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Submitted To
Mr.Udaya Shetty
Lecturer (AIBA)
Submitted By
Group No.2
Regd.No : 0816073 –0816084
Sale of Goods Act, 1930
The sale of goods is a most common of all commercial contracts. Contracts for the sale of
goods are subjected to the general legal principle to all contracts, such as offer, and its
acceptance, the capacity of the parties, free and real consent. The general provisions of
the Indian Contract Act continue to apply to contracts of the sale of goods is so far as
they are not inconsistent with the express provision of the Sale of Goods Act (sec3).
The expressions used but not defined in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 and defined in the
contract Act , 1872 have the meaning assigned to them in the Contract Act, Sec.2(15).
- Where under a contract of sale the property in the goods is transferred from the seller to
the buyer, the contract is called a sale, but where the transfer of the property in the goods
is to take place at a future time or subject to some condition thereafter to be fulfilled, the
contract is called an agreement to sell.
- An agreement to sell becomes a sale when the time elapses or the conditions are
fulfilled subject to which the property in the goods is to be transferred
1. Two parties: there must be two distinct parties’ buyer and the seller, to effect a
contract of a sale and they must be competent to contract. ‘ buyer means a person
who buys or agree to buy goods.sec.2(1). Seller means a person who sells or
agrees to sell a goods. Sec.2(13). These two terms are complimentary.
3. Price: the consideration for the contract of sale, called price, must be money.
When goods are exchanged for goods its not a sale but a barter. There is,
however, nothing to prevent the consideration from being partly in money and
partly in goods.
Goods form the subject matter of the contract of sale. According to Sec.2(7),
‘goods’ means every kind of movable property other than actionable claims and money;
and includes stocks and shares, growing crops, grass and things attached to or forming
part of the land which are agreed to be severed before sale or under the contract of sale.
Trade marks, copyrights, patent rights, goodwill, electricity, water, gas are all goods.
Actionable claims and money are not goods. An actionable claim means a claim
to any debt or any beneficial interest in movable property not in possession (Sec.3 of the
Transfer of Property Act, 1882). It is something which can only be enforced by action in
a Court of law. A debt due from one person to another is an actionable claim and cannot
be brought or sold as goods. It can only be assigned. Money here means current money
and not old rare coins.
The definition of the term ‘goods’ also suggests that it includes stocks and shares,
growing crops, grass and things attached to or forming part of the land which are agreed
to be served from the land before sale. Growing crops and grass are included in the
definition of the term goods because they are to be several from land. Trees which are
agreed to be severed before sale or under the contract of sale are goods.
Classification of Goods:
The goods which form the subject of a contract of sale may be either existing
goods, or future goods[Sec.6(2)].
1. Existing goods- These are the goods which are owned or possessed by the seller at the
time sale. Only existing goods can be the subject of sale. The existing goods may be-
1) Specific goods: These are goods which are identified and agreed upon at the time a
contract of sale is made [Sec.2(14)] as, for example, a specified watch, dog or horse.
Goods are, however, not specific merely because the source of supply is identified, eg,
“500 quintals from 1000 quintals on board”.
2. Future goods: These are the goods which a seller does not possess at the time of
contract but which will be manufactured or produced or acquired by him after the making
of the contract of sale[Sale.2(6)]. A contract of present sale of future, though expressed as
an actual sale, purports to operate as an agreement to sell the goods and not a
sale[Sec.6(3)]. This is because the ownership of a thing cannot be transformed before that
thing comes into existence.
3. Contingent goods: Though a type of future goods, these are the goods the acquisition
of which by the seller depends upon a contingency which may or may not happen.
[Sec. 6(2)].
Contingent and future goods: The procurement of contingent goods depend upon a
contingency whereas it is not so in case of future goods. On non-acquisition of contingent
goods, the parties are discharged whereas on non-acquisition or non-production of future
goods the parties are not discharged.
Transfer of title :- chris n chandru
A property is the ‘right of ownership’. Title is the source of right. A right is vested in a
person who holds a valid title. The title must have been obtained from the owner
himself.But there is some cases when the title is acquired from non-owners.The related
question that arises in such cases is whether or not the buyer has obtained a good title.The
law protects the true owner by providing that he alone can provide a good title.
