SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY

SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY
PROCEDURE
1. IDENTIFY & MAJOR DEPOSITIONAL UNITS
2. INTEGRATE WELL & SEISMIC
3. ANLYZE REFLECTION CHRACTERISTICS
4. RELATE LITHOLOGY TO SEISMIC
5. PREDICT ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING & LITHOLOGY
6. DETERMINE AN AGE MODEL
7. EVALUATE PREDICTIONS

SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY
TECHNIQUE
1. SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS
2. SEISMIC-WELL TIE
3. SEISMIC FACES ANALUSIS
4. SEISMIC CALIBRATION
5. GEOLOGIC INTERPRETION
6. CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
7. SEISMIC AND STRATIGRAPHIC MODELING

USING A STRATIGRPHIC
FRAMEWORK
STRATIGRAPHIC
FRAMEWORK

ANALYSIS

BURIAL
HISTORY
MODELING
TEMPERATURE
HISTORY
HYDROCARBON
GENERATION
PREDICTION

SOURCE

MIGRATION

TRAP
DEVELOPMENT
AND TIMING

RESERVOIR
PROPERTIES

RESERVOIR

SEAL

TRAP

EPSODIC VS CYCLIC DEPOSOTION

SCALE OF DEPOSITION

LAMINA
I
N
C
R
E
A
S
I
N
G

LAMINASET
BED

CONTROLS
E
P
I
S
O
D
I
C

STORMS
FLOODS
TIDES

BEDSET
PARASEQUENCE
PARASEQUENCESET
SEQUENCE

C
Y
C
L
I
C

SHIFTING SEDIMENT
DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS
SEA-LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS
LONG-TERM TECTONICS

BED VS DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES

BEDS

FORMATION
BOUNDING
SURFACES
MORPHOLOGY

A SINGLE EPISODE
OF DEPOSITION
BEDDING
PLANES

DEPOSITIONAL
SEQUECES
A SINGLE CYCLE
OF DEPOSITION
UNCONFORMITIES

LIMITED EXTENT

WIDESPREAD

SMALL THICKNESS

THICK ENOUGH TO
RESOLVE SEISMICALLY

TERMINATES WHERE
BEDDING SURFACES
INTERSECT

TERMINATES AGAINST
UNCON-FORMITIES OR
THEIR CORRELATIVE

SEISMIC REFLECTION
GENERATED AT PHYSICAL SURFACES ACROSS WHICH
THERE IS A CHANGE IN IMPEDENCE
POLARITY IS DETERMINED BY SIGN OF THE REFLECTION
COEFFCIENT
AMPLITUDE IS A FUNCTION OF:
- MAGNITUDE OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT
- SHARPNESS OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT
- RESOLUTION OF THE SYSTEM

REFLECTION AND TIMESTRATIGRAPHY

GENERATING
FEATURE

UNCONFORMITIES

TIME-STRATIGRAPHY

YES

YES
STRATAL
SURFACES

SEPARATES OLDER
STRATA BELOW FROM
YOUNGER STRATA
ABOVE

SEISMIC RESPONSE OF STARATAL

SURFACES
SEISMIC REFLECTIONS PARALLEL STARATAL SURFACES
RESOLUTION IS COMMONLY AT SCALE OF PARASQUENCES
REFLECTION TERMINATION INDICATES THE ASSOCIATED
STRATAL UNIT HAS:
- ENDED ABRUPTLY (TRUNCATION)
OR
- THINNED BELOW RESOLUTION (LABOUT)

MARKING THE SEISMIC SECTION

LOCATE UNCONFORMITIES
AT THE BASE OF ONLAPS AND DOWNLAPS
HALF CYCLE ABOVE TRUNCATION AND TOPLAP

MARK
ONSETS (ZERO-CROSSINGS) FRO MINIMUM
PHASE
PEAKS?TROUGHS FOR ZERO PHASE
REFLECTION CHARECTERISTICS CAN VARY
ALONG AN UNCONFORMITY

SEISMIC RESPONSE OF FACIES CHANGES

SEISMIC REFLECTIONS DO NOT FOLLOW
FACIES BOUNDARIES

HOWEVERE
REFLECTION CHRACTERISTICS ARE AFFECTED
BY CHANGES IN THE FACIES
- REFLECTION AMPLITUDE
- REFLECTION CONTINUITY
- REFLECTION POLARITY

LIMITATIONS
RESOLUTION
VERTICAL
LATERAL
IMPROPER POSITIONING REFLECTIONS
DIP ANALOG SECTION
OUT-OF-PLANE REFLECTION
NONPRIMARY REFLECTIONS
NONCOHERENT NOISE
COHERENT NOISE

