1

Reseach Paper :

Study of Oedipus Complex in D.H.Lawrences novel

Sons and Lovers
With special focus on Freuds Psychological Theory of
mental working.

This research paper will be

Submitted to :

Maam Sana Nawaz

Submitted by :

Qamar Rehman( 21)

Waseem Feeroz(12)
Muhammad Imran(35)
Umar Farooq (08)

Department of English

University of Sargodha, Sargodha

This research paper is Dedicated to

M.A III Eng. ( morning )

Thanks for the everlasting love.

Special Dedication to
Maam Sana Nawaz
Thanks for the purity of heart to support and direct us in conducting this research

Acknowledgement;
First of all we are thankful to Allah Almighty for making us able to conduct this research.
Then we owe a thanks giving to all people who have been proving helpful in our task of making
this Research Paper. Especially the type writer, photo copier and every person who has done
even a menial job to support this research.

ABSTRACT:
The present research is a qualitative research which is conducted to highlight and interpret the
theme of Oedipus Complex in D.H.Lawrences novel Sons and Lovers. This research paper is
an in-depth coverage of Psychological analysis of different characters in the novel. Teachers,
fresh researchers and general students will find this research as an investigation and
interpretation of Sigmund Freuds Psychological theory and his coinage of the term Oedipus
Complex. This research contains the special exploration of D.H.Lawrences first successful
work for the propagation of Freuds above mentioned theory. Moreover this research paper will
prove to be a great help for those who are in pursuit for the reason that why even a modern man
can be a victim of Psychological and mythical concept of Oedipus Complex.
Key words: Oedipus Complex, Freuds theory, Psychological analysis, mother fixation, Sons
and Lovers.

Significance and scope of this study;

This research is expected to be proved significant both theoretically and practically.
Theoretically this research holds an important role to describe and develop theoretical knowledge
of literature and implication of Freuds theory of Oedipus Complex the novel Sons and lovers.
Conducting this research, it is hoped that this research will prove an easy access for students who
need information about the theory Oedipus Complex and its implication in Sons and Lovers.
Particularly this research is important to enrich knowledge about the factors which are
responsible for development of Oedipus Complex. Next researchers can seek help from this
study to analyze work of fiction in psycho-analytical criticism.

Introduction :
David Herbert Lawrence (1885-1930) is an admirably distinguished English novelist, essayist
and pamphleteer and prominent star among the galaxy of literary circle of early 20th century. He
is one of the leading writer along with E.M.Forster, James Joyce , Dorothy Richardson and
Virginia Woolf. Sons and Lovers is Lawerences first successful novel n which he deals with
personal relations and explicitly explores the realms of sex matters which had hitherto been
evaded. This novel deals with psychological development of a young man Paul Morel who is
entangled in understanding and resolving the magnetic ambivalence he associates towards his
mother and other women in his life. The tragedy lies in the fact that the possessive mother makes
her sons as her lovers both William and then Paul. When her sons come to manhood they can not
choose their mates because their souls are captivated in the clutches of their possessive mother.
The story of Paul Morel witnesses one of the Freudian theories Oedipus-Complex.
This research paper is the study of Paul Morels Psychology under the shadow of Freuds
concept of Oedipus Complex. The literary analysis of this paper will unfold the mystery that
why Paul Morel falls victim of Oedipus Complex or Mother fixation and why he can not
detach himself from its effect despite the fact that he develops sexual relation with other women
; Miriam and Clara, yet he is unable to cleave the Oedipus influence in his Psychological
building.
The name Oedipus Complex is derived from the ancient Greek mythological tragedy
Oedipus Rex. King Oedipus unwittingly kills his own father and marries his own mother and
was destined to be cursed by his own subjects. He was driven into such circumstances that he
unconsciously and unknowingly becomes victim of incest relationship with his mother. It was a
German Psychologist Sigmund Freud () who examined and interpreted above tragedy and
named any mans sexual tendencies for his mother as Oedipus Complex.