PROVIDED that, where a mercantile agent is, with the consent of the owner, in
possession of the goods or of a document of title to the goods, any sale made by him,
when acting in the ordinary course of business of a mercantile agent, shall be as valid as
if he were expressly authorized by the owner of the goods to make the same; provided
that the buyer acts is good faith and has not at the time of the contract of sale notice that
the seller has not authority to sell.
2. Sale by one of the joint owner :
If one of several joint owners of goods has the sole possession of them by permission of
the co-owners, the property in the goods in transferred to any person who buys them of
such joint owner in good faith and has not at the time of the contract of sale notice that
the seller has not authority to sell.
(b) Where a person, having bought or agreed to buy goods, obtains with the consent of
the seller, possession of the goods or the documents of title to the goods, the delivery or
transfer by that person or by a mercantile agent acting for him, of the goods or documents
of title under any sale, pledge or other disposition thereof to any person receiving the
same in good faith and without notice of any lien or other right of the original seller in
respect of the goods shall have effect as if such lien or right did not exist.
Where goods are sold by a mercantile agent who is in the possession of the goods or any
document of title of the goods, with the consent of the owner , and the sale is made in the
ordinary course of business of a mercantile agent ,the buyer will get a good title if he acts
in good faith.
• He must be in possession of the goods or any document of the title to the goods
with the consent of the real owner.
• The buyer should not have ,at the time of contract ,notice that seller had not
authority to sell.
Where goods are bought by description from a seller who deals in goods of that
description (whether he is the manufacturer or producer or not).there is an implied
condition that the goods are of merchantable quality. This means goods should be such as
are commercially saleable under the description by which they are known in the market at
their full value.
The term ‘merchantable’ quality is not defined in the Sale of Goods Act. But
according to 62(1-A) of the English Sale of Goods Act, 1893, “Goods of any kind are of
merchantable quality if they are as fit for the purpose or purposes for which goods of that
kind are commonly bought as it is reasonable to expect having regard to any description
applied to them, the price (if relevant) and all the other relevant circumstances.”
Example: - a firm of Liverpool merchants contracted to buy from a London
merchant a number of bales of Manilla hemp to arrive from Singapore. The hemp was
damaged by sea water in such a way that it would not pass in the market as Manilla
hemp. Held, the goods were not of merchantable quality [Jones v Just, (1868) L.R.3
Q.B.197].
If goods are of such a quality and in such a condition that a reasonable person acting
reasonably would accept them after having examined them thoroughly, they are of
merchantable quality. Thus a watch that will not keep time, a pen that will not write, a
tobacco that will not smoke, cannot be regarded as merchantable under such names.
Example: - (a) A manufacturer supplied 600 horns under a contract. The horns
were found to be dented, scratched and otherwise of faculty manufacture. Held, they were
not of merchantable quality and therefore the seller’s suit for price was dismissed
[Jackson v. Rotax Motor & Cycle Co., (1910)2 K.B. 397].
(b) There was a sale by a grocer of tinned salmon which was poisonous. It resulted in the
death of the wife of the buyer. Held ,the buyer could recover damages including a sum to
compensate him for being compelled to hire services which were rendered by his wife
[Jackson v. Watson & sons ,(1909)9 K.B.193 C.A.].
(c) P sold a plastic catapult to G, a boy of six. While G was using it in the proper
manner, the catapult broke due to the fact that the material used in its manufacture was
unsuitable. As a result, the boy was blinded in one eye. Held, P was liable as the catapult
was not of merchantable quality [Godley v. Perry, (1960) I All E.R.36.].
(d) A ratio set was sold to a layman. The set was defective .it did not work in spite of
repairs. Held, the buyer could return the set and claim refund [R.S.Thakur v. H.G.E.
Corpn., A.I.R. (1971) Bom.97].
Even if the defect can be easily cured, e.g. by washing an irritant out of a woolen or
nylon garment by making some trifling repair, the buyer can avoid the contract. If he has
examined the goods, there is no implied condition as regards defects which such
examination ought to have revealed.
