‘Vapor retrderlbarsior (Note: See Fig. 3.7 for information on laeating the vapor retarder/barier.) Base Subbase ‘Subgrade Fig. 3.1—Slab support system terminology. MOR= modulus of rupture for the concrete, as used for unreinforced design, generally taken as 9/2, psi (0.75 ,/f" , MPa); may range from 7 to 11 /f2", psi (0.58 to 0.91 Jf’ , MPa). sev sin(Aa)] (6-6) 22. slab moment center of the aisle, in.-Ib/in. (m-Nim); 4[k/4E1 n=! (m-!); elastic modulus of conerete, psi (Pa) moment of inertia, in.4 (m4); half-aisle width, in. (m); modulus of subgrade reaction, Ib/in3 (Nim°); uniform load, psi (N/m’): and base of natural logarithms. Recognizing that the width of the aisle cannot always be predicted exactly, Rice suggested that a “critical aisle width” be used. This width is such as to maximize the above for bending moment (Westergaard 1926).6.2.1.3 Uniform loads—Uniform loads do not stress the concrete slab as highly as concentrated loads. The two main design objectives are to prevent top cracks in the unloaded aisles and to avoid excessive settlement due to consolidation of the subgrade. The top cracks are caused by tension in the top of the slab and depend largely on slab thickness, load placement, and short- and long-term subgrade deflections. The PCA tables for uniform loads (Appendix 1) are based on the work of Hetenyi (1946), considering the flexural strength Of the concrete and the subgrade modulus as the main vari- ables. Values other than the flexural strength and subgrade ‘modulus are assumed in the tables. 50 404 300 200 109} kon top of subbase, pei { 7 i i i | | | oy 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Thickness of subbase, in. Fig. 3.0—Effect of subbase thickness on design modulus of subgrade reaction. (Note: 1 pci = 0.2714 MN/nr*; 1 in. 25.4. mm.)Table A1.1 Allowable distributed loads for unjointed aisle with nonuniform loading and variable layout (Packard 1976) Allowable load, Ivf nct,, | sumgsaus [Covert Renal scot po in. KS Iovin® 550 600 550 700 30 [ss] esas] a a0 ions | 1075 | em» | 197 so [ses] ao [09s] 750 a aan [5 | ae [990 | sono | 7a 00 | as 8 aw e095 as] a0 aan [1355 vas [tour 1735 so 700] a0] 095] 905 ww os aan [ i515] 1655 [1790 | 1950 50830 | 905 [980 | 1055 2 [sam a8 aan_| ea | veto [oes | 25 3095 | 90 [060 | a 4 [ass as a0 [17951960 [2120 | ~285 “kof subgrade; disregard incioass ink due w subbsse ‘For allowable stress equal to 12 Ne ‘Note: Based os aisle and ioad widths giving maximum stress. 1 stronathCHAPTER 7—DESIGN OF SLABS REINFORCED FOR CRACK-WIDTH CONTROL 7AAntrodu Slabs-on-ground are designed and their thickness selected to prevent cracking due to external loading, as discussed in Chapter 6. Slab thickness calculations are based on the assumption of an uncracked and unreinforced slab. Steel inforcement may be used in slabs-on-ground to improve performance of the slab under certain conditions. These include: + Limiting width of shrinkage cracks; + Use of longer joint spacings than unreinforced slabs: and * Providing moment capacity and stability at cracked sections. ‘The use of reinforcement will not prevent cracking, but actually increase crack frequency while reducing crack ths. Properly proportioned and positioned, reinforcement crack widths such that the cracks will not affect slab serviceability. 7.2—Thickness design methods ‘The inclusion of reinforcement (even in large quantities) has very little effect on the uncracked strength of the slab. The PCA, WRI, and COE thickness design methods described in Chapter 6 may all be applied identically to the design of reinforced slabs-on-ground by simply ignoring the presence of the reinforcement. 7.3—Reinforcement for crack-width control only Reinforcement required for crack-width control is a function ‘of joint spacing and slab thickness. To eliminate sawcut contraction joints, a minimum steel ratio of 0.5% (PCA 2001) of the slab cross-sectional area is recommended. The reinforcement should be located as close to the slab top surface as possible while maintaining minimum concrete coverage over the reinforcement.7.5—Reinforcement location Reinforcement for crack-width control only should be at or above mid-depth of the slab-on-ground, never below mid- depth. A common practice is to specify that the steel have 1.5 to 2 in, (38 to 51 mm) cover below the top surface of the concrete. Reinforcement for moment capacity should be at the centroid of the tensile area of the uncracked concrete section. €.23-€.15.14 — Losas sobre ol terreno en estructuras ambientales €.28-6.15.14.1 — Aleance — En estrcturas ambiantales 50 considoran tres pos de loss sobre ol terreno 1. Lotas estructraias de cimentacion 2. Losas sobre ol terreno 5. Losae-memtrana Los requisites para losas estuctuales de fundacién se ‘encueniran dentro do los requsios contenido on ol Tilo ide la NSR-10. Esta seccion cubre los requistos para Tosa sobre al terreno y iosae-membrana de estructuras ambientales de conerotoreorzaso, El cizefo de este po = losas esid basado en la promisa de que la lesa trasmite las cargas.dectamente a la subsbase sin dstrbuilas, o solo dismbuye cargas de ruedas de \vohiculs ale subbase como los pavmentos, (CR23-RCISA4 — Losas sobre el terreno en estructuras ambientales RCH -RCISALA — Aleance — Lis loss: estes de ‘mentation stibuyen ls cagas que resin sobre eas trans dela su-have.Tembin se izan para apicar un ‘irgh tifonue sobre la sub-base saan puts blade ‘Sento de In sb-hare para cs Is enrgs coneentagas ‘roveniates de cohuunas y uivos de tl nner que se fplique ta cara uniferne ala sub-ase, 0 para resis Ios ‘fects de Motes eansades por subpesin a desoztpar el Tamgue y transmits adeenadamente fos oto elementos de Ibexctar Las losis sobre el terra se wilizan on Ins estctoras fmubittales para proveer una banera impermeable bajo ‘ares de lquios proveer wna superficie de tbaje evans el tangue ets desocapado. dst a a sub-base las carga «de ruda de vehicttos que pueda etelar sbee Ia osa Las Tosasmembrana proveen as minas uncones con las spi ee ia spn i cas En general. laslsaenecbrana se ulizan priacpainente en la base de tangs cicuarespreesforzades, pero tambien zuplean ex tanqnes recanglares y os esttsts. Su ‘isto ests basido ena ora de que una fsa delenda puede facepar asetamientos diferencias progresivos sin que se Mote su esanquidad C.23-C.15.14.3 — Espesor de la losa C.23-C.15.14.3.1 — El minimo espesor para losas sobre el terreno es: e 100 mm para losas con solo una capa de refuerzo no preesforzado. e 125 mm para losas con refuerzo preesforzado. e 150 mm para losas con refuerzo, superior e inferior.C.23-C.15.14.4.2 — La cuantia minima de refuerzo sobre la seccion bruta debe ser 0.0050 en cada direccién ortogonal en losas-membrana no preesforzadas. Debe colocarse refuerzo adicional en los bordes y en otras discontinuidades de acuerdo con el disefio. Debe utilizarse refuerzo electrosoldado o barras de refuerzo corrugadas. El maximo espaciamiento entre alambres paralelos en el refuerzo electrosoldado no puede ser mayor de 100 mm. El maximo espaciamiento entre barras corrugadas debe ser el menor entre 300 mm y dos veces el espesor de la losa.