
xpadd to potct Ia astuctu ad povd a
cov to Ia toops. Sc t coct ad xpaso o U.S. astks agast t Islac Stat, Kuds ad Ia ocs av b abl to vs sg cat
xtst advacs ad tak cotol o t Mosul Da,
t lagst da Ia. I lat August, w askd by
pots about s plas gadg ltay optos spos to gas ad by ISIS, Psdt Obaa pld
w do't av a statgy yt. [159] Psdt Obaa aoucd o 1 Sptb 214 tat would bg to
pusu astks Sya wt o wtout cogssoal
appoval; also aoucd tat t ub o astks
Ia would cas.[16]
Ia ad ts ally Hzbolla w t st tat took dct

acto o t goud suppotd by gts ad dos.
T Utd Stats statd sdg (o-opatoal)
toops to Ia t dsu o 214, ad bga a
lag-scal a capag ov t go statg tat August. Wt d t agdas ad poltcal cosdatos
a coplx stuato, couts av appoacd tvg t two cvl wa co cts d t ways, ad
69.1.1
to d t dgs.
69.1
American-led intervention in
Iraq
Humanitarian e orts
S also: Pscuto o Yazds by ISIL ad Sja assac

T U.S., t UK, ad Austala, suppotd by t-
Ma atcl: Aca-ld tvto Ia (214

pst)
Fo pvous Aca tvtos Ia, s Gul
Wa (199 91), Opato Dst Fox, ad Ia Wa
(23 11).
Statg August 214, t Utd Stats assbld a
coalto o pat couts to cobat ISIL. Vaous
couts cotbutd acat, ltay ad to local goud
ocs, ltay advsos to ta local ocs -couty,
ad bass o opatos ad tag o local goud
ocs. I addto to ltay ots, ay couts
outd a cosdabl uataa ot to assst tc ots ot Ia wo a ud t tat
o gocd o ad d o ISIL Ia Kudsta ad
ot aas.
Bottled water containers are loaded on a U.S. Air Force C-17 for
an airdrop on 8 August.
atoal pats, laucd a lag uataa ot

to suppot ugs stadd ot Ia. Ts cludd a-doppg ts o tousads o als ad tou-
29
291
69.1. AMERICAN-LED INTERVENTION IN IRAQ

sads o gallos o dkg wat to Yazd ugs
stadd t Sja outas ad tatd by advacg ISIL ocs, btw 7 14 August wat was
lat dscbd as t st ass a dlvy o uataa cago sc t outbak o volc East To
1999. [161][162][163][164][165]
69.1.2 American military actions

American airstrikes
pst) Utd Stats astks
I t su o 214 U.S. ocs statd udtakg U.S. Navy F/A-18 ghters bomb Islamic State artillery targets on
8 August 2014.
President Obama speaks about the game plan for dealing with
ISIL.
to av captud t tows o Maou ad Gwy[172]

o Islac Stat cotol. Addtoal Ia astks
coductd Sja cla to av klld 45 ISIS ltats
ad jud a addtoal 6 ltats.[173] T Ptago
caactzd astks as stopgap ltay actos tat
would ot b abl to sg catly dsupt Islac Stat
actvts.[174] O 14 August, U.S. astks ad Kuds
goud ocs ad bok t ISIL sg o Mout Sja,
allowg tousads o Yazd ugs to scap.[175]
T U.S. aoucd a st ocus to ag t Kuds
ad vsg ISIL gas.[176][177] O 16 August, U.S. a
pow bga a clos a capag ad at suppotg
t advac o Kuds gts ovg towad t Mosul
Da. Kuds soucs cotd tat t was avst
US bobg o ltat postos sc t stat o a
stks .[178][179] O 8 Sptb, t Ia ay, wt
clos a suppot o t U.S., took t ky Hadta
da ad captud t tow o Bawaa, kllg 15 ISIL
gts.[153] ISIL spodd wt t publc xcuto o
Davd Has.[141]
Locations where the U.S. has launched airstrikes against ISIS in

Iraq (as of 16 September.)
coassac ssos ov ot Ia.[166][167][168]

O 7 August, Psdt Obaa gav a lv addss dscbg t wosg codtos Ia ad tat t
plgt o t Yazds patcula ad covcd tat
U.S. ltay acto was cssay to potct Aca
lvs, potct oty goups Ia, ad to stop a possbl ISIL advac o Ebl, t captal o t Kuds
Autooous Rgo.[169] O 8 August t Utd Stats
statd to bob ISIL tagts Ia.[17][171] By 1 August, assstd by ts a attacks, Kuds ocs clad
By t d o Sptb 214, t Utd Stats ad coductd 24 astks Ia ad Sya, as wll as 1,3

tak ulg ssos, totalg 3,8 sots by all
typs o acat. A tactcal aagt wt Kuds
ad Ia ocs, ad do vdos a bg usd to coodat clos a suppot wtout dg U.S. toops
goud cobat.[18]
O 19 Dcb 214, US Gal Jas Ty aoucd tat t ub o US astks o ISIL ad
casd to 1,361.[181]
O 25 Dcb 214, Hassa Sad Al-Jabou, t
ISIL govo o Mosul, wo was also kow as Abu
Taluut, was klld by a US-ld Coalto astk Mosul. It was also vald tat t US plad to tak t
cty o Mosul Jauay 215.[182]
292
CHAPTER 69. MILITARY INTERVENTION AGAINST THE ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND THE LEVANT
American ground forces
tvd bcaus o ISIL statd to co a t bas,

wc ty a statod so out o sl-ds,
spodd, wlcog t U.S. tvto, ad sayg
wc I op wll ot b t last. [192][193][194][195][196]
pst) Utd Stats goud ocs
Ts was sad to b t st cout btw t Utd
Stats ad t Islac Stat, ou yas. Howv,
I July, Obaa aoucd tat owg to t cotug ts cla as b statd to b als by T Pvolc Ia ad t gowg uc o o-stat ac- tago.[197][198]
tos suc as t Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat, t O Jauay 5, 215 T Ptago ackowldgd tat
Utd Stats would b lvatg ts scuty cott ISIL as b ctvly otag t bas.[199]
t go. Appoxatly 8 U.S. toops scud
Aca stallatos lk t Ebassy Bagdad ad
t Cosulat Ebl as wll as takg cotol o stat- The late naming of Operation Inherent Resolve
gc locatos lk t Bagdad apot coopato wt
Ia toops.[183][184]
Ma atcl: Opato It Rsolv
U.S. ocs also udtook a sso to assss ad to advs [Ia scuty ocs] as ty coot [ISIL] ad t
coplx scuty stuato o t goud. [185] Rpots
o ts Aca uts about t capablts o t
Ia ltay av b cossttly g, vwg t
as coposd by sctaa tsts.[186][187][188]
Ulk t coalto pats, ad ulk pvous Aca cobat opatos, o a was

tally gv to t 214 tvto agast
ISIL by t U.S. govt.[2] T dcso to
kp t co ct alss dw cosdabl da
[21][22][23][24][25]
U.S. Svc bs
O 13 August 214, t U.S. dployd aot 13 l- ctcs.
a
lgbl
o
Capag
Mdals ad ot svc
[189]
tay advss to Not Ia
ad up to 2 U.S.
dcoatos
du
to
t
cotug
abguous atu o
Mas ad spcal ocs svc ladd o Mout
[26]
t
cotug
U.S.
volvt
Ia.
Sja o V-22 acat to coodat t vacuato
o Yazd ugs jog Bts SAS alady t O 15 Octob 214, t Utd Stats Ctal Coaa.[112]
ad aoucd tat t U.S.-ld a capag agast
cot dsgatd as
O 3 Sptb 214, Obaa aoucd cas o ISIL Ia ad Sya was
[27]
Operation
Inherent
Resolve.
T CENTCOM ws
[19]
O 1 Sptb,
U.S. ocs Ia to 1,213.
las
otd:
Obaa gav a spc tatg tat U.S. toops wll ot
gt cobat, but about 5 o toops wll b st to
Ia to lp ta Ia ocs.[16]
I aly Novb 214, Obaa aoucd tat
would b doublg t U.S. goud psc sd Ia
to aoud 3, .[59]
O 9 Dcb 214, t Utd Stats Sat Cott o Fog Rlatos autozd U.S. Mltay oc
agast ISIL. It lts ltay oc to t yas, t
us t adstato to pot to Cogss vy
6 days, ad t pobts t dployt o U.S. cobat
toops, xcpt spc c cass, suc as tos volvg
t scu o potcto o U.S. solds, o o tllgc opatos.[191]
Dug t aly og ous o 14 Dcb 214,
U.S. goud ocs allgdly clasd wt ISIL alogsd
t Ia Ay ad Tbal Focs a E al-Asad bas,
wst o Aba, a attpt to pl t o t bas
o wc cluds about 1 U.S. advss t, w ISIL
attptd to ovu t bas. Accodg to a ld coad o t Ia Ay Aba povc, sad tat
t U.S. oc uppd wt lgt ad du wapos,
suppotd by F-18, was abl to ct casualts agast
gts o ISIL ogazato, ad ocd t to tat
o t al-Dolab aa, wc ls 1 klots o
A al-Assad bas. Sk Maud Naw, a pot tbal lad t go, addd tat U.S. ocs
Accodg to CENTCOM o cals, t

a INHERENT RESOLVE s tdd to
ct t uwavg solv ad dp cott o t U.S. ad pat atos
t go ad aoud t glob to lat
t tost goup ISIL ad t tat ty
pos to Ia, t go ad t wd tatoal couty. It also sybolzs t
wllgss ad ddcato o coalto bs to wok closly wt ou ds t go ad apply all avalabl dsos o atoal pow cssay dploatc, oatoal, ltay, cooc to dgad ad ultatly dstoy ISIL. [27]
69.1.3 Australian airstrikes

Ma atcl: Opato Oka
O 3 Octob, P Mst Toy Abbott ad t Austala cabt appovd o RAAF Bog FA-18F Sup Hot gt bobs to bg astks agast Islac Stat ltats. Abbott sad It s ou atoal
tst tat w do so, t s t tsts o cvlsato
tat w do so. It s vyo s bst tsts tat t
69.1. AMERICAN-LED INTERVENTION IN IRAQ
293
udous ag o t ISIL dat cult b cckd ad I aly Sptb, P Mst Davd Cao bolld back ad tat s wat w' dtd to do. [28] ga to voc s suppot o Bts astks agast ISIS
[217]
O 26 Sptb, Palat was calld
O 6 Octob, A C Masall Mak Bsk a- Ia.
ad
MP
s
dbatd
wt o ot to autos astks.
oucd two Sup Hots ad coductd ad coT
sv-ou
dbat
sultd ovwlg supbat ssos ov Ia altoug o aats w xpot
o
astks,
wt
524
vots avou ad 43 vots
pdd. A Austala A task Goup KC-3A ad a
[218]
agast.
E-7A Wdgtal Abo Ealy Wag ad Cotol acat av also b yg suppot to gt bobs
blogg to coalto ocs. T KC-3A pos
abo ulg o coalto acat.[29] Bsk sad
O o ou Sup Hot packags o t st gt
ad a dt d tagt wc t was tackg ad tat patcula tagt ovd to a uba aa w t sks
o coductg a stk o tat tagt casd to a pot
w t xcdd ou xpctatos o collatal daag,
so ty dscotud t attack at tat pot. [21]
O 27 Sptb, t st ad coassac sso

took plac ov Not Ia. A patol o two Toado
GR4 s lt RAF Akot ad wt Pavway IV lasgudd bobs. T patol dd ot dty ay tagts
ug dat a attack ad so gatd vtal tllgc o coalto ocs stad. T acat w
suppotd by a Voyag aal ulg tak.[18]
O 3 Sptb, t Royal A Foc coductd ts

st astk. A patol o two Toado GR4 s gagd
O 9 Octob, P Mst Toy Abbott co d a avy wapo posto wt a Pavway IV las-gudd
tat RAAF Sup Hots ad b volvd a stk bob ad a ad pckup tuck wt a Bsto assos o a ISIL posto Ia .[211] T acat to-suac ssl.[219]
doppd two bobs oto a solatd buldg wc ISIL T Bts cotbuto to t coalto as stadly was usg as a coad ad cotol ct.[212]
casd sc t st bga o 26 Sptb. O 3 OcAs o 17 Octob, t Royal Austala A Foc ad
coductd 43 cobat sots ov Ia.[213] Rct stks
ad tagtd upt aclts, wt at last two sultg ISIL casualts at Austala acat ad casd t ub o ssos ow to allow U.S. ad
coalto ocs to assst Kuds gts aoud Koba,
ot Sya.[214][215]
tob, two addtoal Toado GR4 s w dployd to

Cypus to coplt t ogal sx.[22] It was also vald dug t sa ot tat t Royal Navy ad
b volvd a suppot ol, wt a dc dstoy HMS Defender povdg scot to U.S. Navy
acat ca USS George H.W. Bush as s laucd
acat to Ia ad Sya.[221] Dputy P Mst
Nck Clgg also dsclosd dug a tvw tat t
was a ucla attack suba ad wt Toaawk
69.1.4 British airstrikes
cus ssls dployd to t Psa Gul.[11] O 16
Octob, t Msty o Dc aoucd t would dMa atcl: Opato Sad
ploy ad MQ-9 Rap dos to Ia to assst wt
O 12 August 214, t Utd Kgdo dployd sx suvllac, owv, Dc Sctay Mcal Fallo
statd tat I stk opatos a ud t Rap
as t ablty to coplt t sots RAF Toados
av alady copltd .[222] O 7 Novb, t Msty o Dc aoucd t would doubl t ub
o Rap acat dployd to t Mddl East.[15] T
st Rap do stk was coductd by t RAF
Bayj, ot o Bagdad o 1 Novb 214, agast a
goup o ISIL ltats wc ad b layg povsd
xplosv dvcs t aa. A sgl Hll ssl was
usd to coduct t stk.[16]
U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS Gog H.W. Bus sailing with
Royal Navy destroyer HMS Dd in the Persian Gulf on 1
October 2014.
Toado GR4 stk acat to RAF Akot Cypus

to lp coodat Bts uataa ad adops
Not Ia.[216] O 16 August, ollowg t suspso o uataa ad adops, ts acat, alog
wt a RC-135 Rvt Jot, w -taskd to povd
aal suvllac to coalto ocs.[17]
I addto to opatg ov Ia, t Royal A Foc

as also b opatg ov Sya a suvllac ol
sc 21 Octob, akg t UK t oly couty ot
ta t Utd Stats to tv bot couts
sultaously.[6]
O 12 Octob, t UK st 12 bs o t 2d
Battalo, T Yoks Rgt (2 YORKS) to Ibl
to ta Kuds psga o ow to us UK-suppld
avy ac gus.[223] I Novb, t ub o
Bts toops volvd t tag sso os o
12 to 5.[224] O 13 Dcb, t was aoucd tat ts
cott would b bolstd by a addtoal batc
294
o Bts toops ubg t low udds .[224]

It was also dsclosd tat a sall ta o cobat-ady
toops would also b st alog wt t to povd
potcto.[224] T toops a xpctd to b basd
Ibl ad t captal Bagdad.[225]
O 12 Dcb, HMS Defender cocludd ts dployt to t Psa Gul ad tud to Potsout.[226]
Typ 23 gat HMS Kent avd t Psa Gul
dug t sa day ad bga povdg scot to USS
Carl Vinson ad battl goup. T Lyx lcopt
aboad HMS Kent also povdd assstac to Fc
gat Jean Bart (D615) at ts ow bakd lcopt ad u to tccal d cults.[19]
lad tod tat o goud toops would b usd

t co ct. Sc 2 Novb 214, Fac dployd 7 Dassault Raal, 6 Mag 2D, 1 Falco 5,
1 at-acat gat Jean-Bart, ad 1 Atlatu 2 patol
acat.[234]
69.1.7 Military aid
O 5 August 214, Zalay Kallzad, t o U.S.

abassado to Ia ad t U.N., wot t Washington Post tat t Utd Stats s volvd t dct supply o utos to t Kuds ad, wt BagMltay
As o 13 Dcb 214, t UK as coductd a ug dad s agt, t spt o so Fog[235]
T
Sals
(FMS)
poga
wapos
to
t
Kuds.
ub o ssos ov Ia, scod oly to t Utd
Utd
Stats
ovd
o
dctly
supplyg
Kudsta
Stats ad v ts as ay as Fac, accodg to Dwt sall as toug t CIA to dctly gvg t
c Sctay Mcal Fallo.[224]
wapos suc as a-potabl at-tak systs.[236]
I a coodatd ot ld by t Utd Stats, ay
alld couts cludg NATO bs ad Mddl
East pats av suppld o pla to supply Ia
Ma atcl: Opato Ipact
ado Kuds ocs wt avy ltay upt,
sall as, auto, o-ltal ltay ga, ad
T Caada cotbuto as b codad tag suppot.
Opato Ipact by t Caada Dpatt o Accodg to Rad Paul, t Ktucky sato, U.S. govNatoal Dc.[227][228] Caada acat lt o t s accusd o ag t ISIL.[237][238] T U.S.
t Mddl East to jo astks o 21 Octob. I govt as b udg ISIL s alls suc as Saud
total, sx CF-18 gt jts, a Abus CC-15 Polas Aaba ad Qata ad suppotg t tost goup
a-to-a ulg tak ad two CP-14 Auoa Sya, Paul as told NBC Nws s Mt t Pss .[237] I
suvllac acat w st, alog wt 7 ltay tk o o t asos wy ISIL as b boldd s
psol.
bcaus w av b ag t alls. W av b
69.1.5 Canadian airstrikes
Caada CF-18 gt jts copltd t st opa- alld wt ISIL Sya, Paul sad to CNN.[238]
toal gts dpatg o Kuwat o 31 Octob.[229]
T st Caada astks bga o 2 Novb.[23]
Caada also w a xta CF-18 to Kuwat to b usd as
a spa t d ass, owv a axu o sx a 69.2 Iranian intervention in
autozd to y wt t coalto ssos.[231]
(2014present)
Iraq
O 4 Novb 214, Caada A Foc CF-18s succssully dstoyd ISIL costucto upt usg Ma atcl: Iaa tvto Ia (214 pst)
GBU-12 bobs. T costucto upt was bg usd to dvt t Eupats Rv to dy vllags
wat, ad to ood oads, dvtg ta c to aas wt I Ju 214, Ia cottd appoxatly 5 solds
o t lt Qods Foc to Ia to lp so-up tat aIEDs.[232]
to s govt t ac o ISIL advacs.[115] Qods
O 12 Novb 214, Caada jts dstoyd ISIL a- Foc psol w dployd to Saaa, Bagdad,
tlly just outsd t Not Ia tow o Baj.[233] Kabala, ad t abadod U.S. ltay post oly
kow as Cap Spc. O 25 July, Qods Foc sold Sojaat Alada was klld Saaa wl op69.1.6 French airstrikes
atg as a owad a cotoll acto agast ISIL.[117]
Rpots av dcatd tat o Qods Foc coaMa atcl: Opato Caal
d Qass Sula s actg as t Ia govt s
c tactca dug t at-ISIS opatos.[115][117]
O 19 Sptb, t Fc a oc usd ts Raal Sv Su-25 acat ad so dos[117] w st by
jts to coduct astks o ISIL tagts Mosul. T Ia, w ty opatd agast ISIL wt b-atoal
astks w appovd by Fc Psdt Faos IaaIa cws. Dct astks o ISIS postos by
Hollad, wc dcatd tat Fac was cottd to t Iaa a oc w st potd Ju 214,[239]
gtg ISIL usg a pow alogsd Aca.[52] Hol- ad co d aly Dcb o tat ya[24]
295
69.5. OTHER FOREIGN INTERVENTIONS IN SYRIA
69.3
Other involvement across the

con ict zone
Ay wt o-ltal ad but soo scalatd to povdg tag, cas ad tllgc to slctd bl

coads.[249][25][251]
Ia Kudsta ad Sya Kudsta av de facto govts autooous o t atoal govts,

wt t ow as, wl Ia ad Tuky, t
Kuds ata bl as. Ts vaous Kuds
ocs av b cossg to Sya ad Ia to gt ISIL
wt local Kuds. T U.S.-ld coalto s ot kow to
b coodatg dctly wt t tvg Iaa o
Tuks Kuds, but s coodatg wt t Ia ad Sya Kuds. T a also t No Sud Badtos ad
t Mda Ep Motocycl Club bk club bs o t Ntlads ad Gay, gtg alogsd Kuds ocs agast ISIL Ia ad Sya. Sa
ltas, suc as t Koasa Bgad, av occupd
Su vllags oly cotolld by ISIL. I t vllag
o Ygja, 5 ls sout o Kkuk, t Su populato was xplld ad t os w azd.[241]
O 17 Sptb, t Hous o Rpstatvs votd

to autoz spdg to ta ad a odat Sya
bls.[252]
69.4
American-led military intervention in Syria
Ma atcl: Aca-ld tvto Sya
69.4.1 Hostage rescue attempt

Ma atcl: 214 Aca scu sso Sya
O 4 July, t U.S. bobd t Osaa b Lad
ISIL ltay bas t vllag o Uaysa, Sya.
Two doz Aca Dlta Foc coados t
toucd dow a ot to scu ostags, cludg
Jas Foly.[134][242][243][244] I a ss o vdos, Foly, Stv Jol Sotlo , ad sval o ostags w
udd.[245][246]
69.4.2 Aerial surveillance

O 26 August, t U.S. bga sdg suvllac
gts, cludg dos, to Sya to gat tllgc. T Sya Aab Rpublc was ot askd o
psso.[247][248]
69.4.3 Arming and training rebels

United States
Saudi Arabia
Accodg to t Utd Stats Dpatt o Ds,
Saud Aaba as poposd tat ty would povd tag to Sya bls so ty could tu to Sya ad battl
ISIL.[253]
69.4.4 Multi-national airstrikes

Statg o 23 Sptb 214, t U.S., Baa,
Joda, Qata, Saud Aaba, ad t Utd Aab Eats bga astks agast ISIL tagts Sya[254]
wt gts, bobs, ad sa-basd Toaawk cus
ssls.[255] Stks cotu to tak plac Sya
daly. Addtoally, o t st gt, U.S. ocs
laucd gt cus ssl stks agast al-Qadaa latd Koasa[256] I aly Novb 214, t U.S.
laucd addtoal astks agast t sa goup. I
Novb 214 Moocco st 3 F-16 to b dployd
UAE to gt t IS Ia ad Sya ud U.S.-ld
Opatos.[7][8][9]
69.5 Other foreign interventions in

Syria
Ma atcl: Fog volvt t Sya Cvl Wa
T Sya Cvl Wa uctos as a poxy wa ad as
ad ay og tvtos suppotg vaous sds
t co ct. The Independent potd tat Qata ad
udd t Sya bllo by as uc as 3 bllo.[257]
T av also b actos tak by all adjog atos
pactd by spllov. Sg cat uataa ad as
b povdd to co ct vcts.
69.6 ISIL forces

