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PUBLIC SCHOOL
Session :- 2014-15
subject :Factors affecting internal
resistance of a cell
Made by :- shubhanshu gupta
(xii - a)
submitted to :-
Mrs. monica
Certificate
................................
( Teacher In-Charge )
............................
( Examiner )
acknowledge-ment
I , Shubhanshu gupta of class XII A express my
gratitude to my school authorities for allowing me to
undertake the project entitled
Introduction
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day.
Thus , the batteries need to be made more powerful so
that their potential can be increased greatly .
Thus , this project report is based on practical analysis
for the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we
can increase the potential difference across it , and hence
make it more reliable.
OBJECTIVE :To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell depends.
theory :The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to
the flow of ions . The internal resistance of a cell
is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in
electrolyte.
decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by
r=(
)R
where , are the balancing lengths without resistance and with resistance
(shunt) , respectively and R is the shunt resistance in parallel with the given
cell.
procedure :Step 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. Calculate the internal resistance of cell by using the above relation for r.
Step 2
To see the effect of distance between the electrodes on internal
resistances keeping the other factors constant ,vary separation between
electrodes and measure internal resistance in each case.
Step 3
To see the effect of the temperature of electrolyte on internal
resistance by keeping other factors constant.
Keep primary cells in water bath to heat the electrolyte. Determine
the internal resistance at various temperatures.
Step 4
To see the effect of concentration (nature) of electrolyte on
internal resistance by :Keeping the other factors constant , decrease concentration of electrolyte
by adding the distilled water and determine internal resistance of cell in
each case .
observations :-
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
Ammeter
Reading
(A)
0.3
0.3
0.3
Shunt
Resistance
R()
r=(
)R
1
2
3
0.94
1.77
2.51
1.
2.
3.
)R
Separation
Balancing Balancing r=(
between
length
length
Electrodes-d (cm) (cm) ( l1 ) (cm) (l2)
()
1.2
326.6
276.9
0.456
2.5
320.7
219.1
0.95
3.7
660.5
350.9
1.406
r/d
0.38
0.38
0.38
1.
2.
3.
Temperature
(T) C
40
32
27
l1
l2
(cm)
325
552
660.5
(cm)
12
23.6
35.5
Resistan
ce
R ()
1
1
1
r=(
()
0.96
0.95
0.94
)R
Tr
(K)
301.44
291.96
283.87
Conclusions :1. The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to
E = 0.98 Volt
2. The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation
between the electrodes.
3. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of
the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
4. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
temperature of electrolytes.
5. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
concentration of the electrolyte.
7. Some high resistance plug should always be taken out from resistance box
before the jockey is moved along the wire.
8. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than that of the cell.
9. For one set of observation the ammeter reading should remain constant.
10. Current should be passed for short time only , while finding the null
point.
11. Rheostat should be adjusted so that initial null point lies on last wire of
the potentiometer.
12. Cell should not be disturbed during experiment.
13. Jockey should not be rubbed against the potentiometer wire.
sources of error :1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and material
density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.