A.

Conclusion and Application Questions

1. Distinguish between hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces.
Hydrogen bonding is the strongest type of Van der Waals force. Van der Waals forces also
include dipole-dipole interactions, and London-dispersion forces. Hydrogen bonds link
together separate molecules, by the attraction of a hydrogen atom, and usually either a
nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine atom. These others elements have almost a full set of valence
electrons, while hydrogen atoms only have one valence electron. This causes the two
atoms to be attracted, with the hydrogen having a partial positive charge, and the other
atom having a partial negative charge. In general, Van der Waals forces occur between
molecules, due to temporary polarity when molecules pass by each other.
2. Using the term electronegativity distinguish between nonpolar and polar
covalent bonding.
When two atoms with the same electronegativity form a covalent bond, the bond is
nonpolar. Since both atoms are equal in charge, the attraction is not stronger on one atom,
and neither side receives a partial positive or negative charge. If the two atoms in a
covalent bond have different electronegativities, a polar covalent bond is formed. The
atom that has a greater electronegativity has a greater pull on the bond, and has a partial
negative charge. The other atom has a partial positive charge, and the covalent bond is
unequally shared.
3. Cohesion vs. Adhesion. Relate this to how water moves up plant roots and
tissues.
Plant roots and tissues are designed to absorb water. First, water sticks to the plant tissue
through adhesion. Then the property of cohesion causes other water molecules to stick to
the molecule undergoing adhesion. When cohesion occurs, the accumulation of a water
droplet, pushes the waters molecule further up, so that adhesion occurs in a new space on
the plant wall. Over time, water makes it way up the plant tissue as more molecules push
upwards. This is called capillary action.
4. Fill in the following:
Type of Bond
How do you predict when it
will form?
Ionic
If the atoms involved include a
metal and nonmetal.
Covalent
If the atoms involved include
two nonmetals.
Hydrogen
If one of the atoms is hydrogen,
and the other atom is fluorine,
oxygen or nitrogen.

What holds the bond

together?
The giving or receiving of
electrons.
The sharing of an electron
pair.
Temporary polarity due to
Van der Waals Forces
between two
electronegative atoms.

5. Fill in the following:

Property of
What causes it?
Water
Universal
Water surrounds other
Solvent
molecules due to its cohesive
and adhesive properties, and
then breaks bonds.

High Heat
Capacity

Ice floats

High surface
tension

Capillary action

Water has a high specific heat

due to hydrogen bonding.
When water is being heated,
not only do the molecules
have to be made to move
faster, but hydrogen bonds
have to be broken first before
this can take place.
The space between hydrogenbonded water molecules is
greater in ice than liquid
water. As water freezes, it
expands and becomes less
dense.
Water molecules naturally
stick to themselves (cohesion)
and other molecules
(adhesion), which creates
surface tension.
Water molecules first adhere
to the capillary wall, and
then cohesion causes more
water molecules to stick to
this one. The repetitive
process of this pushes more
water up the tube.

Why is it important?
Water is very common in
the world. It aids in
digestion, and breaking
down more compounds
than anything other
substance.
This prevents organisms
from dehydrating quickly in
normal environments. Also,
it helps maintain
sustainable conditions in
aquatic habitats.

The land around the north

and south poles is being
held up by floating ice. This
provides habitat for the
land animals there.
This aids in the absorption
of water by plants, the
transport of liquids in
animals, and the
waterproofing abilities of
skin.
This is the specific action
that plants use to absorb
water and dissolved
nutrients. Capillary action
allows for liquids to work
against the force of gravity.

6. Define Organic Chemistry.

The field of chemistry in relation to living things, with a specific focus on carbon
compounds.