Ma atcl: Mltay o ISIL
69.6.1 Equipment
At t dcto o Psdt Obaa, t U.S. Ctal

Itllgc Agcy playd a actv ol sc t Co ct Aat Rsac, a pvat as-tackg oaly stags o t Sya Cvl Wa. T U.S. og- gazato, as cocludd tat ISIL ltay ocs a usally suppld t odat bls o t F Sya g auto o Utd Stats ad Cs auac-
296
tu. Accodg to CAR, ts a ost lkly utos

tasd by t U.S. ad Cs govts to goal actos o us agast ISIL toops wc a bg
captud as local ocs dstgat.[258] A U.S. Dpatt o Ds Ispcto-Gal pot cocludd tat
t U.S. ad lost tack o aly 25, sall as tat
w povdd to t scuty ocs o Agasta; so
o ts uatty ay av ad ts way to ISIS ads.
I addto to sall as ad auto, avy upt s utly o ot o Aca auactu.
Ov a sx-wk pod lat su ad aly all, t
U.S. A Foc dstoyd at last t doz U.S.-ad
Huvs bg opatd by ISIL, wc w ogally
doatd by t U.S. to t Ia ay.[259]
69.6.2 Forces
Ealy stats put ISIL ocs at about 1,; owv, Sptb 214, t Ctal Itllgc Agcy
casd ts stat to a g o 31,5 goud
toops.[26] Addtoally, t Sya Obsvatoy o
Hua Rgts (SOHR) statd ISIL ocs totalg
8, 1, (up to 5, Sya ad 3,
Ia).[261] Howv, by Novb 214, t C o
Sta o Ia Kudsta statd tat ISIL ad a total
o 2, gts Ia ad Sya.[12]
69.7
Turkish involvement
Ma atcl: Tuks tvto agast t Islac

Stat o Ia ad t Lvat
Tuky dadd sval tgs to go alog wt t

tvto cludg a bu zo Not Sya,
a o- y zo ov cta pats o Sya, goud toops
o ot couts, ad tag odat opposto
ocs to gt ISIL ad Assad.[265][266]
Altoug t as b a assv ug ow o a statd 3, Kuds o Koba ad t suoudg
vllags g to Tuky,[156] as wll as 545 jud
Kuds gts bg tatd Tuks osptals, Kuds o cals a ctcal o Tuks acto.[267][268]
Ty as t ssu tat Tuky wll ot allow ay w
Kuds gts to coss back to Koba to assst t
YPG ad tat Tuky wll ot allow ay suppls cludg auto to b st acoss t bod to t.
Tuky atas sovgty ov a sall clav wt
Sya tsl, t Tob o Sulya Sa o t gt bak
o t Eupats Alppo Povc a t vllag o
Qaa Qawzak (Kaakozak). T Tob s guadd by
a sall pat gaso o Tuks solds, wo otat o a battalo basd at t Tuks bod so
25 klots (16 ) away v as t cvl wa uoldd aoud t.[269] Up utl Sya ocs sot dow
a Tuks wapla Ju 212, t gaso ubd
15 total. Followg t cdt, t Tuks govt doubld t ub o solds statod at t
tob to 3, wl P Mst Edoa wad tat
t tob o Sulya Sa ad t lad tat suouds
t a Tuks ttoy. Ay act o aggsso agast t
would b a attack o ou ttoy ad NATO ttoy.
Aalysts av ctd t Tob as a pottal utu aspot Tuks-Sya latos.[27]
69.8 In literature
NATO b Tuky as b volvd t Sya

Cvl Wa sc ts bgg. Tuky as tad ad The Scriptwriter s t st ovl wtt by a Musl auovl s plot volvs aoud t U.S.
ad so bs o t F Sya Ay, ad as to o ISIL. T
[271]
attack
o
ISIL.
b volvd spllov cdts; owv, Tuky as
ot b volvd dct cobat. O 2 Octob 214,
t Tuks Palat autozd dct ltay acto
bot Ia ad Sya cludg usg ltay oc 69.9 See also
Sya ad Ia as wll as allowg coalto bs to
23 vaso o Ia
us bass Tuky.[262]
Kuds o cals av accusd Tuky o actually suppotg ISIL, as t ltats av b attackg Kuds ld aas Sya gt alog t Tuks bod
wt o acto o Tuky.[263] Alog ot tvg
agast ISIL actvts agast Kuds, Kuds o cals
av also accusd Tuky o suppotg ISIL by ot cotollg t bod o ctvly. Most o t og gts avg Sya to gt wt ISIL alog wt
ay o t wapos ad suppls owg to ISIL co
toug Tuky.[264]
O 2 Octob, Tuky also ld up taks o ts sout bod a t bod cty o Koba, wt t taks
potd at t bod.[263]
Ia Wa
Aab Wt
Ia sugcy (211 pst)
Not Ia o sv (August 214)
Not Ia o sv (Ju 214)
Sg o Koba
Spllov o t Sya Cvl Wa
Tl o t Sya Cvl Wa (August 214
pst)
297
69.10. REFERENCES
Lst o was ad battls volvg t Islac Stat
o Ia ad t Lvat
69.10
References
[1] Obaa vs ISIS: Ts t t s psoal . The Daily Beast.

22 August 214. Rtvd 9 Sptb 214.
[2] US wgs dct ltay acto agast ISIS Sya .
The New York Times. 22 August 214. Rtvd 9
Sptb 214.
[3] Fc ostag badg: Fac to boost Sya bls .
BBC Nws. Rtvd 28 Sptb 214.
[4] Islac Stat Kassg ud: Wst jadsts pobd .
BBC.com. 17 Novb 214. Rtvd 17 Novb
214.
[5] RAF jts st o Ia cobat sso . BBC News. 27
[6] Suvllac ssos ov Sya co d . Msty o
Dc. 21 Octob 214. Rtvd 21 Octob 214.
[7] Moocco s t latst Aab ato to spod to a Aca appal o o pow, sdg sval F-16s to
t gt
[8] Moocco s to sd F-16s to attack t ltats ud t
US-ld opato
[9] O cals sad t Not Aca kgdo as agd to
jo t U.S.-ld coalto a stks agast ISIL postos
Ia ad Sya.
[1] Va Huvl, B. Ad tuol, Ia s Kuds go
s layg oudato o dpdt stat . The Washington Post. Rtvd 13 Ju 214. Kudsta s ltay
ocs av tak ov ay o t otost postos abadod by t atoal ay, sg catly xpadg t zo o Kuds cotol 'I ost placs, w
a't botg t [ISIS], ad ty a't botg us
o t cvlas,' sad Lt. G. Sauku Zba, a ps
ga coad.
[11] Austala says t s dployg waplas to jo Ia capag . The Daily Telegraph. Yaoo. 22 Sptb 214.
Rtvd 22 Sptb 214.
[12] Battlg Dutc, Blgu ppa to sd ocs . MSN.
[13] Caada to jo at-Islac Stat a stks . BBC. 3
[14] Dak, Iss . The Hu ngton Post. 9 Sptb 214.
[15] Swd jcts calls o ltay suppot to Ia . The
Local. SE. 18 August 214. Rtvd 18 August 214.
[16] Islac Stat: Fac ady to lauc Ia a stks .
BBC. 18 Sptb 214. Rtvd 18 Sptb 214.
[17] Fac bobs Iss dpot Ia . The Guardian. 21
[18] Gay to stat altg ad to Ia . DE: DW. Rtvd 14 August 214.

[19] Gay o s ltay ad agast IS goup . Al Jaza
Egls. 31 August 214. Rtvd 9 Sptb 214.
[2] Ia, l sto Pott: Dall'Itala 28 soldat p addsta cud, Pdato a"". rainews.
[21] Ia, toao soldat tala. Pott: osto dov
ag . LaStampa.it. 17 Octob 214.
[22] Iss, Itala va Toado co copt d cogzo .
ansa.it. 16 Novb 214.
[23] Dutc sd gt jts to stk Ia . Yaoo.
[24] Bta ady to supply Kuds wt as . Ruts. Rtvd 18 August 214.
[25] NZ ltay psol add o Ia . Stu . Rtvd
6 Dcb 214.
[26] Vdat Svc (19 Sptb 214). Noway s O cally Pat o t Mltay Coalto agast ISIS . The
Nordic Page. Rtvd 6 Dcb 214.
[27] ttp:gls.alaabya.t
Nwsddl-ast21413
Noway-to-sd-12-solds-to-Ia-to-lp-ta-ay-.
tl
[28] Spa to sd 3 solds to Ia to ta ts Ay . El
Pas. 9 Octob 214. Rtvd 12 Octob 214.
[29] Tuky tas Kuds psga ocs gt agast
ISIL . world bulletin.net. Rtvd 23 Novb 214.
[3] Potugal ta ltas auaos cota o Estado Islco . RTP. 16 Dcb 214. Rtvd 9 Jauay
215.
[31] Lkta, Bsa (27 August 214). Albaa Stats Stg Wapos to Ia Kuds . Balkan Insight.
1.8
.
.
[32] " 22
" [1.8 bl. lv wll b vstd t ltay by
22] ( Bulgaa). BG: D. 2 Sptb 214. Rtvd 2 Sptb 214. Salaaov dos ot cosd t co ct Uka to b t oly sot-t
tat o Bulgaa atoal scuty, wc s wy our
country is sending armaments to the opponents of Islamic State Accodg to , t vts ot
Ia ad Sya pst a gowg sk tat tats ou
atoal tsts.
[33] Klx.ba. BH Iaku doat v od 15 loa taka
za bobu potv IDIL-a . klix.ba(I Bosa). Bosa ad
Hzgova. Rtvd 6 Jauay 215.
[34] Hvatska u bob potv slasta: Na zatjv SAD-a aljo ouj za aku vojsku . Jutarnji list ( Coata)
(HR). 21 August 214. Rtvd 22 August 214.
[35] Wat t 6-plus bs o t at-Islac Stat
coalto a dog . Washington Post (US). 22 Sptb 214.
298
[36] Gc Bgs Wa Agast t Islac Stat . Greek Reporter. 25 Sptb 214.

[37] Sgapo wll jo coalto agast Islac Stat .

Channel NewsAsia (SG). 3 Novb 214. Rtvd
4 Novb 214.
[56] Sya bls a sla lad s plact . Al Jaza

Egls. 1 Sptb 214. Rtvd 1 Sptb
214.
[38] Nssbau, Do (14 August 214). US Mltay Sts

to Hlpg Kuds Fgt Back . The Wall Street Journal.
Rtvd 18 August 214.
[57] Cowly, Mcal (18 August 214). Obaa la Msso

Cp Ia . Time.
[39] Wav, Mattw (14 August 214). Ia css: EU

backs plas by b stats to a Kud gts . The
Guardian. Rtvd 18 August 214.
[4] Pols Ad Fo Rugs o Nv Ia . PL:
MSZ.
[41] Slovaka Laucs Ad o Dsplacd Cvlas Not Ia . The Wall Street Journal (blog). 14 August 214.
Rtvd 18 August 214.
[42] Co d: Isal Povdg Itl Agast ISIS - DsScuty - Nws - Autz Sva . Arutz Sheva.
[43] Ta s Boots o t Goud . Foreign Policy.
[44] Blaod, Ncolas (16 July 214). Wy Hzbolla s

playg a sall ol ts Ia co ct . Christian Science Monitor. Rtvd 12 Octob 214.
[45] US ad Ias Ty to Fagt Extst Goup . The
New York Times. 12 July 214. Rtvd 13 July 214.
[46] Dull, Mak (14 Octob 214). Now ISIS s ud
attack o gullas tsl: Ulta-sct Wt Soud
goup stk a to tosts by pckg o gts o
by o . Daily Mail. Rtvd 14 Octob 214.
[47] Los Agls Ts (28 Novb 214). Islac Stat,
val Al Nusa Fot ac stgt gp o Sya . latimes.com. Rtvd 6 Dcb 214.
[48] Mast. Ngotatos ald btw t IS, Jabat alNusa ad Islac battalos . Syrian Observatory For
Human Rights.
[49] Wa o Wods Btw al Qada ad ISIS Cotus
Wt Scola s Sackdow . NBC News. Rtvd 6 Dcb 214.
[5] I D v El Nusa' bl t dda dld . Star Gazete
( Tuks).
[51] Nck Pato Wals ad Laua St-Spak, CNN (6
Novb 214). Rpot: Astks tagt w Islast
goup Sya - CNN.co . CNN. Rtvd 6 Dcb
214.
[52] Fac stks Islac Stat goup s dpot Ia . ABC
Nws.
[58] Wlc, Wlla M (3 Sptb 214). US sdg 35