Freud coined the term Oedipus Complex in his book Interpretation of Dreams (1899) to
mention a stage of mental complexity in the life of young males. According to his theories , in
most cases, around the age of five, a male child wishes to attain all their mothers love and wants
to sleep with her, moreover a jealousy is felt for father. And the child goes even to the extent of
hating and killing his father. For better understanding of Freuds concept of Oedipus Complex
it is necessary to have a look on Freuds division of brain. According to him human brain
consists of three parts ; Conscious , sub-Conscious and Un-Conscious or ego, id, super ego in
early childhood. All our ambitions and wishes are produced by id and perpetuated by
unconscious part of the mind. Since we are dealing basically Oedipus Complex, the basics or
roots of this ambition are watered by following reasons:
1-Biological truth: Some modern Psychologist who worked on Freudian concept of Oedipus
Complex put a biological interpretation of of this theory in the terms that the primary source of

feelings in human body or mind is a very complex structure that is nerves. Hence even
regarding to sexual feelings we can say that sexual feelings are present in nerves even when a
child is present in the womb, however, these feelings are aroused or seek an outlet in the age of
puberty. So, it is mother to whom child has his first contact of affection, or she is the first female
for whom the feelings of love are biologically perpetuated in nervous system of a male. These
feelings are patterned for life long time. Child may get the affection of mother as a primary base
for love with mother which in abnormal cases results in Oedipus Complex. Complex in a
sense of frustration or confusion.
2-Childs Psychology:
It is then up to childs psychology whether he gets away or gets along
with this complex in his personality. It may be possible that he is prone to shake off this state of
frustration but then if he faces the utmost affection and in most rare cases wifely love from his
mother he gets himself preyed by Oedipus Complex. For instance we see in the novel Sons and
Lovers that how Mrs. Gertrude Morel goes on saying to he son Paul, almost making him realize
and remember that she never had a husband moreover the way she receives gift from both
William and then Paul as if a beloved would get from her lover,
3- Fear of castration: according to some psychologists child is afraid of castration by his
father, so he loathes his father and gets himself near to his mother. This happens when a
child(male) coincidently happens to take a glimpse of female sex organs. He takes it as a
castration and then is afraid of the same doom with himself. In result he abhors his father and
culminates revengeful feelings in order to replace the father with his own self. We see in Sons
and Lovers when Mr. Morel becomes ill and is admitted to hospital, Paul feel himself in the air
and considers himself man of the house.
Finally we can say that it is more of Mrs. Morel than her sons that make them likely to get
affected their lives from mother fixation. The villainous possessiveness of mother makes her
sons having Oedipus Complex in their personalities and it is the same ill treatment of her more
than necessary love that captivates their souls in clutches of jealous mother.

Literature Review
The background of nineteenth century Britain;

This is a well known fact that

writers have to conform to popular political, social and Psychological attitudes if they have to
enjoy ample success. This has always been so to political, religious, philosophical,
Psychological and above all sexual attitudes, all of which invariably involve hypocrisies and
evasions. It is therefore necessary to have a profound look in social scenario of Britain at the

close of 19th century, the emerging values of individuals and society at the supreme height of the
British empire and of the industrial revolution that had led to the complete breakdown of the
traditional agrarian way of life and economy.

Industrial revolution and receding moral values:

At the end of the 19th century

the Industrial revolution was its epic height, it brought great change in style of lives of every sort
of people but it also changed the traditional ways of life. A sudden shift from agrarian
background to urban background was visible which meant a plethora of mass migration from
village to cities , overcrowding and all the evil of congested urban life .Briefly it meant a
significant increase in vice and crime , a laxity of sexual morality and general ugliness all
around.
Revolutionary changes always bring down traditional values and certainties that go with them.
Scientific approach and rationalism were the major causes of skepticism and power of
questioning for accepted norms and rituals .In religious matters everything was flux and
metamorphosis. Hence , by the end of century there were writers like H.G.Wells, G.B.Shaw,
Lawrence and many more who were questioning the accepted conventionalities of social norms.

