section.

It has also to be noted that formula (2.2.1) applies whatever is the type of connection and the
type of loading acting on the column base. It is also referred to in the preliminary draft of
Eurocode 4 Annex J in the case of composite construction and applies also to beam-to-column
joints and beam splices where the beams are subjected to combined moments and shear and
axial compressive or tensile forces. It is therefore naturally extended here to column bases.
The design resistance given by Formula (2.2.1) has to be compared to the compressive force
Fc (see Figure 2.2.2) which results from the distribution of internal forces in the joint and
which is also assumed to be applied at the centro d of the column flange in compression. It
integrates the resistance of the column flange and of a part of the column web; it also covers
the potential risk of local plate instability in both flange and web.

2.2.3 Stiffness
The deformation of the column flange and web in compression is assumed not to contribute to
the joint flexibility. No stiffness coefficient is therefore needed.

2.3 Base plate in bending and anchor bolt in tension

When the anchor bolts are activated in tension, the base plate is subjected to et nsile forces and
deforms in bending while the anchor bolts elongate. The failure of the tensile zone may result
from the yielding of the plate, from the failure of the anchor bolts, or from a combination of
both phenomena.
Two main approaches respectively termed "plate model" and "T-stub model" are referred to in
the literature for the evaluation of the resistance of such plated components subjected to
transverse bolt forces.
The first one, the "plate model", considers the component as it is - i.e. as a plate - and formulae
for resistance evaluation are derived accordingly. The actual geometry of the component, which
varies from one component to another, has to be taken into consideration in an appropriate way;
this leads to the following conclusions :

the formulae for resistance varies from one plate component to another;

the complexity of the plate theories are such that the formulae are rather complicated and
therefore not suitable for practical applications.

2.17