o toops to Ia . USA Today.
[59] Obaa doublg US toop lvls Ia . Stars and
Stripes. Rtvd 28 Dcb 214.
[61] 2,3 U.S. Mas dploy w uck-acto oc
Kuwat .
[62] Laot, Da (19 July 214). US copas pullg
cotactos o Ia bass as scuty cubls . The
Washington Post. Rtvd 13 August 214.
[63] Nssbau, Do (3 Fbuay 214). Rol o US Cotactos Gows as Ia Fgts Isugts . The Wall Street
Journal. Rtvd 13 August 214.
[64] USS Cal Vso Taks Ov Astk Capag Fo
USS Gog H. W. Bus (Vdo) - Ho Post . Rtvd
6 Dcb 214.
[65] US astks Sya , ABC News (Go)
[66] Hga, W.J.; Cloud, Davd S. (25 Sptb 214).
AT WAR AGAIN . FLCourier.com. Rtvd 2 Octob 214.
[67] Fost, Pt (23 Sptb 214). US ltay laucs
a stks agast Isl Sya . Telegraph.co.uk. Rtvd 2 Octob 214.
[68] T A-1 Tudbolt, Savd By Cogss, Jos
Astks Agast ISIS Sya . International Business
Times. 23 Sptb 214. Rtvd 11 Octob 214.
[69] Raptos, bobs & dos: How US-ld ISIS stks
causd caag Sya . RT. Rtvd 25 Sptb
214.
Ptago
[7] Capacco, Toy (1 Octob 214).
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Bloomberg.com. Rtvd 13 Octob 214.
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goup as up to 31,5 gts . Associated Press. Rtvd 5 Octob 214.
[261] Islac Stat 'as 5, gts Sya'". Al Jaza.
19 August 214. Rtvd 19 August 214.
[262] Tuky glgts ltay ops Sya, Ia . Al Aabya. 3 Octob 214. Rtvd 3 Octob 214.
[263] ISIL jadsts bobad Sya bod tow dspt alld a stks . Daly Tlgap. 29 Sptb 214.
Rtvd 3 Octob 214.
[264] Wy Tuky May B T Oly Coalto Couty Tat
Ca Stop ISIS . Itatoal Busss Ts. 2 Octob
[265] Tuky s Sya bu zo da ot wll cvd .
CNTV. 11 Octob 214. Rtvd 15 Octob 214.
[266] Fo Obaa, ocg o- y zo Sya would a
wa o coopato wt Assad govt . Fox Nws.
[267] Top US gal says s 'aul' ISIS wll sz ky Sya bod tow as U.S. a stks al to slow dow to
ay . Daly Mal. 8 Octob 214. Rtvd 15 Octob 214.
[268] Koba s jud gts k to tu . Al-jaza. 13
[269] AP (2 May 212). Tuks solds stll guad sacd
tob Sya . Today s Zaa. Rtvd 1 Mac 213.
[27] al-Fasal, Sop (4 Octob 212). Tuks Eclavs
Sya a Nwst Css Pot . Nuudy. Rtvd 1
Mac 213.
[271] Adus Gaya. T Scptwt . Goodreads.
69.11
External links
Mda latd to Opato It Rsolv at Wkda Coos
69.12. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
69.12
35
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
69.12.1 Text
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Vllla, U s, Galdslds11, GablF, BDD, Ngtstallo, LukSul, Czolgolz, Taabjotu, Abaa, Wooooktty, FaoSta7,
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Cad o, Edgas27, StoPopt, Ojoc, FscoBot, Suv1v4l1st,
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Tupsuato, Zacay Klaas, Supkd913, J Ftzgald, , Fowad Uto Daw, E777, Jujutacula, TddBot, Fatd,
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Do6, Pasa1993, Wok-Guta, Pdat, Ks159, Ego Wt Tay, Ats Dad, Ragoo11, Huady618, Cs857, Sy-
36
HaB, RayVaDu, Tussa, Kstj, HadsoFlla, 48Lugu, Uz4upal, Davdaj75199, BabbaQ, Obsssuc, Va1, Svkap, FatPlua, Woop woop pull up, Gogy9, TTsAACagg, Elws, CluBot NG, Masokgacga, Poya,
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Kaco, Pyulap, Cool, Not Atlatcst Usoa, IgoatAs, Calov8, LaHstoa, Asala, Ddoovsad, Hlpul Px
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Jo Sda 1234, Mssyoad, M.TAMER.Slas, I7lasal, CoputJA, PoPcl, Jacob12699, TxUkow, 155blu,
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Esa, HvoRally, , Dssdt93, Klavso, Zyawk,
, Moty1996, Pzz995, Posy paws, Cupld
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Cowday747, So a Koutsouvl, LbDutc,
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Watsblu, SadpSgToo, Nulla Tact, Aboud dwa, Wkuotc, Yougdak, Ftlbau, Tuax, XxR ctoxX, AabUAE,
Lttlway, AG19, ElCoadatVzl, DCGT888, Mc1, KllAssad214, Esto jay, Totolo, Syawt123, Makustw1,
ElasMatM, Joy345, Paal Katwaka, IRW, Nasdaw, MagusTybal, Td paty481, Lgslatu856, Kjab, Taasv,
I lov Islac, Calott Aya, Balytdoc, Lgtatgt, To1234555, Nystup, Mcata14, Sossat ad Aoyous: 993
Syrian Armed Forces Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkSya%2Ad%2Focs?oldd64185435 Contributors: Mav, Jag,
Boso, Zo, Nug, Roa, PlatuX, Blad, Kal Dcka, D6, Rc Faboug, Guaabot, AladdSE, Vdtas, Cdjaso, Ga data, SlVg, Axa89, Wooooktty, Magabud, Twtoss, Cdus-Lba, Staoo, Rjwls, Hbatas,
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R, AoBOT, Wkdtootoday, Mtalad94, 1xc1, Cauck-w, JavaMa, Coltsa, As1979, GalyBot, FscoBot, LucBOT, HCPUNXKID, AdsHutJa, Xav, Sop99, Dg Eatast, Sup Dlcousss, RdBot, T1357, Mkobl-
37
gov, RjwlsBot, Wk d2, Lopalko, EausBot, Jo o Radg, Dwtc, GogBatty, RadUs13213, TKazyDud,
ZoBot, ButAlt, Illgtat Bast, Bassub, Gysak9, SpokBot, T Atu P, L1A1 FAL, LZ6387, CluBot NG,
Masokgacga, Catlu, Davd O. Joso, Wakavaka, Twllsj, Aoga13, Plua, Hlpul Px Bot, Gust2625, Lowcas sgabot, BG19bot, Cado, Oukda, HIDECCHI1, MPgu2, Mas1984, Sa Hous, K2243, CtatoClaBot,
Katagas, Coccoa, Al696, BattyBot, Mdo9, Dl, BaslBOLI54, Vlcc, Kaza2, Pavdavo, Egy, DylaLacy,
LgtadDak2, Mogs, Makcat-bot, Fosty, Gapu, Popco111, Avza, CSBab14, Gobblygook, SkoaPobda, Hasb
Ad Malk 786, Sk1581997, LogFTW, Habal911, StudsWold, Mokbot, Lugutva, Actct214, Maoud Alad,
TyAlx, Nulla Tact, Cstaos ad Aoyous: 27
National Defence Force (Syria) Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkNatoal%2Dc%2Foc%2(Sya)?oldd64216941
Contributors: Kl Kocjacc, Axa89, Staoo, Caly, Bazoka, Jo Ravs, Cydbot, DubBOT, Supzoa, Hullaballoo
Wolowtz, Bucksot6, FukMok, Ncguydc, ScbBk, Lgobot, Guy189, AoBOT, Mtalad94, Totak, Lota vo
Rcto, HCPUNXKID, Sop99, TWaOAt, Salvo gulao, Dwtc, ZxxZxxZ, Illgtat Bast, EkoGa, JattDo,
Davd O. Joso, Lowcas sgabot, BG19bot, Bad361, MPgu2, Fototy, Gazktul, DylaLacy, Qbk16, MNcGuy1113,
Cldc VI, Magg Sow, PLNR, Szkszt, Actct215, LogFTW, Habal911, Ayut15, Lugutva, LbDutc, Nulla Tact
ad Aoyous: 13
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BG19bot, MPgu2, DylaLacy, PLNR, Kalupcs, Habal911, LbDutc ad Aoyous: 5
Suqur al-Sahara Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkSuu%2al-Saaa?oldd633991133 Contributors: Lota vo Rcto, KajMtz, SkoaPobda, LbDutc ad Aoyous: 3
Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkLwa%2Abu%2al-Fadal%2al-Abbas?oldd642545154 Contributors: Pto, Staoo, BD2412, Bgwt, C.Fd, Cydbot, Fadsga, XLkBot, Matalsctst, Totak, Coltsa,
HCPUNXKID, Wt, Davd O. Joso, Not Atlatcst Usoa, BG19bot, MPgu2, Buo Russll, KgQaja, Pug6666,
Gazktul, DylaLacy, Ncolasjoso, D3L74, SkoaPobda, Kalupcs, LbDutc, Totolo,
75 ad Aoyous: 12
Badr Organization Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkBad%2Ogazato?oldd637923345 Contributors: SoP, J TL, Joy,
Kl Kocjacc, Mk Rosot, Psyyz, CasRuus, M. Bllo, Dawk, LtNOWIS, Gg Kupbg, Gavta, Galdslds11,
Madaax, BD2412, Elctowold, Rjwls, Russava, Pt G W, SoMoga, SackBot, Stpsula, Calda, Josp
Sols Austala, Patcoul, Kv j, Cydbot, Bllopo5685, Eglsd, Tjs!bot, Autosol, 8octob, AloktaBOT, Daz osz,
Kasa, Gat-copao, Muc, WRK, OKBot, Svck, Mld Bll Hccup, Lawca, Addbot, Aad299, Capta Obvous
ad s c- gtg dog, Lgtbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AoBOT, As1979, Izzd, Tust Is All You Nd, Dwtc, AvcBot,
Davd O. Joso, RJFF, BG19bot, MPgu2, Adl Tgs, Cals Ess, Lko, Mattaat, Gold appls o t su, WkCocta
ad Aoyous: 52
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkAsa'b%2Al%2al-Ha?oldd64254515 Contributors: KAMKAZOW,
Rc Faboug, Madaax, Macus Cyo, Cs t spll, Cydbot, CoosDlk, Spcat, Kasa, Wldwayd,
EoGuy, SaulTGost, Bagwo, ScbBk, Daa boo, Addbot, Tal, Aga, LlHlpa, As1979, Pzbo, FscoBot,
HCPUNXKID, GgKay, EausBot, Jo o Radg, Wt, Illgtat Bast, Catlu, Davd O. Joso, Hlpul Px Bot,
MPgu2, Gazktul, Otsoko, DylaLacy, Cals Ess, Sa sold, Ncolasjoso, D3L74, Cackdado, Bad Dy, Habal911, AtuRad, Gold appls o t su, Yac ad Aoyous: 22
Promised Day Brigade Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkPosd%2Day%2Bgad?oldd636545313 Contributors: Fso,
Toy1, Atu Rub, SackBot, Cydbot, CoosDlk, Kasa, EoGuy, Addbot, Yobot, Aga, AoBOT, LlHlpa,
As1979, FscoBot, Kwk, Wtst, RjwlsBot, Jo o Radg, Wt, Illgtat Bast, Catlu, Not Atlatcst Usoa, MPgu2, Glacalox, CsGualt, Dstag1874, JYBot, DylaLacy, Cals Ess, KajMtz, Ncolasjoso, Ludsugcy, AsAlsad, LbDutc, WkCocta, Cotbutozo ad Aoyous: 6
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine General Command Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkPopula%2Fot%2o%
2t%2Lbato%2o%2Palst%2%E2%8%93%2Gal%2Coad?oldd642729 Contributors: Gupp, Zo
Gat, Cadlod, TUF-KAT, GCaty, Etalpo, Ub, WspToM, Rddly, ScuckyTCat, Huus saps, Jos
Mat, Bta , Waa, Soa, Nutalty, Jayjg, Fakoutu, El C, Rys, Vdtas, Palo, Dawk, Sucj, AzaTot, Ftz Saalld, Cout Ibls, Gavta, Wooooktty, Bluoos, Staoo, Dscdall, Kbdak71, Rjwls, TJv, Ncolas1981, Ia Ptcod, Guc, Euto, Txusp, Doda, Cjota, Vaao, Jack Uplad, SackBot, Jo McW, A, AdwRT,
Costaz, Tw k, Fjustak, Badadoss, Sa1, Kdck7, G, Jxb311, Soodat, Patcoul, Cdj, Tgtyull, Cydbot, Bllopo5685, CDacco, Tjs!bot, Fagl.ladslav, Fluxbot, Mattw Pocto, Katous1978, HazoHatto, Aouso, KostablBot,
Jay942942, Jpday, Muka, Mcoucsb, WkpdaIRAN, AloktaBOT, Asala, Boadbot, BotKug, Al A so, Tpb, Davcky,
Maus, PppBot, T Tg Tat Sould Not B, Sola-Wd, Nudv, Nablzy, MloBot, Tkalsky, DuZBoT, NoCal1, Good
Olactoy, Jaad, Kbdakbot, Addbot, Laas, Tyw7, Lgtbot, Moskazpu, Yobot, Ptbotgouou, TaBOT-z, AoBOT,
AtuBot, Obsacsbot, Xbot, J4, As1979, Pzbo, HCPUNXKID, MastBot, Mcopuls, Dak-bot, IRISZOOM, EausBot, Jo o Radg, 478jjjz, Gysak9, EkoGa, Catlu, Davd O. Joso, Jda, Twllsj, Bakydots, Mostapaosta,
EscEscEsc, MPgu2, Wotwut, DossM1988, Gazktul, CsGualt, Egy, DylaLacy, Cals Ess, Co WtMakts, Ludsugcy, LbDutc, ElCoadatVzl ad Aoyous: 42
Syrian Social Nationalist Party Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkSya%2Socal%2Natoalst%2Paty?oldd64286756 Contributors: Zo Gat, Dlu, JASpc, Ada Bsop, WspToM, AoMoos, Jabl, Movga, Davdcao, Wld
Dks, Ssl, SoWy, Joss, Kualyov, Soa, Kl Kocjacc, Espat, Mk Rosot, Dscospst, ElasAlucad, Bd235,
El Moo, Ec Naval, Cdjaso, Palo, VvaElyDavs, Abaa, Tabltop, Kls, KvOK , Kalzc!, Elctowold,
Rjwls, Ia Ptcod, Catsat, Atx2, YukBot, RobotE, RussBot, DaMS, Rskat5, Lxco, Dvll, Closdout, Fa,
SackBot, Zazaba, Rdy, Hydog Iodd, A, Eskbot, Kttsubu alo, Flus Rosads, Mycota, Cs t spll, TBtly, MK8, Hba, Ralazzaa, J 512, Ocl, Gsd, Jkl, Nskd64, Vctoa15, Collct, Vasd Us 3, Idsct,
Wll314159, THF, Aka, Bllopo5685, DubBOT, Rady.St, Tjs!bot, Butoul, ScottAdl, HappyIGal, Caggyslad, Yazas, Toco, Maokwtz, Askaz, Cda, Laov, HazoHatto, TFgtPlot, Hllo322, Magoladts, Nakoda84, JNW,
Azz15, Guada Rojo, Fuyo Mo, Hoolog, CoosDlk, Paao o t Wzads, Ellx, Flll, Tuslv, Latx, Slacklawstudt, Rdaayyad, CA387, Davcosby uk, Ebago, VolkovBot, Coju Q, Ayblla, GcSwRIc, Daolo, Al A so, SBot,
38
FukMok, Dsaoa, Clu, CluBot, Plastkspok, EoGuy, AlasdaG27, Ncguydc, Sola-Wd, Busto666, 7a, Adok,
Ajayay, Royalat1, Jopsac, Dako3d, XLkBot, Duca, Is scs, MystBot, Good Olactoy, Ly, T Sucks, Addbot,
Zozo2kx, Quocat, LaakoBot, G 7, Laas, OlEgls, Goo81, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Notka, EllswotSK, Ba ld,
Mato2, AoBOT, Matalsctst, LlHlpa, Hstocst, Utwl, Stylboadsd, As1979, Saysll, Hstoylov4, FscoBot,
4dstucto, Hstop Ctcs, Wkpdus Rpao, Iots, Data, Izzd, HCPUNXKID, Tust Is All You Nd, AdsHutJa, Fuzbaby, Sup Dlcousss, Igolv27, Zouawwad, RjwlsBot, EausBot, Jo Cl, , Catuday2, HazadBot, Jack Gav, Davd O. Joso, Zou Awad, RJFF, MtsosGc, Hlpul Px Bot, Mostapaosta, BG19bot, Nass, MPgu2, Got1233, EdwadH, Cj1, BattyBot, Patyya Gos, CsGualt, Kaza2, AK456, Alos Kus, 4dao, AllYouBasABlogToUs226, Cals Ess, Jaaa24, GadF1, Zcos, Epcgus, Ssoswp, Ttato, Habb1982,
AbustBot, Coolcool94, T Hald, Blodguyatv, 19tcs, Mattaat, Mokbot, LbDutc, Nulla Tact, Kaz48, B48, Sspdata, Obadaaa, Absolut98, TKaly1 ad Aoyous: 226
Jaysh al-Muwahhideen Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkJays%2al-Muwad?oldd6393122 Contributors: Mtalad94,
HCPUNXKID, IRISZOOM, Usak, Wt, Catlu, Davd O. Joso, Not Atlatcst Usoa, DylaLacy, Dalduz, SkoaPobda, Mattaat ad Aoyous: 2
Palestine Liberation Army Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkPalst%2Lbato%2Ay?oldd64956446 Contributors:
Jaggd, Boso, AoMoos, ScuckyTCat, Huus saps, A Lst, Soa, Rc Faboug, Cdjaso, Kgsda, Alaso, Scbus, Staoo, S-a, Dscdall, BD2412, Rogd, Ia Ptcod, Pppk, A, CMD Bak, Cs t spll, Dgl,
Cloj, Tw k, Toto941, Wtbja, Dav Rug, CdObot, Tgtyull, Aoaza, Tjs!bot, Mlto Staly, Lua Sat,
HazoHatto, Skoook, ElCoadatC, Aouso, Bucksot6, Ra R, Sk Dud, VolkovBot, HstoyBu 1983, BotKug,
Tpb, Ab, Gwgu y, ScbBk, Dtos8, Kbdakbot, Addbot, Xuac, Xbot, J4, Ek9bot, HCPUNXKID, Av 93, Dg Eatast, Polocts, EausBot, Jo o Radg, Ajaddatz, Ztcoct, Ocawl, CluBot NG, Bootgu, Hlpul Px Bot,
MPgu2, DylaLacy, Cals Ess, AbustBot, 7Sdz, RabM26, LbDutc, Dalabdlla3 ad Aoyous: 22
Syrian Resistance Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkSya%2Rsstac?oldd64215463 Contributors: Staoo, Cydbot,
R''B, CoosDlk, FukMok, Yobot, AoBOT, Saysll, Lota vo Rcto, HCPUNXKID, Mac1988, Davd O. Joso, Not Atlatcst Usoa, MPgu2, Gazktul, DylaLacy, LgtadDak2, Cals Ess, Ludsugcy, Rogal Do,
Matxl Alxad, SkoaPobda, Szkszt, ALHSous, MaostCoad, Aa214, Ayut15, LbDutc, Tptlla Vaad, StaMa87 ad Aoyous: 6
Kata'ib Hezbollah Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkKata'b%2Hzbolla?oldd642545147 Contributors: Walt Gltz, Hou,
BD2412, SackBot, Dkbdgs, Ocoucus, Dl2, Twas Now, CdObot, Cydbot, Sulas, Tatgl, Mat451, Kasa, Mld Bll Hccup, MystBot, MattwVatas, Addbot, Lgtbot,
, Yobot, Aga, As1979, HCPUNXKID, GgKay,
RjwlsBot, ZxxZxxZ, Wt, Illgtat Bast, CluBot NG, DavdMPa, Catlu, Ds77, PldgdToTut, MuskAal, MPgu2, Gazktul, DylaLacy, Cals Ess, Ncolasjoso, Hoplt99, DocutEo, Habal911, AsAlsad,
LbDutc, WkCocta, ElCoadatVzl, Cotbutozo ad Aoyous: 14
Ba'ath Brigades Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkBa'at%2Bgads?oldd634785833 Contributors: AoMoos, Magoladts,
Yobot, Coltsa, Lota vo Rcto, HCPUNXKID, Tust Is All You Nd, Mac1988, BG19bot, MPgu2, Zyzzzzzy, DylaLacy, LgtadDak2, Ala, Habal911, Mokbot ad LbDutc
Fatah al-Intifada Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkFata%2al-Itada?oldd6248684 Contributors: Ub, Boso, Soa, Kl Kocjacc, Jayjg, Wooooktty, Dscdall, SackBot, A, Cloj, Robt, Tazaacs, Ual128, Cdj, Dbot, Cydbot,
Tjs!bot, KostablBot, R''B, VolkovBot, Ab, Ajw, NoCal1, Addbot, Xbot, J4, HCPUNXKID, Axo292, PoPcl,
DylaLacy, Cals Ess, SkoaPobda, LbDutc ad Aoyous: 1
Arab Democratic Party (Lebanon) Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkAab%2Docatc%2Paty%2(Lbao)?oldd
636391562 Contributors: JASpc, Soa, Rc Faboug, Wooooktty, Rjwls, Ga, Nub 57, SackBot, Has,
JY, SlSkwd, Cydbot, Katovo, Glcst, Waacstats, Rc257, Jopacklabt, Al A so, FukMok, Wldwayd,
IagRovalBot, Sola-Wd, Nablzy, Jopsac, DuZBoT, Addbot, Ibaos, Laas, Lgtbot, AoBOT, As1979,
HCPUNXKID, Sup Dlcousss, Jo o Radg, Davd O. Joso, RJFF, Hlpul Px Bot, YFdy-bot, Kaza2, Egy,
DylaLacy, Cals Ess, AbustBot, Spaytcyo, LbDutc ad Aoyous: 18
Houthis Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkHouts?oldd642329566 Contributors: S, Fd Baud, Ogss, Atoy Applyad,
Sucj, Toussat, Koav, Ncolas1981, Malo, EaoPKa, Pga, Josdboz, Awsa, RUL3R, Malka, Atu Rub,
D Adstado Ipo, Mdway, Kttsubu alo, Flus Rosads, Fjustak, Cydbot, MgulNS, Mattw Pocto, Zgzg2s, Magoladts, Ksay, Isl, R''B, CoosDlk, BoogaLou, TXKBoT, Cbllu, Kasa, WSplCus, Fly22,
Faol, Ncguydc, SoxBot, WkHad, Good Olactoy, MattwVatas, Addbot, Naayasg, Adal wat, Laas, Kuts,
Yobot, AoBOT, Wkdtootoday, Nakw, Matalsctst, Xbot, Wkpolv, Faga8, HCPUNXKID, GgKay, Alwk,
, IRISZOOM, Mkoblgov, Ma as custad, RjwlsBot, Su Sats-9, Utd-Y, WktavBot, Wt, ZoBot,
Bollyj , Toso Yaaguc, AdyTGup, Agl sc, CluBot NG, Catlu, Msss, Masssly, Not Atlatcst Usoa,
BG19bot, Tac , MPgu2, FutuTlloa, Takaaa Osaka, Gazktul, Kaza2, Egy, 23 dto, DylaLacy, Hasbot1,
Cals Ess, Jackja5, Cabot, Ncolasjoso, Soup busss, SkoaPobda, Kalupcs, Tsuva, JacoaF,
,
AsAlsad, LbDutc, Cwallz44, Saad alobas, Cosad, Polatalaa, Nulla Tact, Stvgsoul, StaTMa87, JTSlot,
Mubass76, Yy, aal, I lov Islac, Muadaab58, StaMa87, Al AlSaz, Bo ad Aoyous: 44
Popular Committees (Syria) Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkPopula%2Cotts%2(Sya)?oldd62483583 Contributors:
Staoo, Jos358, Cs t spll, Cydbot, Hullaballoo Wolowtz, Kataay, Asala, FukMok, Aad299, Guy189,
NdladFW, Lota vo Rcto, HCPUNXKID, Sop99, Callacc, Dwtc, Davd O. Joso, Not Atlatcst Usoa,
Gust2625, I7lasal, Zujua, Gazktul, Zyzzzzzy, DylaLacy, DalUl, Zooct, Avza, Kalupcs, LbDutc ad Aoyous:
4
ttp:.wkpda.ogwkRvolutoay%
Revolutionary
People s
Liberation
PartyFront
Source:
2Popl's%2Lbato%2Paty%E2%8%93Fot?oldd642783748 Contributors: GCaty, WspToM, Kts, Gdob,
Davd Gad, Zgg, Ssl, Mat Wss, Z, Soa, Nutalty, Espat, El C, CG, Kv Mys, Evl Moky, Skycycl,
FacsTys, Mog sta, Madav, Bluoos, Eas-us, , Staoo, Dscdall, BD2412, Kbdak71, Bot,
Rjwls, Koav, Hlvtus, Lgul, Lul Gullv, Adosck, YukBot, Fous-82, Wol g, Evlbu, Adja, Itagbl,
SackBot, Koko, Fugttaboutt, KRBN, Ozguglla, Laba, Mukaddat, Zpus, Oygsug, Slac, Dzz, Akaa,
39
Tgtyull, Cydbot, Bllopo5685, I-tc, BtacoadBot, Tjs!bot, Uv, Fluxbot, Escabot, WBot, Magoladts,
Posuu, Gab1972, Ataxad, Eybot, MoaMoa, Mauc Caboao, LodAubsBOT, Rsoadw, GDW13, VolkovBot, PDFbot,
Kasa, AllbogoBot, SBot, Fly22, Voos, Bapbapbap, PxlBot, Estabot, NuclaWaa, DuZBoT, Addbot,
Quocat, Tassdt, Lgtbot, Aatu55, Lgobot, Yobot, Edlwpat, Aobot, AoBOT, MacSp, Ralty6,
KosMal, Easla, RbotBOT, Full-dat ulkg bot, Joklolk, Has, EausBot, WktavBot, H3llBot, SpokBot, Bll wlla
copto, CuspastoBot, Mcc1789, CluBot NG, Jo Ka, Fototy, Egy, Cals Ess, Jackja5, Makcat-bot, GadF1,
Dpak, Blackjt3, Ludsugcy, Podabba, OkaOz12, a1b2c3 ad Aoyous: 46
Arab Nationalist Guard Source:
ttp:.wkpda.ogwkAab%2Natoalst%2Guad?oldd632751379 Contributors:
KAMKAZOW, Gay123, BD2412, Sola-Wd, HCPUNXKID, Mac1988, Wt, BG19bot, DylaLacy, Cals Ess, LogFTW
ad Aoyous: 1
Slavonic Corps Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkSlavoc%2Cops?oldd6412716 Contributors: Blsua, Bozozo, Yobot,
Aotclow, Juo, Catlu, Davd O. Joso, Katagas, SkoaPobda ad Aoyous: 1
Tayy Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkTayy?oldd613367737 Contributors: Cowbok, Tu, Elpogo, Rjwls, Doald Albuy,
SackBot, Cplakdas, Cydbot, DXRD, Spataz, Slacklawstudt, Staku, Jo, Aas147, Nabucadssa, Addbot, Noos48,
Skod, Fkjs73, Hstya4all,
, EausBot, Jo o Radg, GogBatty, Zalal, MALLUS, Mjbbot, DstbutoScta, Alox alox ad Aoyous: 9
Jubur Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkJubu?oldd64176517 Contributors: Calossuaz46, AdwRT, Goboobo, Katovo, DBog, MystBot, Addbot, AoBOT, Matalsctst, RdBot, MALLUS, Hlpul Px Bot, YOMAL SIDOROFF-BIARMSKII, AsAlsad, AzzFoDK ad Aoyous: 7
Hezbollah Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkHzbolla?oldd642545139 Contributors: Kpjas, Mav, Zudak, Gat Ow,
DaKst, RK, Sslv, Toby Batls, SoP, Zo, Gat, Cabt, Iss, Motalas, Modac, Hpastos, Stvtgo, Mwojo, Fckloot, Edwad, Bdsa, Patck, JoOws, Rab, Eat, Fd Baud, Dop sJust, Lta, MatHap, Gabb,
Sa Facs, Ixd64, IZAK, Sas, Dlu, Tp k, Roabop, Aost, Jj, J'axs, Tsa kott, Soys, Notus, Agla, JWScdt, S Paul, Slto, Cad, Bg o, Ads, Jag, Kasu, Evcat, GCaty, , Jo K, Gwgll, Mx, Bob O'Bob,
Wj, Fdcal, Ub, Ada Bsop, RckK, Rdd, Dysposa, Jvsol, Rdblu, WspToM, DJ Claywot, Haukut, Vacouvguy, Tpbadbuy, Dopup, Jak Nlso, Maxus Rx, Mad, Mow, Jc, Tpsll, LMB, Zo, R, Paul-L, Jca,
Bloodsdd, AoMoos, Wta, Davd.Moaux, Flay McWalt, Hj, Rddly, Robbot, Sad123, CsO, Fdk, Bwg, Alasda, Cocolatboy, Nug, Nkv, Cs Roy, Mv, Tosaltsa, Acadc Callg, Rolto, Gdob, Huus saps, Halbutt,
Hadal, Roozb, Fulbottl, OVoc, Alpax, PBP, Pgo, Davdcao, Ala Ltg, MaGoZal, Jacopla, Vas, Jyl, Mpot,
Euop, Coac Caals, Hlgg, Nat Kaus, Dood, To aso, Fklpaad, MatKgt, HaggCuv, Wld Dks,
Zgg, Evykg, Fla, Mcal Dvo, FloousMok, Valaa, DO'Nl, Bta , Guaaco, Cjayoz, FYGuY, Gzoplatz,
Bobblwk, Edcols, Waa, MSTCow, Go spa, Jas Cpp, Ruy Lopz, Bact, Slowkg Ma, Sojaaa, Quadll, Jackcsk,
Atadus, Mustaaa, Evtyp, PatE, Joss, Mzajac, OwBlack, Mat Wss, Cwta, Coadat, Totbacads.tk,
PFHLa, EuoTo, Toty Us, Sa Hocva, McoGlypcs, Doug Da, Rag, Gscsoyu, Expatkw, Zga, Kl Kocjacc, JavaTo, Now3d, Walla Walla, Hobat, Babl sc, Mk Rosot, Kgal86, Ta bu s da yu, Jayjg, Fakoutu, AlvFHappy,
Gcapt, Mto, Lus, Rc Faboug, Guaabot, NuoExMaca, Hydox, FT2, Fstylapp, Wk ut, ElasAlucad,
Syt, Djc, Ec Salov, LHut, Dbaca, JPX7, Ma1, Bd235, ESkog, Mtauas, TaFost, Lac6Ws, Masod,
Gokg66, Doo, M. Bllo, El C, Sk, Cazal, Kog, T blla, RoyBoy, T-bob, MPS, Tusso, Kopas, WCtyMk,
Botbal, Valv, Kgusk, Too, S, Cdjaso, Ada, Adg175, Palo, TPojct, Sludg, Pack, Masoo, Jo
Fad, Pal, Ispukto, Nsaa, Gg123456, Kgsda, Nckas, Scssl, Ta, OGuy, Hoycak, Soposta, Ellad,
Sucj, Babajobu, Adwpk, Rcky81682, Mcd, Adw Gay, Pouya, Mjbya@aol.co, SlVg, Mac Davs, Yocky,
Xapa9966, Malo, Bootstoots, AtoyWS, Maaoccowsk, Abstakt, Icwol34, BayaT, Suua, HkvD, Evl Moky, Addoula, Cout Ibls, Galdslds11, Guy Motag, Zsk, Rdvs, Rcuy, Blaxtos, Mcal, Vluz, Dsas, Falcoa, Taabjotu, FacsTys, Nuo Tavas, Duod, Bya Fod, Stcal, GalcWzad, Rout, OwX, Wooooktty, Mato, PatGallac,
Dajud, T Ba, ESaull, Fo us 2, ^do, JyA, Avto, Lapsd Pac st, Stv, Tckl , GgoB, STP, Etalslp, Notca, Jok137, Xog Caov, 79, Souscl, Cdus-Lba, Lac, Staoo, Palstad, MSoo, DavdPa tt,
pa, Asoo, Gaa87, Cs W, Sucal, Cuculla, BD2412, Kbdak71, NubKack, DPp, Elctowold, Edso,
Cadso7, Tloc, Ktltout, Rjwls, Sdstud, Cawl, Koav, Tll1, Ia Pag, Pat1425, TJv, Vay, Hay491, PcasC, Bzobc, Sapblad, MZMcBd, Euox137, Bgtoag, Tac, Klous, Yub, Sago123, Ncolas1981, MJGR, Joojoo, FayssalF,
Gkl, Ia Ptcod, Akabaa, Muscal Lgust, Cazycoputs, Paadoxc, Vso, Jo Z, AI, Ecda, Euto, Nu, VK,
Atx2, Ola, Alpacp, Attav, L A-Huy, Adll, Butos, Cobot, Jsy Dvl, 334a, Bgwt, Cactus.a, Dgtal,
Gwol, Tous aat, Dogs, YukBot, Noclado, Wavlgt, Jsolsky, Kad, Alagsto, Gotox, Scpt, Noattto,
Pt G W, RussBot, Aado, Hacka 3vlGuy, Za oblu5, Spltt, Cas, Csty747, Sll Ky, Gaus Colus, Wt,
Cuado19, Rtcy, B-Co, NawlWk, Ao, Ecyd, Jocolv, Jsssauus, Wk al, Pagastak, Cdbod, Haclus, Acad, Wls, PAStLoD, Howcg, Tsy, Slaso, Lxco, Isguy, Nck, Aao Ba, Rbaa, Atod, RcadMatws,
Saabbas, Doss, GHcool, Waas1987, Msza13, Eso, Toy1, Joodoo, Caz 88, Aao Sculz, Xopaty, RoCa, Cjota,
BOT-Supzocool, Gogslgloup, Rwalk, Elysu, Bota47, Adcalo, Sa, GOER, Nlu, Nck123, Wkgt94, Ms2g, Avaa, Slaa, Rastl8, Jklly, Walk, W55, Bldjustc, Iajapat, Yaoo, Tda, Spodoolcks, D Adstado Ipo,
Ntapt, JoaB, Pya, Bupo, Alas Flood, Fa, Jaaa, MatUK, Jaada, Dal575, AlGold, Tsaoja l, Dobaba, A
a, Idagazt, Kuguada, Toas Blobg, Lawy2b, Hulda, Tyotc, Acoswtc, Pt, Ellskv, Jad Kgt, DVD
R W, Ada8, Bay Wlls, Luk, Puat, Sadaapalus, Itagbl, Rl, Iok85, SackBot, YllowMoky, Scopoa, Z,
Sla, Rog Davs, Fdalst51, Estoy Au, Cataloggk, Cdogsos, FaBob, Podgo, IvsHypcub, KowldgOSl, Jo McW, Maoglj, Oa, Datlbaa, Daksta1st, Od Msu, AdyZ, Jack Kdysz, A, Davwld, Iaul goldst,
Galodous, Vaz, Dlldot, Eskbot, Toasss, Agtbla, Fyast, Ap, KttKlub, Kttsubu alo, Avazovsky, Btlvdt,
Jkp1187, M sto, Xaos ux, Dyslxc agostc, Flus Rosads, Glla, Ootsja, Has, Btacoad, Alvd, NoMoo, Atoys, Cs t spll, Pc, Blubot, Kuyk, CKA3KA, AdwRT, JosNas, Jpg1966, Rt2, Vja, SB Joy, Dal
Pol, Elataata, Paddya1989, Mos Costat Hassa Al-Slvbug, Iatwk19, Rdd Dago, Dalg2, Ray, Mto, Colos Cs, Spktawk, Ngl, Ftap9254, Da33, Tw k, T12, Fjustak, Royboycasa, AvgJo, Zsj, Huayu sabb, Tsca.bot, RyaEbat, J , Mtallugst, Csssclll, Ioscus, OpaBot, Ao, Slackoky, Malova, Ibaal,
Fddy123, Tdl16, W Guy, Saol128, Splp, Koko, Jlk17, Gab S., Escott, Bowlov, Savda, Gog, MltayTagt,
Fuky Moky, McalBllgto, Sa1, Sadow1, Mustabal, RadoP, Topsc, A.R., Toto941, Zo Gavty, Ladlgo,
ILk2BAoyous, Kdck7, Fatla, Salaua, Evlks, Ja u, Va-wbot, Plotguy, FacscoMazzucotll, Ocoucus,
31
Mollasoul, MBJ, Raabbas, Elyak, Bugas, AglbaglIV, Roy96, Bazoo, Hayboyls, AAA765, Mogado, Skt, Kuu, Kaza,
Dakldo, Ssk, Apolloouso, ADal, Sa Kada, Sctzzl, BuDowBabylo, Vctoa15, Lg, CPMcE, Yalba, CozocEa, S Ncolas d Msy-Popgto, Cpo, C1sta, Sadowlyk, JosuaZ, Poou, Ma Soa o Sta, Jo lo , Mtso Bl,
Catstal, Sotac, Nlls, Slot, Itzs, T Ma Qusto, Macyox, CyloCAG, Blss ss, Slak, Madso, Stwalkst,
MTN, Kbyt, Matp23, Gadpaootsold, M Stp, Abdulla Gla, Mco, Supdataylo, Mts51, Dc y, Ab.Foa,
AdultSw, Wop, Jayzl68, Gablx, Ryulog, Sjo Rpa, Quau, Gl Ppcll, MTSbot, AaJa, Ccdals65, Saka, Pja47,
Jack Waug, No t, TuaX, Jas wstgto, Royk, C17H19NO3, Nas22, Noxstat Us, HlloAyog, Idsct,
JMK, Dpayas, Caboat, Josp Sols Austala, Soodat, Saloa, MUA, AcoMld, J D, Mdt, Jua Golblado, Iad
a, Dp4629, Hublstudt, CaptalR, Rya4, Adabswag1, Botts, Dkast, Tawkbot2, Atoo911, Suc, Dal5127,
Ousoba, T Ltt J, TSocalst, Rox2, JFogt, Bootlg42, Fas S, Wad, Joy Zoo, CRGatous, CdObot, Daboyt,
Patcoul, Bdsll, Mattb, T. Auas, Waulz, S Vcous, Bobobockly, Va lsg, Cbl, TaaS, SupaStaGl, Cdj, KyaVx, Odcaos, Fabb, GH, MssdRobot, Jsay, Cs zll, Joks F4M, Otuba, Bww91, Mj21, Moussazd,
WggBot, Mosc, Itcy1ca, Sadylgoay, Ma ag, Fodadoxaud, Flxboy, Dakostka, Dutu, Ms5392, Pollopp, Badsd, Tgtyull, Cydbot, Kaa, Godsul, Ed, Stawap2k2, HRsac, HublGod, IdyLawStv, Cat Mos,
Sotas, Jula Mdz, Sval, Sygy, Sa.vakla, Rtd us 2, Mll, Tawkbot4, Scola21, Bda, Dougwll, Tototo, Robta F., DubBOT, As, BaSaab, Wkabo, Gl wll, Kozuc, GagstaEB, Rob Hood 1212, Mall, Tluct,
CJ Kg, Ocops8, JodyB, Dal Ols, Aatyya, Faa, Gtow, Nsda, Et, Alds9, Totdog, FacoGG, BtacoadBot, CloEstllado, Josjws, Cdswtc, Tjs!bot, Skb8721, Lod Hawk, Cockspot, Btball, Colaca, Nss 961,
Holopoj, LactosTI, Ultus, Dal, Ucalooktup, Spt-A, MdtPa, Ka, SockdUs, CycalM, Sopaosob781,
Mgold, Fluxbot, Pjvpjv, Ugat, Ausstg, Nadav1, Jo254, Tap T c, Bobblad, Pss, Jas86, Toltgod2, Yasc,
Ada2288, MClak, Hcobb, Kaav Aaga, Plpp, Juls1236, Dgs, CalottWbb, Mattw Pocto, Bobby Lov, Abdulsal,
Sakkout, McalMaggs, G-Dtt, Vsvolod4, Joast, Mt sto, KakatoaKat, AtVadalBot, Davdo , Yoata, Fday, Lua
Sat, Majjou, Oplo, Stalk, MsDvag, Just Cllg, Maokwtz, Polog, BTblay, Soo, Vc226, TVcks, Topks,
Tjays, NSH1, Tgoo, Yas121, LbLod, Dakllac, Axxa, Moutlbao, St, Gdo1, Dgog, Capta caada, DTAD,
Klla2, Stpzu, Myaw, R4g, Toto, Raukodacl, Saua Tologa, HazoHatto, JADbot, X, SkyEat, JHyas@vst.co, Loy65X, Caadaa, Husod, Twlgt, Coolto, Acagllus, Al Dajo, Azulov, EZk, MER-C, BldEagl, Ep c, Aouso, Avaya1, Lvadltlv, Saaba, Ftccos, Itso, Eax, Dpool22, Adoc, 1916dc, Yaudd, Pat
t Cat, Hct, Hasazv, Col, East718, Waylud, AJ-, ^dka^, Vxys, Pocoog, Qustguy, Bla.obso, Rya4314, Josp
Cadal Ratzg, Ebattldsap, Saguals, Dstoyzbolla, BGlazwsk, ColdFuzo84, Jusalos, Hug.glas, Laba,
Yal Gua, Zdu, S, Mpls, FaIGy, Fbc13, TGR, Tbz, Skalcst, Abu al, Eck, Magoladts, Tso l, Dplxsk, Atzyy, Accssbl, Pdo, D.M, Bogwao, Baza!, VoABot II, Fcagduw, BobbyBoulds69, Jostovc, PcoRoaa, NwtoRod, BobbyBoulds22, Aaowlls, Bugot42, Bbby Blds, Cyp56E, Dpd s, Rabas,
Jowycoug, Mw, Kaldkoso, Flay, Atoltsgt, Jalaa, Spas1122, Lg.Nut, Azat, Hal, Pxo, Baboy755, H a82,
Joxsyd, Aa, Ilustg, Mack123, Aboutu, Tugst, Maptt526, Cavoguo, R uk, Fabctap, R AlxadBoyl, Jaakobou,
Au, WtSads, Avw17, Fotz, Kp y, Makovc292, Exldo, Nlswk, Pst Jo, Coulta, W-kg, Basta, Stlg63, Pax:Vobscu, Wkao, Jooacdos, Cltosu, Mac33c, AlHNazzal, Jjo, MatBot, Sp, Gasadstv, Adlsclo, Ladulba, Rtttast, R''B, CoosDlk, Stvg75, Wktk89, Llac Soul, Wk Raja, Bt O, Wolddxo, Paao
o t Wzads, Kdolao, PalstRbd, Ta, Aow74, Nubo3, NgtFalco999, Daa, PWdaod, Itpow, MBll, Jol5555, A Nobody, Uagatv Usa, Ballaa, Rd sp, Booboo75, Jckycogto, It Is M H, Ho
slps., Gb1291, Pussa Pot gal., Cs Cap, Plastcup, Dago, Duas2, SJP, Asly kdy3, MKoltow, Go y Masa,
Haazad, AuPta, KylTastc, Wvdo, Tusa atoal, Po, Mcoucsb, DMC, Ady Macbaks, Yo Yo Ha
Ha, WLRoss, T Ba, GaaHady, CadalDa, Ebago, Aad31, Bod collg studt, Malk Sabazz, Aoyous,
SLCTuk, Hasot, Rays, GQ yboy, Nbud, SQUADRONLEADER, BoogaLou, I'Dow, Cjbla, I dud22, TXKBoT,
Wa3ad7, Coolkdjoy, Flyt35, Kww, Asala, Ay24, GDoato, Dcall1, A Stout, DavdYok71, Qxz, Elspt Moo, Maxo
Dco, Stv J. Adso, Ladaa, Kst7734, Kdcld, Rpdat767, Cpu 222, StllTll, Wazzo7, Koolss 4, Tlka,
CosvatvOpo, Katawa25, Nkosgcook, Sul1981, Roy737-8, Ada.J.W.C., Sytbot, Stag, Flla, Kasa, Assac1952, Edkoll, Ml17, AllbogoBot, Aaduss, Soos, Moou, Jud, Spos, Bg bot s always watcg,
ExBot, Al A so, Dv-vctoy, Moyblus, Lylo, SBot, DstEagl73, Aksl7, OVs, Callopj1, YoaBot, Scaa, N-HH, El plus, Moo934, NB-NB, Htz1888, Mbz1, Soccguy1293, Uvsato, Hast X, Dabloodz, Axo2, Faod,
Lucasbbot, Pt co, JabbaTBot, Vasd us skj3oo3jwjsk35y, Rabbu, K..w., FukMok, Poya, T Evl Spata, Jlba, Husy, Asad, Maka Caoa, Avg, Aspcts, Yo Fads, Lgtous, Clbau, Rkk, WacoJacko, Fatp,
Kuoko (ad), Wldwayd, Culyatball38, Kaydzdas, JoSawy, Myusal, Spazu, Sa.oylad, DRTllbg, A.oy2, Mubl45, Aduz, Habst, Mataus, J92, CluBot, Ctauod, PppBot, Tps77, Joblotsco, Plastkspok, Paul K., WadSag, Faaax, CasualObsv'48, Ncguydc, Da2513, Sola-Wd, Lsdjkjsb, Bwcw, Fastabbas, Supgodzlla29, Sus85, R o stpy, PxlBot, Basballbak23, TGEdto, Ctalya, Staytuow, Nablzy, JaS93, Yoaaw, Taasp, Fasbd, Royalat1, Jopsac, ScbBk, Polly, BOTaat, Ntal , Coo184, Da Scst, Ezou, MloBot, Dusat,
Okasu, Tkalsky, Maz64, Hua, Just Maco, Rosywouds, DuZBoT, A.. kg, Bugpot, Dct acto, Hlxwb, Ittdt, IAMTust, Masoyt, Adoga, Ly, Foutavwkd, Dokdad, Zguz, Addbot, Fa o Fdo, C6541, Essua,
RaclEld2, Doubl335, Av Casa, Roag S, Old ad ... wll old, Jastow28, Zappa123, Caty R. W., Dkvd,
Gbuc, Otalpaz, Alsoa, Laas, LkFA-Bot, Abuakl, Nasulaa, AgadaUbat, Lgtbot, Tudabuggy, LbaoIsCool, Jabl,
Wka12345, Kuts, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Notka, MS-Saat, Puttyscool, PluAlo, Wk Roxo, AoBOT, Estdout, FlSuy, RaEagl, Cptoo, Ulc1313, Kvc1, Maudas, Matalsctst, Ctato bot, Euolpo, 2629yc, DayAs,
LlHlpa, Apjos54, Obsacsbot, Xbot, Fazaluss, Wstucs, Towsulc, Obaac, Joalas, J4, GoucoBot, No Mo
M Nc Guy, As1979, Saysll, Euju12, Pat atbucus, CHJL, Jalapos do xst, Cyaw, MlLkBot, Howsa12, Adlzaakass, Joau8, Pzbo, Hstoylov4, Plot Spol, RgtCowLtCoast, Ojoc, FscoBot, Rubsco, MDud, Ojtolog,
Kupdu, Izzd, HCPUNXKID, Kassjab, AdsHutJa, G 3pc25, Caols, Hoopag, VOBO, Josy95, Loyalst Caos, Sup Dlcousss, Stllakd, RdBot, Jujtsuguy, Dagovt, Jauj, Patsk, Blodac, TobBot, TWaOAt,
, Lotj, GgKay, Kolobock, , , Bdoo, IRISZOOM, Tbotc, Mkoblgov, RjwlsBot, DxDo, Aco,
EausBot, Jo o Radg, 478jjjz, Nck Ftzpatck, Dwtc, ZaLat, 8dgts, Sp33dypl, Byooga, Nad cl, HWk,
Latg, Rdak, Too Fosca, AllsJtzt, Bays99, H3llBot, Gysak9, Jadaad, Soo65, Poxywallow, Kuag, HazadBot, TTsAACagg, Nbaka s a jok, Battlsak1, Davd O. Joso, NPz1, RJFF, MtsosGc, Spl-Puc-Ga, Ds77,
Lysozy, Mod. Touk Had, Scodat o Oag, Not Atlatcst Usoa, Hlpul Px Bot, Owa t 1st, BG19bot, Moad
CJ, Satz, Watcacall, NaFalla, FutuTlloa, Jacy, T Algty Dll, Dal212, ITRvoluto2, CAWyl, Sp-
311
dExD, Als112821, BattyBot, Dlv999, Rly Hutly,