The new Psychology: An increased inwardness was a natural corollary to the turmoil and
chaos of the world outside. Quite apart from the individual finding his peace within himself,
there was a surge in the study of psychology. Freud led the way, emphasizing the power of
unconscious that affected human conduct. Intellectual convictions were rationalization of
emotional needs. This was the turmoil of unconscious when Freud put forth his theory of
Oedipus Complex to unfold human mysteries. D.H.Lawrence studied the theory and matched it
with his own life and found it quite applicable to his own childhood, then he wrote an
autobiographical novel Sons and Lovers which explicitly deals with sex matters and theme of
mother fixation.

Changing attitude towards sex: the overall changes around have a profound effect on
ethical behavior, especially in matters of sexual relations. Freud and his fellow psychologists
examined that repressed sex instincts are the basic reasons for mental neurosis and other
symptoms of mental abnormalities. Hence, in modern literature major focus was given to the
study of subconscious. Just intellect was no more considered as primary source for portraying
human behavior at large, there was a shift from intellect to intuition and feelings. The French
writer writes 1about the position of modern world ;
For the first time the writer of unconscious mind may be the
great inhibitor, the great censor. The conscious mind is created by social mores, education, environment, family pressur-

es, and conventions. For creativity it is necessary to work

with the unconscious which accumulates pure experience,
intuition, reactions, impressions, images, memoriesan
unconscious freed from the negative effect of social evolutions.
While dealing with changing attitude towards sex, we have to familiarize ourselves with
Oedipus Complex that had an immense effect on private and individual lives, and hence on
modern novel. In psychoanalytical theory it refers to the emotional crisis brought about at an
early stage of psychosexual development by the sexual tendencies of a boy towards his mother
and jealousy for his father. The resultant guilt feeling precipitates the development of the
Superego. Both these psychological concepts are skillfully woven in modern novel.
So, this was the social scenario when Freuds theory of Oedipus Complex
was practiced by D.H.Lawrence. Sons and Lovers is his successful novel which is pregnant
with this theme. Oedipus complex is a psychological term mentioning a male childs sexual
attribution o his mother and a hatred for his father. This feeling is present excessively when the
child is at the age of five. For some period this Oedipal Complex may remain dormant in childs
brain and at the age of puberty or the Lacan phase these feelings may arise again compelling
him to approach his mother.
In most abnormal cases this Oedipal Complex results in sexual activity between mother and the
child. For this incense relation there are two major reasons.
1 Child is having the most abnormal fits of this complex.
2Family influences such as competition in male siblings and rough behavior of father.
3- Mother is behaving in such a manner with child as to invoke or tempt Oedipus Complex in
the personality of the child.
As in Sons and Lovers without the strong love lavished by Mrs. Morel it would never have been
possible that Paul had fits of mother fixation. Rather she should have given her love to the right
person, to her husband, but when her matrimonial life is ended in fiasco she turns to her sons
and makes them victim of her love.
In fact she starts her role from the very beginning of the chapter Taking Off of Morel and
Taking on of William. It is she who inculcates the ideas and notions of hatred in the minds of
her sons that they should abhor their father for his low status being a coal miner, uneducated
background, and informal language. As a result, by her efforts, he becomes the unwanted person
in the family

