CHEMISTRY

PROJECT

Submitted by:- Vanditt

Class:- XII B
Roll no:- 25

INDEX
1.Certificate
2.Acknowledgement
3.AIM
4.Apparatus
5.Introduction
6.Theory
7.Procedure
-Colgate
-Pepsodent
-Close-UP
8.COMPARITIVE INFERENCE TABLE
9.Conclusion
10.Precautions

Certificate
This is to certify that Vanditt, student of Class XIIthB,
Navyug School, Sarojni Nagar has completed the
project having aim To Detect The Presence Of
Different Anions And Cations In Different Brands Of
Toothpaste during the academic year 2013-14 towards
partial fulfillment of credit for the chemistry practical
evaluation of CBSE 2014 and submitted satisfactory
report as compiled in the following pages under my
supervision.

Mrs. Taruna Sikri

Department of Chemistry
Navyug School, Sarojni Nagar

Acknowledgement
I owe thanks to many people who helped me in this
project.

My deep thanks of gratitude are to Mrs. Taruna Sikri,

our chemistry teacher for helping me in this topic with
her valuable guidance.

Finally, I would also thank you my family members and

friends for their constant support.

AIM
To Detect The Presence Of
Different Anions And Cations In
Different Brands Of Toothpaste.

Apparatus
Toothpaste(s):
Colgate, Pepsodent and Close-UP.

Chemicals:
Hydrochloric acid, dilute Sulphuric acid, concentrated
Sulphuric acid, Barium chloride, Ammonium chloride,
Ammonium hydroxide, Ammonium carbonate, Acetic
acid, Nitric acid, Silver nitrate, Calcium chloride,
Pottasium Ferrocyanide, H2S gas.

Test tubes, Beakers, Flasks, U-Tubes etc.

Introduction
The invention of toothpaste has brought about a
revolution in the field of dentology. Toothpaste and
tooth powders are the substances used to clean teeth.
Non cleaning of teeth can cause tooth decay, i.e., hole
in the enamel or plaque. The dental enamel is the
hardest material in our body but is formed of calcium
phosphate and it can be dissolved by acid. The
presence of specific bacteria metabolize some sugar to
lactic acid and low resistance of the enamel to bacteria
colonization is caused. Prevention of the dental plaque
protects against the development of caries.
Toothpaste contain a mildly abrasive substance such
as calcium carbonate and a detergent or soap, some
sweetening agent other than sugar and flavouring oils
to make it pleasant to taste and smell. Some
toothpaste contains fluorides which make the enamel
surface of the tooth more resistant to bacterial activity
and act against micro-organisms as a metabolic poison.
Epidemological study in the US in the 1930s and
1940s have revealed an inverse relationship between
the fluoride content of water and rate of dental
carriers. Generally any standard toothpaste contain
calcium carbonate, sodium monofluoro phosphate,
sodium lauryl sulphate, zinc sulphate, alum, some
flavouring oils are also added.

A dentrifices is defined as a cleaning agent in the form

powder, paste or liquid to be used on the tooth. The
term does not include devices used in aid in cleaning
process such as tooth brushes and dental floss. Modern
dentrifice are an extension to numerous abrasives and
cleaning substances used as dentrifices.
The primary function of a dentrifice is the mechanical
cleaning of teeth. They prevent the accumulation of
layers of mucous plaques that gives the appearance of
yellow teeth. Dentrifices are functionally non antisepts
but in cleaning teeth they serve as detergents of teeth
and mucous membranes of the mouth. Dentrifices
remove accessible products of oral purification. Some
dentrifices liberate ammonia, which reduce the
bacterial propagation in the mouth preventing the
formation of mucous plaques.
Basic ingredients of a dentrifice are an abrasive and a
detergent. However, other ingredients of the following
categories are also added.
Flavours and sweetness to increase palatability
Lubricants are also used and emulsifiers or plasticisers
such as glue.
Colouring agents are used for aesthetic appeal.
Mucilage are used to affect homogeneity in case of
toothpaste to facilitate expulsion from the tube.
Special substances such as antiseptics and counter
irritants are also used.

Theory
In qualitative analysis, the given compound is analysed
for the radicals, that is, cations and anions that it
contains. The common procedure of testing on
unknown salt is to make its solution and then test this
solution for the ions present in it. There are separate
procedure for detecting cation and anion.

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL (ANION)

The identification of acid radicals is first done on the
basis of preliminary tests. They can be divided in to
three categories each with separate group reagent.
Therefore anion may be identified by performing the
following tests in order given.
Dilute H2SO4 test
Concentrated H2SO4 test
Independent Group (SO42-, PO43-)

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION)

The basic radicals indicated in the preliminary test have
to be confirmed by applying wet tests, The cations
have been divided into six groups with suitable group
reagents. The classification of cations is based on the
knowledge of solubility products of salts of these basic
radicals. For adjusting the conditions of precipitation

another concept called common ion effect plays and

important role.

COMMON ION EFFECT

Weak acids and weak bases are ionized only to a small
extent in their aqueous solution. In their solutions,
unionized molecules are in dynamic equilibrium with
ions, the degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte is
further suppressed if some strong electrolyte which can
furnish some ion common with the ions furnished by
weak electrolyte is added to solution. This is called
common ion effect.
Thus, the suppression of the degree of ionization of a
weak electrolyte by the addition of some strong
electrolyte have a common ion, is called common ion
effect.

COLGATE
ANION
S.NO.

1.
2.
3.
4.
(i)

(ii)
5.