, Pc.alabbas, CsGualt, Pavdavo, Jto B, SNAAAAKE!!,
Soulpaadox, Egy, Baboo43, 23 dto, Stuk, DylaLacy, Jabotto48, Radatoott, Dxbot, Mcal A Bko , Cals Ess,
Mogs, 8HGasa, Jackja5, Evytg Is Nubs, Paa, IPoud8, RSK68, Vad alpa, Sotagsbat, Ccssa, Spss II,
SplsC, SudooSpul, MlssaLod, D3L74, LdaSakto, CSBab14, Upp la 65, Babycak Blossos, So do, Pcso123,
Pssyoywd247, Ka1992, Backdgag, AbustBot, IatGbg, Mcal Zv, D Eaktts, UcappgCo64, SILtdaup, Hllko, L'Yabuswla, Wlglugt93, Kulasdl, DocutEo, Esost, Mokbot, Estt, AtuRad, Sayydaaz11,
Sucu, LbDutc, Actct214, ASuLa, Moss, Mvaus, Nulla Tact, WkCocta, Aldc kllas, Ns1, Mc1,
StaTMa87, Syawt123, Absolut98, Ddds Ruls, Haa.M., Baatasaka ad Aoyous: 1256
Quds Force Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkQuds%2Foc?oldd6419127 Contributors: Cot, Pcco, Soa, Towald,
Vst, Kzzl, KB, Pa, Itot, Go Swa, Mpatl, Madaax, BD2412, Rjwls, Agu, Cal Loga, Boccobock, Paadoxc,
Tdd, Bgwt, RussBot, Coscous, Sasuk Sautob, Josdboz, Awsa, Dppowll, D Adstado Ipo, GFg, Vcto
alk, SackBot, Paxs, AdwLso, BowCckaNowNow, Toad69, Cs t spll, Blubot, Qusat, Jpg1966, Md.g,
Aksop, FacscoMazzucotll, Databot, AstoCst, Nobuaga24, Publcus, DGtal, AaJa, Kv W., Busts, WkMasall,
Estoy, CdObot, Patcoul, Sotas, Alds9, Batcus88, Kaav Aaga, Nooto, LbLod, T Suba, Yllowdsk, Tastastc, Ep c, Gas77, Msoso, Magoladts, Jaakobou, Nlswk, Wowacoa, Juasdous, Fcoaway, Tuslv, Bgb, McGllGad,
Ludlu, WLRoss, Ala1, Pobl85, McNoddy, Magul Usa, BoogaLou, IHTFP, Ayaa, Faklu, StllTll,
Nglpwst, Say59, Kasa, Satt1, YoaBot, Msoso2, Aaga--Gaz, Coutact, Ncguydc, RaaAzvdo, Supgodzlla29, Rody42, Kt11, Jo Nvad, Zald, DuZBoT, Kudo777, Addbot, Noos48, SpllgBot, , Dowload,
LaakoBot, Mag1522, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AoBOT, Kata, Ctato bot, LlHlpa, Xbot, Fluxdk, Saco, MlLkBot, Plot
Spol, Suv1v4l1st, Haous, RCPay, Josy95, Tupsuato, Full-dat ulkg bot, 76studt, Lotj, RjwlsBot, EausBot,
Jo o Radg, WktavBot, Cg26, Mac1988, ZxxZxxZ, Toy21, AvcBot, ZoBot, Mawatsup, LWG, Rocktod196,
TTsAACagg, CluBot NG, Justlttsadubs, Wd, Ds77, Daos, Topols, Kdov, Pagopsyc, Natscobsv, Mazaba1, RcadMlls65, Gazktul, Puppttat, Egy, EagToddl39, Coda Lsa, Cals Ess, Mogs, Zoba,
Xyzt, Taucss, Pvpoodl, PLNR, Vsuds, DocutEo, Dakazal ad Aoyous: 149
Basij Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkBasj?oldd64747816 Contributors: GTBaccus, Ijo, Col, Saost, To aso,
Valaa, Mbovload, Utcusc, Mysda, Moxy, Fakoutu, Bd235, ESkog, Dajo, Kav, W Jy, Zgguat, Obadovc
Goa, Pal, Alaso, Goodwsotsa, Pa, Go Swa, Lgtdakss, Rwdlad, BllGasoJ, Gac Not, Tckl
, BlasFEga, 79, Staoo, Madaax, Tslocu, Josua.oto, SoutCoot, Jdcoop, Rjwls, Vay, Vladko, Paadoxc, Russava, EaoPKa, YukBot, Noclado, Maaaaapap, Coscous, Gaus Colus, CabdgBayWat, Wk
al, Mk18xx, Scott Adl, Cas lads, I' t Cavaly, Closdout, Abu, D Adstado Ipo, JLaTod, TLSuda,
Fasd86, SackBot, C.Fd, Nl E, Flus Rosads, Jpg1966, So, Hba, Cloj, Tw k, Mk ays, Kota, OpaBot,
Koko, PMast3, Rsk, Ocoucus, SasatoBot, Databot, Sa Kada, G Gat, Fododgjd5, Nddysagoo, Flapad, AaJa, Al Blotto, Dl2, Laks, Walto O, Patcoul, T Log, Wld Wzad, Cydbot, Daok, Gaatcus Rpao,
Aoy, Hazaav, Tototo, DubBOT, Udpats, Popydoyl, Epb123, Hcobb, Baybts, Mdv1981, AtVadalBot, Huss.k1, Gusbg, Soo, TVcks, T Suba, Waya, Tastastc, HazoHatto, Gas77, PublusFL, Msoso, Magoladts,
JasBWatso, Bucksot6, Nyttd, Ido, Cggold, Bk963, Nlswk, Mcattyp, STBot, Ul8, CoosDlk, J.dlaoy, DMC, Ragpyal, Vaak, VolkovBot, BoogaLou, AloktaBOT, Nsw3, A Stout, Kasa, Datal, SBot, Skoz3y, Aaga-Gaz, Vojvoda, Vc gt, Djadvac, CluBot, Boba999, M ooz, Auto6, Rg, Taasp, Takabg, Basj, Zald, Oska71, XLkBot, Ladoo, JCDto252, MattwVatas, Addbot, Baata, LaakoBot, Td olls,
, B
B, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Alyazoo, Sycos, AoBOT, Muaada, Ulc1313, E235,
, Locos pax, GalyBot, SctzlMaGk, Cawo, Plot Spol, Ojoc, Mcal93555, RCPay, DlBot, Ptckt, Fuzbaby, Cuacoa, WIMYV,
29sy1776, Full-dat ulkg bot, EGd, Iuz, Daaa, Okagt, RjwlsBot, EausBot, Jo o Radg, WktavBot,
478jjjz, Io3X, Mawatsup, Sa, Mcc1789, Woop woop pull up, Gappl X, CluBot NG, Catlu, TJ , Davd O.
Joso, Luko94, Hlpul Px Bot, Da653, Acopl, BattyBot, AK47Expt, DylaLacy, Cals Ess, Css86, Idgoko,
Watglass, Haoo, PLNR, Adlaz, Daal, Mokbot ad Aoyous: 153
Free Syrian Army Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkF%2Sya%2Ay?oldd643148392 Contributors: T Ao, Ubuty, Boud, KAMKAZOW, Tpbadbuy, AoMoos, Bacat, Wod al, Kl Kocjacc, Now3d, Mk Rosot, Dscospst, Bd235, QuatLat1968, Rwdlad, Galdslds11, Axa89, Tabltop, BD2412, Davd Lvy, Rjwls, Gy do, Guax,
Wavlgt, Gaus Colus, Eulbal, Wkgt94, SFGats, Pt Ko, Kttsubu alo, Kudzu1, Skzzk, Rosl21, Cs
t spll, Ottawakst, Cattus, Jpg1966, Hba, Evlks, Kaza, KostasG, Sta2, Calo Sacz, Mco, Kwpat, Sbl,
Kotzk, Do, Dgw, Jss Vvao, Fuyaodoo, Cydbot, Wk29, Mo25, Mowy, Tdt13, DubBOT, Caslb,
Tjs!bot, Katovo, Nck Nub, Wldboy211, Nuak, Supzoa, Cda, Spc, Dadb, Ep c, PlKgt, Magoladts, Bogwao, JasBWatso, Bucksot6, Pkazlla, CoosDlk, KTo288, As, Lttl Posso, Olgwk, Cobtus, Toubllo, LokClock, Cjbla, Motaclla, Asala, Eatabullt, Oo Baka Saa, Nkosgcook, Daolo, Al A so,
AOl, FukMok, Isto, Jojalozzo, Wtckaut, EoGuy, U5K, Ncguydc, Jwkozak91, Su Cato, Coaj, Ajayay, Lgacypac, D9ax, Ma12329, 7, Alxad Tdl, XLkBot, MystBot, Addbot, So jk o t Itt, Dowload, Laas, Abjkla,
MuZk, Luckas-bot, Yobot, EllswotSK, Dalspc2, AoBOT, J1138, Elvs214,
, Kavas, Matalsctst,
Cauck-w, LlHlpa, Xbot, Totak, Wstucs, 4twty42o, GoucoBot, Coltsa, Aauy, CalCalaty, Sps531, MatsPoty, Bkayskl, FscoBot, Suv1v4l1st, Tobby72, Lota vo Rcto, Mdasa, HCPUNXKID, Bo yas, Gt72, Sop99,
Yota, LttlWk, Josy95, Sup Dlcousss, Jusss2, SlasatoX, Cwllas, Gg Padatsag, Mouat14, Rap Etal, EkvaB, MyMoloboaccout, Tbotc, Ba-dc, Obsda Soul, Tcopat, RjwlsBot, Salvo gulao, EausBot, Jo
o Radg, WktavBot, Sup48paul, Dwtc, GogBatty, Usak, Sp33dypl, ZoBot, Illgtat Bast, Bollyj , Tago Olado, Hazad-SJ, Gysak9, Mcatt, Wga4l7, EkoGa, Mayu, Huady618, CuspastoBot, Kstj, HadsoFlla,
Hatouod, Socyout86, CluBot NG, Oao , Gat G t-Jos, Togub21, Davd O. Joso, Ztl, RJFF, Oalgd1, Wd, N2, Tosattl, Not Atlatcst Usoa, Hlpul Px Bot, XatTa, Dasad, DBgXay, Gust2625, Tccal 13, Lowcas sgabot, Mautay, BG19bot, Satz, Vagobot, Skpbox, I7lasal, Daout, FaSA, Bad361, MPgu2,
FutuTlloa, CocalUsual, Kspc92, Nwaa211, Tgsallway, Jacy, Kyv, Noxs , Goltak, Fototy, Zujua, Glacalox, BlackMb845, Waabodl, Njk, Mossotsa, AllZ, Aca789, Tadda, Alauty, Mda52, Gazktul, FavoLaw,
SadSwaSog, CssMat, Yaubsal12, Vtoo, TstaBogad, Bgad93, DylaLacy, Has 258, HL1KM RI1, MAust39,
Moty1996, , LgtadDak2, Vbaculu, Cals Ess, Mogs, Dy R G, Faz999, KajMtz, DalUl, Atwa5, Yak1a, Stlyg21, 3456dtt, Stlyg211, HaoudFSA, TJ28, CadFls, Jappllugaco, STOLE MY COOKIES,
, T t122, Sya Aab Ay, Mtttl,
, MaSupplyLst, Bbbddu, RotlkBot, Wol ukas, AdySauls,
312
Blok, Placvalu55, Eta112, WkU213, Baaasold, Lsayps, Absalao777, Tago33, Rogal Do, Pdo, Hlal37,
Etoscllato, Bbj, Alabg, Roa Laslo, Lss Catogaps, Podabba, UcappgCo64, Jackcba, Mylassa2, Mostly
o, SptsazRul12, Alpaal2, Caca5645, Abutus t t, Habal911, Nsadosa, Mokbot, Ayut15, LbDutc, Actct214, Nulla Tact, Had Spso, Itastla, Aldc kllas, Mc1, Papplpucjaws, Julacad, Sta72, SEA ARMY
ad Aoyous: 327
Syria Revolutionaries Front Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkSya%2Rvolutoas%2Fot?oldd638886218 Contributors:
Lgacypac, Aga, G Cadao, Wt, Davd O. Joso, BG19bot, MPgu2, BattyBot, Tadda, Gazktul, DylaLacy,
LgtadDak2, KajMtz, Juada, Haaalsaka, Actct214, Scopobaag, Sta72 ad Aoyous: 8
Hazzm Movement Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkHazz%2Movt?oldd64237127 Contributors: Axa89, Magoladts, Yobot, AoBOT, TWaOAt, Davd O. Joso, MPgu2, Gazktul, Cals Ess, Actotyc, DuckZz, GulA4,
ElCoadatVzl ad Aoyous: 8
Al-Nusra Front Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkAl-Nusa%2Fot?oldd64258757 Contributors: Boud, GCaty, Dcotz, Sup41, Gat65, Kl Kocjacc, Dscospst, Rwdlad, Galdslds11, Tabltop, Staoo, Ncolas1981, Bgwt, EaoPKa, TxasAdod, NawlWk, GHcool, Esk, Atu Rub, MDaou, AlxNod, Glla, Jpg1966, Hba,
Fap, Sta2, Sksok, Cydbot, Mak69, Katovo, Joast, Nuak, Fayatc lodo, Zgzg2s, Magoladts, Hb219, Hullaballoo Wolowtz, CoosDlk, Fcoaway, Wolddxo, AstoHuca1, Acalaa, Adadaly, Ex15, Toubllo, BoogaLou, Cjbla, Toddy1, XavG, EcSg, Asala, Madl, Apos, FukMok, Fly22, Wldwayd, Sa.oylad, Facvs,
IagRovalBot, Sa IMG, Bkstt, VQuak, Ncguydc, Potozoo, 7, Ek Coll, TaalVbtaa, Addbot, Laas, LuK3,
Luckas-bot, Yobot, Faggl81, EllswotSK, SwstTwst, Aga, AoBOT, JackBot, Matalsctst, LlHlpa, Xbot, Totak, Wstucs, NObck, Abust, Coltsa, Mak Scbck, Russa Rocky, Blackguad SF, Tobby72, Lota vo Rcto,
HCPUNXKID, Ky, Qassy ctz, Sop99, T Egypta Lbal, Haboagl927, Sup Dlcousss, MastBot, Tappst
t ok, Lotj, Kassotk, GgKay, Tcopat, Ma as custad, RjwlsBot, Ltjat, Salvo gulao, EausBot, Jo o Radg,
Sp33dypl, T Mystous El Wllsto, Wt, ZoBot, Zbas4, Illgtat Bast, EkoGa, RayVaDu, 48Lugu, Bsaba,
Nja912, CluBot NG, Togub21, Catlu, Boyadspw, Davd O. Joso, Twllsj, Jokkokks-Goa, Wd, N2,
Not Atlatcst Usoa, Hlpul Px Bot, Stk Eagl, Ttodutta, Gust2625, BG19bot, Vagobot, I7lasal, ElpBot, Josvbot, MPgu2, FutuTlloa, Fa To 24, Fototy, Maayta1991, Hssp, BattyBot, Justcg12345-bot, Tadda, Gazktul,
CsGualt, SupMa, Msstock, YFdy-bot, TJJJuk, M-kpta, DylaLacy, Raulks999, Pjas2825, Dxbot, LgtadDak2, Cals Ess, Mogs, Jacob Ross Pak, Jackja5, Makcat-bot, Glta, Sya Rbl1, DalUl, TAggtc,
Fosty, Ttyy22, Mattwobtolso, Ptzo, Ncolasjoso, Wol ukas, Faza, GaFoza, Alxad9595, Vaaod93, PlatEdto, N4y6, WkU213, Ludsugcy, CSBab14, FdacTougTNgt, SopJad, UluckyJoToas, Lsayps,
Tago33, Robbt, AbustBot, RabaMala, Malsus Go, Mat Blak III, M Davd, Coado414, Roa Laslo, Nola s
Bata, Bacoy, Podabba, Soca Su, UcappgCo64, Tsuva, Hllko, AddWttyNaH, Actct215, CooVI, Ioca, Sya213, Swawa, SH4MR3V, Mattw s9, Sopalav, Alko, Abutus t t, Lgtsls, Habal911, Ayut15,
AsAlsad, Makskal22, P-123, Pscolsacusol, Actct214, Assyadud, BuIsalBu, SulMav, MaulRtt,
Nulla Tact, Mzo a1, Sya11, FukMastaSpaz, SaltySas, Mc1, StaTMa87, JosJo, Ltcy, Koywata, -Jaa277-, Julacad, Daklox, JP32, LodHllo1, StaMa87, Ctck odd, Clotlobs ad Aoyous: 166
Khorasan (Islamist group) Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkKoasa%2(Islast%2goup)?oldd6431584 Contributors:
R, Nug, MPS, Staoo, MZMcBd, Dyyc, MSatva, Atu Rub, Kttsubu alo, Jpg1966, Hba, Cydbot, Adyjst, Toubllo, Eclpsullt, Mlv toast, FukMok, Wldwayd, Sa IMG, Ds, Ncguydc, Edg213, Yobot,
Guy189, AoBOT, GgKay, Tcopat, JoValo, JDDJS, Davd O. Joso, BG19bot, Elzabt Blada, Gazktul, LgtadDak2, Cals Ess, TPlaFak, Actotyc, Supsay312, AbustBot, Luxu, Cagotta, SatLak, Moat, Da J
Lopz, Tptotut ld, Nulla Tact, StaTMa87, IRW, Batsgasps, Ada777, Joata Sabab, Suss3196, Clud, Rcvtu,
DkvVlduz, StaMa87, XJ-461 v2, Kabul-Do7 ad Aoyous: 17
Al-Qaeda Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkAl-Qada?oldd642884894 Contributors: Joao, Mav, Bya Dks, Zudak, T
Ao, Stp Glbt, Taw, Malcol Fa, Sjc, DaKst, Mak, Ad Egls, R, Csta Lst, Ald, Roadu,
S, Zo, Gat, Ho, Cot, Cabt, B4ad, Vovkav, Ao, Qucusobu, Olv, Ladod, AtooMat, Stvtgo,
Fckloot, Edwad, Iogato, GABak, Kwt, Cpopt, Nxdo, Lta, Topagt, Ixd64, Eul, 172, IZAK, Tzaul,
Soal, Kaada, Dlu, Do, Mswp, Tgowt, Aost, J'axs, Wlla M. Coolly, Kgtutl, Stu, Ug64,
Stauak, Mcal Slds, Vzbs34, Kwkubo, Dpol, Kasu, Evcat, GCaty, Ca lc, Ntzy, Hasa, Fdcal, Ub, Robld, Esztt, Htaccss, Guaka, Tw, PaulSaud, RckK, Rdd, Jwoszwg, Fuzado, WspToM, Wk, Tc, Tpbadbuy,
Jaklso, Nv82p, Taxa, K1Bod7, Mattwold, VyVly, SEWlco, Populus, JoM, Ak3, Topbaaa, Kwatus, Eatsoud, JoataDP81, Macks, Bjak S, Fvw, MagcTo, P, Otoc, Bco, Jusj, Flockal, Facs2, Ow, Luos3, J,
Rddly, Pl Boswll, Robbot, Fdk, Kzo, PBS, Bwg, Alasda, Xaopo, Sacastcja, Mov, EN, Baldu, Nug, Modulatu, Sa Spad, Cs Roy, Mv, Postdl, Movga, Rusus, Hasu, Txtu, Gdob, Huus saps, Ddot, Tobycat,
Adw Lv, Hadal, Huck , Mcal Sow, Lacudoc, Fulbottl, Atoy, Walloo, Cyus, PBP, Sup41, Flad,
Fabo, DocWatso42, Cstop Paa, Jacopla, Mpot, Akadud, Babaa Sack, TOttvll8, Wolkp, Fudoap,
BFatzDal, To aso, Ba Kdg, HaggCuv, Zgg, Mak Rcads, TDC, Macka, Ic, Evykg, No Guu, Waltsos, Cups, Also, Has Zakov, Catus, Jdwol , M. E. St, DO'Nl, Wkwkast, Guaaco, Skagdal, Gacool, Nod
u, Allsta86, Ggb, Ada McMast, Bobblwk, Wk Wkado, Ragb, Golbz, Ca, Nlapot, ALagElk, Gyoog, OldakQull,
Stvta, Olyyaalo, Cowbok, Zkzak23, Gad u, Utcusc, Ruy Lopz, Zusu, Quadll, Atadus, Wllab, Mustaaa, Blad, Catdud, PDH, Kttwd, Joss, Rdst4, Oos, PFHLa, Coscog, F13d, Hsto, Jklao, Pg c, Gscsoyu,
Coodo Sloat, Cazydd, Asbstos, Mak Mllad, Nutalty, Zsaasa, Joyous!, Dcadto, Kl Kocjacc, Egybo,
Tlobt, Gtu , G w, Cod7, Rado accout 47, Dp2, Gut, Gazpaco, Mk Rosot, Kgal86, AAAAA, Jayjg,
R , Fakoutu, Sst619, Pstoaksto, Dscospst, Hlo, Rc Faboug, Robt, Guaabot, Adcat, Vagu Rat,
Wp13, Raa, Fstylapp, Syt, Kzzl, BgStat, Dbaca, Ma1, Ty Sto, Host, Za g, Bd235, ESkog,
Adod79, Sudbg, Adjj, Lac6Ws, Aal, Applboy, Acs, M. Bllo, *dw, MBsaz, El C, Sk, Calo, Hutst,
Kwakaga, Aud, Sas, To, AJay, At LaPlla, RoyBoy, Wa, Jpgodo, Yoo, Causa su, C gaco, Bobo192, Iaukow,
Iocdal, Wp, Clawso, Jo Vadbg, Klab, S, JW185, Jag123, Rduak, Albu, Ga data, Bg, SNIy1,
Twayowad, KalHallowll, SctAgtMa, Adc47, Jo Fad, Mabj, Sa Ko, Haa auka, Ral315, Slvback,
Kuco2, Ravg, Jubuck, Stp G. Bow, PaulHaso, Twyod, Ellad, LtNOWIS, Sucj, Zk-Zak, Jaysks, Kaltgat,
Atlat, Go Swa, M Aduat, Ka Ppp, Adwpk, Jt57, Adw Gay, Moty Rpot, Palcaos, Ejstacuk, Jota, Eagla, Yala, Lctoa, Calto, Goldo, SlVg, Lgtdakss, Mal dablo, Bataad, Alx '5, Cdc, Spag,
313
Yuutbat, Bat133, Ross Bugss, Maaoccowsk, Mtstotop333, MoaSu, Djlayto4, Roak, Max spct, Sup-Magca,
Rboad, Dalllaa, Gazo, Max Naylo, Haj, Bguy, Dataka, BlastOButt42, Slg, G Nygaad, Ala, Tat, Ngtstallo, Kazvopal, StMaly, RyaGbl1, Kyo, Dsas, Plattopus, Falcoa, Taabjotu, Xxtas, Yousa465, Jo-17, Ztp,
Fzo, Bobay, Wys, Tyduul, Nuo Tavas, Klly Mat, Vast, OwX, Wooooktty, JalaxlAts, So Sk, A.Kall,
Jo-117, Mog sta, Dal Cas, Guy M, StadvausTV, Jacobolus, Batsc, Bbst, Qaddos, Elaco, Evto, JyA, Btdax, MONGO, Mpatl, Bdj, Gallosa, Cloakd Roula, Hbdago88, Gka, Datyoktow, Sgkag, Eylad, OCNatv, Blackcats, Plk, Mb1, Zzyzx11, JoC, Agsta, Waywad, , Gbod13, Cdus-Lba, Ragly, Kaa.Atoy.K, Mao
Poaca, Palstad, Gbat, ObsdaOd, SlouttSaloo, Ksla, Asoo, JEB9, Gaa87, KasaL, Kda, BD2412, Dadcops,
Op, Kbdak71, RxS, Cadso7, StvW, Rjwls, Koav, Possola, Ek Wllaso, Astoaut, Vay, Mck gold, A8,
Buc1, Gaac, Mtbox, Vgaswka, HappyCap, Lgul, ElKvbo, Aaoa, Bgtoag, T wub, Tac, BtDazg, Sago123, Cassoway, Yaaoto Ico, Fs ad kaat, FayssalF, Ttoxd, FlaBot, Duaglot, Eyas, Ia Ptcod, Goud Zo,
Latka, Ysagkok, Nvx, AI, RxNL, Guc, NoFak, Kalj, Tudaa, Alxjoc3, St1977, Sakt, Ytck, Duguy88, CoolFox, Ku, Tbasz, Mcl, Alpacp, Lul Gullv, Syct, Pox2, Osl73, J lg, Butos, Laock, Cobot, o64va,
LatoMusl, VolatlCcal, Atus, Bgwt, Elguy, Ua923, T Rablg Ma, YukBot, Noclado, Wavlgt, TxasAdod, Klgocowboy4, Spacpotato, Kad, Easad1, Scpt, Kw, Azl, Kyacpso, RussBot, T Sto Su,
Aoyous dto, Fasd6, Bllbock, SpuousQ, CaadaCasa, Akaad, Gaus Colus, CabdgBayWat, Nlbac, Wt,
Cuado19, MacK, Wllowx, Bg Bot 1984, So, Sal, NawlWk, Atat, Sst91, Wk al, Luta, Pak.tv, Ausos1, Josdboz, NckBus24, Mlo99, Joa Wolgag, Wls, Obst, Haksaw, Bog, RazoICE, Adysa, Toya, Asculapus75,
Ckss, Slaso, Lxco, Eulbal, Doda, Rtd usa, Rbaa, Mulp, CclWad, Zpa Stak, Rav4x4x, Bgacd24,
Ktsalo, MaxVs, M.Calss, Xopaty, RoCa, Falco9x5, BOT-Supzocool, DadEyAow, Moau36, Scop cp,
Hao, CLW, Dus7, Glc, Black Falco, Esk, Wkgt94, Bsop^, Xaba449, St.Kkl, FF21, Bdll555, Tadpol256,
Zzuuzz, Al K, Ggs, Gogozlla, Nkkaa, Jwssck, Atu Rub, Sad Jad, Svtlaa Mljkovc, D.al, D Adstado
Ipo, GaL, TBadg, Pt, ALL YOUR WASTED SOUL ARE BELONG TO US, Jaada, Suy, Kuguada, Juglcat,
Blau, DaPudc, AssstatX, Dcao, Asto, Pt, Sadow, J Slvs, DVD R W, Jbull, Tat Guy, Fo Tat Sow!,
Ada Bswas, T Mst o Wa, Luk, Syctos, Wa Hog, Albd, Itagbl, Cystalla, A bt y, Rl, Josptat, SackBot, Acbd, YllowMoky, MDaou, Jaott, Zakbo, Kakacv, Nsay, Iaajpg, Cdogsos, GoldXuvsty,
Aacst42, IvsHypcub, KowldgOSl, Royalguad11, JosDu Ma, Davd.Mstl, Soy, Pgk, C.Fd, Rus, Madaaa,
Klo-La, Ptcolss, KocjoBot, Jaggd 85, Ftc, Lucas9, Dlldot, Caosay, Tst, Fyast, IoDuk, Kttsubu alo,
Evays, Btlvdt, Tk111, Polyst, Yaaguc, Fdal Stt, Paxosotc, Pt Isotalo, Glla, Ootsja, Has,
Katydts, Pakdc, TRosbau, Jcaoll, Ktus, Sa, DakAdos255, NwNa, Tv316, GoAwayNowAdRtd, Blubot,
Kuyk, JodBc, Rajvass, Gozalo84, Gta, Psa Pot Gal, Rt2, Mast o Puppts, Tupwad, Cgoakly, Flu,
Slly abbt, RayAYag, JoBlogsDod, Basalsk, Mak Mcall, CSWa, Solagoovy, All5Hozos, CMacMlla, DHN-bot, Xas,
Spktawk, Gascs cous, Bl1, T Rado Elt, CJGB, Sct72, MaxS, Dyako, Cdy, Pt McCoaugy, Ca't slp,
clow wll at , MstHad, Wt Wol, Mtallugst, ED, OpaBot, Ydsyd, Matcups, Rbuk, Musa as-Sala , Ksot,
Moto dvos, JssRa, M.Z-a, Koko, Stv X, Joy McCack, Kc, Flyguy649, Wz9999, Gab S., Raso 22,
Iaptus, Bssc, Cybcoba, Tapd, Bowlov, Savda, McalBllgto, Aol.2k4, Sa1, Localzuk, Scultc, Dadsta, Pwjb,
TogdoPoltks, Allastl, Kk, Eatwo Makaov, M-Gk, Mstss Sla Kyl, N9, Wgbl, KI, Kuou, Davsc2,
Ev l, BayTd, Gbal, Jkl, Yo, Malub, Kotjz, Kdck7, Xutwl, Kalatala, Sga 7, Mooo, Evlks, Alcu, Kuk,
Skywd, Cocout, Pas9, Nasz, Ocoucus, Ozdog, Pktulp, T Ugovabl Foc, Paul Wllocx, Qudus, Toja tavl,
JzG, Sabot, Kuu, Jo, Joaa-Hypata, Isla, Bucaa-Ht, Tazaacs, AoEMous, Hst, Bwk, Kck t cat, Asx,
JoI, Ay 9, Pctblu97, Soal256, Accuz, Astcat3, Jo lo , NYCJos, XMast4, JoWttl, A.Z., Dad agblus, IoGagoyl, Cloobl, T Ma Qusto, Csc, Racooo, MakSutto, Blss ss, Agatocla, Slak, Spcal-T, Stwalkst, Saglasta, Maky, Isa, CHIMERA, MkLa, Publcus, VlaWgt, Mbojaglscj, Mo95, Mco, Mts51, Dc y,
AdultSw, IRcvdDatTats, Vd, Ryulog, Kutl, Adwsc, Laso, Nolad, NTss, Jasadspat26, Luklastc, Staly11, Hu12, Jazcd, Ktwobly, NEMT, Ta, Halo Sto, CzaB, Josp Sols Austala, Sasa bst, Soodat,
Muo, Bkssl, J D, Mataal, Cbow123, Fsota9, Az1568, Mattotus, Tlo, BOXbOB21, J Cckt, Dalv, Daalu,
FausBot, Tawkbot2, Itllbot, JRSpggs, Pudo, Jak381, CsCok, Radod, Aglpa, CatHays, SkyWalk, INkubuss,
J Mlbu, JFogt, Oll, Ual128, Twodwa , Rdakto, CdObot, Patcoul, Zax, Va lsg, Adlou1981, Coad42,
Evos, Nodaug, SupaStaGl, W guc, Pcaoo, ZsjBot, Bwldbo, Gav Copto, Jco ad, G catplla, Otuba, PDag, Adys627, Mosc, CooGoud, Stvob26, Joata F, Ewlog3, Ggbad, Nlao, FlpS, Mapltp,
B-a, Kataa, LG, Tgtyull, Vauo1, Cydbot, Kaa, Goovy12, Asl, Dadaugt, Evaddjo, Motus Est, Clayouot, Gogo Dodo, Bllopo5685, Fzz, JFa, Babould, Nolat, Hulkst1996, Dal J. Lvck, Studby,
Mast so, Dact, StllWalkg, Tawkbot4, UbMa5, Stv Russll, Boskzvc, DubBOT, Cslk2, TCsMaCa, Tlx, Hotogacba, Bvo, Optst o t u, Caclogbow, Bblboks, Kozuc, Blda sady, Zaults, Batw,
1Cuk, T Lzad Wzad, Scapy, Ocops8, Lo2u, Uatual2, Gtow, JoIDC, T ac512, EvocatvItgu,
Joowwww, Audy2, Rj656s, Hyposadst, Jdlyall, Jo C., Tjs!bot, Poolo, Epb123, Daa89563, Ec Sadol, TYod, Robsd, Pajz, Qwyxa, T ac123, Ultus, Dal, Ucalooktup, Fgugoud, 23poot, Spt-A, Dtba, PctSto, S,
Magzy T, Waltgo, Bla3, McSatso, Mojo Had, Daaja, Olv22, Id447, Lous Wawu, Luga, Mak69, Esowtc,
Wst Bo 4v, Tap T c, SGGH, Paolo Taglao, Pcus vds, X21, Al, Vva43, Joy-t, Plpp, Dawsoj, T Hybd, Dawky, Tylop, T Hugg, Sa42, Do69, Haa169, Motal3, Wswlso4, Tgaasu, Mcaotst, KakatoaKat,
Wapobb7, OdSSa, AtVadalBot, Spcalkay33, Paulyc, Yoata, Stts, Cabula, Oplo, Joa-o-ac, Wb1111, Maokwtz,
D. Blold, SlppyN, Nooto, Fayatc lodo, Havoj, Davdll2192, Rdav44, Clast5, Sjotow, Moutlbao, Gdo1,
Ksabst, Bludustt, Yllowdsk, I a Wad Cuga ad I a Mad!, Kt Wta, Hstoyp, NByz, Caada-Baco, Nablo, Cap13, Uustuus, Exda, HazoHatto, Fssy, JADbot, Nuaut, Loy65X, D ctv, Pucao, Cadt slazl,
Llsta s, MER-C, LdsKg, Ep c, Aouso, Sooy3, Mattw Fll, By, Hott, Sop as wsdo, Dakza,
BB4, Adoc, Ikad, Hut 8.5, TAtoy, Sowold4, PlKgt, Sypy, Sas4l, Njutsu, Acoto, Yal Gua, Wasll,
Magoladts, GoTaoGog42, Pascboy, Bogwao, VoABot II, Avjoska, AubuPlot, Dt, Moowk, Wtcocolat84,
Sotcwy, Yada, Appas, JasFac, Mclay1, Maskuayadav, Calss x, Swpb,
, Lg.Nut, DMcaada, Jsypoltcs,
J Douglas, Bzo, Pacaaspasa11, Rcug das, TaSpakl, Wkwat?, Mastoo, X-acto, Ido, PguJocky, Jacobal,
Au, Dows, Tucypt, Pox521, Mdwstol, Malcodavdklly, Cuckkos, Gusous, Packcgs, Jaost, Hklka,
Spllast, Exldo, Vssu, Wksa, Pst Jo, Gl, DHx, Edwad321, Esacz7587, Kald Maood, Pax:Vobscu,
M A, Gu Powd Ma, Jkak, Cbal Wao, MastRadus, Al asal, FsQu, Aabdas, Skao szky, Hdt83, MatBot, Alx LaPot, PAK Ma, Aju1, Swalot, Tkl, Mokyjuky, Laltadtya, Slgsuzy, Hsc, NuclaUp, Rtttast,
314
Ryudo, Lxvo, Zouava L Zouav, Hckgs, R''B, Lttl bdy, CoosDlk, AlxusHoatus, Pboks13, Suba758, Calvug2, Jobbus McKocky, Yuval a, Gw25, Llac Soul, Tcowl18, Pot, Gakbt, Mpk265, Ataxad, Mpz216, BGOATDougut, Tuslv, EscapgL, KazakPol, Flokl, Volask81976, Jsat13, Fak Fa, Mk.lguad, EtalSoul, Spodwy, Bua13, Hodja Nasdd, SU Lgust, J.A.McCoy, It Is M H, Bad Ngt, Rasobl, Skobl, MzzoMzzo, Jpday,
Mjb1981, Guczlla, N'Das, Asad3, Cswk, RPt, Plastcup, Gogutz, GostPat, Wad, SlsALot, SJP, Maakaya,
Ljgua124, Flattwold, Muka, Pazo, Ngtgoul, Sady112, 3do, Hu!tz!lpctl!, Mskwto, Dp12, Ppda, Cotstyls,
Ldo, STBotD, Jbay, Wtaddy52, Aulla, Ncoac44, Vasd us 39948282, Mcoucsb, Elsl,
TopGu, Jacksybstd, Gtg24y, Jack248, Wwlsbug, WLRoss, Matal75, Ladav666, EdRcado, Slac, DagosBloodAx, Idoa-bot, Fuadtvl, Rsspcs86, Guo, Ega59, Sgalad, ACSE, Bob4449, Lgts, Vaak, Puss, Sjb593,
Malk Sabazz, Aoyous, FloydRTubo, Hasot, VolkovBot, Joos, Mudbk, AMag, J y S, BoogaLou, AloktaBOT, Klt, HJ32, Slppybas, TXKBoT, XavG, Lt6771, Watsyouxcus, Paa Sab, Nuo Raudo, Kutuck,
DK, BuckCtuyDv, Dojaca, Lda, OvSS, SltO17, Igo82, A4bot, Nopl, GDoato, Dcall1, Sud
gawa, Akopow, R-bot, Cooldud64, Badu, CARRRRRRRRRR!, Qxz, GazzTaylo, Vcj, Rtoo Vga, Hvz886, Vctoa27, O u dag, Abdullas4u, Atc, Zod, M.da, Cpu 222, Stv3849, Scalyz, Max, NodabLlad, Eubulds,
Dstgus, Gttoboy911, Cog sao w, Jak879, T Dago o Bosa, Gsxd, Mktbuto, IMNOTAVANDALK6, Suj,
Majuaacy, Dty sys, Sytbot, Daksadow24, CoolKd1993, CobatRock, A Edto, Bjoyva, Kasa, Gsz11, Suduguy66, Isaty Icaat, Davdccaly, Jvll79, Wy Not A Duck, Baga, Moty845, Wkpda64, Jvll, AllbogoBot,
DatBotto, Moou, Muc, S7, ExBot, Gljvy,
, Aju24, Haakas, T Rock Ad Roll Pat, Alks Pltola,
T Rd Hat o Pat Fck, Tucydds o Tac, SBot, Jway, Davd46, Gat.Alpaug, Tddly To, East Naka, Euyalus, Maoada, Baccll, Datata, Sla2, Vxog, Robbato, IoWlls1994, Caltas, Dabloodz, Isaloutass, Yta, Vasd
us skj3oo3jwjsk35y, Klla123, Epo1, StNctGud, Pubo T, Ada X, AlxHa, Lutlaya, Qust o Tut,
Mklu, Zzzallab, Rado21, Pspcact, Toyblu, T Evl Spata, Sbwdd, Dc2, Cocoacow911, Lod Bts, JtLov,
EMENIE, Dagousd, Wolc, Ypo, DvO, Aka, Oxyoo83, VCV16712, Iva Il, Hookdupus, Jdalo, Podxt Popllad, Wkaso, Houck, Ngtwatc24, Rsad, Saypotatos, WacoJacko, Idlpac, Badt333, Woldowacat69,
Aglaj, JoSawy, Vc gt, StatcGull, Acapogss, NatoalScutyFous, Batok77, Bokd116, Puugw, Haltodal, Pxs, WkLaut, K123BOT, Dabob87, Supbcat, Adco13, LM1973, Hugacollctv, Wjat, Jos63, Escap
Obt, Savsy33, JoyLat, Bud, G8opoat, IagRovalBot, SallyFot123, M. Gag, Sopoatus, Luata, Dally
17, Mataus, CluBot, ICAPTCHA, Zov, C, Dous6969, SuzVa, Moaadkdwa, Dawdl, Nookauk85,
Ib Ko , T Tg Tat Sould Not B, Vps, GkHous, Mstkoc, Louc7, Rjd6, Awsopastojobob, Ss32, Suptouc, Mkywk, Bobsbob, Mld Bll Hccup, Woodsylass, Tkpat, CoutVadalsBot, U5K, P. S. Buto, Mcadsxgto,
K4, Taga, Pso564, Badsly, Oou v, TylSc, Auto6, Eco Dac, H18, SaulTGost, Stubalov69, CultuTa, Gady Gady, Masat, Bwcw, Baksa, Kt11, Rco , Capta Satass, Mosa, Nubsubbd, DDoly,
Ott, Badoo36, Joy7, Wsto365, Ady8586, Rododdts, Maul7, V7-spot, DukSkuk, Subdolous, Mllosadbllos, Cau, Dystubull, Jottbot, SNEST, Exla, Oudbdwatc, Coolguyoso, Lulz234567, M.O.X, Lpto sal,
Bullsa721, Rdtoau, Javzzl21, Kg Isaac 3, BOTaat, Cjabo2, Ru Gabl Coa, Suau, Lbalcyc, Atas, Calso288,
Cudogg, PCHS-NJROTC, MloBot, Spc1212, AC+79 3888, Ostato2, Nasad, DuZBoT, ApocalypsNow115, Esctst,
Ek Coll, Dct acto, Rowatoad, Rad 5, Nata Joso, WllOaklad, Raga7, Acot, WkHad, Adsat, Boock,
ESO Fa, Ajawtt, Jogsok, Addbot, Mots, Kllbudda, Palag a, RaclEld2, Tguyoupt, Hatwk,
Jojutto, FokkTISM, Bus68, Ayabl, BlackGT, Lucas21, Moad Ouda, Sbasta sca., Woyjks, SggSato, Swtzpaw, LaakoBot, Nckds9, Aad299, Laas, Z. Pattso, CzwBot, LyBOT, Eadd, Myk664, OlEgls, Avoo,
Jabl, Epo Gus, SccAp, Wka12345, Wdwad1, Kuts, Dpck, Aboazz, Luckas-bot, Makuato, Yobot, Lbs, Aobot, EllswotSK, Guy189, Rllgy, SplJYouTub, Rogb67, KakazBot, Ayto Post, Ruuta 25, AlxLvyO,
Aga, Rooty Tooty Futy, ZapTudstk, AoBOT, KDS4444, Tsad, RaEagl, TaddusB, Rjaag, Gy Fox-9589, Otto
Kll, Sjbc, AdjustSt, Cucksdad, Dcttsp, Kavas, Maudas, Matalsctst, Sup-top-b, Ctato bot, Ppac, Dyablast, AtuBot, LlHlpa, Eok, Xbot, Oppolod, A Fatasy, Cowstp, Mlax, Ga2b, Dat dlk, Tll54, Sc32977,
Acloca, NObck, Obaac, Rapcju, JaDFts, UbEo, , Ut DC, Savt, Mak Scbck, Wkad41, ClaudaTR8, Ksaloa, Ctoup, HoyaPo , Lva-Mao, Ala Zatkow, Cyaw, MlLkBot, Boowck, Tus, LadoBalsaco,
Mugalz, Plot Spol, Kzasaud, FscoBot, Wstludwu, Tobby72,
., Lota vo Rcto, Kalsta, Xk92, A vso o
t, HCPUNXKID, Maklz, Rodyopus, Rv1, Clacas1, Cs32, Kassjab, I, Kkuop, G 3pc25, Utcts, Ctato
bot 1, Galc, Sop99, AstaBOT15, Cagst, Boback89x, Yota, Josy95, Otgogo, Loyalst Caos, RdBot, MastBot, Isas, JustW353, Jadaladl, As13, Dakoad, Jauj, IotalYaw, T1357, Eu, FoxBot, Tcoolusc,
JokXt, Tappst t ok, PRSuad17, Scyt, Maalo, Ksaxx, ToloJ, Lotj, GgKay, Dasa14, Dalds47, Edwk,
Occlasty, Aod, Vst otutt polog, Bg Ax, Daaa, LutWa , Lucobat, Ltz, IRISZOOM, Skablaa, Nasca1996,
Tbotc, Stoppolo, Woycgpbb, Tcopat, RjwlsBot, IsalMacos, Ms1, NdySccDud, Slo2, DASHBot, EausBot,
WktavBot, Spaks1911, JCRuls, Sulydu 5, TRalKald, GogBatty, Bull Makt, Huckak, Mo a, Salakapscs,
Cto ag cus, Mz7, Wt, Eva28, Kk1, QutUK, JLGD, Daoguy95, Illgtat Bast, JoCgz77, Atp997,
co Jo Wouts, Akas, Ma4d, DJ Tcky86, Hodgdo s sct gad, Hazad-SJ, N512a, Aaslsay, H3llBot, Ual7, Mawatsup, SpokBot, Soo65, Basballocks538, Ioappl, Atoywaldock12, L Ksgto, VaSsa, Flgtx52, Dvg21,
MA1988, Sgly, 23totwawk, DakXWatX, Wat was ts guy atg?, Isoa, MacStp, Aall, RyaWslySt, Iotodox23, Woop woop pull up, TtauCabd, Davy21, TTsAACagg, Gw-ca, CluBot NG, Hala1, Sod tstu , Adac, Catlu, Ilovada, BkkkxKoaxKoax, Davd O. Joso, Bja9832, Bll1, Cousat, Twllsj, Rzabot,
JotMo25, TWllaso, Luky976, , Rya Vsy, Eoy W. St, Not Atlatcst Usoa, Naob123, Pw,
Hlpul Px Bot, AOCJd, Atslv, , Godoalaut, Wb158, Gob Loa, Caac, BG19bot, Axo292, T Last Agy
Ma, Sasta, CoputJA, PoPcl, MXL52, McZusatz, BldgSky84, Datad3, Dakss Ss, Tac , Lgtpostv, Koullu, Cs t Palotologst, Mwas Hotak, Rakaat, Rado198, FutuTlloa, Agla81, Daot, Publc awass,
Jacy, T Algty Dll, ITAC, Glacalox, Ballplay3, Olg-c, Guduud, SpdExD, Mdz, REakk55, Dabav, Aab
dto 9212, Jaso o yc, BattyBot, Factsac, G Bt 625, Gazktul, CsGualt, Nck.o, Ada bog, TJJJuk, Pauladdo, Stuk, JYBot, Robbu, DylaLacy, Hoplsscoss, BgtStaSky, MAust39, Dxbot, SatosBot, Rvd Mck a34,
LgtadDak2, SoldadKaboca, Cals Ess, Mogs, Jackja5, KajMtz, Zoba, AldzD, Palvu, Ptzo, OagsRyllow, Ncolasjoso, Bg.lbaa, Epcgus, To s Lttl Bot, Alxad9595, Vaaod93, Akk1769, Mloklo, Jodosa,
Subalv, Dust V. S., Supsay312, Backdgag, Ldust Lbty, RapalQS, Lovtat, Jst Pppot, Tvdodo, Sol1, LaacuKbab,
, I.a.a.wty, Sa Salo, Ftzcaala, Edgt, Ioca, N3up, Hads173, Fazaal, Abutus t t, Lgtsls, Babstss, DjagaJ, Mo16, Mokbot, JaKata, AsAlsad, Fldlkbot, Ago, Fjallbacka,
315
P-123, AtuRad, IsSpook, Pscolsacusol, Sptat, LbDutc, Cwallz44, Actct214, Poltcsguy96, Ilytjb,
Spaw3, FOXHOUND46, Dspado1946, Nulla Tact, Haybak82, WaooSs, Aldc kllas, DavdHsWalk, Acaologst3, StaTMa87, JosJo, Rd ost, PlasCosd, DkvVlduz, Bstostlg, StaMa87, 9I5 ad Aoyous:
1544
Islamic Front (Syria) Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkIslac%2Fot%2(Sya)?oldd642583782 Contributors: Nug, Sup41, BD2412, Esk, Jpg1966, Sta2, Cydbot, Mattw Pocto, Magoladts, Lvvsk, Ajayay, Rojos, Laas, Yobot,
Aga, AoBOT, Wkdtootoday, LlHlpa, Coltsa, Lota vo Rcto, HCPUNXKID, Sop99, ItN, GogBatty,
Spd s, Wt, EkoGa, , Davd O. Joso, 3bdulla, MPgu2, FutuTlloa, Gazktul, CsGualt, DylaLacy,
LgtadDak2, KajMtz,
, N4y6, Ruby Muay, NgtSadAEB, Moz u, Habal911, Paa214, Ayut15, Actct214, Muslwt128, Nulla Tact, Sta72, StaMa87, Husa ad Aoyous: 29
Army of Mujahedeen Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkAy%2o%2Mujad?oldd639775218 Contributors: Magoladts,
Yobot, Aga, LlHlpa, HCPUNXKID, Tappst t ok, Wt, Davd O. Joso, Gazktul, DylaLacy, LgtadDak2,
KajMtz, Actct214 ad Aoyous: 1
Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkAjad%2al-Sa%2Islac%2Uo?oldd637263376 Contributors: Tappst t ok, Aza3d, Wt, Davd O. Joso, Gazktul, LgtadDak2 ad Aoyous: 1
Supporters of the Religion Front Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkSuppots%2o%2t%2Rlgo%2Fot?oldd
642553328 Contributors: Cydbot, AoBOT, Totak, Tappst t ok, GgKay, SpokBot, Davd O. Joso, MPgu2,
Gazktul, Cals Ess, KajMtz, WaooSs, -Jaa277- ad Aoyous: 2
Ghuraba al-Sham (jihadist group) Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkGuaba%2al-Sa%2(jadst%2goup)?oldd
642544427 Contributors: Staoo, Dl2, Cydbot, Mattw Pocto, Toubllo, Yobot, EllswotSK, AoBOT, Wstucs,
Lota vo Rcto, HCPUNXKID, Sop99, GgKay, EausBot, Ocawl, Davd O. Joso, Satz, 3bdulla, DaasBot,
DylaLacy, LgtadDak2, Cals Ess, Faxuz, Mokbot ad Aoyous: 6
Jund al-Sham Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkJud%2al-Sa?oldd63775273 Contributors: AoMoos, PBP, Ga data,
Rcky81682, Ztp, Rjwls, Matt.wtby, Nobs1, D Adstado Ipo, Hulda, SackBot, Z, Cs t spll, AdwRT, Jo513, Dal Pol, Cplakdas, Nkoakas, GatSowa, Vasaac, Tgtyull, Alabot, Zaults, Ro , WBot, Basta, FukMok, Rupt Ho, Wldwayd, DuZBoT, MystBot, Good Olactoy, MattwVatas, Addbot, Roag S,
AoBOT, Solt, Ek9bot, Sup Dlcousss, GgKay, Dzzldo, EkoGa, Zalw34, Davd O. Joso, MkatvataCCI, Jokkokks-Goa, BG19bot, BattyBot, Gazktul, DylaLacy, LgtadDak2, Cals Ess, Jasx12345, Gudocco11
ad Aoyous: 14
Abdullah Azzam Brigades Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkAbdulla%2Azza%2Bgads?oldd642544187 Contributors:
PBP, TMk, Kl Kocjacc, Rc Faboug, RHawot, Staoo, BD2412, Espsso Addct, IdblHulk, Cydbot, Mojo
Had, Dsp13, BadZ, Wldwayd, Abouas, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Aga, AoBOT, AMuso, Xbot, Wkad41,
Jalapos do xst, Pzbo, HCPUNXKID, G 3pc25, Yota, GgKay, ZxxZxxZ, Rdak, Catlu, Davd O. Joso,
Gust2625, BG19bot, Ics2Csap, Gazktul, Pakblogg, Egy, SupHo2111, DylaLacy, Cals Ess, Mogs, LstCck,
SFK2, Alxad9595, Ruby Muay, AbustBot, Padtobadto, Habal911, Daccus ad Aoyous: 13
Ansar al-Islam Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkAsa%2al-Isla?oldd6421984 Contributors: DaKst, (, GCaty, RckK,
Egasold, Salt, Ogato, Rddly, Alasda, Mv, Babbag, Fulbottl, PBP, Waa, OwBlack, Coodo Sloat,
Cazydd, Nutalty, CALR, Bd235, Lok, Fod, Sucj, Jo Qugg, BayaT, Kyo, Staoo, Dscdall, Kbdak71, RxS, Dpv, Rjwls, Ia Ptcod, Goud Zo, CalJW, JdostBot, AI, Bgwt, EaoPKa, YukBot, RussBot, Wls,
Eulbal, Aao Ba, Cagog, Jo Bougto, SackBot, Ko, Mac E Ros, Rosl21, TBtly, AdwRT,
Tw k, Fap, Dk R Bullao, L337p4w, Calda, Kocou, SlkTok, Muad, Jo lo , Twalls, Vd, LDH, Twas Now, Atoydoza, CdObot, Tgtyull, Cydbot, DBaba, Nadav1, Nck Nub, HazoHatto, DavdC, Aouso, McaG,
TAtoy, Yal Gua, FsQu, KazakPol, But-sa, Rady Robtso, Olgwk, Ntog, Boadbot, TutSk777,
Kasa, Igaco Bbcat, Bot, AMbot, CluBot, Sgt. bd, Valtt92, Lgacypac, RblzGag, Lbal Huast, DuZBoT, Jo Baa, Zguz, MattwVatas, Flx Folo Scudus, Caso15, Addbot, LaakoBot, Yobot, AoBOT, As t
Cybog, Totak, Tagy, Wgo, Opadsta, HoyaPo , Cyaw, MlLkBot, LucBOT, HCPUNXKID, DlBot, PauHay,
Hssaa, Aza1995, FoxBot, Tappst t ok, GgKay, Tcopat, EausBot, GogBatty, ZoBot, Illgtat Bast, Rdak, H3llBot, Catlu, Tx Plos, Davd O. Joso, Twllsj, Hlpul Px Bot, MPgu2, DPBT1, Matsgas, Dotad,
BattyBot, Gazktul, Kaza2, DylaLacy, LgtadDak2, Cals Ess, Zoba, Rybc, AbustBot, Folo, AsAlsad, StaTMa87, Ea ad Aoyous: 75
Fatah al-Islam Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkFata%2al-Isla?oldd642544423 Contributors: Aost, PBP, Ca, Soalstyl, Kgal86, Dscospst, Vst, Sol Soul, KB, StbDJ, Wooooktty, Bkwllw, SDC, Staoo, Dog12, Madaax,
Rjwls, Las T., Ncolas1981, Sus scoa, Z gta, D Adstado Ipo, SackBot, Paxs, Alsado, Cattus, Hba, PguPzza, Alxc , MLb, Mckalas, Gsd, Gog, FacscoMazzucotll, BlackTo, Yalba, JY, Josp Sols Austala, CdObot, Iacuousblu, MasRov, Cydbot, Wk29, LgalNws, Rob Hood 1212, BaglTycoo, Tjs!bot, Nadav1,
Z1x, Nck Nub, Mattw Pocto, Taut, Fday, Yllowdsk, HazoHatto, JADbot, Loy65X, Mattw Fll, Magoladts,
Msu, Jaakobou, Tucypt, LzBgg, Uba1982, Ladulba, R''B, Lzal, Tgupl, Bot-Scat, SJP, STBotD, Jvas, Dzod, Ntog, AloktaBOT, TXKBoT, R-bot, Mado88, Hoboo, Kasa, R aa, Wsazaoot, Idszo, Al A
so, SBot, YoaBot, Al-9, Hast X, Rabbu, Fac347, FukMok, Pspcact, PolaBot, Ab, Mta, Lgtous,
COBot, Wldwayd, Ewaw, Jwkozak91, Su Cato, DuZBoT, XLkBot, SlvoBot, Addbot, Rolat, Yobot, TaBOT-z,
EllswotSK, Aga, AoBOT, J4, MlLkBot, Pzbo, FscoBot, HCPUNXKID, Sop99, To.Rdg, Full-dat ulkg bot, Ozooy, Maddogupy, Ebbvsa, Lotj, GgKay, RjwlsBot, EausBot, Jo o Radg, Edtg l, H3llBot, EkoGa,
Davd O. Joso, Not Atlatcst Usoa, Dasad, Gust2625, PoPcl, Mako, Jawka13, MPgu2, Nwaa211,
Fylbcatulous, Gazktul, Jto B, DylaLacy, LgtadDak2, Cals Ess, Ncolasjoso, AbustBot, StaMa87 ad
Aoyous: 84
Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkMuaj%2wa-Asa%2Allac?oldd636398317 Contributors: Davd O. Joso ad Gazktul
East Turkestan Islamic Movement Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkEast%2Tuksta%2Islac%2Movt?oldd
642544412 Contributors: Roadu, Foulax, Olv, TUF-KAT,
, Jag, Kasu, JdGo, Dadck, Rddly, Xop,
316
Joss, El C, Cs, Ga data, Wdsu, Alaso, Sucj, Go Swa, Abstakt, Ngtstallo, Wooooktty, Lapsd Pac st, GgoB,
Staoo, BD2412, Kbdak71, Rjwls, Ncolas1981, FayssalF, Goud Zo, MacRusgal, Blsua, Dptva, RussBot,
PatCg, Doda, Malka, D Adstado Ipo, Otbg, TLSuda, SackBot, Hux, J-bda, Has, Gsd, Koko,
Evlks, Laba, Mukaddat, Syasud, Mco, JoGusto, Idsct, Woodsd, Tgtyull, Cydbot, TAsaGURU,
Epb123, Fluxbot, Klausss, PCPP, Tblwd, Exda, Rduxx, Tat Jaso, Mot89, Mclay1, Basta, Ywock, CoosDlk, Kocvk81, Tadju, KazakPol, Ady Macbaks, SoCalSupEagl, Wkdto6, Dogwlag, Kyl t bot, Kww,
Dybot, Pal, Fly22, Polbot, Sa IMG, CluBot, A83, EoGuy, Faol, Kt11, IJA, DuZBoT, MattwVatas, Addbot,
So223, Bttusa, Cuaxdo, Dowload, Wldcusv, Laas, Tassdt, Lgobot, Yobot, Aj16, AoBOT, Rjaag,
14Sa, Cyaw, Joostk, HCPUNXKID, I, Xav, KappaD, RdBot, Ludwgzou, Cossaxx, Full-dat ulkg bot, Jokz,
GgKay, Obaksto, Ada1, RjwlsBot, At575, Jsjsjs1111, Nozd, ZoBot, Bollyj , Ma4d, H3llBot, Sgly, CluBot NG,
JyMll, Twllsj, Hlpul Px Bot, Zastk, Flx11, MPgu2, S1z2, LoWol1992, Rc s, Iogblazdas, BattyBot,
Gazktul, IAsa11, LgtadDak2, Cals Ess, Zoba, Fosty, CdyHos, Rajaa, Ruby Muay, AbustBot,
Noyst, Mokbot, WaooSs, 65PlyMoo, Alazaka, Haa ad Aoyous: 76
Muslim Brotherhood of Syria Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkMusl%2Botood%2o%2Sya?oldd64396472 Contributors: Atadus, Scwal, Joyous!, Boul, Tusso, Pal, Dss, Gavta, ScuWb, Jygby, Gaus Colus,
Josdboz, SackBot, Btlvdt, So123, Cattus, Evlks, Ocoucus, Logsot14, Hypod, Cydbot, St26, Dsp13, Magoladts, Busssa332211, BoogaLou, Nkosgcook, Daolo, Moou, Fdsky, Captalsojo, EoGuy, Su Cato,
Cpt.sco, WkHad, Addbot, Aad Nua, Zozo2kx, Hsadab116, Tassdt, Lgtbot, Yobot, AoBOT, JackBot,
Wstucs, Mcoupal, HCPUNXKID, T Egypta Lbal, Aadwads, Cwllas, K, EausBot, Vasd us z46pw21,
Bla198, ZoBot, Gysak9, Laboo, CluBot NG, Davd O. Joso, Oaa, RJFF, Hlpul Px Bot, MPgu2, Fa To
24, Gazktul, Kaza2, Zogos, Pavdavo, Egy, DylaLacy, Cals Ess, Rajaa, LusK, Ftzcaala, ElCoadatVzl
ad Aoyous: 25
Authenticity and Development Front Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkAuttcty%2ad%2Dvlopt%2Fot?oldd
64742473 Contributors: Aakuu, Mssva, Magoladts, DGG, VQuak, Bbb23, EausBot, AvcBot, Davd O. Joso, Not Atlatcst Usoa, 3bdulla, Gazktul, DylaLacy, LgtadDak2, Cals Ess, KajMtz ad Soo ot usg s al a
Junud al-Sham Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkJuud%2al-Sa?oldd63758969 Contributors: Davd O. Joso, Gazktul
ad KajMtz
Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkHaakat%2Nou%2al-D%2al-Zk?oldd64115657 Contributors: Yobot, Davd O. Joso, Gazktul, Mogs, KajMtz ad Aoyous: 1
Sham Legion Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkSa%2Lgo?oldd637263425 Contributors: Wt, Davd O. Joso, Gazktul, LgtadDak2, KajMtz ad ElCoadatVzl
Shields of the Revolution Council Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkSlds%2o%2t%2Rvoluto%2Coucl?oldd
636383657 Contributors: Davd O. Joso, Gazktul ad KajMtz
Alwiya al-Furqan Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkAlwya%2al-Fua?oldd636383759 Contributors:
AoBOT, Tappst t ok, IRISZOOM, Davd O. Joso, Gazktul, KajMtz, M RD ad Aoyous: 1
Dawy, Yobot,
Group of the One and Only Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkGoup%2o%2t%2O%2ad%2Oly?oldd636399697