To have a clear cut and un-ambiguous idea of the term Oedipus Complex researchers of this
paper have sought out help from previous works done on this topic. Because Freud coined the
term of Oedipus Complex so it is necessary therefore to understand different stages of this
complexion designed by Freud.
The important stage in a boys personality where he is more likely to have symptoms of Oedipus
Complex is the Phallic Stage. At this stage child has adult traits which are namely: vanity,
exhibition, sensitive pride and narcissism (self love). These interests are developed at the age of
3 to 6, at this stage sexual interest becomes higher. This interest affects the child to be physically
attracted to the parents of opposite sex. In male child it leads to create Oedipus Complex whereas
in female it creates Electra Complex (Lindzey and Hall, 1993).
Genital Stage is described as the growing capacity of mature and social-sexual relationships.
This stage is the direct result of growth of reproductive organs. In personality theory genital
character is the ideal type of personality.
The influencing factors of personality development ; There are two type of controlling
factors for personality development. One which is inner factor, according to which personality of
a person is determined by inner qualities such as thought, intuition, feelings and willingness. The
other factor is Environment ( Kartono 1990:2). According to Freud both above factors are
responsible for the stimulus a person gets for any action.

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Previous studies
for
Oedipus Complex in sons and Lovers
Researcher of this paper has gone through the previous studies to have an estimate of the work
done on this topic. In this regard it is found that
Yusliha Ningsih, the student of Gajayana University(1996) has worked on this topic. In her
study she analyzed that Paul Morel falls victim of Oedipus Complex in his early childhood and
can not shake off this complex when he meets other women in his life.
Aan Yuhaniz, the student of Malang university (2003) wrote a thesis on the personality of Paul
Morel in Sons and Lovers. He examined that there are two major factors influencing personality
of Paul Morel for having Oedipus Complex, first factor is internal as the abilities and
characteristics of Paul, the other is external as the fathers brutal behavior, mothers
possessiveness and ambition and socio-economic class. The researcher of this paper seeks help
from this previous study as it describes and applies the Freudian concept of personality
development.
Lely Chandrawati student of STIBA Malang (2001) worked on A study on unnatural mothers
love causing the irony of main characters life in Sons and Lovers. She examines that how
unnatural love of Mrs. Morel for her sons especially Paul causes a disturbance and obstacle
whenever he gets relation with women. This researcher uses this study as source of information
as it deals with personality traits of Paul as well as role of Mother in his character building.

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DATA COLLECTION
The primary source of data collection for this study is the Text of Sons and Lovers which is
interpreted to find out Oedipus Complex in major character Paul Morel. Whereas different
articles discussing about Sons and Lovers and biography of the author is also studied. Extracts
of the text which are related to the topic of research Oedipus Complex are given in this paper
to analyze and interpret it accordingly.

Sons and Lovers is vividly pregnant with the theme of Oedipus Complex; a theory postulated
by Freud according to which a male child unconsciously exhibits a desire to have sexual
relations with his mother and a jealousy and hatred is aroused for father. Lawrences treatment
of this complex is having a dramatic effect in this novel.
The novel is basically about relations of Mrs. Morel with her three sons William, Paul and
Arthur who are born out of a disastrous marriage of Gertrude Morel with Mr. Morel. Although
marriage is a happy one in start but as soon as Mr. Morel turns out to be an irresponsible husband
and father the gulf is created in married life and it goes on widening after the birth of Paul and
Arthur when Mr. Morel is more brutal to his wife and pushes her outside the house in a drunkard
stupor. After no time Mr. Morel becomes unwanted person in this house only because of his
rough behavior, the way he is drunkard, the way he uses to be a fine mess and his uneducated
background makes him so unbearable thing in this house. Everybody in the house loathes his
presence in the house. When he is outside they feel relaxation. Paul after a long wait of her
mother for his father rebukes her for this waiting, as he says ;
What do you bother yourself for? If he wants to stop and get drunk, why
dont you let him? ( page-101 )
William often has quarrels with his father on mere trifles, even at one place they stand ready for
fight, with fists drawn and knees crouched one word and men would fight, and Paul wished they
would fight. This is all because of Mrs. Morel as she is responsible for making her sons stand
against their father. She fails to get expected love from her husband and finds substitute in her
sons. It is failure of her marriage with Walter Morel whom she had scarcely loved makes her
turn to the sons. First to William and then to Paul. Her life with the coal miner turns out to be a
complete fiasco. He is a bully and drunkard to whom she shares neither intellectual , moral nor
religious sympathies. 2 After the birth of Paul she is so delicately concerned with him that it
is a kind of guilty of doing unjust to him and that he must compensate all that she has been
missing in her shattered married life.
A famous critic, Alfred Booth Kuttner deems the early relations of Paul with mother as very
exotic and delicately beautiful. 3 As even the sight of his mother is source of contentment for
him.

