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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
CHAPTER 8 : SALTS
8.1 Synthesising Salts
8.2 Synthesising qualitative analysis of salts
8.3 Practising to be systematic and meticulous when carrying
out activities
Nitric Acid
(From HNO3)
Carbonate salt
(From H2CO3)
Na+
K+
Zn2+
Mg2+
Ca2+
Fe2+
Fe3+
Cu2+
NH4+
Ba2+
Al3+
Pb2+
Ag2+
INSOLUBLE SALT
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Solubility of salt.
All K+ , Na+ and NH4+ salts are soluble
All nitrate salts are soluble
All carbonate are soluble except K2CO3, Na2CO3 and (NH4)2CO3
All Sulphate salts are soluble except BaSO4 , CaSO4, and PbSO4
All chloride salts are soluble except AgCl2 and PbCl2
The preparation of salt on its solubility of the salt and the nature of the reaction.
Preparation of salt
METHOD 3
METHOD 1
Soluble
K+ , Na+ NH4+
Insoluble
METHOD 2
2
- Gently heat the filtrate to obtain a saturated solution (one-third of its original
volume remains)
- Cool the hot saturated solution to allow it to crystallize
- Filter and dry the crystals by using filter paper
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TRY THIS 1
Write all possible chemical equation to prepare soluble salts and chemical equation for insoluble salt
*******KEY*******
S = SOLUBLE SALT
IS = INSOLUBLE SALT
SALT
Zinc Chloride
SOLUBILITY
CHEMICAL EQUATION
Sodium
Nitrate
Silver Chloride
Copper(II)
Sulphate
Lead(II)
Sulphate
Aluminium
Nitrate
Lead(II)
Chloride
Magnesium
Nitrate
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Potassium
Chloride
Lead(II)
Nitrate
Barium
Sulphate
Ammonium
Sulphate
mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3. Calculate the mass of copper(II) oxide, CuO needed to react
completely with the acid. [RAM : Cu,64 ; O,16]
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Colour of Salts
SOLID
White salt
Green
Light Green
Blue
Brown
Black
Yellow when hot
White when cold
Brown when hot
Yellow when cold
AQUEOUS
Colourless
Insoluble
Light Green
Blue
Brown
Insoluble
Insoluble
SOLID/METAL OXIDE
Insoluble
REAGENT
USED
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Hydrogen
Colourless
Odourless
No effect
Lighted
splinter
Oxygen
Colourless
Odourless
No effect
Glowing
Splinter
Carbon
Dioxide
Colourless
Odourless
Blue red
Lime water
Ammonia
Colourless
Pungent
Smell
Red blue
Concentrated
HCl
Chlorine
Greenish
yellow
Brown
Pungent
Smell
Pungent
Smell
Pungent
Smell
Blue red
white
Blue red
Blue red
Pungent
Smell
Blue red
Acidified
potassium
manganate(VII)
solution
Concentrated
ammonia, NH3
aqueous
Nitrogen
Dioxide
Sulphur
dioxide
Hydrogen
chloride
Colourless
Colourless
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Colourless
residue
c) Test of carbon dioxide gas liberated when the carbonate salt is heated strongly
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d) Write down the chemical equation for the reactions that occur.
Carbonate Salt
Nitrate Salt
Is not decomposed by heat
Decompose into O2 gas and metal nitrate
Ion
K+
Na+
Ca2+
2+
Mg
Al3+
Zn2+
Fe2+
Fe3+
Pb2+
Cu2+
Sulphate salts usually do not decompose
Chloride salts do not decompose except NH4Cl
NH4Cl (s)
NH3 (g) + HCl (g)
[sublimation]
Confirmatory test for anions
Unknown Salt Solution
+ dilute
acid
Gas turns
limewater
__________
+HNO3
+ AgNO3
+ H2SO4 dilute
+ FeSO4
+ H2SO4 conc
+ HNO3
+ Ba(NO3)2
__________
Precipitate
formed
__________
precipitate
formed
________
________
__
Ion
Aluminium ion
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NH4+
K2Fe(II)(CN)6
K2Fe(III)(CN)6
KSCN
+NaOH a little
and then in
excess
Fe2+
Light Blue
precipitate
Dark Blue
Precipitate
No Change
Fe2+
NH4+, Ca2+
No
Precipitate
SO42ClNO3-
Fe3+
Pb2+
,
Confirmatory test
precipitate is
formed & dissolve
in excess
ION TEST
Blue
precipitate
Brown
Solution
Red solution
NH4+
Anion to be test:
CO32- SO42- Cl- NO3-
Examples
Anion
CO32-
Zn2+ Cu2+
Fe3+
CATIONS TEST
+NH4OH a little
and then in
excess
Test
+ HCl
+ HCl
+ BaCl2/ Ba(NO3)2
+ HNO3
+ Ag(NO3)2
+ H2SO4 (Dil)
+ FeSO4
+ H2SO4 (conc)
Observation
Gas form white
precipitate with lime
water
White precipitate is
formed
White precipitate is
formed
Brown ring is formed
Confirmatory test
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