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(B)
1st Lecture
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION: http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
sin1x,cos1x,tan1xetc.denoteanglesorrealnumberswhosesineisx,whose
cosineisxandwhosetangentisx,providedthattheanswersgivenarenumerically
smallestavailable.Thesearealsowrittenasarcsinx,arccosxetc.
Iftherearetwoanglesonepositive&theothernegativehavingsamenumerical
value,thenpositiveangleshouldbetaken.
PRINCIPAL VALUES AND DOMAINS OF INVERSE CIRCULAR
FUNCTIONS :
(i)
y=sin1xwhere1x1; y andsiny=x.
2
(ii)
(iii)
y=cos1xwhere1x1;0yandcosy=x.
y=tan1xwherexR; x andtany=x.
(iv)
2
2
1
(v)
(vi)
y ,y0andcosecy=x.
2
2
1
y=sec xwherex1orx1;0y;y andsecy=x.
2
1
y=cot xwherexR,0<y<andcoty=x.
y 2 , 2
1.
4.
6.
y(0,)
(1)
4.y=cot1x,xR,
y[0,]
5.y=sec1x,x1,
y 0 , 2
6.y=cosec1x,x1,
y 2 , 0
0 ,
tan1(x)andcot1(x)arecontinuousandmonotoniconR
thattheirrangeisR
(1)
(a)Domain&rangeofcos1[x];x[1,2)andy 0, ,
2
(b)Domain&rangeofy=sin1(ex)
(c)Domain&rangeofcos1{x}
sin1{x}
Ans.D: xR ;R:(0,/2]
Ans.D:xR;R:[0,/2)
3
Ans.D: xR ;R: 2 , 4 , 4
(d)Domain&rangeofcot1(sgnx)
(e)
[x]
,where[]and{}denotesthegreatestinteger
{x}
1
Domainoff(x)= sin
functionandfractionalpartrespectively,is
(A*)(0,1)
(B)(1,1){0}
(C)(2,2){1,0,1}
(D)Noneofthese
[Sol. Wemusthave,
[x]
1 {x} 1;
[x]
notexI
{x} [ x ]
0
{x}
{x} >0(asx={x}+[x]x>0;xN....(1)
[x]
[ x ] {x}
0
{x}
(f)
[x]{x}[x]0x<1;x(I0)....(2)
(1)(2)(3)
x(0,1)Ans.]
Totalnumberofsolutionsofsin{x}=cos{x},where{.}denotesthefractional
part,in[0,2]isequalto
(A)5
(B*)6
(C)8
(D)7
1
[Sol. sin{x}=cos{x}ortan{x}=1 {x}=tan (1)[11th, 14-02-2009]
fromthegraphwehave6solutions]
(f)
OR
(g)
3
4
Letf(x)=a+bcos1x(b>0).Ifdomainandrangeoff(x)arethesameset
then(ba)isequalto
(A)1
(C) 1 2
(B*) 1
[12th 11-05-2008]
[Sol. Domainoffis[1,1]
ascos1x[0,]
hencerangeoffis[a,a+b]
hence a=1anda+b=1
b=2
(D)2
b= ;
ba= +1Ans.]
1
2
5For evaluation only.
1 3
note cot1 = http://www.foxitsoftware.com
andcot
=
3
3
6
(b)sin 2 s in
3
24
=
5
25
(c)cos(2tan12)+sin(2tan13)=0
3
1
1
(f)sin tan cos cot
(h)tan 2 tan
(3)
Notethat
7
25
1
1
=
3
5
(e)tan 2 cos
5
= 3 5
3
2
(g)sin(tan12)+cos(tan12)=
3
5
7
=
4
17
sin1x]max= andsin1x]min=
cos1x]max=andcos1x]min=0
Ifcos1x+cos1y+cos1z=3thencomputethevalueof
6
graphofy=sgn(cot1x)&y=1identical
SECOND LECTURE
PROPERTIES OF INVERSE :
P1 sin(sin1x)/cos(cos1x)/tan(tan1x)etc.and
sin1(sinx)/cos1(cosx)/tan1(tanx)etc.
discusstheirdomain,rangeandgraphs.
sin1(sin1)=1;sin1(sin2)=2;sin1(sin3)=3;
sin1(sin4)=4;sin1(sin5)=52;
cos1(cos1)=1;cos1(cos2)=2;cos1(cos3)=3;
cos1(cos4)=24; cos1(cos5)=25.
Considertheincreasinganddecreasingbehaviourofinversefunctionsandtheireffect
onsolvinginequalities.eg.
(1) log2tan1x>1[Ans.nosolution]
(2) (cot1x)25cot1x+6>0
[Ans:(,cot3)(cot2,)]
(3) Numberofintegralxsatisfyingtheinequality,sin1(sin2)>x23x,is
[Hint: Ans.{0,1,2,3}]
[Ans.4solutions] [12th (23-7-2006)]
1.