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His soul seemed always attentive to her. ( page - 96)

And every his conversation with mother holds a kind of spiritual attachment. And he even now
and then realizes the fact that why they both are not of same age.
why cant a man have a young mother?---- and why wasnt I the oldest son? ( page - 327)
And in the end she shared everything with him without knowing.she waited for his coming
home in the evening, and then she unburdened herself of all she had pondered, or f all that
occurred to her during the day. He sat and listened with his earnestness. The two shared
lives. ( page - 114) it seems mother and son are actually one and the father comes merely
as a rival between the two.
The other reason why Mrs. Morel is drawn more closer to Paul and lavishes all her love to him is
the death of her eldest son William. After his death she loses all hopes and remains vacant and
cut out from the world. It is after few months that Paul too is caught by the same disease that of
his brother William was dead with. Then she realizes I should have watched the living, not the
dead. ( page - 200 ) The love for Paul is so intense that she incorporates jealousy for any other
women in the life of her son. At first she treats William the way as a beloved does to her lover.
Even when William wants to marry Lily, mother stops him and dictates him to think again on
marriage. She forbids him as she says nothing is as bad as marriage, thats helpless failure.
Mine was bad enough and ought to teach you something; but it might have been worse by a long
chalk. ( page- 189 )
In case of Paul when he is ton marry Miriam, she makes her son guilty for his idea of marriage
to Miriam, she dictates Paul by saying;
I cant bear it, I could let any other woman but not her, shed leave me no room, not a bit of
room. And I have never had a husband, not really.( page- 291)
And in response to this Paul
wouldnt surrender and avoid Miriam to the extent that had created complexity in his mental
building.
According to Frank O Connor, 4 the only thing lacking in relation of mother and son was a
sexual relation, rest of things were completely like man and wife, as they made caresses, kissed
each other passionately, blushes in face, treated each other like two lovers. The first prize in
school and painting competition which Paul won, she received it like a queen. The love they
made to each other was so passionate in itself and so husbandly, wifely that nobody would take
them as mother and son. Even Mrs. Morel takes them red handed at one night when Paul was
showering kisses on her neck, he wishes to fight with him but mother comes between the two.
However Lawrence does not agree with the Freudian concept of incest, he deemed it as the
normal outcome of parent- child relationship in the unconscious of Childs psychology.5 so, in
Sons and Lovers the Oedipul love is more spiritual than the physical. And this spiritual love is

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manipulated by the prison of boys soul in clutches of his mother. Like we see how he is messed
up with the idea that;
It hurt the boy keenly, this feeling about her that she had never had her lifes fulfillment; and
his own incapability to make it up to her, hurt him with a sense of impotence, yet made him
patiently dogged inside ..it was his childish aim.. ( page- 67) So the spiritual attachment to his
mother forbids him to have sexual relationship. This spiritual incest is more deep rooted than the
physical incest. Though the sexual desire for incest is not fulfilled yet psychological incest is
fulfilled. So this was the one factor that was responsible for passing Oedipus Complex in his
personality so much so that even after her death he is unable to free himself from shackles of this
complex. His soul will always be in possession of mother and they forever will remain lovers.
There are other factors as well which makes Paul likely to get affected from Oedipus Complex.

The Overall Family Influence ;

The overall family environment is molded in such manner as to make the psychology of Paul
complex, he is a serious, quite child, with eyes seemed to listen, and with a full, dropping
underlip. His quietness and vulnerability is the result of seriousness in family. He lways remains
conscious of what other people felt, particularly his mother. When she fretted she understood,
and could have no peace. His soul seemed always attentive to her. The way he took revenge
from Arabella ; a dolll which Annie adored and was broken by Paul, Paul quietly convinced her
sister to burn it, and he burned it to the last drop of wax melted from it. Pauls personality
develops as a person who is self-centered and less talkative. Because he is undesirable child of
the family, his father hates him when he weeps. As a result he gets all parental love from his
mother exceptionally which is one of the major reasons of his Psychological building prone to
have Oedipal Complex.

Role of Impotent Father ;

In most early analysis of Oedipus Complex in Sons and Lovers the role of father come out to be
of little importance but if minutely observed this role of father equally stands with other factors.
The presence of father has a mighty impact in behavior of child especially regarding sex. The
boy seeing his mother physically loved by his father takes him as his rival and then imitates his
masculine strength and other qualities.6 but in the case of Paul Morel effect from father is
negative, his father is unwanted person in the family with several drawbacks; poverty,
insufficient education, person belonging to lower class, being a coal miner supposed to do work
which is physically exhausting and above all extensive drinking habit, all these things make
Walter morel a thing suited to be hatred. 7 on the other hand Pauls mother belonged to middle
class society with ambitious desires. When she fails to receive ideal sort of life from her husband
she wants to get such life from children. She brings them up in such manner as to develop
personality traits belonging to upper class. In this attempt she indirectly teaches her children to
hate their father, to mock his presence, to belittle his work and to sneer his lack of education.

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And a simple fellow like Walter Morel easily becomes victim of Villainous attitude of his wife.
As he is easily exiled from the intellectual life of the family. 8
Pauls relationship with father is based on hatred and discrimination. The best example can be
found in lack of communication between the two, as in early chapters Paul gets a prize and is
suggested by mother to tell father about the prize, the way he discriminates his attitude can be
found in his following conversation;
Ive won a prize in competition, Dad, he said
Have you, my boy? What sort of competition?
Oh, nothing- about famous women.
And how much is the prize then, as youve got?
Its a book.
Oh indeed!
About birds.
Hm---hm ( page- 130)
That was all he could talk to his father. In Pauls view his father could take prizes in financial
terms, value of knowledge and art was alien to him Paul thought his father having a shabby
insight, almost denying God.

Pauls failure to get along with other women in his life;

The influence of mother is so pressing in personality of Paul that bit is very hard for him to give
his spirit to any other female in his life. Although Miriam is so intimate to Paul that she
boasted to red him like a book, could place her finger any minute on the chapter and the line. (
page- 417)
but even this much was not enough for Paul. His soul was bound to his mother.
If he passionately wants to meet Clara and demands sexual relation with Miriam it is his effort to
be freed from the prison of his Mothers possessiveness. But it does not prove to be an easy one.
He even expresses his inner fear to his mother that he cannot get along with any other woman
until she is alive.
But no mother, I even love Clara, and I did Miriam; but to give myself to them in marriage, I
couldnt, I couldnt belong to them. They seem to want me, and I cant even give it them.
you havent met the right woman,
And I never shall meet the right woman while you live. ( page- 463 )

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Even after her death he is unable to free himself from eternal spiritual bond with mother, even
his poisoning the milk of his mother is deemed as his unconscious wish for escape. But even this
does not work. After her death he is still unable to marry Miriam for his psychological
complexity. He says to Miriam;
I can only give friendship- its all I am capable of- its a flaw in my make up. The thing
overbalances to one side- I have a toppling balance. ( page- 301) and
I have given you what I would give a holy nun- as a mystic monk to a mystic nun. ( page338)
So it is obvious that entangled in the net of mother fixation and finds no way out to release
himself.
So far as the Clara is concerned Paul makes sensuous relations with her but it is all temporary to
be distracted from his complex Psychology. He belongs to Clara as long as a child plays with a
new toy.
He was an unreasonable child, he was like an infant which, when it has drunk its fill, throws
away and smashes the cup. ( page- 393
It is obvious that Paul confronts three types of love; spiritual love from Miriam, Sensual love
from Clara and Oedipal love from his mother. Neither spiritual love of Miriam nor sensuous love
of Clara can distract him from shaking off Oedipal love for mother. His mother is the valuable
thing in his life.

