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  • Undersanding Insulation Resistance

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    Mandip Pokharel
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    Measurement and Meaning of Insulation Resistance

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    Measurement and Meaning of Insulation Resistance

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    20 visualizzazioni7 pagine

    Undersanding Insulation Resistance

    Caricato da

    Mandip Pokharel
    Measurement and Meaning of Insulation Resistance

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
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    Tire Une musa esi t Mamuen ton Eker Cann rina EN Haan Q REGISTER | LOGIN we | mate | onetime | cone | sty | mmcuty | nating | me —_ Understanding Insulation Resistance Testing foeares, suane | Tweet 0) (B-i]_esonmens (28 comments 7 ‘alsin nuttin weg Insulation starts to age as soon as it's made, As it ages, its Insulating performance deteriorates, Any harsh installation eed slo) tevkenoet eps Tow mpc ren tnd/or chem contamination acter this proses Thiet can et in dangers conn in poe alt nd persone ey ae PSN | moras to enti thi dtesratn qu othat caren steps ean be aken, Oe af he dnp ets and seid tinsrumes are ot user undestod To ep inate is ako edenanding, es acu in dal nation Resta (Reding and the ‘oa Insulation testing components Lets approach the subject by component. The megohmmeter Wire Instrument test leads insulatin Indicating scale shows resistance yr i \ ‘Asie megohmmeter hook-up schematic is shown in Fig. 1 (above). The megohmmeter is similar to a multimeter, when the latter isin its ohmmeter function. There are differences, however. Conductor (copper wire) kia Insulation test First, the megohmmeter's output is much higher than that of a multimeter. Voltages of 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 2500, 5,000, and even 10,000V are used (Table 1 below). The most ‘common voltages are 500V and 1,000V. Higher voltages are used to stress an insulation toa greater degree and thus obtain more accurate results. Equipment AC Rating DC Test Voltage htpiteemweb.comest-amp-measuremertiundrstendinginsuator-esistancetesting Photo Galleries EYE | Vga exter ove ot tre roost UV Water ‘rentmont Pans in 0/27 rab hens ess, srk sede Join the Discussion Hot Topics ‘Tost yourslctresl smarts! st ep by sfiakleman in General Hct ECEM White Papers Dscng oath ssi te esa “ister caerngy rales ave err hay peared osencn carry arth pase ww swaazae Uptor00¥ 200V and 250V 440 to 550V 500V and 1,000V goo 1,000V to 2,000V and ghee 4260V and above | ,000V to 5,000V or higher Table 1.Recommended test voltages for routine maintenance insulation-resstance tests of equipment rated to 4160V and above Second, the range of a megohmmeter i in megohms, as its name implies instead of ohms as in a lim ‘Third, a megohmmeter has a relatively high internal resistance, making the instrument less hazardous to use inspite of the higher voltages. Testing connections ‘A megobmmeter usually is equipped with three terminals, The "LINE" (or "L") terminal i ‘the so-called “hot" terminal and is connected tothe conductor whose insulation resistance you are measuring, Remember: These tests are performed with the circuit deenergized. ‘The "EARTH" (or "E" ground conductor. ‘terminalis connected to the other side ofthe insulation, the ‘The "GUARD" (or "G") terminal provides a return circuit that bypasses the meter. For ‘example, ifyou are measuring a circuit having a current that you do not want to inelude, you connect that part ofthe cireuit tothe "GUARD" terminal Fie 2 3,andashow ri She cmon pea cvbat reales pring cenome tsi ‘without measuring the Se Tirso taiage on he St duh Son ore ream cet witterearedon the Insulation tester Guard » t aa, — a= * i Earth Basically, there are three different tests that can be done using a megohmmeter. coo "GUARD" lead 1) Insulation resistance (R) ‘This isthe simplest of the tests, After the required ‘connections are made, you apply the test voltage fora period of one min. (he one-min interval is an industry practice that allows everyone to take the reading atthe same time, In this way, hitpiteemweb.comest-amp-measuremertiundrstendiginsuator-esistancetesting Understanding Insulation Resistance Testing | Test & Measuromant cortrt rom Electrical Construction & Mairtenance (ECM) Magazine I ON-DEMAND: Understanding Your Opiione:AFCI Protection andthe Ec Ty sinty sed meove constertenate and mpav sey th enon nanan, Pest Rett. Sty, Weve Gt Yo 2014 changes tothe NEC DVO tay pendant nt errr ‘changes to The NEC 2014 peed ann rst ener cas niche by peep to receiee our free newnletors 1112872014 Understanding insulation Resistance Testing | Test & Measurement corte from Electrical Construction & Maintanarce (EC&M) Magazine comparison of readings sake ‘skinhead an apo willbe of value because, although taken by Oo different people, the test ‘methods are consistent.) C2 During this interval, the starter Tt reste should drop ot ‘remain relatively steady. Radfearth lead Langer insulation eytems wal show a steady decease, while smaller ‘petems will eran steady because the eapactive and absorption eurents drop to zero fateron Sc sale ineslation {ystems Aer one min, ead and record the restance abe Connect With Us Main switch Insulation tester conductor under test Insulation Tester “LH. [ote that IR is temperature sensitive. When the temperature goes up, IR goes dowa, and vice versa. Therefore, to compare new readings with previous readings, you need to correct the readings to some base temperature. Usually, 20°C or 4o°C are used as ‘comparison temperature; tables are availabe for any correction. However, common rule of thumb is that IR changes by a factor of two for each 20°C change. 