2.
y=cos(cos1x)=x,x[ 1 , 1],
y[1,1],yisaperiodic
5.
y=cosec(cosec1x)=x,|x|1,|y|1
yisaperiodic
y=sec(sec1x)=x,|x|1,|y|1
yisaperiodic
6.
Note that:(1,2);(3,4)and(5,6)areidenticalfunction.
7.
9.
periodicwithperiod
11.
y ,0 0,
2 2
yisperiodicwithperiod2
12.
y=sec1(sec x)=x,yisperiodic;
xR (2 n 1) 2
n I
, y 0 , 2
withperiod2
EXAMPLES:
(1)(a) Integralsolutionoftheinequality
3x2+8x<2sin1(sin4)cos1(cos4)
[Ans:x=1]
(b)Theleastintegralvalueofkforwhich
(k2)x2+8x+k+4>sin1(sin12)+cos1(cos12)forallxR,is
(A)7
(B)5
(C)3
(D*)5
1
1
[Sol. sin (sin12)=sin sin(124)=124 [13th, 10-08-2008, P-1]
cos1(cos12)=cos1cos(412)=412
(k2)x2+8x+k+4>0
ifk=2then8x+4>0(notpossible)
ifk2thenk2>0
and 644(k2)(k+4)<0
16<k2+2k8
k2+2k24>0
(k+6)(k4)>0
k=5Ans. ]
(2)
10
35
24
26
4
4
10
= cos1cos =
= cos1cos 2
7
7
7
7
[Sol. cos1cos
35
13
13
=sin1sin 11 =
24
2
11
2
(3)
sin1(sin7)+cos1cos(13)[Hint:sin1(sin(72))+cos1(cos(134))=206]
(4)
si n 1[cos2cot1( 2 1)]=
(5)
Domainoff(x)=
1
ln cot1 x
3
;cot1( 2 1)=
4
8
(, cot1)
[Hint:ln(cot1x)>0cot1x>1x<cot1]
(6)
(a)
3
10
3
1
3
sin 1 sin
= sin sin = sin 1 sin =
Ans
Ans
7
7
7
(b)
11
11
cos 1 sin = cos 1 cos =cos1 cos
=
Ans
Ans
18
18
9
2 9
(c)
sin1 cos
3
5 3
13
33
=sin1 cos 10 =sin1 sin 10 10
=sin1 cos
10
10
Ans]
5
1
x
sec1x=cos1 ;|x|>1(identical);
1
x
1
x
cos1x=sec1 ,|x|1(notidentical)
1
x
x2 1
x2 1
x2 1
2
1 2 x
0 and
0
,consider
tan
2x
2x
2x
x2 1 3
[Hint:Case-1:2tan1
2x
2
]
3
[Ans:x= 3 , , ( 2 3 ) , (2 3 ) ]
3
x 1
1
1
1
1
P3 sin (x)=sin x&cos (x)=cos (x)etc.
generallyusedtospellthevalueofinversetrigonometricfunctionwithverealsquickly.
2
andtan1x+cot1x= x R
Examples:
(1) Findxif
3
;
4
4sin1x+cos1x=
(c)
Maximum&Minimumvaluesof
(ii)(sec1x)2+(cosec1x)2
(i)
(sin1x)3 + (cos1x)3
[Sol.(c) (ii) y=(sec1x)2+(cosec1x)2
[Class Test]
1
1
2
1
=(sec x+cosec x) 2sec xcosec1x
(b)
5tan1x+3cot1x=
7
4
(a)
putt=sec1x;sec1x+cosec1x=
y=
2
2
2t t = 2t 2 t
4
4
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
t
y= 2 t t = 4 16 = 2 t
8
2
8
4
ymin=
2
;
8
ymax=
5 2
att=Ans. ]
4
(d)
(e)
Findtherangeoff(x)=sin1x+cos1x+tan1x.
sin1x+tan1x+sec1x
[Hint: domain{1,1};Range{3/4,/4}]
(f)
if(tan1x)2+(cot1x)2=
5 2
thenxequalsto
8
2
5
1
t=3/4(reject)or/4]
[Hint: cot1x= tan x t2+(/2t)2=
[Ans.(a)
3 1
;(b) 2 1 ;(d)[/4,3/4];(e)(f)1]
2 2
tan 1
P5(a)tan x+tan y=
[Proof :
1
only.
,x 0, yhttp://www.foxitsoftware.com
tanevaluation
y
0and xy 10 tan 1 x For
1 xy
2
tan 1
xy
Lettan1x=andtan1y=
x=tany=tan
where 0, 2
nowunderthecondition
xy<1
tantan<1tan<cot
or
tan<tan
2
<
()<
.............(1)
||lywherexy>1,wehave <()<
...........(2)
2
tan tan
xy
Nowlet
0<<
=tan1x+tan1y
againlet <<
2
xy
tan1 1 xy =tan1tan()
=tan1 tan
=as , 0
Hence
Also for
(b)
xy
tan1x+tan1y=+tan1 1 xy
x>0&y>0tan1xtan1y=tan1
xy
(withnootherrestriction)
1 xy
EXAMPLES:
1
2
1
3
(1)
Iftan14+tan15=cot1()thenfind
[Sol. tan14+tan15=tan1
19
45
9
19
=tan1 =cot1
1 20
19
9
19
19
=cot1 9 = ]
9
(2)
7
9
If=tan15tan13+tan1 = and=tan1
2
24
1
(4)
sin1
[Hint: tan1(3/8)+tan1(5/11)+/6]
ASKING: Whichisgreatercos1
7
3
+cos1
25
5
orcot1(1)
P-6
(a)
sin1x+sin1y=
sin 1 x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 if x 0;y 0and x 2 y2 1
notethatx2+y2<10<sin1x+sin1y<
Let
sin1x=andsin1y=;
now x2+y2<1
sin2+sin2<1
0,
2
0<sin1x+sin1y< ]
andx2+y2>1 <sin1x+sin1y<
Thisformulashouldnormallybeusedinestablishingtheidentities.
3
5
e.g.findwhethersin1 +sin1
12
isacute/obtusewillbeundulydifficultusingtheabove.
13
3
4
Howeverifweconvertitintotan1 +tan1
(b)
12
itbecomessimple.
5
cos1x+cos1y=cos1 xy 1 x 2 1 y 2 ,x>0,y>0,x<y
and
Examples:
(1) Ifcos1x+cos1y+cos1z=thenprovethatx2+y2+z2+2xyz=1
(2)
cos1
L.H.S.tan1
6 1
2
cos1
=
3
6
2 3
1
2
3 2
=tan1 1 tan 1 3 tan 1 2
1 3 2
2
tan1
wherex>0,y>0,z>0 andxy+yz+zx<1andxy<1,yz<1,zx<1
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xy
1
(xy<1)
[Sol. tan x+tan y+tan z=tan 1 xy +tan z
1
xy
z
1 xy
=tan1 x y
z
1
1 xy
x y z xyz
=tan1 1 ( xy yz zx )
xy
if 1 xy z<1
ifxy+yz+zx<1
and
xy<1
x y z xyz
=+tan1 1 ( xy yz zx ) ifxy+yz+zx>1]
EXAMPLE:
(1)
PointP(x,y)satisfyingtheequationsin1x+cos1y+cos1(2xy)= lieson
(A)thebisectorofthefirstandthirdquadrant
(B)bisectorofthesecondandfourthquadrant.
(C)therectangleformedbythelinesx=1andy=1.
(D*)aunitcirclewithcentreattheorigin.
(C)
(a)
[Class Test]
startingwithx=tan
1.
2 tan1 x
1 x 1
2x
2 tan1 x if x 1
sin1
2 =
1 x
2 tan1 x
x 1
2 tan 1 x
x 0
=
2 tan x x 0
1 x2
1 1 x
(1)
2.
cos
3.
2 tan 1 x
x 1
2 tan 1 x
2
x
x
1
tan1
2 =
1
1 x
x 1
2 tan x
(2)
(3)
inflectionpoint,criticalpoints,pointsofextremum,derivativesandtheirantiderivatives.
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Highlights:
(a)
f(x)=sin1
2x
1
2 +2tan x=ifx>1,find cosf (10) =1.
1 x
20
20
20
20
f(x)=sin1
2x
+2tan1x=ifx<1
1 x2
1
( 3 sin x ) if 1 x 1 / 2
1
if 1 / 2 x 1 / 2 ;
(c)sin1(3x4x3)= 3 sin x
1
if 1 / 2 x 1
3 sin x
1
3 cos x 2
1
(d)cos1(4x33x)= 2 3 cos x
1
3 cos x
(c)
if 1 x 1 / 2
if 1 / 2 x 1 / 2 ;
if 1 / 2 x 1
1
1
<x<
3
3
1
3x x 3
(e)tan1
+3tan1x ifx>
2 =
3
1 3x
1
+3tan1x ifx<
3
(d)
3tan1xif
H.W.
[Sol.
(a)tan1
1
1 x2 1
= tan1x x R{0}
2
x
range , {0}
4 4
fig(a)
1
1
1
,
if x
2 sin x
2
2
2 sin 1 x
, 1
if x
2
(b)sin12x 1 x 2 =
1
2 sin x if x 1,
2
1
if x [0,1]
2 cos x
1
2
(c)cos (2x 1)=
2 2 cos1 x if x [ 1,0]
fig(b)
fig(c)
fig (e)
(d)tan1
1 x2
1 x2
[Hint:x2=tan,range 4 , 4 ] Generatedfig.(d)
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Q.2
(iii)
f(x)=sec1x+cosec1x;g(x)=
(iv)
f(x)=tan(cot1x);g(x)=cot(tan1x) (I)
(iv)
(vi)
(N.I.)
(I)
Whichofthefollowingfunction(s)is/areperiodic?
2x
(A*)f(x)= [ x ] where[]denotesgreatestintegerfunction
2
(B*)g(x)=sgn{x}where{x}denotesthefractionalpartfunction
(C)h(x)= sin 1 cos( x 2 )
(D*)k(x)= cos 1 sin x
[Hint: A=1;B=1;C=aperiodic;D=2]
s in 2 cos
1 y2
1 tan
tan amongy0 ]
[Sol. L.H.S.=2tan y=cos
2 wherey=
1 tan
2
1 y
1
(ii) tan1x=2tan1[cosec(tan1x)tan(cot1x)]
[Hint: startwithtan1x=x=tan]
(x0)
1 cos
(D)
(1)
(2)
4
5
25
]
7
1
1
[Ans:x=0, , ]
2
2
[Ans:x=
....(1)
....(2)
2
also cos1x+sin1x=
Also (2)(1)
2=
wheresin1x=&sin1( x 3 )=
sin2=sin
2sincos=sin
2x. 1 x 2 = x 3
=0ifn=0
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=ifn=1 http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
=2ifn=2
Hencecos1{cot(2tan1x)}=0or or
cot(2tan1x)=1,0,or1 (nowproceedbyfirsttakinggeneralsolution)
or
(4)
sin1x+sin12x=
(T/S)
[Sol. = wheresin=xandsin=2xand=
2x=
5x
3
1
5
1 x 2 x
1 x2
=
2
2
2
2
25x2=3(1x2)
28x2=3x2=
(5)
tan1
x 1
x 1
+tan1
=tan1(7)
x 1
x
Asking
(6) 2 cot12 + cos1(3/5) = cosec1x
3
3
x=
]
28
2 7
Ans:[x=;x=2isrejected]
(A*)
1
2.
4
1
2
1
1
[Sol. 2tan11/2+tan14/3= tan
1 =2tan 3 =cosec xnosolution]
1
4
(7)
(E)
DeterminetheintegralvalueofKforwhichthesystem(arctanx)2+(arccosy)2=2k
[Ans:k=1;x=tan 1 7 ;y= 7 1 ]
andtan1x+cos1y= .
4
4
2
Simultaneous equations and inequations involving I.T.F.
(t 2) (t 1) > 0
(tan1x 2) is al
w ays < 0
1
x ( , tan 1)
Again
and
H e nce
if
now
and
Q.2
(F)
Summation of series
6
4
2
1
1
1
2
4 +.......[Ans:tan {n(n+1)}/4]
2
4 +tan
2
4 +tan
23 3
2 1 1
22 2
2n
2n
2
n
1
1
[Sol. Tn=tan1
2
4 =tan 1 ( n 2 1) 2 n 2 =tan 1 ( n 2 1 n )(n 2 n 1)
2n n
1.
tan1
2.
(n 2 n 1) (n 2 n 1)
=tan
]
1 (n 2 1 1)( n 2 n 1)
x
x
x
tan1 1 (1 2) x 2 +tan1 1 (2 3) x 2 +..........+tan1 1 n (n 1) x 2
dy
Find ,expressingyouranswerintwoterms.[Ans:tan1(n+1)xtan1x]
dx
3.
( n 1) 2 ( n 1) 2
4n
1
tan
S=
n 4 2n 2 2 n
1 ( n 2 1) 2
n 1
4.
Findthesum cosec
(3 tan 1 1) wronganswer: ; ; 5
2 4 4
4n 4 1 .
[Ans.+tan1(1);cot1 2 +cot1 3 ]
n 0
1 1
1
4
[Sol. S= cosec 4n 1 ;S1= tan
(verify)[111th, 25-02-2009, P-1]
2 =
4
2
n
2 n 1
n 1
S1
Hence
5.
S=
3
4
+tan1(1)andcot1 2 +cot1 3 ]
cot 1(2a1 + a) + cot 1(2a1 + 3a) + cot 1(2a1 + 6a) + cot 1(2a1 + 10a) + ....... to
infinite
Tn=tan1[
na
( n 1) a
tan1 2 ]
2
1
1
S= 2 tan 2 cot 2
a>0]