If, while professing to examine the goods, he makes a perfunctory examination with the
result that he over looks a defect which a proper examination would have revealed, he has
nevertheless examined the goods, and there will be no implied condition of merchantable
quality.
Example. B went to V’s warehouse to buy some glue. The glue was stored in barrels
and every facility was given to B for its inspection. B did not have any of the barrels
opened, but only looked at the outside. He then purchased the glue.
Held, as an examination of the inside of the barrels would have revealed the nature of the
glue, and as B had an opportunity of making the examination , there was no condition as
to merchantable quality [Thornett &Fehr v. Beers & Sons,(1919) 1 K.B.486].
Packing of the goods is an equally important consideration in judging their
“merchantability”.
Example. M asked for a bottle of stone’s ginger wine at F’s shop, which was licensed
for the sale of wines. While M was drawing the cork, the bottle broke and M was injured.
Held, the sale was by description and M was entitled to recover damages as the bottle
was not of merchantable quality [Morelli v.Fitch &Gibbons, (1928) 2 K.B. 636].
Where the buyer has examined the goods, there is no implied condition as regards
defects which such examination ought to have revealed [Proviso to Sec. 16(2)].
Examples.(a) F bought milk from A. the milk contained germs of typhoid fever .Fs wife
took the milk and got infection as a result of which she died. Held ,F could recover
damages(Frost V.Aylesbury Dairy Co.Ltd.,(1905)1 K.B 608]
(b) C bought a bun containing a stone which broke one of C’s teeth. Held, he could
recover damages (Chaproniere V.Mason,(1905)21 T.L.R.633]
Example A sold a tin of disinfectant powder to C.he knew that it was likely to be
dangerous to C if it was opened without special care being taken opened the tin
whereupon the disinfectant powder flew into her eyes, causing injury. Held, A was liable
in damages to C, as he should have warned C of the probable danger [Clarke v.Army &
Navy Co-operative society Ltd,(1963)1 K.B.155)
Exclusion of implied conditions and warranties. Implied conations and warranties in a
contract of sale may be negative or varied by (a) express agreement between the parties:
or (b) the cource of dealing between them: or (c) the custom or usage of trade.
Where the property in the goods has passed to the buyer , an unpaid seller has the
following rights against the goods.[Sec. 46(1)] :
A lien is a right to retain possession of goods until payment of the price.[Sec. 46 (1)(a)].
It is available to the unpaid seller of the goods who is possession of them where-
a) the goods have been sold without any stipulation as to credit;
b) the goods have been sold on credit ,but the term of credit has expired;
c) the buyer becomes insolvent.[Sec. 47(1)].
It is the right of stopping the goods in transit after the further right of resuming
possession of the goods as long as they are in the course of transit ,and retaining
possession until payment or tender of the price. It is available to the unpaid seller –
a. when the buyer becomes insolvent ; and
b. when the goods are in transit (Sec. 50).
The buyer is said to be ‘insolvent’ when he has ceased to pay his debts in the ordinary
course of business or cannot pay his debts as they become due, whether he has committed
an act of insolvency or not.[Sec. 2(8)].
The right of stoppage in transit is an extension of the right of lien , but it arises only on
the insolvency of the buyer and when the goods are in transit.[Sec. 46(1)(b)].
ii. Suit for damages for non-acceptance .(Sec.56) : Where the buyer wrongfully
neglects or refuses to accept and pay for the goods ,the seller may sue him for non-
acceptance. As regards measure,Sec. 73 of Indian Contract Act,1872 applies.
iii. Repudiation of contract before due date(Sue. 60).Where the buyer repudiates the
contract before the date of delivery, the seller may either –
a) treat the contract as subsisting and wait till the date of delivery.
Or
b) he may treat the contract as rescinded and sue for damages for the breach .This rule is
known as the ‘rule of anticipatory breach of contract’.
iv. Suit for interest .[Sec. 61 (2)(a)] : Where there is a specific agreement between the
seller and the buyer as to interest on the price of the goods from the date on which
payment becomes due , the seller may recover interest from the buyer. If however there is
no specific agreement to this effect ,the seller may charge interest on the price when it
becomes due from such day as he may notify to the buyer.