3 conductor cable Lead sheoh other conductors a Connecedtogether nd i ‘sheath For example, suppose we obtained an TR reading of 190 megohms with an insulation ‘temperature of 30°C. The corrected IR (at 20°C) would be 100 megohms times 2, oF 200 smegohns. Also note that acceptable values of TR will depend upon the equipment. Historically, field ‘personnel have used the questionable standatd of one megobm per KV plus one. The international Eletrical Testing Assoc. (NETA) specification NETA MTS-1993, ‘Maintenance Testing Specifications for Electrical Power Distribution Equipment and ‘Systems, provides much more realist and useful values. ‘Test results should be compared with previous readings and with readings taken for similar equipment, Any values below the NETA standard minimams or sudden departures from previous values should be investigated. 2) Dielectric absorption rato. This test recognizes the fect that "good! insulation will show a gradually increasing IR after the test voltage is applied. After the connections are made, the test voltage is applied, and the IR is ead at two different times: Usually either 30 and 60 see, oF 60 see and 10 min. The later reading is divided by the easier reading, the result being the dielectric absorption ratio. The 10 min /60 see. ratio is called the polarization index (PD) For example, lets assume we apply the megohmmeter as desribed earlier with the appropriate test ollage impressed The one min. IR reading i §0 megohms, and the 10 ‘min, IR reading is 125 megohms. Thus, the PI is 125 megohms divided by 50 megohms, or Various sourees have tables of acceptable values of dilectric absorption ratios (sce Table below), P| rvvninnne | htpiteemweb.comest-amp-measuremertiundrstendinginsuator-esistancetesting 111282014 Understanding insulation Resistance Testing | Test & Measurament corte from Electical Construction & Maintanarce (EC&M) Magazine Insulation 60/30-se¢ Ratio | (Polarization. [Condition Index) Dangerous - Less than 1 Qvestionable 10t0195 r0to2" Good 14tor6 2t04 Excl JAbove x5 [above 4** ‘Table 2. Listing of conditions of insulation as indicated by Dielectric Absorption Ratios. These values must be considered tentative and relative, subject to experience with the time-resstance method over a period of time. “These results woul be satisfactory for equipment with very low eapacitance, such as short runs of house wiring ‘In some cases with motors, values approximately 20% higher than show here indicate dry, brietle winding that may fail under shock conditions or during starts, For preventative maintenance, the motor winding should be leaned, treated, and dried to restore winding flexibility. 3) Step voltage test This tests particularly useful in evaluating aged or damaged insulation not necessarily having moisture or contamination. A dul voltage tet instrument i required here. After the connections are made, the IR test is dane at & low voltage, say 500V. The test specimen then is discharged and the testis done again, this time at a higher voltage, say .2500V. If more than a 25% diference exists between the two IR readings, age deterioration or damaged insulation should be suspected. SIDEBAR: Basie Theory Aneqbaletcicot for 9 Ye lectreal insulation is > Leakage showa in Fig. 5 (sight Total Capacitive |current ‘The top terminal might be current |ycurrent y sh enters aan power cable, and the mere ‘ottora terminal, its shield, The current flowing through the c cable's insulation would be that current noted at Rp “total current in the diagram, As you ean see, the total current is equal tothe sum of the “capacitive current” plas the “absorption current” plus the “leakage current.” [Note thatthe total current isnot the load current flowing through the system. Rather, is ‘the eurzent that flows from the energized conductor through the insulation ta ground. Lats provide some basic definitions here. Capacitive current. capacitor is ereated when two conductors are separated by an insulator. This isthe situation in a power system, Ifa DC voltage is hitpitecmweb.comest-amp-measuremertiundrstendinginsuator-esistancetesting 1112872014 Understanding insulation Resistance Testing | Test & Measurement corte from Electical Construction & Maintanarce (EC&M) Magazine suddenly applied (closing the switch in Fig. 5), leetrons will rush into the negative plate and be {drawn from the postive plate Tilly, this ‘current flow willbe very large, but it will gradually reduce to a much smaller value, eventually approaching zero. The ‘current labeled “capacitive charging current” in Fig. 6 (ight) shows how this current varies with time after DC voltage is applie. Leakage current. No insulation is perfect; even new insulation will have some leakage current, albeit small. ‘This leakage current wil increase asthe insulation ages. I also will worsen when the insulation is wet or contaminated, ‘The “conduction or leakage current” shown in Fig. 6 isa graphical representation of leakage current. Notice that it starts at zero, and quickly inereases toa final value of 10 ‘microamps. This is the way that good insulation behaves. As insulation ages and deteriorates, however, two changes may occur in leakage current. One change may be ‘that the final value of leakage current may inerease and not level off. For example, instead of leveling off at 10 microamps, the final current may inerease to 20 mieroamps The other change may be that, instead of rising quickly to @ final value and the leveling ‘out, the leakage current simply may continue to increase. In this scenario, the insulation eventually will fal Absorption current. The charges that form on the plates of the capacitor attract charges of the opposite polarity in the insulation, causing these charges to move and, thus,

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