Contributors: Davd O. Joso ad KajMtz
Northern Sun Battalion Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkNot%2Su%2Battalo?oldd64296889 Contributors: Ctato
bot, Aotclow, Davd O. Joso ad Aa214
People s Protection Units Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkPopl's%2Potcto%2Uts?oldd642692117 Contributors: Fd
Baud, Soa, Quota, Galdslds11, Staoo, Toy1, Atu Rub, Cattus, Jpg1966, Hba, Cydbot, Wk29, Toucou, Nuak, Askaz, Boyadsu, J.dso, Daolo, Kasa, Codspoty, YSSYguy, Coaj, XLkBot, Addbot,
, EllswotSK, Aga, AoBOT, Elvs214, Totak, Opadsta, Coltsa, Lota vo Rcto, HCPUNXKID,
Na Fad, Dg Eatast, C4K3, EausBot, Look2S1, Dwtc, Aotz, ZoBot, Gysak9, Huady618, Catlu, Davd O.
Joso, Pac lad, Gust2625, BG19bot, Goada, Kaals, MPgu2, K2243, Vtagltay, BattyBot, DaasBot, T
Illusv Ma, DylaLacy, , LgtadDak2, Cals Ess, Mogs,
, Ludsugcy, Robosky, Napy65, UcappgCo64, Ayut15, SatLak, Pscolsacusol, LbDutc, Nulla Tact, Suyk, LbCoIt, Sad ala, 4al312 ad
Aoyous: 34
Asayish (Syria) Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkAsays%2(Sya)?oldd64216299 Contributors: Lota vo Rcto,
Gysak9, Davd O. Joso, 23 dto, DylaLacy, Cals Ess ad Aoyous: 1
Jabhat al-Akrad Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkJabat%2al-Akad?oldd63894252 Contributors: Toy1, Huo, Saloa, Cydbot, Toucou, Lgacypac, Lota vo Rcto, HCPUNXKID, Wt, Ad Ot, Davd O. Joso, BG19bot, DylaLacy,
Cals Ess, EvgF, Aa214 ad Aoyous: 4
Kurdistan Workers Party Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkKudsta%2Woks'%2Paty?oldd643128234 Contributors: AxlBoldt, Mattw Woodcat, Gupp, Ed Poo, JLuF, Gat, Edwad, D, Boud, TuSpaas, Llywc, Lta, (, KAMKAZOW, Docu,
Agla, Jdost, Vcto Gjsbs, Kwkubo, GCaty, Gwgll, Guaka, Tw, WspToM, Slkt, SEWlco, Topbaaa, Sctlodo, SooRag, Rddly, Bacat, Robbot, Pgsotwg, CsO, Koat, TR, Ojg, Cakuck, PBP, Adb, Wod al, Wbast,
Nadavsp, Goa, Zgg, Wwoods, Evykg, Cups, Edal Roa, Matt Cypto, Bobblwk, Ssl, Nlc, Quadll, Atadus, Blad, Kalda, PDH, MacGyvMagc, Rdst4, Mkko Paaa, Icas, Mozzat, Nckpta, Soa, Nutalty, Joyous!, Ukxpat,
Kl Kocjacc, Sott72, Espat, Mk Rosot, Kgal86, Kccoy, D6, Jayjg, Rado cotbuto, Dscospst, Rc Faboug, C12H22O11, Us24, Mutasa, Lados, Gy Lyc, Ma1, Pavl Vozlk, Paul August, Stotk, Bd235, Voltga, Fc, Pojct251a, Zscout37, El C, Mwa, QuatLat1968, Caboy, Susvolas, Sts Sl, Guttada, Tusso,
Bobo192, Sallj, Jo Vadbg, Cdjaso, Ga data, Pyscstjd, Sa Ko, Pug, Oztto, Alaso, Sucj,
Rd232, Adwpk, Davbll, Walscus, Jacklddl, ISa, Malo, Sowol, Datug, Mla, Saga Cty, Vyuss, Evl Moky, Toy Sdaway, Eg, RabowOLgt, Rady Josto, Scu, Flsblood, Galdslds11, Dav.Duod, Skycycl, Bsadowsk1, Ala, Blaxtos, Da1, FacsTys, Booty443, Klly Mat, Fso, Ml Etts, TSP, Wooooktty, Caw, Goka, T
Wodst, Tabltop, Dacatz, Bluoos, Joabuz, Yuus koc, , Jdoy, Pasats, Tslocu, Fadx, Gaa87, Sta
, Dltabgt, Magst Matatca, Dscdall, Kbdak71, Bot, Rjwls, Mayuasu, Sdstud, Wkbo, Oaoglu,
317
Rsc7754, Hao5, Cazyas, Tota5, Yub, Sago123, Ncolas1981, Ia Ptcod, ScuWb, Isotop23, CaolGay, Flowpaty, Guc, TDJ, Jtaylov, Bcop, Salwalk, Yc, Scta, Cobot, Bgwt, Adosck, Elguy, YukBot, Kass, Lautus, Scpt, TDoob, Hd2, Ntscott, Sll Ky, Gaus Colus, Tl29, Alx Bakav, Rskat5, Wt, Vauxall, Fop, NawlWk, Katwb, Wk al, Ktoat, Bxwda, Wls, Ex Kaalabad, CJK, Toks, Howcg, Tsy,
Nck, Doda, AadGal, Ad Nausa, Eso, Alx43223, Aao Sculz, Kal M, DadEyAow, Agtjott, Wkgt94,
Gjx, DWssRos, Sadst, Uo 486@otal.co, Zzuuzz, Sssyck, Tda, Closdout, Icakta, Isaoglu, D Adstado Ipo, Evka, JoaB, Fa, Gaybl, Kv, Jack Uplad, Kuguada, Asto, obot, Yvwv, Saa, SackBot,
Pwt898, Scopoa, Hstoa932, Podgo, KowldgOSl, DucaBCS, Blu52, Patckl, Elgadago, Dlldot, Catusus,
Fd, Kttsubu alo, Ntcy, Btlvdt, Kudzu1, Has, Ady M. Wag, Cs t spll, Aucaa, AdwRT, Kalz, Muoag3, Hba, Ctaov, Vkol, Dyako, Ca't slp, clow wll at , At , Ca K, OpaBot, Hval, Iyt, Rbuk,
KatFa, Addso, Ato.E , Koko, Aswts, Fugttaboutt, Gab S., Bowlov, Nako, McalBllgto, Hoss
I T Sky, Abac, Ataka, Iacovda, Ruzga, Lvt, -Iaa-, Ecl, Lgulbot, Rodosu, FlyHg, Blockad, Ocoucus, Ozguglla, Ab79, Nskd64, Altau, Swatjst, NkoSlv, Hayboyls, Kuu, Jo, Daja, Tazaacs, CasMx,
Albdo ad, GuduzIc, Edwy, JosvS, Edsol, Hayculu, Ocatc, Al1, Hv413, Gadpaootsold, Publcus, Itlgua, Vd, Ca.guv, Dl2, TJ Spyk, Mtb82, HlloAyog, Idsct, Isldakboa, OttoaRc, Xsya, Josp
Sols Austala, JoBot, Daa, Saados, CaptalR, Nwstack, Jsos, LssHad vaU, CsCok, Slac, JFogt, Dzstj,
CdObot, Dycdag, Cowjwl82, Dzz, Nuua Doo, KgtLago, DalRgal, Cazy Iva (usupd), Hattusl, Akaa,
AdwHows, Tgtyull, Cydbot, Abg92, Futu Pct at Sus, MllR, Mato, Blgasa, Bugu, Tawkbot4, Dougwll, DubBOT, Tlx, Ktklbk, DBaba, Gozo a27, Ocops8, JodyB, Alta, Gtow, MMa25, JasAM,
Tjs!bot, Uv, Epb123, Dpblu6, Qwyxa, Fluxbot, Vtu, SYoda, Jas86, Radoc, AgtPppt, Kosd, Pkpat211, RoboSv, Hadac, AtVadalBot, WBot, Majoly, Fday, Lua Sat, Sapoto, Maokwtz, Laday, Lubcutt, Vajagj, Clast5, Rgobt Sog, Caada-Baco, Golgoca, HazoHatto, JADbot, Husod, Isatay, Fld,
Tolgaaca, Tugdso, MER-C, Sys, Gazlo, Fak816, PlKgt, Madavc, Foost,
, Magoladts, Mogl,
VoABot II, Huka26, AubuPlot, Posso agala, Swpb, Posuu, Raa, Nyttd, WODUP, LAS VEGAS, ROOB323,
Au, Gypsyabgtow, Gusous, 28421u2232cc, T Ral Maaud, Abc d, EstbaF, DHx, JaGa, Basta,
Pax:Vobscu, M A, Wkao, FsQu, EtDolt, Makalp, Bayboa77, NuclaUp, Dova, CoosDlk, Noo64,
Ralty-O-Wold, Facs Tys, Wk Raja, Ataxad, GWkMa, J.dlaoy, Paao o t Wzads, FANSTARbot, Qwl, Euss stlya, KazakPol, Cyus abd, Oguza62, Mauc Caboao, Oguz1, Dosbo5, Oublgl, LodAubsBOT, McSly, Gjasa,
Kataay, Mtbod, Dalbat, Doax, SJP, Kasas Ba, Ruplstltsk223, Saguaud, Cotstyls, Goba, Gatstowv, Jasota, Coadox, Mcoucsb, MatRat, Dl , Boada, Zzzoyzzz, Ady Macbaks, WLRoss, Koyba,
Tobu, Davcosby uk, Saa, Dak, X!, VolkovBot, Dokto Gozo, Hoopslaa, Magul Usa, J G., Javca,
Adsayk, AloktaBOT, Gy11, Kll3ad, Plp Tua, Mattoot, TXKBoT, XavG, AaJo, Java7837,
A4bot, Azut caul ld, Dstos pow, Iolyalabaa, Atbato, DyColt, Layplat, Dotus, UtdStatsa, Cpu 222,
Ad628, Katawa25, RvStyx23, Sc.l, Nkosgcook, Nol tuba cculos os, Rw.kzlkut, Wolock, Malzg,
Vcto Pottal, Kasa, K Ozca, Hggoud79, Elok, Baga, Sasca, Cbut, Tucopols, Rada, MCupo,
Tkt38, Clalogla, SBot, Dlt, YoaBot, SlvWk, Kusata, Buja75, Caltas, Tbaltaoglu, Hosat, Fbo1123581321, Pubo T,
Klaa, Btogoa, Rado21, Hxbot, Mta, Oxyoo83, Baaabad999, Ilal, Hllo71, Lgtous, Jo yzulla, Das,
Ayca, Spt 19, Malgwbot, StatcGull, Latcs, Sa.oylad, Jas.pata, Npsoaoata, Allda, N123645, Caosa, Escap Obt, Ba Gppt, Tw , Asc99, Baldck9, G8opoat, D728631, CluBot, Rupg, Bkstt, Nptus27,
T Tg Tat Sould Not B, U193, EoGuy, Lawc Co, Ds, Ncguydc, Estvoa, Blacadb, Csl, Pakwlls,
Dtakopulos, Sola-Wd, Pucko, Mtylaz, Excal, Jusdaax, At pkk, T-uat-t, Rcadbavs, Httuk, Muda,
StaClass99, TRsacPsoa, Su Cato, Ajayay, Lgacypac, Haksl, JaS93, Ioas Aosus, FatajFa, Hutttoll,
Rdtoau, Takabg, ScbBk, Ak25, La Pasta, Tgg, Vsus22, Ubadak, Vasd Us 14, Scapl, XLkBot, Kudo777,
YtCaN, TaalVbtaa, Maols18, DaDac, Klugl, Mt, Alxus8, UNSC Toop, Owlsvc, Dya, Hsbkt,
DpatdUs4, Ly, HxaCod, Aokawa, Addbot, Xp54321, Roybob, Jojutto, Bttusa, Bay TSO, SpllgBot,
Rojos, Fldday-suday, Ozabktas, Kuac, Dsya44, Laas, Alaad, SpBot, Tyw7, Httt, Alascottwalk, Hudavdga, Vbal, D.uso, Sokullu-Ulus, Fyd-pac, Aatu55, Lgobot, Yobot, WkDa61, Sato Palpat, TaBOT-z, C 1,
Ojay123, Taay, Wasbuav, Atyal, C5813, DatKduss, KakazBot, TRaD69, BEDRO7, Aga, Uclst89, Mpb
u, AoBOT, XL2D, TaddusB, J1138, Galoubt, Ipactv, Zaga, Rbllous Spt, Matalsctst, MacSp, IR.Po, Eskadaay, Fatpu, AtuBot, LlHlpa, Ral-cov, Xbot, Atsaatalt, JVC3, Estlada, Slpltl, Jzlcd, Guto23, J4, Fostd14,
Jobobby1985, Opadsta, Mak Scbck, Aauy, Cyaw, Raac, LadoBalsaco, Plot Spol, Kusadlts, Atystus, FscoBot, Lota vo Rcto, DaKyy, Evlastg W, Cs32, DvAlpa, Caols, Hky1, Klla441, WaltsLodo, DlBot, ItN, Jotaylo8, Tjstl, Lod o Ata, Bja, 95j, Jusss2, Akocsg, RdBot, MastBot, BuzzFlood, Robo Cop,
Topaka, Hawyluk, Rcosd t statc, Aadagg, AdaCollga, Fo, Boyzboyz2, Tpop, Coolaus u, Lotj, Vato,
, Calavas84, UcouS, Tbotc, Stoppolo, Ol5969, AYBEK, RjwlsBot, TjBot, Bto, NaIsRo, Ulg, Tuboka,
EausBot, Jo o Radg, Otook, LyXRd, Kdddy, Actv Baaa, Wkpll, K6ka, , Alsac38, ZoBot, BazaPDK2,
Josv5a, Taxs7, Kvst, 2sc945, H3llBot, AxLoAx, Ottoao, XxDstyxX, Sataka, Eaa, T Atu P, Rady, Massadaat, Sgly, Paltalk12, LovWa , Oag Sud Soa, CuspastoBot, HadsoFlla, Ewaladl, Autoddact1, CluBot NG, Gat
G t-Jos, Davd O. Joso, Oaa, Ntsu123, T Mast o May, Jao58, Eact, Aoga13, 149AFK, Wd,
BldMc, Talotwo, Hlpul Px Bot, Hawa KU, MltatLbal, Gob Loa, DBgXay, Lowcas sgabot, BG19bot, PRC192,
Gog Spul, Goada, T Mak o t Bast, MuskAal, Maxus3535, Boka995, Vox S No, KURD1, Mak Ast,
Copak7, AlaMcCall, Ptvas369, Custada17, Slvous, Ety c, Yvats, Ipaulv, Sllystu 84, LoWol1992, Egaltaduzyata, Mauc Fls, Got1233, Lak1, Pacak67, Hulaoop122, HaHagaa1948, MaMotJ, BattyBot, Sad O
Wol, Rly Hutly, Basbasbas, T Illusv Ma, Dl, KudWao, YFdy-bot, Kaza2, Egy, Jogologgo, JYBot, DylaLacy, Hackstox1, Golg61, Dosoplack, LgtadDak2, Hasbot1, Cals Ess, Mogs, Jackja5, Ztgstpag, LlaaDud78, Mo7777, Palvu, Watsl, Dpak, MaoudHas, Vtav, Mvz, Isb.t.43, MacOD, Faza, Hjp1, OlvtTuk, Axlu, Soato, Just tuts, CSBab14, LOLjovadl, Ladogcduta, Cubuls, Ox33, Ala Dwa, Fustop, Podabba, Fksd, JMaoy, Byautod, Blodguyatv, Huttuk13, Sxwbu, Stos97, Mattaat, Zozs, Mokbot,
Fldlkbot, Jo11227, LbDutc, Elgltt, J.st.u.aut, Luxbugst, SokKud, Las P kta, Jaalaaas, Wt agl
black Hawk, TuaYllaz, APO OROSBU, Sda1234567, Sk Rawz ad Aoyous: 135
Shammar Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkSaa?oldd64392883 Contributors: SoP, Skyst, Dakwd, Topbaaa,
RScb, Rc Faboug, MBsaz, Bobo192, Ga data, Eagla, JBlls, Maa Excalbu, Rjwls, FlaBot, CalJW, Rxd,
Ga, Avalo, 21655, Closdout, Doald Albuy, Wcslsto, Hulda, SackBot, Kttsubu alo, SatGuy Old, Has, Ela-
318
gats, Colos Cs, JFogt, Wll314159, Cydbot, Jas86, Fdd, Lstvs, Sba5618, Dalss, MatBot, Kt D, R''B,
Wk Raja, Slacklawstudt, Zayd1, AloktaBOT, Ekxss, Fg, Aldocto, Al alsaly, Saa, Stg, Ctay, Mld Bll Hccup, Aua, PxlBot, Lususoulus, Nabucadssa, Addbot, Lgtbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Nawasss, AoBOT,
, Cadas28, LlHlpa, Xbot, T Ito, INvCy, Djalcods, Dod199, HRostBot, Hstya4all, Obug1, ISKIG, ElBot,
Alpa Quadat (alt), Jscaua, MALLUS, CuspastoBot, CluBot NG, Davd O. Joso, Wkdto8, Xopox, Hlpul Px
Bot, LbMcl8, BG19bot, Busca, W9, Slboy8, CsGualt, Egy, Hasbot1,
, Hpoct, JoyOgsd,
Rvcckuo, OJOM, AsAlsad ad Aoyous: 88
MarxistLeninist Communist Party (Turkey) Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkMaxst%E2%8%93Lst%2Coust%
2Paty%2(Tuky)?oldd642783682 Contributors: GCaty, Ssl, Mat Wss, Soa, Espat, Actx, Gutss, Ala, Koav,
Coscous, Fous-82, Mysd, Wol g, A bt y, SackBot, Ocoucus, Facuk, Tgtyull, Cydbot, Tjs!bot, Uv,
Magoladts, R''B, Jopacklabt, G8opoat, UDSS, Addbot, Tassdt, Lgtbot, Yobot, MacSp, LlHlpa, Guto23,
HCPUNXKID, Joklolk, Albaa222, Patsa1917, CsGualt, Cals Ess, Jackja5, Podabba, Jau67, B Tucktt, Aa214, AsaaDay, Sossat ad Aoyous: 12
Peshmerga Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkPsga?oldd643151734 Contributors: Skyst, Aost, Tsa kott,
Popsac, Vasd us 5zau3jsjj4j, WspToM, Stsky, Nug, Sup41, Adbws, Sap Davs, Valaa, Bobblwk,
Adycjp, Pada, Sa Hocva, Kako, Kl Kocjacc, Rc Faboug, Psyyz, Lados, StalwatUK, Ma1, Bd235,
QuatLat1968, Koss, Jag123, Ga data, Atoy Applyad, Luka Jaov, Pt McGly, Gazo, Galdslds11, FacsTys, Wooooktty, Lapsd Pac st, MG, , Toussat, BD2412, Rjwls, CalJW, Guc, Joda Eld, Jsy Dvl, Bgwt,
Adosck, EaoPKa, YukBot, Spacpotato, Tzka, TDoob, Mao X, Mtdats, Maxul, Spk Wlbuy, Wls, Toks, Caw, Slcg, Atu Rub, CGad, Jsus gk, SackBot, Subtl, Haza-w, Kttsubu alo, Edga181, Blubot, Mavblok, AdwRT, Jpg1966, Hba, Sadads, Vkol, Robt, Skyl Stg, McZ, Hogoo, Fap, StaB sv, OpaBot, Tssboss, Koko, MRadoGuy, Mukaddat, Roy96, TTK Ca, Japa1, Muad, Jo lo , B Moo, Sadb, Publcus,
Vd, Adwsc, OttoaRc, Josp Sols Austala, Skapu, ByaFaza, Msoud4, Patcoul, Dougwll, DubBOT,
Tjs!bot, Bobblad, Katovo, Mutt Luk, La D, Albay NY, Cywol, VoABot II, Fazad, Bucksot6, D.Kudsta, Exldo, DHx, Basta, MatBot, Awat, Juasdous, R''B, CoosDlk, KTo288, Gug, Lzal, NgtFalco999,
ATousadYoug, Ia.toso, BokSp, Dalbat, Assass3577, WatBg, Tatgl, KCDC, Wa3pxx, KylTastc, Vasd us 39948282, Ady Macbaks, Lloz, Ldtt, Adyvpl, AloktaBOT, JsBot, LavSlavs, PDFbot, Akbltz, Cpu 222, Bokwt, Hk46, Kasa, Boat, SBot, WSplCus, Ilyacadz, Ptbuc1, KPH2293, Gaak, OKBot, Facs dolayd, Npsoaoata, Akosd, Caglsa, Cadsalta, IagRovalBot, CluBot, Ubuttd Pasp, Sgt.
bd, Ncguydc, Ct, DagoBot, PxlBot, MosRob, Muads, K kc ca, Nablzy, Ioas Aosus, Takabg, WsD, Syl, CazySut, IvaAvazov, Alxus8, WkDao, MystBot, Zguz, Nabucadssa, Addbot, Roadu-ov, Edl, Dowload,
Ho, Capta Obvous ad s c- gtg dog, Lgtbot, Lapad123, Advuas, Luckas-bot, Makuato, Yobot, Guy189,
WDW Mgaapto, AoBOT, Pao o toppo, Ulc1313, Elvs214, Ctato bot, Xbot, CalSEAL, 7ad7, Sc32977, Ellp, HasP,
, Coltsa, Mak Scbck, Mttll, Locobot, Mau Lop, Na Fad, Mazok, I, Acdt, Ctato bot
1, Aa Qad, Dg Eatast, KRG-Edto, Josy95, Kawa al, Aass, NotyNot, Haajo, Lotj, Mattgg, Juyaay, Bcktz,
Gjuot, Acbsto, Byod My K, Balp Eubak, Kova95, Mac1988, ZxxZxxZ, Skokud, , RojNws18, STEVENJHNS 1,
Gysak9, XxDstyxX, MALLUS, Sasa, IR393ANDRICA, CluBot NG, Catlu, Aosus, Ra al, Kaksat, Gust2625,
BG19bot, Kudwk, Ula, K2243, Isa, Ncoadl84, DPL bot, Psg, Has59, Rado1991, HaHagaa1948, Jaa
Sad, Rado5, CsGualt, KudWao, Ukow K, Toas.Lu, Cals Ess, Mogs, Kaza9, JasoF, Wyw, Wol ukas,
TDulk123, Rabaasa, Ilolo Wad, B1479, WCS1, AcdSow, Palyaya, Wka115, Gskavcg, Tsuva, Nguy QuocTug, Blodguyatv, Kawa97, Royalcout, CogtoEgoSu14, Mokbot, Bos Naus, Fldlkbot, Moplay, LbDutc,
Dal.bad, J kataa, Pazpappoy, Bja 145, TScola26, Abd asou1234, Zg usta, BobNs, Patpsga, Sa.st777, Blablubbs, KudsPsga, Psdo17, TootoKRD, Eocco, Mozad655, Sso1 ad Aoyous:
333
Syriac Union Party (Syria) Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkSyac%2Uo%2Paty%2(Sya)?oldd6421922 Contributors:
Staoo, Sta2, Cydbot, Katovo, Askaz, Sata, Wldwayd, Dsaoa, Sola-Wd, Malk Dao, Addbot, Elvs214, Lota
vo Rcto, HCPUNXKID, Jo o Radg, Gysak9, Davd O. Joso, Masssly, Not Atlatcst Usoa, MPgu2,
LgtadDak2, Cals Ess, Mokbot, Xogk, LbDutc, Assyadud ad Aoyous: 2
Syriac Military Council Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkSyac%2Mltay%2Coucl?oldd64215871 Contributors: Staoo, BD2412, Altyta, Cydbot, Magoladts, Hullaballoo Wolowtz, Sola-Wd, Malk Dao, Addbot, Yobot, Elvs214,
FscoBot, Lota vo Rcto, HCPUNXKID, EausBot, Spd s, Josv5a, Gysak9, EkoGa, Catlu, Davd O. Joso,
Not Atlatcst Usoa, Notaca1, Cybbot I, DylaLacy, LgtadDak2, Cals Ess, Mogs, KajMtz, Cspulop,
Suyoyo896, Ayut15, LbDutc, Assyadud ad Aoyous: 8
Sutoro Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkSutoo?oldd64367268 Contributors: C.Fd, Cydbot, Hullaballoo Wolowtz, CoosDlk, Dsaoa, Sola-Wd, Ek Coll, AoBOT, Elvs214, Lota vo Rcto, HCPUNXKID, MoBot II, Rdos64,
Spd s, Davd O. Joso, Not Atlatcst Usoa, FLAVIVSAETIVS, LgtadDak2, Cals Ess, Mogs, Gazwa Mattoka, FdacTougTNgt, Evyog, Pgus53, Szkszt, Sotooo, LbDutc, Assyadud, Cotbutozo, Gabsa,
Sootooa ad Aoyous: 6
Kurdistan Regional Government Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkKudsta%2Rgoal%2Govt?oldd641994537 Contributors: Sup41, Alvstad, QuatLat1968, To, Galdslds11, BDD, TSlo12, FacsTys, Wooooktty, Yl, Tabltop, , Toussat, BD2412, Bot, Rjwls, Aguscllla, FdKklad, RussBot, Hd2, Eulbal, Vkol, McZ,
Tw k, Cplakdas, Koko, Cybcoba, Idsct, DalRgal, Rywas92, MC1, Bblboks, JasAM, Escabot, Magoladts, Toyaull, Hwaka,
, Poakcout, R W ld, R''B, Jopacklabt, Gug, Facs Tys, S, Lostlov, Akbltz, Kasa,
Alb, CluBot, Kudology1, Lgacypac, Boosk, DuZBoT, Mabla, WkHad, Zguz, Addbot, Rojos, Lgtbot, Yobot,
Atyal,
, Aa Qad, DlBot, Rcycld.jack, Full-dat ulkg bot, Koaktzvgad, Pasabad7, Alx cty, TGCP, EausBot,
Jo o Radg, Pllll, , BazaPDK16, ZoBot, Natoalst16, DlbLov111, ZlaLov16, MySupTV, Gysak9,
AxLoAx, XxDstyxX, Sasa, PNA cod, Sg, Bda, Movss-bot, Malboo t, ZalaTG, CavT18, MlIwBot, BG19bot, Goada, K2243, Saca Baokay, DylaLacy, Ba.baza, SttIWbot, GabIglsa, NVaM, WkU213,
Pgus53, Mcoatoalst1999, 7Sdz, Moplay, Illuj ad Aoyous: 43
Kurdistan Democratic Party Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkKudsta%2Docatc%2Paty?oldd6451352 Contributors:
Ew, Cakuck, Evykg, Dbzjv, Tat, Wooooktty, Lapsd Pac st, Hbdago88, Bkss, Goud Zo, TDJ, Bgwt,
319
Isal, PacoS, Atu Rub, Cs t spll, McZ, Valcao, RoladR, Dk R Bullao, Sksok, Idsct, DalRgal,
Hbds, DubBOT, Sapoto, Ep c, R''B, CoosDlk, Paao o t Wzads, Cyus abd, Saw Motal, Ldo, Daolo, Kasa, Loga, Npsoaoata, St, Ncguydc, Sola-Wd, Su Cato, Takabg, Good Olactoy,
Addbot, LaakoBot, B B, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Atyal, AoBOT, DocatcLutz, LlHlpa, RbotBOT, Wwbad, Dwas,
Elockd, RdBot, TjBot, Rgacy42, EausBot, Dwtc, , BazaPDK18, BazaPDK2, Illgtat Bast, PUKKud18,
Gysak9, AxLoAx, ApplKud, AxHabbAx, DolaPo, Dststy, IadSl16, EvaDla1, CluBot NG, IttIsSousBusss, Jaas, ZalaTG, RJFF, Abu121, Cals Ess, GabIglsa, Tsuva, Blodguyatv, Patbdwll, Kawa97,
At19, Mattaat, LbDutc, Ao.slay, Lkgozu 12 ad Aoyous: 47
RussiaSyria relations Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkRussa%E2%8%93Sya%2latos?oldd638377781 Contributors:
T Ao, Bd235, Also9, BD2412, Rjwls, Russava, Sadaapalus, Mco, CdObot, Malad, Vaak, BoogaLou,
Pcpc, Addbot, Zozo2kx,
, Buda-Russa lov556, Yobot, KakazBot, J1138, INvCy, FscoBot, Juo,
Goly4, CuspastoBot, Hlpul Px Bot, Gust2625, PoPcl, Coccoa, Pp1x1, Ludsugcy, Elv Agayv,
D.a.kl ad Aoyous: 21
ttp:.wkpda.ogwkSya%E2%8%93Utd%2Stats%2latos?oldd
SyriaUnited States relations Source:
63863963 Contributors: Tpbadbuy, Bacat, Kazvopal, Wooooktty, WadSMs, BD2412, Mcga, Koav, XLat, Goud
Zo, Jo Z, Russava, Rjs, Toy1, Rada1, Sadaapalus, IvsHypcub, Ttag, Kudzu1, Glla, Colos Cs, RJN,
Mco, Cydbot, Captau, Robt Ulla, Supzoa,
, Magosta, LolyMabl, Dabob87, L o Rly, Good
Olactoy, Kbdakbot, Zozo2kx, Tassdt, LayJ , Abtaly, B B, Yobot, TToas, Tpodvals, Matalsctst,
Juo, RjwlsBot, Wk-GJN, EausBot, Jo o Radg, AsctcRos, Adp345, L1A1 FAL, TyA, NDStv1, 48Lugu, Ac o
Ravs, TTsAACagg, Lavada87, CluBot NG, Goupuscul, Oddbodz, Asala, Gust2625, Jacy, Mogs, Jackja5,
Jayaava, Wyw, GabIglsa, Zac cal d, Hut.cka, Nasab Ka, LbDutc, , Jjo11, TRalEdtoAdC,
Ivtg CR7 ad Aoyous: 54
Military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Source: ttp:.wkpda.ogwkMltay%2tvto%
2agast%2t%2Islac%2Stat%2o%2Ia%2ad%2t%2Lvat?oldd6436877 Contributors: S, PBS, Evykg,
Psyyz, Ec Kvaal, Staoo, BD2412, Bgwt, Cwyatt, Wavlgt, NawlWk, Atu Rub, Nck-D, Kudzu1, Jpg1966,
Btax, Razoad, Ecl, Al1976, Adago Catabl, Sta2, Dl2, Nwo, Pato87, Cydbot, Mosu Fou, Vtu, Katovo,
Scod Quatzato, Yllowdsk, Yals, Fpsba, Ep c, Hllo322, Magoladts, Pascboy, Hullaballoo Wolowtz, T
Aobot2, Macd3319, Kudpug, Pospos, Novs-M, Wolcott, Agaus, Toubllo, XavG, Maxk, A9l87, GoddsUK, IgoT, Sa IMG, Bkstt, Ncguydc, Lgacypac, M.O.X, Jax 677, XLkBot, Ko, EastTN, Astoak92, Flu utt, Mjsa, Blaylockja1, NO.47, Oga933, Yobot, Evas1982, AoBOT, SgaK, Coltsa, Aotclow, AustalaRupt,
RgtCowLtCoast, B98, Tobby72, Lota vo Rcto, Stywll, HJ Mtcll, Juo, Slsaus, LttlWk, Josy95, Gltdog,
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Contributors: ttp:www.gkatsl.?d73847 Original artist: Ogally daw by Us:SKopp. Blu colou cagd by Us:PpP
to atc t ag at [1].
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Contributors:
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Us:Jltz, Us:Dbb, Us:Zscout37
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Wkpda
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artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdabbaFlag_o_Gay.svg License: ? Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
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Contributors: ow cod Original artist: (o cod) cs:Us:-x- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Harakat_Sham_al-Islam.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos442Flag_o_Haakat_Sa_
al-Isla.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Ow wok. Basd o ag vsbl . Original artist: MPgu2
File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacooscc1Flag_o_Hugay.svg License: Publc doa
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File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpda441Flag_o_Ida.svg License: Publc doa Contributors:
File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosccaFlag_o_Ia.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: URL ttp:www.s.ogpotallsstd1.t ad a Egls taslato tptato at URL ttp:lagspot.tlags'.tl
Original artist: Vaous
File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos6Flag_o_Ia.svg License: Publc doa Contributors:
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File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos445Flag_o_Ilad.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: Daw by Us:SKopp Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Iraq.svg
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File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosdd4Flag_o_Isal.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: ttp:www.a.gov.lMFAHstoyMod%2HstoyIsal%2at%25T%2Flag%2ad%2t%2Ebl Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpda3Flag_o_Italy.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
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File:Flag_of_Jabhat_al-Nusra.jpg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosaa4Flag_o_Jabat_al-Nusa.jpg License: Publc doa Contributors: Ow wok Original artist:
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File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpda99Flag_o_Japa.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original

artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Jihad.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos33Flag_o_Jad.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Ukow Original artist: Ukow
File:Flag_of_Jordan.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosccFlag_o_Joda.svg License: Publc doa
File:Flag_of_KDP-I.png Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacooscc4Flag_o_KDP-I.pg License: Publc doa
Contributors: Ow wok Original artist: Kasa
File:Flag_of_KDP.png Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdabbaFlag_o_KDP.pg License: ? Contributors:
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File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos449Flag_o_Kya.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: ttp:www.kyacvs.go.klag_spccatos.t Original artist: Us:Pubaa8
File:Flag_of_Koma_Komaln_Kurdistan.svg Source:
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File:Flag_of_Kurdistan.png Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosdd2Flag_o_Kudsta.pg License: Publc doa Contributors: ttp:www.sttutkud.ogkudoaat_atoal_lag_o_kudsta.pp Original artist: Koybou
File:Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos335Flag_o_Kudsta.svg License: Publc
doa Contributors: Ow wok Original artist: <a 'ttp:valdato.w3.og' data-x-l'oollow'<g alt'W3C' sc'upload.
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File:Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg Source:
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File:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosaaaFlag_o_Kuwat.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: Ow wok Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosdd7Flag_o_Laska--Taba.svg License: CC BY-SA 3. Contributors: Ow wok Original artist: AoldPlato
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Contributors: ? Original artist: Tacd basd o t CIA Wold Factbook wt so od cato do to t colous basd o oato
at Vxlla ud.
File:Flag_of_Libya.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos5Flag_o_Lbya.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: Fl:Flag o Lbya (1951).svg Original artist: T souc cod o ts SVG s <a data-x-l'oollow' class'xtal txt'
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File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosddaFlag_o_Luxboug.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Ow wok ttp:www.lglux.publc.lulgaacvs197251a51.pdpag2, colos o ttp:www.
lglux.publc.lulgaacvs19937316973169.pd Original artist: Daw by Us:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Mali.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos992Flag_o_Mal.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Mauritania.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos443Flag_o_Mautaa.svg License: Publc
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File:Flag_of_Multi-National_Force__Iraq.png
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pla D65 c wt RGB(255,255,255) FFFFFF.
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File:Flag_of_North_Korea.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos551Flag_o_Not_Koa.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Tplat: Original artist: Zscout37
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325
File:Flag_of_PUK.png Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos112Flag_o_PUK.pg License: CC Contributors:

