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ENGINEERING
ME6404
[FOR FOURTH SEMESTER B.E MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING STUDENTS]
COMPILED BY
BIBIN.C
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF mechanICAL ENGINEERING
rmk college of engineering and technology
puduvoyal
gummidipoondi taluk
To integrate the concepts, laws and methodologies from the first course in thermo
dynamics into analysis of cyclic processes
12
Otto, Diesel, Dual, Brayton cycles, Calculation of mean effective pressure, and air
standard efficiency - Actual and theoretical PV diagram of four stroke and two stroke
engines
UNIT II INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
12
Classification - Components and their function - Valve timing diagram and port
timing diagram - Comparison of two stroke and four stroke engines Carburettor
system,Diesel pump and injector system. Performance calculation - Comparison of petrol
and diesel engine - Lubrication system and Cooling system - Battery and Magneto Ignition
System Formation of exhaust emission in SI and CI engines
UNIT III STEAM NOZZLES AND TURBINES
12
Flow of steam through nozzles, shapes of nozzles, effect of friction, critical pressure
ratio, supersaturated flow, Impulse and Reaction principles, compounding, velocity
diagram for simple and multi-stage turbines, speed regulations Governors.
UNIT IV AIR COMPRESSOR
12
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12
Page 3
Potential energy.
4. Define power
The rate of energy transfer is called power.
5. Define transit energy
Energy possessed by a system which is capable of crossing its boundaries is.caIled
transit energy.
Example:
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KJ/Kg.K
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If the heat is supplied to the system then the entropy will increase.
ii.
If the heat is rejected to the system then the entropy will decrease.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
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In all reversible engine operating between the two given thermal reservoirs
with fixed temperature, have the same efficiency.
ii.
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Spark ignition (SI) engines operating on Otto cycle, also called petrol engines
ii.
Compression ignition (Cl) engines operating on Diesel cycle, also called diesel
engines.
iii.
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Efficiency ( ) = 1
1
r -1
12. Which device is used to control the Air fuel ratio in the petrol engine?
Carburettor
13. Which device is used to control the Air fuel ratio in the diesel engine?
Injection nozzle
14. The efficiency of the diesel cycle approaches the otto cycle efficiency when the cut off
ratio is ______
Ans: Reduced
15. The speed of a four stroke I.C. engine is 1500rpm. What will be the speed of the cam
shaft?
750 rpm.
16. All the four operations in two stroke engine are performed in ________ number of
revolution of crank shaft.
Ans: One
17. All the four operations in four stroke engine are performed in _______ number of
operations?
Ans: Two
18. In otto cycle the compression ratio is _______ to expansion ratio.
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ii.
Throughout the cycle, air behaves as a perfect gas and obeys all the gas laws.
iii.
iv.
v.
The values of specific heats of the air remain constant throughout the cycle.
Efficiency =
Work done
Heat supplied
25. What will be the effect of compression ratio on efficiency of the diesel cycle?
Efficiency increases with the increase in compression ratio and vice versa.
26. What will be the effect of cut off ratio on efficiency of the diesel cycle?
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Page 13
Diesel Cycle
1. Otto cycle consist of two adiabatic and 1. It consists of two adiabatic, one constant
two constant volume process.
volume
and
one
constant
pressure
processes.
2.
Compression
ratio
is
equal
expansion ratio
expansion ratio.
3. Heat addition takes place at constant 3. Heat addition takes place at constant
volume.
pressure
It varies
from 12 to 18.
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Compression ratio
ii.
iii.
Pressure ratio
iv.
k 1
Efficiency ( ) = 1 -1 [
]
r
(k 1) k ( 1)
1
where,
r Compression ratio
k pressure or Expassion ratio
p cut off ratio and
y adiabatic index
36. Plot the P-V and T-S diagram of Otto cycle.
T
3
Constant volume
processes
adiabatic
QR
1
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Efficiency ( ) = 1
1
RP
-1
Where,
Rp pressure ratio.
38. Write any four differences between Otto and Diesel cycle?
Sl.No Otto Cycle
1
Otto
cycle
isentropic
Diesel Cycle
consist
and
two
of
Two Diesel
cycle
consist
of
two
volume processes
and
one
constant
pressure
processes
2
expansion ratio
39. The two stroke cycle engine gives ______ the number of power strokes as compared to
the four stroke cycle engine, at the same engine speed.
Ans: Double
40. What are the processes involved in Dual cycle
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Adiabatic compression
ii.
iii.
iv.
Adiabatic expansion
v.
41. In petrol engine, the charge is ignited with the help of ________
Ans: Spark plug
42. Define the following terms in the Air Standard cycle
a) Air standard efficiency
b) Specific work transfer
c) Specific air consumption and
d) Work ratio.
Air standard efficiency:
Air standard efficiency is defined as the ratio of network transfer during the
cycle to the net heat transfer to the cycle.
Specific work transfer:
Specific work transfer is the work transfer per unit mass of working
substance.
Specific air consumption:
Specific air consumption is the quantity of working substance required for
doing work transfer or the flow ratio of working substance for unit power.
Work ratio:
Work ratio= Net work transfer in a cycle/possible work transfer in cycle
43. The diesel engine draws the mixture of diesel and air during suction stroke (True /
False)
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The fuel economy is improved. The quality of fuel required per unit mass of
air is less
ii.
The work output from turbine, the work required to the compressor will not
change.
iii.
iv.
48. When will the inter cooler is provided between two compressors? What are the
effects of providing intercooler in gas turbine?
i.
When pressure ratio is very high, then the intercooler is provided between
compressors.
ii.
Due to intercooler, heat supply is increased and work ratio will be increased
and the specific volume of air is also reduced.
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Brayton cycle
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For the same speed, twice the number of For the same speed, half of the
power strokes is produced than 4 stroke number of power
engine.
is
strokes
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Open cycle
ii.
iii.
ii.
Diesel or CI engine
compressed air.
2. Carburetor is used to mix the air fuel 2. Fuel injector is used to inject the fuel
mixture.
in atomized form.
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4. For the same power developed size 4. Size and weight are bigger.
and weight of the plant is small
68. Why re-heater is necessary in gas turbine? What are its effects?
The expansion process is very often performed in two sperate turbine stages. The
re-heater is placed between the H.P. and L.P. turbines to increase the enthalpy of the
exhaust gas coming from H.P. turbine.
Effects:
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Air is the working fluid and it obeys the perfect gas laws.
ii.
The engine operates in a closed cycle. The cylinder is filled with constant
amount of working substance and the same fluid is used repeatedly and
hence mass remains constant.
iii.
iv.
v.
The values of specific heat (Cp and Cv) of the working fluid remains constant.
vi.
vii.
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74. What are the conditions for maximum work of an Otto cycle?
______
T2 = T4 = (T1XT3)
r k = (T3/T1)(-1)
75. Define work ratio of gas turbine.
It is the ratio of network to turbine work.
76. Differentiate between brake power and indicated power of an IC engine.
Brake Power: It is defined as the power developed at output crank shaft of an engine for
doing external work.
Indicated Power: It is the power developed by the engine inside the cylinder due to the
fuel combustion in the combustion chamber.
77. Define specific fuel consumption?
It is the ratio of fuel consumption per unit time of power developed.
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NOZZLES
1. What is steam nozzle? How are they classified?
A steam nozzle is a device having variable cross-sectional passage in which the
potential energy of steam is converted into kinetic energy at low pressure when a high
pressure steam flows through it. They are classified as convergent type, divergent type,
and convergent-divergent type.
2. Define critical pressure ratio.
The pressure which the area is minimum and discharge per unit area is maximum is
called critical pressure ratio.
Critical pressure ratio = (p2/p1) = (2/(n+1))(n/(n-1))
3. What is the significance of critical pressure ratio?
i.
ii.
The flow in the convergent portion of the nozzle is subsonic and divergent
portion is supersonic
iii.
For expanding the steam below critical pressure, the divergent portion of the
nozzle is necessary.
iv.
When p2 approaches the critical value the rate of discharge will be maximum.
ii.
iii.
_____________
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The exit velocity will change as C2 = (2000(h1 h2)n) If 10% frictional loss nozzle =
90%.
v.
vi.
Final dryness fraction of steam is increased as the kinetic energy of steam gets
converted into heat due to friction and is absorbed by steam.
Convergent nozzles
ii.
Divergent nozzles
iii.
ii.
iii.
9. What are the differences between super saturated flow and isentropic flow in
steam nozzles
Super saturated Flow
Isentropic Flow
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Entropy is constant
10. What are the reasons for the drop in velocity of the steam for a given pressure
drop in steam nozzle?
i.
ii.
iii.
ii.
iii.
iv.
13. What are the limits for super saturation in steam nozzles? Why?
The super saturation occurs upto above 0.94 dryness fraction and beyond that the
condensation of steam occurs suddenly and irreversibly at constant enthalpy and then
remain in stable condition.
14. What are the main functions of steam nozzles?
i.
ii.
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16. What are the factors those change the fluid properties while a fluid flows through
a nozzle with no work or heat transfer?
i.
ii.
Frictional forces
17. Explain super saturated flow (or) metastable flow in steam nozzle.
When super heated steam is expanded isentropically, it starts condensing at its meet
with dry saturated line. But in nozzles, the velocity of steam is high and hence the time
available is very less (about 0.001 sec). So, the condensation phenomenon does not
start at point '2' for a flow of point 1 to point 5. As a result of this, the steam continues
to expand in dry condition up to point 3. The steam between state 2 and 3 is said to be
supersaturated or metastable state and the flow of such super saturated steam is
known as supersaturated or metastable flow. A limit to the super heated state was
observed by Wilson and a line drawn on the chart through the observed points is
known as Wilson line. This line becomes the saturation line for all practical purposes.
Beyond this Wilson line, the steam suddenly starts to condense and restores its normal
equilibrium state.
18. What are the effects of super saturation?
i.
The super saturation increases the specific volume and entropy of the steam.
ii.
Super saturation reduces the heat drop. Thus exit velocity of the steam is reduced.
iii.
iv.
The temperature at which super saturation occurs will be less than the saturation
temperature corresponding to the pressure. Therefore the density of the super
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Isentropic flow
drop.
_________________________
_______________
C2=((2n/(n-1))p1v1(1-(p1/p2)((n-1)/n)))
C2 = (2000 (h1-h2) + C1
ii.
iii.
iv.
The steam enters the nozzle at high pressure with negligible velocity and leaves at
high velocity with low pressure.
ii.
23. What is the purpose of divergent portion after the throat section of nozzle?
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ii.
It does not affect the discharge of steam passing through the nozzle.
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C=
Clearance Volume
Stroke volume
C=
VC
VS
C=
Total Volume
Clearance volume
5. What are the factors that effect the volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating
compressor?
i.
Clearance volume
ii.
Compression ratio.
6. Compressor Capacity is
i.
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iii.
Both a and b
iv.
ii.
iii.
iv.
ii.
iii.
iv.
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ii.
iii.
iv.
19. Define mean effective pressure. How is it related to indicated power?
The mean effective pressure is defined as hypothetical pressure, which is
considered to be acting on the piston throughout the compression stroke.
The indicated power IP = Mean effective pressure x L x A x N
20. What is inter-cooler? What does complete inter-cooling mean?
An inter-cooler is a simple heat exchanger. It exchanges the heat of compressed air
from the low-pressure compressor to the circulating water before the air enters to the
high-pressure compressor. The purpose of inter cooling is to minimize the work of
compression. If the air is cooled to temperature equal to the temperature of air at the inlet
of the Ist stage cylinder, the inter-cooling is complete.
21. Define Stroke volume and cylinder volume
When a piston traverses one stroke and reaches BDC of TDC, the volume swept by
the piston is called stroke volume of swept volume.
The addition of stroke volume and clearance volume is called cylinder volume.
22. Define positive displacement rotary compressor and dynamic displacement
compressor.
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ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Spray painting
vi.
24. What are the factors that affect the volumetric efficiency?
i.
Clearance volume
ii.
Pressure ratio
iii.
Temperature
iv.
Stroke volume
v.
vi.
Valve fluttering
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ii.
iii.
The working medium does not undergo any chemical change throughout the
cycle
iv.
The compression and expansion processes are reversible adiabatic i.e. there
is no loss or gain in entropy.
v.
vi.
vii.
28. What are the factors that influence the power input to the compressor?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
30. What are the internal and external loses in centrifugal compressor?
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ii.
Disc friction
iii.
iv.
turbulence
v.
shock and the external losses are mainly due to the bearing friction
31. What are the factors that affect the power requirement of a compressor?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
32. What are the difference between rotary air compressor and reciprocating air
compressor?
Reciprocating Air compressor
10 bar only.
They are suitable for low discharge of They are suitable for large discharge
air at very high pressure
The size of the compressor is large for The size of air compressor is small
the given discharge
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ii.
iii.
iv.
The volumetric efficiency and pressure ratio are depends upon clearance
volume. If clearance volume is more, it reduces the volumetric efficiency.
34. What are the advantages of multi stage compressor over single stage compressor?
i.
Less work is done by the compressor to deliver the same quantity of air.
ii.
iii.
The size of the two cylinder may be adjusted to suit the volume and pressure
of the air.
iv.
v.
It provides more uniform torque and thus smaller size of the flywheel is
required.
vi.
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ii.
iii.
iv.
No balancing problem.
The flow of air is perpendicular to the The flow of air is parallel to the axis of
axis of compressor
compressor
It has low manufacturing and running It has high manufacturing and running
cost
cost
It requires large frontal area for a given It requires less frontal area for a given
rate of flow
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COP =
T2
T2 T1
T1
T2 T1
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Carnot =
T2 T1
T2
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at evaporator inlet
Highest temperature:
At compressor outlet
ii.
83. What are the merits and demerits of air refrigeration system?
Merits:
i.
ii.
iii.
Demerits:
i.
ii.
iii.
The danger of frosting at the expander valves is more as air contains moisture.
By melting of a solid
By sublimation of solid.
By evaporation of liquid
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90. Give the 4 important parameters that are to be measured and controlled of an air
conditioning system.
Temperature of air
Humidity of air
Purity of air
Motion of air
91. Name the cycles on which an Air refrigeration system works.
Reversed carnot cycle
Bell coleman cycle
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low
grade
heat
energy
is
required
Wear and tear are more
Charging
of
refrigerant
charging
is
Page 49
complicated
good
Higher COP
Lower COP
preservation,
Medicine,
Heat
treatment,
Transport
refrigeration,
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Due to compressor and fan more wear Only moving part is liquid pump, less
and tear
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generator.
Freon 12, Freon 22, NH3, Propane, NH3 water vapour system, Lithium
Isobutane used as refrigerants
PSYCHROMETRY
1. Define psychrometry.
The science which deals with the study of behaviour of moist air (mixture of dry air
and water vapour) is known as psychrometry.
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ii.
Evaporative cooling.
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temperature but change of state occurred by adding the heat or by abstracting the heat.
16. What are the important psychrometric process?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Chemical dehumidification,
vi.
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LTPC3104
OBJECTIVE
To give a brief background of application of various laws of thermodynamics and its
application in heat transfer, refrigeration and air-conditioning, jet propulsion system.
UNIT I BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
15+3
Systems, Zeroth Law, First Law - Heat and work transfer in flow, Second law,
Clausius statement - concept of entropy entropy change in non-flow processes.
UNIT II AIR CYCLES
5+3
Otto, Diesel, Dual combustion and Brayton combustion cycles Air standard
efficiency - Mean effective pressure Actual and theoretical PV diagrams of two stroke and
four stroke IC Engines.
UNIT III THERMODYNAMICS OF ONE DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW
12+3
Application of continuity, momentum and energy equations- Rankine cycle Isentropic flow of ideal gases through nozzles - Simple jet propulsion system - Thrust
rocket motor Specific impulse.
UNIT IV REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
6+3
Principles of refrigeration, Air conditioning - Heat pumps - Vapour compression Vapour absorption types - Coefficient of performance, Properties of refrigerants.
UNIT V AIR COMPRESSORS
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7+3
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PART-B [5x16=80]
1. (a) A centrifugal air compressor delivers 15 kg of air, per minute. The inlet and outlet
conditions of air are V1 = 10m/s, p1 = 1 bar vs1 = 0.5 m3/kg and V2 = 80 m/s, p2 = 7 bar, vs2 =
0.15 m3/kg. The increase in enthalpy of air passing through the compressor is 160 kJ/kg and heat
loss to the surroundings is 720 KJ/min. Find the power required to drive the compressor. Assume
that inlet and discharge lines are at the same level.
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2. (a) In an air standard otto cycle the compression ratio is 6. The compression begins 400C and
0.1 MPa. The heat supplied per kg of air at the end of the compression is 852 KJ. Find the
temperature and pressure at all salient points and the efficiency.
Or
(b) A single stage double acting air compressor of 62.5 kW I.P. running at 120 r.p.m. takes air at
1 bar and delivers at 10 bar. Assuming the law of expansion and compression as pv 1.35 =
constant, find the diameter and stroke of the cylinder.
3. (a) A steam power plant operating on Rankine cycle works between 40 bar and 0.05 bar. If the
steam supplied is dry saturated, find the cycle efficiency and specific steam consumption.
Or
(b) An aircraft flies at 960 kmph. One of its turbojet engines takes in 40 kg/s of air and expands
the gases to the ambient pressure. The air fuel ratio is 50 and the lower calorific value of the
fuel is 43 MJ/kg. For maximum thrust power determine
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5. (a) Show that in the case of reciprocating compressor, the work input is independent clearance
ratio. Explain with the help of p v diagrams.
Or
(b) Derive an expression for the volumetric efficiency of a two stage reciprocating compressor
in terms of clearance ratio and pressure ratio
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1. (a) Air is compressed in a reversible process in a cylinder from 100 kPa, 293 K to 500 kPa,
according to PV1.3 = constant. Calculate the work done and heat transfer per kilogram. Also
calculate the change in the entropy. Assume air to be an ideal gas Cpair = 1.005 kJ/kgk ? = 1.4
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