LITHOLOGY PREDICTION
SEISMIC DATA
CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC
FRAMEWORK

SEISMIC
SEQUENCES

SEISMIC
REFLECTION
CHARACTERISTICS
DEPOSITIONAL
FRAMEWORK

DEPOSITIONAL
ENVIRONMENT

SEISMIC SEQUENCE
ANALYSIS

SEISMIC FACIES
ANALYSIS

GEOLOGIC
INTRPRETATION

LITHOLOGY
PREDICTION

SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS APPROACH

SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS

CORE
ANALYSIS

REFLECTION
GEOMETRIES

REFLECTION
CHARACTERISTICS

CALIBRATION
INTERPRETATION
FACIES
MODEL

DEPOSITIONAL
ENVIRONMENT
PRIDICTION

SEDIMENT
SUPPLY

LOG
ANALYSIS

INTEGRATED FACIES ANALYSIS

WELL AND SEISMIC DATA
OBSERVE

CALIBRATE

VARIATIONS IN CORES, ON LOGS AND ON SEISMIC

LOG RESPONSE TO CORE LITHOFACIES

SEISMIC PESPONSE TO CORES AND LOGS

INTERBRATE

DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
SUBENVIRONMENTS SETTING

PREDICT

LATERAL AND VERTICAL

LITHOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION

SEISMIC FACIES
PARAMETERS
REFLECTION GEOMETRIES
TERMINATION PATTERN
INTERNAL CONFIGRATION
EXTERNAL FORM

REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS
AMPLITUDE
CONTINUITY
FREQUENCY
INTERVAL VELOCITY

REFLECTION GEOMETRIES
INTERNAL CONFIGURATIONS
UNSTRATIFIED

STRATIFIED

SIMPLE

PROGADATIONAL

COMPLEX

SEGMIOD

MOUNDED

OBLIQUE

HUMMOCHY

COMBINATION

DEFORMED

BARALLEL
SUBPARALLEL
DIVERGENT

SHINGLED

CHAOTIC

REFLECTION
FREE

REFLECTION GEOMETRIES
EXTERNAL FORM
UNIFORM
THICKNESS

VARYING
THICKNESS

SHEET-EVEN

FILL

SHEET-DRAPE

MOND

SHEET-SMOOTHING

COMBINATION

GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS
ABC TECHNIQUE

EROSION
TOPLAP
CONCODANT

ONLAP
DOWNLAP
CONCORDANT

PARALLEL

SIGMOID

MOUNDED

SUBPARALLEL

OBLIQUE

HUMMOCKY

SHINGLED

DEFORMED

DIVERGENT

DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY
HIGH

LOW

DEPOSITIONAL
PROCESSES

SEDIMENTARY
FACIES

SORTED

POOR SORTING

COARSEST
AVAILABLE GRAIN
SIZE

FINE PRESENT

DIAGNOSTIC
GEOMETRIES

ACTIVE

TOPLAB/OBLIQUE
MOUNDS

EXPLORATION

QUIET WATER

SHEET/DRAPE
SIGMOID PROG.
SLOPE FRONT FILL

REFLECTION CHARECTERISTICS AND

DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY
AMPLITUDE

CONDITIONS

LITHOLOGY

LOW

UNIFORM

MASSIVE

HIGH

ALTERNATING

INTERFINGERED

VARIABLE

VARYING

DISCONTINUOUS

CONTINUITY

HIGH

DEPOSITION

WIDESPREAD

LITHOLOGY PREDICTION
I) ESTABLISH CHORONOSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK
SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS
TIE WELL AND SEISMIC
II) DEVELOP DEPOSOTIONAL FRAMEWORK
ANALYZE REFLECTION GEOMETRIES
TIE WELL AND SEISMIC
INTERPRET DEPOSITIONAL SETTING
CALIBRATE SEISMIC FACIES
EXTRAPOLATE AWAY FROM WELL(S)
USE FACIES MODELS
USE CONCEPT OF DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY

VISUAL SEISMIC SIGNATURES OF

HYDROCARBON INDICATORS
AMPLITUDE ANOMALY
FREQUENCY ANOMALY
TIME SAG
ABRUPT TERMINATIONS
PHASE CHANGE
FLUID CONTACT REFLECTION
SHADOW ZONE
CHINMEY

FALSE HDIS AND PITFALLS

LOW IMPEDANCE ROCKS
FLAT REFLECTIONS NOT RELATED TO
FLUID CONTACTS
- STRATIGRAPHY
- MULTIPLES
INCORRECT SECTION POLARITY
LOW GAS STATURATION RESERVOIRS
PROSITY PRESERVATION BY PRESENCE OF
HYDROCARBONS

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
2-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQUES

ADVANTAGES

CHEAP
MANUAL
(SERIAL
OVERLAY)
WITHOUT TIME
SLICES, FEW
CROSS LINES

NO SPECIAL
EQUIPMENT

FAST IN
STRUCTURA
LLY SIMPLE
AREAS

DISADVANTAGES

MISS STRUCTURES
THAT STRIKE SUBPARALLEL TO LINES
INACCURATE 3-D TIES
OF HORIZONS &
STRUCTURES
MAPPING IS
ADDITIONAL STEP
CUMBERSOME