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Original artist: Kasa (talk). Ogal upload was Kasa at .wkpda
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Contributors: T dawg ad t colos w basd o agspot.t. Original artist: Us:Zscout37
File:Flag_of_Palestine.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosFlag_o_Palst.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Ow wok. Basd o Law No. 5 o t ya 26 adg so povsos o Law No. 22 o t ya 25
o t Sactty o t Palsta Flag Original artist: Oost, pvous vsos by Makastos, Mysd, tc.
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Bodalo Po (191; gc dsg); Vto Lus Rodgus; Ato Mats-Tuvlk (24; ts spc c vcto st: s soucs)
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Bgads.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Flag o t Posd Day Bgads; a St lta algd wt t Sadst ovt Ia. Vsbl , , ad . Original artist: Posd Day Bgads
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artist: ?
File:Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos771Flag_o_SFR_Yugoslava.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Ow wok Original artist: Flag dsgd by o Adjv-Ku[3]
File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosdFlag_o_Saud_Aaba.svg License:
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File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosFlag_o_Sba.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Fo ttp:www.palat.gov.scottco_skupstsbolsbol.asp. Original artist: sodpod.co
File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos448Flag_o_Sgapo.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: T dawg was basd o ttp:app.www.sgwo42Natoal-Flag.aspx. Colos o t book: (2001). The
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ttp:www.pato.copagspatocolod.aspx?c_d135 Original artist: Vaous
File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos6Flag_o_Slovaka.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: Ow wok; , colos Original artist: SKopp
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Contributors: s blow Original artist: s upload stoy
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(RussaEgls) Ts st s ot xst ow.(212.6.5) Original artist: Vaous
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpda99aFlag_o_Spa.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpda44cFlag_o_Swd.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos3Flag_o_Swtzlad.svg License: Publc
doa Contributors: PDF Colos Costucto st Original artist: Us:Mac Mogt
Cdts:
File:Flag_of_Syria.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos553Flag_o_Sya.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: s blow Original artist: s blow
File:Flag_of_Syria_(1932-1958;_1961-1963).svg Source:
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%281932-1958%3B_1961-1963%29.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Ow wok Original artist: Us:AoMoos
File:Flag_of_Syria_(2011_combined).svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosaaFlag_o_Sya_%28211_
cobd%29.svg License: Publc doa Contributors:
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ts:
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File:Flag_of_Syrian_Kurdistan.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos22Flag_o_Sya_Kudsta.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Ala_kud_ojava.jpg, st uploadd Novb 211 by Us:Goada Original artist: ukow
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Contributors: T txt s t Saada; copa Iag:Flag o Jad.svg, Iag:Haas ag2.pg, Iag:Flag o Saud Aaba.svg Original
artist: Basd o Talba ag (Flag o Agasta 1997-21) at FOTW (stad o dct copy o txt o Saud Aaba ag).
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File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosccFlag_o_Tusa.svg License: Publc doa
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File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosbb4Flag_o_Tuky.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: Tuks Flag Law (Tk Baya Kauu), Law . 2893 o 22 Sptb 1983. Txt ( Tuks) at t wbst o t
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ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosbb7Flag_o_Tuksta_
File:Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg Source:
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File:Flag_of_Yemen.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos889Flag_o_Y.svg License: CC Contributors:
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svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Ow wok Original artist: Ogally uploadd by
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svg License: Publc doa Contributors:
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File:Flag_of_the_Government_of_Free_Lebanon.png Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosddbFlag_o_t_
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File:Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_(Syria).svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoos11cFlag_o_t_Islac_
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File:Flag_of_the_Islamic_State_in_Iraq_and_the_Levant.svg Source: ttp:upload.wkda.ogwkpdacoosdFlag_
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ANONINTEL