EXPERIMENT
To the paste add
dilute H2SO4
To the sample add
MgSO4 solution.
To the sample add
concentrated H2SO4

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE
CO32- may be
present

A colourless,
odourless gas
is evolved.
A white ppt. is CO32obtained.
confirmed
No change
Conc. H2SO4
group absent

To the sample add

A white ppt. is F- present
CH3COOH and CaCl2 formed
Add dilute HCl
To the sample add
BaCl2 solution

The ppt.
dissolves
A white ppt. is SO42- present
obtained

CATION
S.NO. EXPERIMENT
6.
To the sample add
NaOH and heat
7.
To the sample add
dilute HCl
8.
To the above test
tube add H2S
9.
To the sample add
NH4OH and NH4Cl
10.
To the above test
tube add H2S
11.
To the sample add
NH4OH, NH4Cl and
Solid (NH4)2CO3
12.
Dissolve the ppt. in
CH3COOH and
divide in to 3 parts
(i)
To the first part add
K2CrO4 solution
(ii)
To the second part
add (NH4)2SO4
(iii)
To the third part
add (NH4)2C2O4
13.
To the sample add
NH4OH and NH4Cl in
excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4

OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No change
Group 0
absent
No change
Group I
absent
No change
Group II
absent
No change
Group III
absent
No change
Group IV
absent
A white ppt.
Group V
is obtained
absent

No change

Ba2+ absent

No change

Sr2+ absent

A white ppt.
is obtained
A white ppt.
is obtained

Ca2+ present
Mg2+
detected

PEPSODENT
ANION
S.NO. EXPERIMENT
1.
To the paste add
dilute H2SO4
2.
3.
4.

To the sample add

MgSO4 solution
To the sample add
conc. H2SO4
To the sample add
dilute HNO3, Boil,
cool and add AgNO3

Observation
A colourless,
odourless
gas is
evolved
A white ppt.
is obtained
A colourless
pungent gas
is given off
A white ppt.
is obtained

Inference
CO32detected
CO32confirmed
Cl- detected
Clconfirmed

CATION
S.NO. EXPERIMENT
5.
To the sample add
NaOH and heat
6.
To the sample add
dilute HCl
7.
To the above test
tube add H2S
8.
To the sample add
NH4OH and NH4Cl
9.
Dissolved the ppt.
in dilute HCl. Add
blue litmus. Now
add NH4OH
10.
To the above test
tube add H2S
11.
To the sample add
NH4OH and NH4Cl
and Solid
(NH4)2CO3
12.
Dissolve the ppt. in
CH3COOH and
divide it into 3
parts
(i)
To the first part
add K2CrO4 solution
(ii)
To the second part
add (NH4)2C2O4
13.
To the sample add
NH4OH and NH4Cl
in excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4

OBSERVATION
No change

INFERENCE
Group 0
absent
No change
Group I
absent
No change
Group II
absent
A white ppt. is Al3+
obtained
detected
A blue ppt. is Al3+
obtained
confirmed
No change

Group IV
absent
A white ppt. is Group V
obtained
absent

No change

Ba2+ absent

A white ppt. is Ca2+ present

obtained
A white ppt. is Mg2+
obtained
detected

Close-UP
ANION
S.NO. EXPERIMENT
1.
To the paste add
dilute H2SO4

INFERENCE
SO32detected

2.

SO32confirmed
Conc. H2SO4
group
absent
F- present

3.
4.(i)

(ii)

OBSERVATION
A colourless
pungent gas
evolves which
turns acidified
potassium
dichromate
paper green
To the sample add A white ppt. is
BaCl2 solution
obtained
To the sample add No change
concentrated
H2SO4
To the sample add A white ppt. is
CH3COOH and
obtained
CaCl2
The ppt.
Add dilute HCl
dissolves

CATION
S.NO. EXPERIMENT
5
To the sample add
NaOH and heat
6.
To the sample add
dilute HCl
7.
To the above test
tube add H2S
8.
To the sample add
NH4OH and NH4Cl
9.
Dissolve the ppt. in
dilute HCl and add
Potassium
Ferrocyanide
10.
To the above test
tube add H2S
11.
To the sample add
NH4OH, NH4Cl and
Solid (NH4)2CO3
12.
Dissolve CH3COOH
and divide into
three parts
(i)
To the first part
add K2CrO4 solution
(ii)
To the second part
add (NH4)2SO4
solution
(iii)
To the third part
add (NH4)2C2O4 and
NH4OH
To the sample add
13.
NH4OH and NH4Cl in
excess and add
(NH4)2PO4

OBSERVATION
No change
No change
No change
A brown ppt.
is observed
A prussian
blue colour is
obtained

INFERENCE
Group 0
absent
Group I
absent
Group II
absent
Fe3+
detected
Fe3+
confirmed

No change

Group IV
absent
A white ppt. is Group V
obtained
present

No change

Ba2+ absent

No change

Sr2+ absent

A white ppt. is Ca2+

obtained
present
No change

Mg2+ absent

COMPARITIVE INFERENCE
TABLE
NAME OF THE
TOOTHPASTE
COLGATE
PEPSODENT
CLOSE-UP

F-

Ca2+

CO32-

SO32-

Cl-

SO42-

Al3+

Fe3+

Mg2+

CONCLUSIONS
For the ideal toothpaste, sodium, calcium, Magnesium,
chloride and sulphate should be present.
On the basis of comparative inference table _________
is the best of all toothpaste as it contains most of the
essential constituents of toothpaste.

Precautions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Handle chemicals carefully.

Use test tube holder to hold the test tube.
Never add water to conc. Acids
Never touch any chemical with hands directly.
Use a dropper for concentrated Acids.