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES
TECHNIQUES
MANUAL BUT WITH
TIME SLICES (GS)
SEISCROP

ADVANTAGES

EASY TO RECOGNIZE

STRUCTURES IN MOST
ORIENTATIONS

ACCURATE 3-D TIES

OF HORIZONS &
STRUCTURES

FAST WITH GOOD

REFLECTION
QONTINUITY

DISADVANTAGES

EXPENSIVE AND SLOW TO

MAKE FILM

DIFFICULT TO TIE LINES

(PAPER) TO TIME SLICES

(PROJECTED)

NOT USABLE IN AREAS OF

POOR REFLECTION
CONTINUITY

CUMBERSOME

AMPLITUDE CONTROLS
POSITION OF TIME SLICE
PICKS

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQUE
S
TRUE 3-D GRID

ADVANTAGES

VERY DETAILED
MAPS

MOST ACCURATE
PICTURES OF FAULT
PATTERNS
HIGHEST
CONFIDENCE
INTERPRETATION

DISADVANTAGES

VERY SLOW
MANY TIES

USING A STRATIGRPHIC
FRAMEWORK
STRATIGRAPHIC
FRAMEWORK

ANALYSIS

BURIAL
HISTORY

TRAP
DEVELOPMENT
AND TIMING

MODELING
TEMPERATURE
HISTORY
HYDROCARBON
GENERATION
PREDICTION

SOURCE

MIGRATION

RESERVOIR
PROPERTIES

RESERVOIR

SEAL

TRAP

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQUES

ADVANTAGES

CHEAP
MANUAL
(SERIAL
OVERLAY)
WITHOUT TIME
SLICES, FEW
CROSS LINES

NO SPECIAL
EQUIPMENT

FAST IN
STRUCTURA
LLY SIMPLE
AREAS

DISADVANTAGES

MISS STRUCTURES
THAT STRIKE SUBPARALLEL TO LINES
INACCURATE 3-D TIES
OF HORIZONS &
STRUCTURES
MAPPING IS
ADDITIONAL STEP
CUMBERSOME

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES
TECHNIQUES
MANUAL BUT WITH
TIME SLICES (GS)
SEISCROP

ADVANTAGES

EASY TO RECOGNIZE

STRUCTURES IN MOST
ORIENTATIONS

ACCURATE 3-D TIES

OF HORIZONS &
STRUCTURES

FAST WITH GOOD

REFLECTION
QONTINUITY

DISADVANTAGES

EXPENSIVE AND SLOW TO

MAKE FILM

DIFFICULT TO TIE LINES

(PAPER) TO TIME SLICES

(PROJECTED)

NOT USABLE IN AREAS OF

POOR REFLECTION
CONTINUITY

CUMBERSOME

AMPLITUDE CONTROLS
POSITION OF TIME SLICE
PICKS

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQUE
S
TRUE 3-D GRID

ADVANTAGES

VERY DETAILED
MAPS

MOST ACCURATE
PICTURES OF FAULT
PATTERNS
HIGHEST
CONFIDENCE
INTERPRETATION

DISADVANTAGES

VERY SLOW
MANY TIES

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES
TECHNIQU
ES
ISIS-

ADVANTAGES
ALOWS USE OF ANY
TECHNIQUE

EPR INTERACTIVE
MOST ACCURATE TIES OF TIME
SEISMIC
SLICES TO LINES AND LINES TO
INTERPRATATION
CROSS-LINES
SYSTEM
LESS PAPER TO SHUFFLE

AMPLITUDE/COLOR SCALING

RAPID, ACCURATE DIGITIZING

CONTOUR MAPS OF HORIZONS
DIGITIZED ON LINES AND/OR
SLICES

IMAGE MANIPULATIONS

ZOOM, STRETCH, SQUEEZE,

REVERSE POLARITY
RELIEVES INTRPRETATER

DISADVANTAGES
CONVERSION OF
SEISMIC DATA TO
ACCEPTABLE
FORMAT CAN BE
TIME-CONSUMMING
EXCESSIVE DETAIL
AVAILABLE

SEISMIC-WELL TIES
PURPOSE: TO COMBINE TWO DATA SETS FOR A MORE
COMPLETE INTERPERATION

SEISMIC DATA

WELL DATA

TWO WAY TIME

LINEAR DEPTH

SEISMIC VELOCITY

VELOCITY

SEISMIC IMPEDENCE

DENSITY

SEISMIC SEQUENCES

GEOLOGIC AGE

SEISMIC FACIES

LITHOLOGY

STRUCTURE

FAULT ORIENTATION