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Toksikodinamik
Toxicant or toxic metabolite
Primary reaction
Toxicant + receptor modified receptor
Biochemical effect
Enzyme inhibition
Cell membrane disruption
Malfunction of protein biosynthesis
Disruption of lipid metabolism
Disruption of carbohydrate metabolism
Inhibition of respiration (O2 utilization)
Insang hyperplasia
Hyperplasia is an increase in the
number of cells in the gills.
Distal Hyperplasia - is the
thickening of the epithelium tissue
at the very tip of lamellae, giving
the appearance of a club.
Basal Hyperplasia - is the
thickening of the epithelium tissue
near the base of the lamellae.
Fish gill with hyperplasia. The gill
filaments are swollen and clumped
together, reducing the fish's ability to
'breath'.
Insang Fusion
Fusion is when two or
more lamellae, which are
normally individual
structures, grow or fuse
together, restricting the
passage of air.