Pauls immaturity in Psychological make up ;

One last important factor for Pauls vulnerability for attack of Oedipal love is his immaturity. It
witnesses one of the Freudian concept that childs personality is reasonably built at phallic
stage. And Paul at his phallic stage was confronting with nothing but mother everywhere. If at
this stage he had lived like other normal boys in adventurous and sporty activities, he would
never have been incorporated fixation of mother love. Some critics also argue that because he
was born weak and fragile, mother took more care of him than rest of the children, so more he
got attention and love from mother more he associated himself towards his mother. Mothers
extraordinary care and more than necessary affection brought him in contact with Oedipus
Complex.

Conclusion ;

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Psychoanalytical reading of Sons and Lovers give two conclusions; one ambiguous and other
obvious. Owing to the fact that the love of mother clutches him in its hold even after her death,
Paul Morel finds deficiency in any other womans love, he seems either moving towards an
independent adulthood or drifting to a derelict with a wish to remain with his dead mother.
So in both cases he is left with nothing except memories of mother haunting his soul, and making
him more likely to be suffered and ruined by his psychological complexity. The only solution for
Paul is to find any woman closely resembling his mother in attitude as well as affection, until he
is nothing but derelict.

References ;

17

1.

From The novel of the Future by Anais Nin, in chapter Proceed the Dream Outward

2 . Alfred Booth Kuttner A Freudian Appreciation D.H.Lawrence: Sons and Lovers, ed.
Gamini Salgado 1986.

3 . Alfred Booth Kuttner , A Freudian Appreciation

4.

Gamini Salgado 1986.

Frank OConnor, Sons and Lovers D.H.Lawrence: Sons and Lovers ( London) Macmillan

Education ltd. 1986

5 . Dennis Poupard and James E. person ( Kansas city: Gale Research Company) 1985
6 . Alfred Booth Kuttner, A Freudian Appreciation 1986
7 . james Fox, An Approach to Lawrence, ( Connecticut Groiler)1981
8 . Dennis Poupard and Alice True, ( Brief history of Psychological novel) 1988
9 . Study of Oedipus Complex , Twentieth Century Literary Criticism 1985
10 . Encyclopedia Britanica
11 . for introduction of Author and first major novel Sons and Lovers: Encyclopedia Americana
vol. 17 ( Connecticut: Groiler Incorporated, 1981)
12 . For Freuds theory of Oedipus Complex: the Encyclopedia Americana, Vol.6
13 . Sons and Lovers (text) by D.H.Lawrence.
14 . Alfred Hough; Criticism for Psychological novels Vol.2
15 . Cambridge biography of D.H.Lawrence, John/worthen-e/9780521631051
16 . Zaviera Ferdinard, 2007.Teori Kepribadian; Sigmund Freud
17 . Nn.Nd, My Memories of D.H.Lawerence, Accessed on July 2005. From
http//w.w.w.new.vwntures. Net/pdf/Preview
18 . Barry, Peter, Beginning Theory, Manchester; Manchester University Press
19 . McMannus, Barbara ,1998, Psychoanalytical approach accessed on Feb 26, 2009, from
http:/en.wikipedia.org?wikipsychoanalytic.literary.criticism
20 . Rahim MMA( 2002) Philosophical Ground of Western Civilization, pp, 63-98

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21 . Ananthi M. The Oedipal Overtones in D.H.Lawrences Sons And Lovers The Dawn
Journal 3-1 2004
22 Spark notes Editors, Sparknotes on Sons and Lovers, L.I.C n.d web.21,
23 . Sons and Lovers text, Famous edition.