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Definition:
Example: Ammeter
Voltmeter
Energy meter
Classification:
Absolute Instruments: Give the value of the quantity to be
measured in terms of constants of the instrument.
Example: Tangent Galvanometer
Damping Methods:
i) Air Friction Damping
ii) Fluid Friction Damping
iii) Eddy Current Damping
Measuring Errors:
• Absolute Error (ε0 ): Is the difference between the measured value (Am) and the
actual or true value (A) of the unknown quantity.
ε0 = δA = Am – A
• Relative Error (εr): Is the ratio of absolute error to the true value of quantity.
εr = δA / A = ε0 / A
Common Errors:
2. Friction error: When deflecting torque occurs, the spindle of the moving system
pivoted in the jewel bearing rotates causing friction which affects the instrument
reading.
It is minimized by designing a light weight moving system.
and m α H
Therefore, θ α I2
Therefore, F α m1 m2 α H2
Therefore, θ α I2
• Reasonably accurate.
• Withstand overloads.
Disadvantages of MI Instruments:
Therefore, θ α I
Deflecting Torque, Td α B I2
α I1 I2
α IV
α Power
Hence, θ α Power
Advantages of Dynamometer type Instruments:
• Can be used on both DC & AC circuits.
• Uniform scale.
• High degree of accuracy can be obtained.
2. Moving System
3. Breaking System
4. Recording Mechanism
Driving System:
Series Magnet: It is placed below the aluminum disc
and produces the magnetic field (Φsc), which is
proportional to & in phase with line current (I).
The disc is positioned in the air gap between series & shunt
magnet.
When the disc moves in the field of the braking magnet, flux is cut &
eddy currents are induced in the disc.
Since the induced currents are proportional to the speed of disc (N),
therefore braking torque (Tb) is proportional to the disc speed. i.e. Tb α N
Recording Mechanism:
The function of recording or registering mechanism is to
record continuously a number on the dial which is
proportional to the revolutions made by the moving
system.
The magnetic field produced by the series magnet is in phase with the line
current and the magnetic field produced by the shunt magnet is in quadrature
with the applied voltage.
Thus, a phase difference exists between the fluxes produced by the two coils.
This sets up a rotating field which interacts with the disc and produces a
driving torque, thus disc starts rotating.
The number of revolutions made by the disc depends upon the energy passing
through the meter. The spindle is geared to the recording mechanism so that
electrical energy consumed in the circuit is directly registered in kWh.
Difference between Wattmeter & Energy meter: