4th ASSIGNMENT

PRINTER & NETWORK

1. List down the types of printer and explain briefly.
Ans:
Dot-matrix printer --> use a set of closely spaced pins and a ribbon to
print letters or other characters on a page. These printers actually
impact the page to print a character, much like a typewriter. Dot - matrix
printers vary in terms of speed and the number of pins they have.

Bubble jet-printer --> Printers spray ionized tiny drops of ink onto a page
to create image. This is achieved by using magnetized plates which direct
the ink's path onto the paper in the desired pattern. Almost all ink-jets
offer a colour option as standard, in varying degrees of resolution
Laser printer --> operate by shining a laser beam to produce an image on
a drum. Finally using a combination of heat and pressure, the ink on the
drum is transferred onto the page. Laser printers print very fast and the
supply cartridges work a long time.
2. What are stages we need to know when troubleshooting laser printer?
Ans:

Drum cleaning
Primary charge
Laser beam exposure
Developing
Transferring and Separation
Fusing

3. Why are we still using Dot-matrix printers?

Ans:
Dot matrix printer, like any impact printer, can print on multi-part
stationary or make carbon copies.
Impact printers have one of the lowest printing costs per page
As the ink is running out, the printout gradually fades rather than
requiring individual sheets, making them useful for data logging.
They are good, reliable workhorses ideal for use in situations where
printed content is more important than quality.

4. What types of ports or interface used to connect our printer and PC?
Ans: The printer is of an older type that has the appropriate logic circuits and
connectors, a parallel port and/or serial port. The USB port can be used to
connect printer and PC.

5. What is Print Server?

Ans: A Print Server or printer server is a computer or device that is connected
to to one or more printers and to client computers over a network, and can
accept print jobs from the computers and send the jobs to the appropriate
printers.

6. What is Computer Network?

Ans: A computer network is a group of computers that are connected to each
other for the purpose of communication. Networks may be classified according
to wide variety of characteristics.

7. Why using computer networks (advantage)? Also explain the disadvantages.

Ans:
Advantages

Save money on other software and other programs

Fast
Allow you to share files easily
Let you mark projects on the computers

Disadvantages

Expensive to set up
All the wires can get in the way
If something goes wrong, the whole network could go down.
Lower security

8. Explain what is peer to peer and server based (client server) network.
Ans: A peer-to-peer, commonly abbreviated to P2P, distributed network
architecture is a composed of participants that make a portion of their
resources directly available to other network participants, without the need for
central coordination instances. Server based (client-server) computing or
networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or
workloads between service providers (server) and service requesters, called
clients.

9. List down the operating system that use peer or server based network.
Ans: Network operating system, printers, disk drives

10. Explain briefly 5 different services used in computer network.

Ans: Optical fibre, Ethernet, Wireless LAN, Home PNA, Power Line
communication or G.hn

11. What do we need if we want to set up small LAN?

Ans: By expanding the definition of a LAN to the services that it provides, two
different operating modes can be defined : - In a peer-to-peer network, in
which communication is carried out from one computer to another, without a
central computer, and where each computer has the same role. -In client
server network, in which a central computer provides network services to
users.

12. List down the network topology .Explain the advantages and
disadvantages.
Ans:

Bus Topology
Star Topology
Ring Topology
Tree Topology
Mesh Topology

Bus Topology
Advantages:
It is easy to handle and implement
It is best suited for small networks
Disadvantages
The cable length is limited. This limits the number of stations that can be
connected.
This network topology can perform well only for a limited number of
nodes.

Star Topology
Advantages:

 Due to its central nature, the topology offers simplicity operation.

It also achieves an isolation of each device in the network

Disadvantages
The network operation depends on the functioning of the central hub.
Hence, the failure of the central hub leads to the failure of the entire
network.

Ring Topology
Advantages:
The data being transmitted between two nodes passes through all the
intermediate nodes.
A central server is not required for the management of this topology.
Disadvantages
The failure of a single node of the network can cause the entire network
to fail.
The movement or changes made to network nodes effects the
performance of the entire network.

Tree Topology
Advantages
A tree topology is supported by many network vendors.
A point to point connection is possible with tree networks.
Disadvantages
All the computers have access to the larger and their immediate
networks
Best topology for branched out networks.

Mesh Topology

Advantage
The arrangement of the network nodes is such that it is possible to
transmit data from one node to many other nodes at the same time.

Disadvantages
The arrangement where in every network node is connected every other
node of the network; many of the connection serve no major purpose.
This leads to the redundancy of many of the network connections.

13. List down the networking device used to create LAN and WAN.
Ans: Router, Hub, Switch, Gateway, Repeater and LAN cards are used to create
LAN. Router, ISDN adaptors, CSU/DSU, Bridges, Modems and Brouter are used
to create WAN.

14. What media and connector used in BUS, STAR and RING topology?
Ans: A Bus Topology features all networked nodes interconnected peer-topeer using a single, open-ended cable. These ends must be terminated with a
resistive load that is terminating resistors. This single cable can support only a
single channel. This cable is called the BUS. Star Topology LANs have
connections to networked devices that radiate out from a common point that
is the Hub. Unlike Ring Topologies, physical or virtual, each networked device
in a star topology can access the media independently. The Ring Topology
started out as simple peer-to-peer LAN topology. Each networked workstation
had two connections: one to each of its nearest neighbours. The
interconnection had to form a physical loop, or ring. Data was transmitted
unidirectional around the ring. Each workstation acted as a repeater, accepting
and responding to packets addressed to it, and forwarding on the other
packets to the next workstation "downstream".

15. What do meant by attenuation? How to reduce the effects?

Ans: Attenuation affects the propagation of waves and signals in electric

circuits, in optical fibres, as well as in air. The signal to noise ratio must be at
maximum order to reduce attenuation.

16. List down the bandwidth for all the topology in LAN.
Ans:
Star Topology - 100Mbps
Bus Topology - 75Gps
Ring Topology - 75Gps

17. What is simplex, half and Full duplex?

Ans: Simplex refers to communication that occurs in one direction only. A halfduplex system provides for communication in both directions, but only one
direction at a time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party begins
receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting before
replying.
A full duplex, or sometimes double-duplex system, allows
communication in both directions and unlike half-duplex, allows this to happen
simultaneously.

18. What is RAID?

RAID (redundant array of independent disks; originally redundant array of
inexpensive disks) is a way of storing the same data in different places (thus,
redundantly) on multiple hard disks. By placing data on multiple disks, I/O
(input/output) operations can overlap in a balanced way, improving
performance. Since multiple disks increase the mean time between failures
(MTBF), storing data redundantly also increases fault tolerance

Types of RAID and their details:

1. RAID-0: This technique has striping but no redundancy of data. It offers

the best performance but no fault-tolerance.
2. RAID-1: This type is also known as disk mirroring and consists of at least
two drives that duplicate the storage of data. There is no striping. Read
performance is improved since either disk can be read at the same time.
Write performance is the same as for single disk storage. RAID-1
provides the best performance and the best fault-tolerance in a multiuser system.
3. RAID-5: This type includes a rotating parity array, thus addressing the
write limitation in RAID-4. Thus, all read and write operations can be
overlapped. RAID-5 stores parity information but not redundant data
(but parity information can be used to reconstruct data). RAID-5 requires
at least three and usually five disks for the array. It's best for multi-user
systems in which performance is not critical or which do few write
operations.