Force, kN

1600

F
tw

1400
1200

Experiment
Concrete and grout

1000

Calculated strength, Eq. (2.1.6)

Concrete

800
600

Prediction based on local and global deformation,

Eq. (2.1.20) and elastic deformation of the concrete block

400
200

Prediction based on local deformation only, Eq. (2.1.20)

0
0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

Deformation, mm

Figure 2.1.10 Comparison of the stiffness prediction to Test 2.2, (Alma and Bijlaard, 1980),
concrete block 800x400x320 mm, plate thickness t = 19 mm, T stub length L = 300 mm

Excluding concrete surface quality factor

Force, kN

Prediction, Eq. (2.1.20)

600
500
Experiment

F
tw

W97-15
t

400
300

200

Parallel line to prediction

100
Deformation, mm

0
0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

Figure 2.1.11 Comparison of the stiffness prediction to Test W97-15, repeated loading,
cleaned concrete surface without grout only (Sokol and Wald, 1997), concrete block
550 x 550 x 500 mm, plate thickness t = 12 mm, T stub length L = 335 mm

2.13