The Syria/Iraq War

Syrian Civil War

Potsts, cvl upsg, ad dctos (Jauay 211

Potsts ad ad sugcy (July 211

Escalato (Novb 211

Cas attpt (Apl 212

Rwd gtg (Ju 212

Battls o Daascus ad Alppo (July 212

Rbl o svs (Novb 212

Govt ad Hzbolla o svs (Apl 213

Cotud gtg (July 213

1.2.1 Govt ad Hzbolla o svs (Octob 213

1.2.11 Fgtg btw ISIL ad ot bl goups (Jauay 214

1.2.12 Cotud govt ad Hzbolla o sv (Mac 214) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.13 Cotud gtg (Mac 214

1.2.14 Psdtal lcto (Ju 214) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.15 ISIL o sv ad cotud gtg (Ju 214

1.2.16 ISIL o svs ad U.S. astks (August 214

Scud ssl attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ipovsd ota bobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tobac ad cday wapos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sya govt ad a latd pats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Islac Stat o Ia ad t Lvat (ISIL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rpotg, csog ad popagada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hua gts volatos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tats agast Sya scts, ots ad ajoty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.13 Fut adg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.14 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Syrian Armed Forces

Post Scod Wold Wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wapos, uos ad ogasato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rak Isga (1987) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

National Defence Force (Syria)

Suspctd Iaa cocto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas

Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq

Hada al-Kaa Bgads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Promised Day Brigade

10 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine General Command

1.2.2 197s ad 198s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.4 Sya Cvl Wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3 Itatoal latos o PFLP-GC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.3 Dsgatos o PFLP-GC as a tost ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.6 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.7 Fut adg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 Syrian Social Nationalist Party

11.1 Hstocal Backgoud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.2 Foudato ad aly yas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.3 T SSNP Lbao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.4 T SSNP Sya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.4.1 Notabl SSNP poltcas Sya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.5.1 Poltcal Tts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.5.2 Ecooc Toy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.5.4 Ebl ad Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.6.1 Idologcal ctcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.9 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 Palestine Liberation Army

13.1 Hstoy ad stuctu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.2 Popula Lbato Focs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.3 Hstoy o dployt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.4 T PLA today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.7 Fut adg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.8 Extal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .